Study Guide and Reinforcement · Minerals 3 11 Study Guide Minerals Directions: Place the letter of...
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Study Guide and ReinforcementStudent Edition
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Table of Contents
iii
Chapter 1: The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Chapter 2: Minerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Chapter 3: Rocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Chapter 4: Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Chapter 5: Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Chapter 6: Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Chapter 7: Earth in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Chapter 8: Life’s Structure and Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Chapter 9: Cell Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Chapter 10: Cell Reproduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Chapter 11: Heredity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Chapter 12: Adaptations Over Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Chapter 13: Circulation and Immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Chapter 14: Digestion, Respiration, and Excretion. . . . . . . . . . .51
Chapter 15: Support, Movement, and Responses . . . . . . . . . . .55
Chapter 16: Regulation and Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Chapter 17: Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Chapter 18: Interactions of Living Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Chapter 19: Conserving Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Chapter 20: Properties and Changes of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Chapter 21: Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility . . . . . . . . . . .77
Chapter 22: States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Chapter 23: Newton’s Laws of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Chapter 24: Energy and Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
The Nature of Science 1
How Science WorksStudy Guide11Directions: Using the terms, complete the summary statements below.
archaeologist archaeology cultural remains
pottery science technology
1. The use of knowledge gained through science to make new products or tools which people
can use is referred to as ____________________.
2. A scientist that studies past civilizations and their cultural remains is a(n)
____________________.
3. The process of looking at and studying things in the world in order to gain knowledge is
commonly referred to as____________________.
4. Artifacts, such as tools, weapons, rock drawings, buildings, or pottery left behind, are
considered ____________________.
5. The study of cultural remains of ancient humans is the science of ____________________.
Directions: Discuss the two main branches of archaeology and give an example of each.
6. Branch of archaeology:
Example:
7. Branch of archaeology:
Example:
Directions: Answer the question below.
8. Explain why it is important to give each artifact a number and list its location and orientationin the soil before removing it and taking it to the lab for further chemical analysis.
Directions: Define the term science and give a real-world example of how you use science every day.
9. Science:
Example:
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2 The Nature of Science
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Scientific Problem Solving
Directions: List the basic steps used to solve scientific problems.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
To determine which of three types of batteries last the longest, Laura used three identical flash-lights, put one type of battery in each, turned them on simultaneously, and timed how long eachflashlight remained lit. Use Laura’s experiment to answer these questions.
7. What are the independent variables?
8. What are the dependent variables?
9. What are the constants?
10. What are the controls?
11. How could Laura make sure her conclusions were valid?
12. If one of the flashlights went off after only one minute, what would you conclude?
13. Wallace hypothesized that batteries will last longer if he plays his boom box at low rather thanhigh volume. Describe how he could test his hypothesis.
Study Guide22 1Chapter
Minerals 3
MineralsStudy Guide11Directions: Place the letter of the term beside the correct definition.
Definition
1. naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and an orderly arrangement of atoms
2. salt formed by the natural evaporation of seawater
3. describes atoms arranged in a pattern over and over
4. a solid in which the atoms are arranged in an orderly,repeating pattern
5. melted rock that forms crystals
6. the part of a solution that evaporates, leaving a mineral
7. the process, in a dry climate, where the solution leaves the mineral
8. number of common elements in Earth’s crust
9. group of rocks forming minerals that contain silicon and oxygen
10. two most abundant elements in Earth’s crust
Directions: List four characteristics of a mineral.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Directions: Arrange the eight most common elements in Earth’s crust from most common to least common.(Hint: refer to Figure 5 in your textbook for additional help.)
Most common Least common
Name Date Class
Vocabulary
a. crystal
b. crystalline
c. eight
d. evaporation
e. five
f. halite
g. magma
h. mineral
i. oxygen
j. silicon
k. silicate
l. water
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
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4 Minerals
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Mineral Identification
Directions: In the blank at the left, put a check mark (✓) next to each statement that agrees with the textbook.
1. The physical properties of a mineral can be seen or measured in some way.
2. The physical properties of a mineral make it possible to identify the mineral.
3. Any mineral can be identified by a careful check of one physical characteristic.
4. Hardness is a measure of how easily a mineral can be located.
5. Friedrich Mohs developed a scale which lists minerals according to their hardness.
6. Quartz will scratch a piece of copper, so quartz is harder than copper.
7. The luster of a mineral is described as metallic or nonmetallic.
8. The luster of chrome would be described as nonmetallic.
9. Color alone is not usually enough to identify a mineral.
10. When some minerals are rubbed across unglazed porcelain, they leave a streak ofpowdered material.
11. Graphite is a mineral that does not leave a clear streak.
12. Topaz is a mineral that does not leave a clear streak.
13. Most minerals cannot be broken.
14. Mica shows clear cleavage.
15. Quartz is a mineral with cleavage.
Directions: Match the mineral names in Column I with the descriptions in Column II. Write the letter of the correct description in the blank at the left.
Column I
16. magnetite
17. pyrite
18. talc
19. calcite
20. gold
Study Guide22
Column II
a. light yellow color; metallic luster; greenish-black
streak
b. light color; fingernail will scratch it; leaves thick,
powdery streak
c. black color; black streak; dull metallic luster; is attracted
to magnets
d. yellow color; scratched by copper penny; often found
in flakes
e. glassy luster; hardness of 3
2Chapter
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Minerals 5
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. Why are diamonds and rubies valuable? What are minerals like these called?
2. What characteristics make gemstones beautiful?
3. Quartz crystals can be used as gems. What other more practical uses can quartz crystals have?
4. What useful material may be obtained from bauxite? What useful material may be obtainedfrom hematite? What are bauxite and hematite called, since they produce useful materials?
5. Where are vein mineral deposits found? How did they get there?
6. What is titanium and why is it useful?
Uses of MineralsStudy Guide33 2Chapter
Rocks 7
Name Date Class
The Rock CycleStudy Guide11Directions: Place the letter of the term beside the correct definition.
Definition
1. a mixture of minerals, volcanic glass,organic material, or other materials
2. illustrates the processes that create and change rocks
3. formed when particles and bits of rock are cemented together
4. formed when heat, pressure, or fluids act on other types of rock and affect their composition
5. formed when hot magma cools and hardens (may be intrusive or extrusive rock)
6. rock fragments, mineral grains, or organic remains that have been moved by wind, water, ice, or gravity
7. principle that illustrates chemical elements from minerals and rocks are not lost or destroyed,but changed to a new form
8. location where scientists first recognized the rock cycle
Directions: List possible changes for each type of rock. (Hint: Refer to Figure 2 in your textbook for additionalhelp.)
Vocabulary
a. conservation of matter
b. igneous rock
c. James Hutton
d. metamorphic rock
e. Mt. Rushmore, SouthDakota
f. rock
g. rock cycle
h. sediments
i. sedimentary rock
j. Siccar Point, Scotland
k. volcanic
Type of Rock May Change To Or May Change To
9. Igneous magma
10. Sedimentary
11. Metamorphic sediments
12. Sediments
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Igneous Rocks
Directions: Write the term that matches each description below on the spaces provided. The boxed lettersshould spell the kind of rocks that form from magma.
1. Igneous rocks that are dense and dark-colored. They form from magma that is rich in iron andmagnesium and poor in silica.
2. Thick, gooey, molten material inside a volcano or deep inside Earth
3. Igneous rocks that are light-colored and have a lower density. They form from thick, stiffmagma that contains lots of silica and lesser amounts of iron and magnesium.
4. Igneous rocks that have mineral compositions between those of granitic and basaltic rocks
5. One kind of volcanic glass that has holes caused by pockets of gas
6. The kind of igneous rock that forms below Earth’s surface
7. The kind of igneous rock that forms on or near Earth’s surface
8. Magma forms this kind of rock.
7
6
5
4
3
2
11
Study Guide22 3Chapter
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Rocks 9
Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms below.
metamorphic rocks foliated rocks nonfoliated rocks
marble quartzite sandstone
gneiss shale granite
Metamorphic Rocks33 Study Guide33
Directions: Write T if the statement is true. Write F if the statement is false.
10. Metamorphic rocks form only from igneous rocks.
11. An igneous rock like granite can be formed into a metamorphic rock like gneiss.
12. Heat and pressure have no effect on rocks.
13. One type of rock, such as shale, can change into several different kinds ofmetamorphic rock.
forms from forms from forms from forms from
can beclassified as
slate4. 5. 6.
8. 9.
2.
7.
3.
1.
two examples are
two examples are
limestone
3Chapter
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10 Rocks
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Sedimentary Rocks
Directions: Complete the outline by filling in the blanks.
Sedimentary Rocks
I. Materials that make up sediments
A.
B.
C.
II. Ways sedimentary rocks can form
A.
Definition:
B.
Definition:
C.
Definition:
III. Classification of sedimentary rocks
A.
Examples:
B.
Examples:
C.
Examples:
44 Study Guide44 3Chapter
Atmosphere 11
Earth’s AtmosphereStudy Guide11Directions: Use the word bank provided to complete the summary paragraph about Earth’s atmosphere.
atmosphere heat absorbed nitrogen rays
balance heat that escapes oxygen salt
dust life-forms ozone layer
gases liquids protective covering
Earth’s (1)____________________ is defined as a thin layer of air that forms a
(2)____________________ around the planet. It maintains a crucial (3)____________________
between the amount of (4)____________________ from the Sun and the amount of
(5)____________________ back into space. Earth’s atmosphere also protects
(6)____________________ from the Sun’s harmful (7)____________________. The atmosphere
is made up of a mixture of (8)____________________, solids, and (9)____________________ .
When Earth was young, there was little (10)____________________ in the atmosphere. It con-
tained mostly (11)____________________ and carbon dioxide. As more plants grew, releasing
oxygen through photosynthesis, Earth’s atmosphere changed. Today, the atmosphere contains bits
of (12)____________________, (13)____________________, and pollen, as well as liquid
droplets. It is important to protect the (14)____________________ in Earth’s atmosphere so that
it will continue to protect life on Earth from the Sun’s harmful rays.
Directions: Arrange the four most common gases in Earth’s atmosphere from most common to least common.(Hint: refer to Figure 2 in your textbook for additional help.)
Most common Least common
Name Date Class
15.
16.
17.
18.
Other gases
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Energy Transfer in theAtmosphere
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided using information from the graph.
1. Why doesn’t all radiation directed at Earth
reach the surface?
2. What percent of radiation is lost before reaching Earth’s surface?
3. What percent of radiation is lost after reaching Earth’s surface?
4. What factors in the atmosphere seem to have the greatest effect on the amount of radiation receivedfrom the Sun?
Directions: Complete the chart using the correct terms and phrases from the chapter. Then answer the following
questions on the lines provided.
Study Guide22
8. If you put a frying pan on a burner on a stove and turn the burner on, the bottom of the frying pan gets hot. What type of heat transfer has occurred?
9. When you get in a closed car on a sunny day and the temperature inside is much warmer thanoutside, what type of heat transfer has taken place?
10. In some home heating systems, warm air is blown by a furnace fan into one side of a room.On the other side of the room cold air sinks to the floor. What type of heat transfer is this?
Absorbed by cloudsand atmosphere
Absorbed byEarth's surface Reflected by Earth's
surface
5%
50%
25%
20%
What happens to radiation comingto Earth from the sun?
Scattered by cloudsand air
5. Radiation
6. Conduction
7. Convection
Types of heat transfer How they are produced
produced by
produced by
produced by
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Atmosphere 13
Directions: Write the term that matches each description below in the spaces provided. Unscramble the lettersin the boxes to write a phrase related to the lesson. Use your textbook as a reference.
1. Caused by the uneven heating of Earth and its atmosphere
___ ___ ___
2. Imaginary line around the middle of Earth
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
3. Windless zone at the equator which sailing vessels try to avoid
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
4. Winds generally responsible for the movement of weather across the United States and Canada
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
5. Winds that provide a dependable route for trade
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
6. Cool breezes during the day caused by differences in heating and cooling rates of land and water
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
7. Narrow belts of strong winds at high altitudes which blow near the top of the troposphere
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
8. Cool breezes at night caused by differences in heating and cooling rates of land and water
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
9. Heat from the Sun
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
10. The deflection of air masses resulting from Earth’s eastward rotation
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
11. Winds that blow from the North and South Poles
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
12. The phrase is:
Air MovementStudy Guide33 4Chapter
Weather 15
What is weather?Study Guide11Directions: Write the correct Earth science term from the word bank on the line next to its definition.
air dew point precipitation weather
anemometer fog relative humidity wind
condensation humidity temperature wind vane
1. air moving in a specific direction
2. formation of liquid water from water vapor
3. cloud droplets combine and grow large enough to fall to Earth
4. measurement of average amount of motion of molecules
5. instrument for testing wind direction
6. amount of water vapor present in the air
7. the temperature at which air is saturated and condensation forms
8. made up of molecules that are always moving randomly
9. amount of water vapor present in air compared to the amount neededfor saturation at a specific temperature
10. state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place
11. a stratus cloud on the ground, forms when warm, moist air cools atground level
12. instrument for measuring wind speed
Directions: Describe how each of the four types of precipitation forms.
13. Rain:
14. Snow:
15. Sleet:
16. Hail:
Directions: Describe each cloud type listed below, and describe the weather associated with that cloud type.
17. Stratus:
18. Cumulus:
19. Cirrus:
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16 Weather
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Weather Patterns
Directions: Use the diagrams to answer the following questions.
1. What kinds of clouds form along the front in Figure 1?
2. What kind of precipitation might come from these clouds?
3. What kind of clouds form along the front in Figure 2?
4. What kind of precipitation might come from these clouds?
5. Figure 1 represents a ____________________________________________.
6. Figure 2 represents a ____________________________________________.
7. What will happen to the temperature in Columbus, Ohio, when the front passes?
8. Compare the temperatures in Topeka and Kansas City, Kansas.
9. Fill in the chart about the elements of thunderstorms.
Study Guide22
Warm air
Topeka, KS Kansas City, KS
Cold air
Indianapolis, IN Columbus, OH
Cold airWarm air
Figure 1 Figure 2
a. heavy rain
b. strong winds
c. lightning
d. thunder
e. tornado
Element ofThunderstorms Caused by
5Chapter
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Weather 17
Directions: Use the weather map and Weather Map Symbols Reference Handbook to answer the followingquestions.1. Which station has the lowest pressure?
2. How would you describe the wind at Station B?
3. Which station is recording the highest wind speed?
4. Which station has the highest pressure?
5. What kind of front is south of Station A?
6. Which station has the most cloud cover?
7. How might the temperature change at station C over the next few hours? Why?
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.8. What is the difference between an isobar and an isotherm?
9. On a weather map for county A, the isobars are far apart. On a map for county B, about 100miles away, the isobars are close together. Which map shows high winds? How can you tell?
Weather Forecasts33 Study Guide33
2D
A
C B
H10 163
2017 103 21
15
127
1091716L
HL
5Chapter
Climate 19
What is climate?Study Guide11Directions: Answer the question below.
1. Define climate and explain how climate differs from weather.
Directions: Explain how each of the following factors affects the climate of the surrounding area.
2. Large bodies of water:
3. Ocean currents:
4. Mountains:
5. Rain shadows:
a. Windward side of mountain:
b. Leeward side of mountain:
6. Cities:
Directions: List the five factors used to determine climate.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
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6Chapter
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20 Climate
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Climate Types
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.
1. The type of plants found in a region depends on the region’s ____________________.
2. The fur of mammals ____________________ them from the cold.
3. A(n) ____________________ is a characteristic that helps an organism survive.
4. Desert turtles and lizards obtain the moisture they need from their ____________________.
5. Some mammals survive cold winters in a state of reduced activity called
____________________.
6. Lungfish survive intense heat in an inactive state called ____________________.
7. A body structure that helps an organism survive in its environment is
a(n) ____________________ adaptation.
8. In the Köppen System, climate groups are classified according to temperature and
____________________.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.9. What is an adaptation?
10. What behavioral adaptations help snakes survive in hot, dry places?
11. What are three body structures that help cactus plants survive in dry climates?
12. How do the body structures you listed above help the cactus plants survive in dry climates?
13. Name the six groups of climates in the Köppen classification system.
Study Guide22 6Chapter
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Climate 21
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. In the illustration, what season is it in the
northern hemispheres? In the southern hemisphere?
2. Where on Earth are the seasonal variations oftemperature and day length greatest? Least?
3. What are the effects of El Niño?
4. What is global warming?
5. How might global warming affect Earth?
6. What are some possible causes for climatic changes in the past?
7. What is the greenhouse effect?
8. How does the greenhouse effect influence Earth?
9. How do scientists know what Earth’s climate was like in earlier geologic eras?
Climatic Changes
ToSun
Study Guide33 6Chapter
Earth in Space 23
Earth’s Motion and SeasonsStudy Guide11Directions: You are standing on a dock on a moonlit night. Explain two events that could happen to show youthat the Earth is round.
1.
2.
Directions: Explain why a child standing on the dock beside you might think the world is flat.
3.
Directions: Explain why the world is round.
4.
Directions: Match a term from the word bank with each phrase below.
axis revolution spring equinox
elliptical rotation summer solstice
fall equinox satellite winter solstice
5. the shape of Earth’s orbit
6. an imaginary line through Earth which it spins around
7. March 21 or 22 in the southern hemisphere, when the sun is over theequator and the day and night are nearly the same length
8. the act of Earth moving along its path around the Sun
9. December 21 or 22 in the southern hemisphere, when the sun is highestin the sky at noon and the day is longest
10. March 21 or 22 in the northern hemisphere, when sun is right over theequator and the length of day and night is nearly equal
11. December 21 or 22 in the northern hemisphere, when the sun is lowestin the sky at noon and the day is shortest
12. the cause of day and night on Earth
13. Earth is this to the Sun, and the Moon is this to Earth
Name Date Class
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7Chapter
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24 Earth in Space
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Earth’s Moon
Directions: Use the clues below to complete the crossword puzzle
9
7
5
10
1 43
6
8
2
Across
1. Dark areas on the Moon, probably caused by lava flows
5. Astronomer who studied the Moon and named its features
7. When the Sun, Earth, and the Moon are lined up such that the full moon moves into Earth’s shadow
9. When the Moon blocks sunlight from reaching a portion of Earth’s surface
10. During these moon phases, the amount of the lighted side that can be seen begins to decrease.
Down
2. U.S. space program that sent astronauts to the moon
3. A light area on the Moon; these hold the oldest Moon rocks analyzed so far
4. Changing views of the Moon as seen from Earth
6. Depressions on the Moon caused by meteorites
8. During these Moon phases, the amount of the lighted side that can be seen begins to increase.
Study Guide22 7Chapter
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Earth in Space 25
Directions: Study the following diagram. Then identify the objects by filling in the blanks.
Our Solar System
1.
3. 5. 7.
9.
10.2. 4.
6. 8.
Directions: Identify each statement as true or false. Rewrite false statements to make them correct.
11. More than 99 percent of all matter in the solar system is containedin the Sun.
12. An astronomical unit is the distance from Earth to the Moon.
13. The atmosphere of Mars gives it a reddish color.
14. All but one of the outer planets are gaseous giants with thick atmospheres.
15. Jupiter has the most spectacular ring system of all the planets.
16. Comet tails always point toward the Sun.
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Life’s Structure and Classification 27
Living ThingsStudy Guide11Directions: List six characteristics of living things and write a sentence to explain each.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Directions: Match each length of time in the box with the organism that can live that long. Use each length oftime only once.
1 day 20 years 80 years 180 years 4,600 years
7. dog
8. mayfly
9. land tortoise
10. bristlecone pine tree
11. human
Directions: Unscramble the three things that all living things need to survive.
12. lepac ot veil
13. rawet
14. dofo
Name Date Class
8Chapter
28 Life’s Structure and Classification
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Study Guide22 How are living thingsclassified?
Directions: Answer the following questions using information from the textbook.1. Why don’t scientists use common names to identify organisms?
2. Why are scientific names important? Give four functions for scientific names.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Directions: Use the key to species of birch trees below to answer the questions that follow.
3. Are the leaves of Betula populifolia hairy or smooth on the lower surface?
4. How many pairs of veins are on the leaves of Betula lenta?
5. What is a characteristic of the bark of Betula alleghaniensis?
6. When a twig of Betula nigra is broken, does it give off a wintergreen fragrance?
1. a. bark dark, reddish-brown, yellowish-brown to black, go to 2b. bark creamy white, pinkish, or gray, go to 6
2. a. bark and twigs with wintergreen fragrance when cut, go to 3b. bark and twigs without a fragrance when cut, go to 5
3. a. leaves with 8-12 pairs of veins, go to 4b. leaves with 4-6 pairs of veins, Betula uber
4. a. bark dark red to almost black; scales smooth, 6-12 mm long, Betula lentab. bark reddish brown, peeling in loose, ragged sheets, scales hairy, 5-7 mm, Betula alleghaniensis
5. a. branchlets covered near tip with many small glands, Rocky Mountains or Western Canada, Betula occidentalisb. branchlets smooth, shiny, no glands present, eastern U.S., Betula nigra
6. a. leaves hairy on lower surface, go to 7b. leaves smooth, hairless underside, go to 8
7. a. leaves 5-13 cm long, pointed tip, Betula papyriferb. leaves 3-7 cm long, pointed tip, winter buds shiny, Betula pendula
8. a. bark dull gray to grayish-white, smooth and not peeling, Betula populifoliab. bark white to pinkish-white, peeling, go to 9
9. a. leaves 6-10 cm, round base, Betula caeruleab. leaves 3-5 cm, squared base, Betula pubescens
Key to Species of Birch Trees
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Life’s Structure and Classification 29
Name Date Class
1.
cell membrane
3.
endoplasmicreticulum
5.
6.
chloroplast
cell wall
9.
Golgi bodies
11.
FunctionCell part
2.
4.
7.
8.
10.
makes protein
releases energy stored in food
directs all cell activities
gelatinlike mixture that flows inside the cell membrane
stores water, waste products, food, and other cellular materials
breaks down food molecules, cell wastes, and worn-out cell parts
Directions: Complete the following table using the correct cell part or function.
Directions: Study the following diagrams. Then identify each part by filling in the blanks in the center.
Cell StructureStudy Guide33
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Animal cell Plant cell
8Chapter
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1. Listed below are the steps by which an active virus multiplies and destroys a cell. Number thesteps in the correct order in the blanks provided at the left.
a. The cell bursts open and hundreds of new virus particles are released. These new virus particles go on to infect other cells.
b. A specific virus attaches to the surface of a specific host cell.
c. The viral hereditary material takes control of the host cell and the cell begins to make new virus particles.
d. The hereditary material of the virus entering the host cell.
Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences.2. Explain what a latent virus does when it enters a cell.
3. Discuss several ways to prevent viral infections.
4. What are vaccines made from?
5. How does gene therapy work?
Study Guide44 Viruses8
Chapter
Cell Processes 31
Chemistry of LifeStudy Guide11Directions: Write the correct term from the word bank on the line next to its difinition.
atom compounds electrons
element ionic compounds ion
mixture molecular compound molecule
nucleus solution suspension
1. a group of atoms held together by the energy of chemical bonds
2. negatively charged particles moving around outside a nucleus
3. two or more substances dissolved evenly throughout another substance
4. smallest particle that makes up all matter solid, liquid, or gas; usuallyneutrally charged
5. made up of two or more elements in specific proportions
6. occur when different atoms share their outermost electrons
7. opposite charges attract to form an electrically neutral compound
8. two or more substances evenly spread throughout a solution, but willeventually settle out
9. combination of substances that retain their own properties
10. atoms of the same kind that are bonded together
11. center of an atom, that contains protons and neutrons
12. an electrically charged atom that has lost or gained an electron
Directions: Use the information in the textbook to complete the chart about organic and inorganic compounds.
Directions: Explain three ways water is important to all living things.
15.
16.
17.
Name Date Class
Type of Compound Contains Usually Found in
13. living things
14. elements other than carbon
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Moving Cellular Materials
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. What is osmosis?
2. How does osmosis explain the fact that a watery syrup forms when you put sugar on strawberries?
3. a. How are glucose molecules moved into a cell?
b. What type of transport is this?
4. a. What are vesicles?
b. What happens to a vesicle in exocytosis?
5. What is a selectively permeable membrane?
Directions: Label the diagrams of cells with the terms diffusion, active transport, osmosis, equilibrium,facilitated diffusion. The arrows show the direction of transport.
Study Guide22
highcarbon dioxide
levels
8 watermolecules
5 glucosemolecules
25 glucosemolecules
lowcarbon dioxide
levels2 water
molecules
highmineral levels low
mineral levels
10 watermolecules
10 watermolecules
6.
9. 10.
7. 8.
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Cell Processes 33
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. How do producers make their own food?
2. Fill in the following equation for photosynthesis.
_____________+ water + carbon dioxide + chlorophyll → _____________ + _____________
3. What are the end products of respiration?
4. How does yeast cause bread to rise?
5. How do your muscles continue to get energy during high levels of activity when there is notenough oxygen?
Directions: For each of the following, write the letter of the term that best completes each statement.
6. Fermentation releases energy without using ______.a. oxygen b. glucose c. energy d. carbon dioxide
7. What process occurs in the mitochondria?a. fermentation b. photosynthesis c. respiration d. metabolism
8. During respiration some energy is released as ______.a. chemical energy c. heatb. light energy d. carbon dioxide
9. When muscles are overworked, soreness is caused by a buildup of ______.a. glucose b. carbon dioxide c. lactic acid d. energy
10. The green plant pigment that traps light energy from the Sun is called ______.a. glucose b. chlorophyll c. oxygen d. water
11. During photosynthesis, plants produce glucose and release ______.a. carbon dioxide b. energy c. oxygen d. water
12. The energy used by all living things starts with ______.a. producers b. consumers c. respiration d. sunlight
13. The total of all chemical reactions in an organism is called ______.a. metabolism b. respiration c. enzymes d. photosynthesis
Energy for LifeStudy Guide33 9Chapter
Cell Reproduction 35
Cell Division and MitosisStudy Guide11Directions: Use the information in the text, Figure 2, and Figure 5 to complete the animal cell division chartbelow.
Directions: Use the word bank provided to complete the following paragraph on sexual and asexual reproduction.
asexual budding cell division fission
identical regeneration reproduction sexual
Two types of (7)____________________ have been defined by scientists. During
(8)____________________ reproduction, two sex cells join together to develop into a genetically
unique individual. In contrast, during (9)____________________ reproduction, a new organism
develops from only one organism. The new generation is genetically (10)____________________.
to the original organism. This process can be accomplished three ways. (11)____________________
produces a small organism that breaks off from the original organism to live on its own.
(12)____________________ uses cell division to regrow body parts. Eukaryotic cells may use
(13)____________________ to reproduce. However, a special type of cell division, called
(14)____________________, is used by prokaryotic bacteria cells.
Directions: Explain three reasons cell division is important to the survival of an organism.
15.
16.
17.
Name Date Class
Phase Characteristics of the Phase
1. growth and development of cell, prepare for mitosis, chromosomes duplicate
2. Prophase
3. chromatid pairs line up in the center of the cell and becomeattached to spindle fibers
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
6. 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus containing hereditary material; cell grows and develops again
Ph
ases
of
Mit
osi
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Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis
Directions: Study the following diagrams. Then label the appropriate steps of meiosis.
1. 2.
3. 4.
Study Guide22
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.5. In what way is meiosis II similar to mitosis?
6. What is a cell with pairs of chromosomes called? A cell with no pairs (single set)? ofchromosomes?
7. Do centromeres divide at anaphase I or II?
8. Starting with one diploid cell, how many haploid sperm cells have formed after both phases ofmeiosis have been completed?
9. How are sex cells different from other cells in the body?
10. What happens during fertilization?
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Cell Reproduction 37
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. Write the letter of the DNA bases that pair with the following DNA strand.
T:
G:
A:
T:
C:
2. Write the name of the RNA bases that pair with the following DNA strand.
A:
C:
T:
G:
A:
3. What structure contains the instructions for making specific protein?
4. What makes up the sides of the “ladder” of a DNA molecule?
5. How is RNA different from DNA?
6. What role does RNA play in cell life?
7. What are the three kinds of RNA and what does each do?
8. What can cause mutations?
DNAStudy Guide33 10Chapter
Heredity 39
GeneticsStudy Guide11Directions: Use the word bank provided to complete the summary paragraph.
alleles cross dominant
father of genetics genetics genotype
Gregor Mendel heredity heterozygous
homozygous hybrid inherited
pea plants phenotype Punnett square
purebred recessive
The study of how traits are (1)____________________ through the interactions of alleles,
defined as genetics, began in the 1850s. (2)____________________ was the first scientist to study
and record how traits pass from one generation to the next. He is considered the
(3)____________________. Passing traits from parent to offspring is referred to as
(4)____________________. Mendel studied how traits are inherited through the mixing of
genetic material in (5)____________________. He studied offspring that were given different
genetic material for a trait from each parent, called a(n) (6)____________________. These off-
spring expressed different traits that a gene may have, called (7)____________________. During
his study, he discovered that the (8)____________________ trait on an allele seemed to disappear
when the plants were cross-pollinated. At the same time, some traits seemed to cover up other
traits and he labeled these as (9)____________________. Scientists now say when two alleles for a
trait are the same, the organism is considered (10)____________________ for that trait. A
(11)____________________ organism has inherited two different alleles for a trait, one trait is
recessive, the other is dominant.
Scientists have designed a grid with letters to represent alleles, called a (12)____________________,
that helps them predict the probability of certain traits in offspring. The different ways alleles can
combine is referred to as the organism’s (13)____________________. How an organism looks or
behaves is evidence of their (14)____________________. Some organisms are considered
(15)____________________, as they produce the same traits generation after generation. Farmers
and animal breeders genetically (16)____________________ their crops or animals to achieve
specific traits. Selective breeding is part of the science of (17)____________________.
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40 Heredity
Genetics Since Mendel
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. There are four phenotypes of human blood.
a. Is it possible for two alleles to produce four phenotypes?
b. What phenotype is produced by each of the following genotypes?
AA ______ AO ______ OO ______
BB ______ BO ______ AB ______
c. How many alleles are there for blood type?
d. When a trait has more than two alleles, how is that trait inherited?
e. Which blood type is inherited by codominance? Explain your answer.
2. This pedigree shows the inheritance pattern of a sex-linked disorder, such as color blindness.Is the father, A, affected or not affected by the disorder? Explain your answer.
3. Name a sex-linked genetic disorder.
4. Name a homozygous recessive genetic disorder.
Study Guide22
A
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Heredity 41
Directions: For each of the following, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes the sentence.
1. ______ uses biological and chemical methods to change the DNA sequence of genes.a. Recombinant DNA c. Gene therapyb. Genetic engineering d. Selective breeding
2. Genetic engineering can be accomplished in bacteria using ______.a. recombinant DNA c. gene therapyb. genetic engineering d. selective breeding
3. Gene therapy has shown promise in controlling ______.a. high blood pressure c. cystic fibrosisb. the common cold d. multiple sclerosis
4. Many stores ______ genetically engineered produce.a. provide pamphlets on c. labelb. refuse to sell d. carry only
5. ______ involves placing a normal allele in a cell that has a mutation and hoping that the normal allele begins to function.a. Chemical engineering c. Recombinant DNAb. Selective breeding d. Gene therapy
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.6. Explain how genetic engineering produces tomatoes that are ripe when they reach consumers?
7. How did knowledge of genotypes affect scientists’ efforts to improve plants used for food andclothing?
8. Identify a disease or disorder and explain how it might be controlled by genetic engineering.
9. Why do some people prefer to eat foods that are not genetically engineered?
Advances in GeneticsStudy Guide33 11Chapter
Adaptations Over Time 43
Ideas About EvolutionStudy Guide11Directions: Complete the chart below about evolution.
Directions: Discuss the scientific ideas of Jean Baptiste de Lamarck and Charles Darwin and the scientific evidence to support each hypothesis.
11. Lamarck:
Scientific evidence:
12. Darwin:
Scientific evidence:
Name Date Class
Term Definition of Term Real-World Example
1. adaptation
2. evolution
3. geographic isolation
4. gradualism
5. mutation
6. natural selection
7. population
8. punctuated equilibrium
9. species
10. variation
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44 Adaptations Over Time
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Clues About Evolution
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.
1. Relative dating provides a(n) ________________________ of the age of a rock layer or fossil.
2. Fossils provide direct evidence that ________________________ has occurred on Earth.
3. Scientists find clues about evolution from studying ________________________, the moleculethat controls heredity and directs the development of every organism.
4. The flipper of a whale, wing of a bat, leg of a frog, and arm of a human are all examples
of ________________________ structures.
5. The human appendix, which seems to have no function, is a(n)
________________________ structure.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.6. In which type of rock are most fossils found?
7. What two methods are used to determine the age of a rock or fossil?
8. Why is the fossil record not complete?
9. List other evidence of evolution.
10. Does radiometric dating produce exact results? Why or why not?
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Adaptations Over Time 45
Directions: In the table below list three physical characteristics that all primates share. Then describe how eachof these characteristics functions or how each is adaptive.
The Evolution of PrimatesStudy Guide33
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.4. How do hominids differ from apes?
5. In what ways do Australopithecus and Homo habilis differ?
6. What traits did the early humans, Neanderthals, and Cro-Magnons share?
7. What social behaviors do we share with Cro-Magnon humans?
Function/AdaptationCharacteristic
1.
2.
3.
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Circulation and Immunity 47
BloodStudy Guide11Directions: List four important functions of blood.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Directions: Name and describe four parts of blood, the function of each part, the concentration of each in theblood system, and the life span of each part.
Directions: Name and explain the symptoms of three blood diseases.
9.
10.
11.
Directions: Fill in each box in the chart with “yes” or “no” if the blood type on the left side can receive a blooddonation from the blood type along the top of the chart.
Name Date Class
Part of Blood Function Concentration Life Span
5.
6.
7.
8.
Type A� B� AB� O� A� B� AB� O�12. A� yes13. B�14. AB�15. O�16. A�17. B�18. AB�19. O�
13Chapter
48 Circulation and Immunity
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Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct terms for questions 1–3.
1. Valves inside the veins prevent blood from flowing ____________________ the heart.
2. Blood in ____________________ carries wastes away from the cells of the body back to the heart.
3. The force of the blood on the walls of blood vessels is called ____________________.
4. What are three main functions of the lymphatic system?
5. What is pulmonary circulation and what is its function?_______________________________
Directions Label the diagram of the heart. Include the following terms on your diagram: right atrium, rightventricle, left atrium, left ventricle, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary artery,pulmonary vein, aorta. Use a pencil to draw arrows showing the path of oxygen-rich blood. Use a pen to
show the path of oxygen-poor blood.
Circulation
6.
7.
8.
9.
14.
13.
11.
12.
10.
To lungs
To smaller arteries and capillaries
From lungs
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Circulation and Immunity 49
Name Date Class
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. What is an antibody and how does it function?
2. What is one source of passive immunity?
3. What is the difference between active immunity and passive immunity?
4. What happens if disease-causing bacteria get through a break in the skin and enter the circulatory system?
5. What are vaccines made from?
6. How are pathogens trapped by and expelled from the respiratory system?
7. What are your body’s first-line defenses against pathogens in general?
8. a. How do vaccines work?
b. What is this type of immunity called?
c. What is another way to get this type of immunity?
9. What defenses does the digestive system have against pathogens?
10. What is an antigen?
ImmunityStudy Guide33 13Chapter
50 Circulation and Immunity
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Diseases
Directions: Robert Koch developed a set of rules for figuring out which pathogen caused a particular disease.Use the following terms to complete his rules listed below.
disease original organism present host
suspected culture same
1. In every case of a particular disease, the organism thought to cause the _____________________
must be _____________________.
2. The _____________________ pathogen must be separated from all other organisms and
grown in a _____________________ with no other organisms present.
3. When the suspected pathogen from the pure culture is placed in a healthy
_____________________, it must cause the same disease.
4. When the suspected pathogen is removed from the host and grown again, it must be compared
with the _____________________ to see if they are the _____________________.
Directions: Write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes the sentence.
5. Diseases that are not caused by pathogens are _____.a. infectious b. chronic c. noninfectious d. viral
6. A tumor is usually located _____.a. anywhere in the body c. near the surface of the bodyb. deep inside the body d. on the skin
7. All of the following are noninfectious diseases EXCEPT _____.a. asthma b. cancer c. heart disease d. AIDS
8. Substances that increase your chance of developing cancer are called _____.a. lymphocytes b. carcinogens c. allergens d. antigens
9. When you come in contact with an allergen, your immune system forms _____.a. hormones b. lymphocytes c. antibodies d. antigens
10. An allergy is a strong reaction of the _____.a. immune system c. respiratory systemb. circulatory system d. digestive system
11. Some noninfectious diseases are called chronic diseases because _____.a. they are present at birth c. they are short-livedb. they are inherited d. they last a long time
12. Cigarette smoke has been linked with all of the following EXCEPT _____.a. cancer b. lung diseases c. heart disease d. arthritis
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Digestion, Respiration, and Excretion 51
The Digestive SystemStudy Guide11Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to fill in the blanks in front of the correct phrases below.
bacteria digestion esophagus peristalsis
blood enzyme ingestion stomach
chyme epiglottis nutrients villi
1. substances that contain energy and materials used in cell development,growth, and repair
2. the fluid that carries nutrients to cells
3. waves of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract
4. the movement of food into your body by chewing and swallowing
5. important organisms that produce vitamins and break down food mol-ecules in the intestine
6. a type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions in your body, areinvolved in energy reactions, and aid in blood clotting
7. a 25-cm tube that can work even if you’re standing on your head
8. thin, watery, liquid in your stomach that used to be your food
9. a mechanical and chemical process that processes food that is used byyour body
10. projections into your small intestine that greatly increase the surfacearea and results in nutrient absorption
11. a flap of tissue that closes your windpipe when you swallow food
12. a sausage-shaped muscular bag that contains enzymes and stronghydrochloric acid
Directions: Explain the difference between chemical and mechanical digestion.
13.
Name Date Class
Body Part Digestive Function
14. Liver
15. Gall bladder
16. Pancreas
17. Salivary glands
14Chapter
52 Digestion, Respiration, and Excretion
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Nutrition
Directions: Name the six nutrients available in food and briefly describe each.
1. ____________ ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. ____________ ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3. ___________ ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
4. ____________ ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
5. ____________ ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
6. ____________ ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
7. What foods supply saturated fats? Unsaturated fats?
8. How much of a human body is water? ____________________________________________
9. What are the five food groups?
10. What tools will help you make wise nutrition decisions?
Directions: Use the tables in your textbook to answer the following questions.
11. Which minerals help make strong bones?
12. Which vitamin is needed to make blood clot?
13. In what way do we lose the most water?
14. Through which organ is water lost as sweat?
15. Which two minerals are involved in nerve impulse conduction?
16. How does a person get iodine?
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Digestion, Respiration, and Excretion 53
Name Date Class
The Respiratory SystemStudy Guide33Directions: Label the parts of the respiratory system shown in the diagram below.
Directions: In the space provided below, write the name of the structure indicated.
8. warms and moistens air; filters dust particles
9. tube that transports air to the bronchi
10. prevents food from entering the trachea
11. oxygen passes into the capillaries that surround these sacs
12. organ made up of masses of alveoli
13. a sheet of muscle across the bottom of the chest cavity
14. a division of the trachea
Directions: Label each statement below as a description of either inhalation or exhalation. Write the wordinhale or exhale in the space provided below.
15. The diaphragm contracts.
16. Air pressure in the chest cavity increases.
17. The gases inside the lungs are pushed out through air passages.
18. Air pressure in the chest cavity decreases.
19. The volume of the chest cavity increases.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
14Chapter
54 Digestion, Respiration, and Excretion
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Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. What functions does the urinary system perform?
2. What are three of the excretory organs of the body?
3. What happens when the kidneys don’t work?
4. Why is skin considered an excretory organ?
5. Why do you see your breath on a cold day?
The Excretory SystemStudy Guide44
6. Number the following events to place themin the correct order.
______ a. Urine flows from ureters to thebladder.
______ b. Blood enters the nephrons.
______ c. Blood enters the kidneysthrough the renal artery.
______ d. Urine drains from each collecting tubule into funnel-shaped areas of the kidney.
______ e. Capillaries reabsorb most of the water,sugar, and salt.
______ f. Water, sugar, salt,and wastes in the blood enter a cuplike structure.
______ g. The renal vein returns purifiedblood to be circulated.
______ h. Urine flows from the bladderthrough the urethra and out ofthe body.
7. Label the parts of the urinary systemshown in the diagram below using the following terms: urethra, ureter, bladder,kidney, aorta, renal vein. (Arrows show thedirection of blood flow.)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
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Support, Movement, and Responses 55
The SkinStudy Guide11Directions: Decide if each statement below is about the dermis, the epidermis, or the fatty layer of skin andwrite that term in the blank beside the statement.
1. contains dead waterproof cells that constantly rub off
2. contains sweat and oil glands
3. the thinnest outer layer
4. the layer that increases when you gain weight
5. insulates the body
6. contains cells that make the pigment melanin that colors skin
7. contains blood vessels, nerves, and muscles
8. contains a fatlike molecule that can be made into vitamin D in the sun-light
Directions: Use the words from the word bank to complete the summary statements.
constrict epidermis hemoglobin pores
dermis evaporate infection produce
dilate grafts melanin wastes
Blood vessels can (9)____________________, making a person appear flushed and red, to
release heat, or (10)____________________, making a person appear pale, to help keep heat in.
(11)____________________ will also open to release sweat which will
(12)____________________. Sweat glands also help rid the body of (13)____________________
which could be poisonous if they stayed in your body in too large a concentration.
When your skin is injured, the (14)____________________ produces new cells and the
(15)____________________ repairs tears. When the skin is broken, there is a greater risk of
(16)____________________. Pigments from (17)____________________ in the blood cause the
red, purple, and blue color of bruises. When the skin is severely injured, there are sometimes not
enough skin cells left to (18)____________________ new skin. Skin (19)____________________
can help healing in those cases. (20)____________________ is the name of the pigment that
deepens skin and eye color.
Name Date Class
15Chapter
56 Support, Movement, and Responses
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Study Guide22 The Muscular System
Directions: Think of the type of muscle associated with each of the following body parts. In the space provided,write the name of the type of muscle associated with that body part. Also tell whether that muscle is voluntaryor involuntary.
1. thigh:
2. upper arm:
3. intestine:
4. heart:
5. calf:
6. stomach:
7. hand:
8. blood vessels:
9. uterus:
10. neck:
Directions: The two illustrations show an ankle bending. Label the second illustration, showing which musclecontracts and which muscle relaxes.
12. About how many muscles are in the body?
13. How do muscles produce mechanical energy?
14. What happens when the supply of energy-rich molecules in a muscle is used up?
RelaxesContracts
11b.
11a.
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Support, Movement, and Responses 57
Name Date Class
The Skeletal SystemStudy Guide33Directions: Study the illustrations. Then label each one using the correct term from the list.
pivot joint ball-and-socket joint hinge joint gliding joint
Directions: Describe each type of joint.
5. pivot joint:
6. ball-and-socket joint:
7. hinge joint:
8. gliding joint:
Directions: List the five major functions of the skeletal system.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
1. 2.
3. 4.
15Chapter
58 Support, Movement, and Responses
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Study Guide44Directions: Define each term. Use the terms to label the diagram below.
1. neuron
2. dendrite
3. axon
4. synapse
The Nervous System
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Directions: Name the three kinds of neurons and describe the function of each.
10.
11.
12.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
13. What are the three main sections of the ear?
14. In what cells does a smell impulse begin?
15. What five basic taste sensations do the taste buds have?
15Chapter
Regulation and Reproduction 59
The Endocrine SystemStudy Guide11Directions: Complete the study chart below on the glands of the endocrine system. (Hint: Refer to Figure 2 andthe textbook for additional help.)
Name Date Class
Gland Location in Body Hormone Produced Function of Hormone
1. Adrenal glands epinephrine,norepinephrine
2. Ovaries estrogen,progesterone
3. Pancreas insulinnorepinephrine
4. Parathyroid gland parathyroid hormonenorepinephrine
5. Pineal gland melatoninnorepinephrine
6. Pituitary gland hormones including, growth hormone, luteinizing hormone,
7. Testes testosterone
8. Thymus thymocin
9. Thyroid gland triiodothyronine, thyroxine
Directions: List the four basic functions of the endocrine glands.
10.
11.
12.
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The Reproductive System
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. a. How often does a female release an egg?
b. What is the process of egg release called?
2. What happens inside the uterus as an egg matures in the ovary?
3. a. If an egg isn’t fertilized, what happens to the egg and to the lining of the uterus?
b. What is this called, how often does this occur, and how long does it last?
4. Why are the testes located outside the body rather than inside?
5. a. What happens during menopause?
b. When does this occur?
6. What does semen consist of?
Directions: Label the following diagram of the male reproductive organs.
11.
10.
12.
13.
14.
7.
8.
9.
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Regulation and Reproduction 61
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. Why can only one sperm fertilize an egg?
2. Where does fertilization usually occur?
3. Describe how the embryo receives oxygen and nutrients and how it gets rid of wastes.
4. At the time body organs are present, what is the developing baby called?
5. a. Explain how fraternal twins develop.
b. Why do identical twins look exactly alike?
6. a. When does the adolescent growth spurt begin and end for girls?
b. For boys?
7. a. What physical changes might you expect during the period from age 45 to age 60?
b. What is this stage called?
8. What is labor?
Human Life StagesStudy Guide33 16Chapter
Plants 63
PlantsStudy Guide11Directions: Write the correct term from the word bank on the line next to its definition.
binomial nomenclature Carolus Linneaus cell membrane cell wall
cellulose chlorophyll cuticle green algae
nonvascular photosynthesis pigment vascular
1. botanist who proposed classifying plants using many characteristics
2. coloring in a plant
3. chemical compound plants make out of sugars into fibers for structureand support
4. covering surrounds all cells and regulates the interaction between thecell and the environment
5. probably the ancient ancestor of all land plants
6. plants containing tubelike structures used to carry water and nutrientsthroughout the plant
7. process in which light energy is used to produce glucose and oxygen
8. plants without tubelike structures to move water and substances
9. a waxy, protective layer secreted by cells onto stems, leaves, and flowersto slow the loss of water
10. system of naming species using a unique two-word name
11. green pigment used to trap light used in photosynthesis
12. rigid structure that supports and protects plant cells
Directions: Complete the summary chart of plant adaptations for survival on land. (Hint: Refer to Figure 4 inthe text for additional help.)
Name Date Class
Adaptation Purpose of Adaptation
13. cellulose
14. cuticle
15. fruits and seed cones
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64 Plants
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Seedless Plants
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms. Some of the terms may not be used.
vascular nonvascular rhizoids
mosses liverworts pioneer species
1. Organisms that are the first to grow in new or disturbed areas are
called ______________________________.
2. Ground pines, spike mosses, horsetails, and ferns are all types of seedless
______________________________ plants.
3. Liverworts, hornworts, and ______________________________ are seedless nonvascularplants.
4. ______________________________ are the threadlike roots of nonvascular plants thatabsorb and distribute water directly through their cell walls.
Directions: Answer the following question on the lines provided.
5. What is the relationship between ferns and coal?
Directions: Classify the following plants as vascular or nonvascular.
6. 7. 8.
9. 10. 11.
Daisy
Rose Corn Moss
Liverwort Grass
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Plants 65
Directions: Contrast the two major groups of seed plants by completing the table. Use information from yourtextbook.
Table 1
Directions: Study the plants pictured below. On the line under each plant, write whether that plant is a monocot or a dicot.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.8. What is a seed plant?
9. What are the functions of xylem and phloem?
10. What are some economic uses of gymnosperms?
Seed Plants
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Study Guide33
1. Characteristics
2. Examples
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
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Interactions of Living Things 67
The EnvironmentStudy Guide11Directions: Give an example for each level of organization in the living world. You may use Figure 6 to help you.
Directions: Match terms from the word bank with the statements below.
4,500 m biomes community pollution
11,000 m biosphere ecosystem population
abiotic factors biotic factors organism sunlight
7. all of the species that live in a pond
8. the height that living things have so far been found in the atmosphere
9. other living things in the environment that affect an organism
10. an abiotic factor that is limited on a forest floor
11. includes the crust, the water, the air, and all the biomes
12. all the individuals of one species who might reproduce together
13. the depth that living things have so far been found in the oceans
14. just one penguin
15. a rocky, sunny coastal area with populations of trees, sea weeds, fish,birds, and crabs
16. water, sunlight, temperature, air, and soil, which determine what typesof organisms can live in a particular environment
17. savanna, desert, mountain, grassland, taiga, tundra, and tropical rainforest
18. a factor that can harm life on Earth
Name Date Class
Organization Level Example
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
18Chapter
68 Interactions of Living Things
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Interactions Among Living Organisms
Directions: Select the term from the following list that matches each description.
spacing predation size
potential limiting density
1. number of individuals in a population
2. regulates a population when organisms feed on other organisms
3. maximum rate at which a population increases
4. a factor that limits the number of individuals in a population
5. the number of individuals that live in a defined space
6. the arrangement of organisms in a given area
Directions: In the table below, write the type of symbiosis practiced by the organisms in the left-hand columnand describe their relationships.
Study Guide22
Organisms Description of relationships
Type of symbiosis
9. Yucca and yucca moth
7. Mistletoe and tree
8. Flatworm andhorseshoe crab
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Interactions of Living Things 69
Name Date Class
Directions: Find the mistakes in the statements below. Underline the incorrect word(s) and write the correctword on the line provided.
1. Consumers capture and use energy from the Sun.
2. A series of overlapping food chains is called a food niche.
3. A model of energy transfer is an ecological biome.
4. A model of energy available in a predator chain is an energy pyramid.
5. At the top of the energy pyramid, energy is slightly reduced.
6. Photosynthesis involves the production of food and oxygen by bacteria using chemical compounds.
7. Molecules of water that encounter colder air temperatures speed up.
8. The movement of carbon through Earth’s ecosystem is called the fixation cycle.
9. Nitrogen is used by organisms to make fats.
10. Nitrogen and carbon are used up by the processes of a biosphere.
11. Mushrooms are classified as producers.
12. When a carnivore eats a plant, it gains some of the plant’s energy.
13. Producers take in energy from nitrogen.
Matter and EnergyStudy Guide33 18Chapter
Conserving Resources 71
ResourcesStudy Guide11Directions: Write the correct term on the line next to its definition.
fossil fuels geothermal hydroelectric power
inexhaustible resources natural resources nonrenewable resources
nuclear petroleum renewable resources
solar cells solar wind power
1. a mineral formed mostly from the remains of microscopic marineorganisms buried in Earth’s crust
2. natural resources that are recycled or replaced constantly by nature
3. resources used up more quickly than they can be replaced by nature
4. constant supplies of energy
5. fuels formed in Earth’s crust over hundreds of millions of years
6. energy released when billions of atomic nuclei from uranium are splitapart in a nuclear fission reaction
7. heat energy contained in Earth’s crust in molten rock
8. harnessed air currents traveling at 32 km/h
9. electricity that is produced when the energy of falling water is used toturn the turbines of an electric generator
10. expensive photovoltaic cells that use sunlight to make energy
11. most inexhaustible source of energy
12. the parts of the environment that are useful or necessary for the sur-vival of living organisms
Directions: List three examples of renewable energy resources.
13.
14.
15.
Directions: List three examples of nonrenewable resources.
16.
17.
18.
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Pollution
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. What is smog?
2. What are some pollutants produced by the burning of fuels?
3. How does acid precipitation form?
4. Explain how ozone in the upper atmosphere is helpful to life on Earth.
5. What types of chemical pollutants are responsible for ozone depletion? Where do these chemicalscome from?
6. Draw and label an illustration of the greenhouse effect.
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Conserving Resources 73
Directions: What are the three Rs of conservation? Write your answers on the lines provided and give threeexamples of each.
1.
Examples a.
b.
c.
2.
Examples a.
b.
c.
3.
Examples a.
b.
c.
Directions: Answer the following question on the lines provided.4. Why is conservation important?
The Three Rs of ConservationStudy Guide33 19Chapter
Properties and Changes of Matter 75
Physical and ChemicalProperties
Study Guide11Directions: List nine physical properties, an example of each one, and how each is measured or observed.Include units if they apply.
Directions: List the three states of matter and two examples for each.
Directions: Explain what a chemical property is.
13.
Directions: Determine if each of the following properties is size-dependent (SD) or size-independent (SI). Write the appropriate letters in the blank beside each property.
14. color
15. density
16. mass
17. magnetism
18. volume
Name Date Class
19. weight
20. boiling point
21. taste
22. state
23. length
Property Example with Units How It Is Measured or Observed
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
State Example Example
10.
11.
12.
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76 Properties and Changes of Matter
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Physical and ChemicalChanges
Directions: Complete the paragraphs using the terms listed below.
liquid ice color changes energy
different shape appearance gas
gain solid state freezes
Physical change involves changes in 1. _____________________. A common physical change
occurs when matter changes from one 2. _____________________ to another, such as from a gas,
to a 3. _____________________ or a 4. _____________________. One example of this kind of
physical change takes place when water 5. _____________________, changing from a liquid to a
solid to form 6. _____________________. One easy way to determine if a physical change has
taken place is to note changes in 7. _____________________ or size.
When a chemical change takes place, a substance is changed into a 8. _____________________
substance. Two examples of chemical changes are fireworks explosions and
9. _____________________ in leaves. A sign of a chemical change is the release or
10. _____________________ of 11. _____________________. Other signs of a chemical change
are an odd odor or the formation of a 12. _____________________ or a solid.
Directions: List three changes that are physical changes. Do not include the examples listed above.
13. a.
b.
c.
Directions: List three changes that are chemical changes. Do not include the examples listed above.
14. a.
b.
c.
Study Guide22 20Chapter
Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility 77
What is a solution?Study Guide11Directions: Match the terms in the word bank with the phrases below by writing the word in the blank. Youmust use all the words and may use each word only once.
alloy homogeneous mixture stalactite
compound precipitate solute
heterogeneous mixture stalagmite solvent
1. for example, sugar in cola
2. a hanging icicle of rock formed by dripping water in a cave
3. a solid-solid solution, such as brass
4. for example, mixed fruit salad
5. a solid formed when two solutions mix, such as soap scum
6. a column of rock that forms upward from the floor of a cave as waterwith dissolved rock drips on it
7. something that dissolves a solute, such as the water in the ocean
8. two or more substances that are evenly mixed on a molecular level butare not bonded
9. for example, water, which always has the same ratio of hydrogen andoxygen atoms
Directions: Decide if each process is a physical or chemical process and write your answer in the column. Decidewhat kind of mixture is described in each case and name it in the second column. Identify the parts of the mixture.
Name Date Class
Physical or Kind of Parts of MixtureChemical? Mixture
10. a chef caramelizing sugar and butter for a sauce
11. a carpenter pounding nailsinto a house frame
12. a painter mixing two colorsof paint together
13. a clown blowing up balloons
14. a cleaner using bleach to clean stains from clothes
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78 Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility
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Solubility
Directions: Write true in the blank if the statement is true. If the statement is false, replace the italicized wordwith a word or term that makes the statement true. Write this new word in the blank.
1. In the water molecule, electrons are equally shared by hydrogenatoms and oxygen atoms.
2. Solutions for which water is the solvent are called aqueoussolutions.
3. If electrons are shared equally between atoms that compose amolecule, that molecule is said to be polar.
4. Water readily dissolves most polar compounds.
5. Table salt, NaCl, is a molecular compound.
6. In an ionic compound, one or more atoms loses electrons, andone or more atoms gains electrons.
7. In solution, the charged regions of water molecules can pulla(n) ionic compound apart.
8. Chemists say, “Like dissolves like.” This means that dissolutiontends to occur when the solid and the solute are similar innature.
9. Most oils tend to dissolve best in nonpolar solvents.
10. Solubility tells you how fast a solute will dissolve.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.11. How is the solubility of a substance usually described?
12. What is an unsaturated solution?
13. How can a solution become supersaturated?
14. What happens if you continue to add solute to a saturated solution?
15. Can pressure affect the solubility of a substance in solution? Explain.
16. How does temperature affect the solubility of a solute in solvent?
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Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility 79
Directions: Use the diagram below to answer questions 1 through 5.
Acidic and Basic SolutionsStudy Guide33
+ +
+ –
Directions: Look at the left side of the diagram.1. What common substance is a three-atom molecule like the one in this illustration?
Directions: Look at the right side of the diagram.2. Explain what has happened to the two-atom molecule.
3. Identify the four-atom ion formed if the ion from the two-atom molecule is a hydrogen ion.
4. What kind of solution—acid or basic—has been produced?
5. Will this solution conduct electricity? Why or why not?
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.6. List three properties of acidic solutions.
7. List three properties of basic solutions.
8. Which ion increases in concentration when a strong acid is added to water?
9. Which ion increases in concentration when a strong base is added to water?
10. How are the relative strengths of acids and bases compared?
11. Name the process that occurs when you drop an antacid tablet into a glass of lemonade.
21Chapter
States of Matter 81
MatterStudy Guide11Directions: Unscramble the words in parentheses to fill in this section summary.
(1)____________________ (tramet) is anything that takes up space and has mass. The four
states of matter are (2)____________________ (dlois), (3)____________________ (quildi),
(4)____________________ (sga), and (5)____________________ (slampa). All matter is made
of (6)____________________. (sartpicle). In a liquid, the particles are moving
(7)____________________ (strafe) than they do in a solid, but (8)____________________.
(lowsre) than they do in a gas. Particles in a gas have more (9)____________________ (ygreen)
than particles in a solid or liquid. Honey and tar have higher (10)____________________
(sssiecitivo) than water because they are slower to flow. The attractive forces of water molecules
for each other creates (11)____________________ (rufaces) ____________________ (stenino)
that allows needles to float and water striders to walk on water. Because of surface tension, water
droplets are (12)____________________ (dorun). A liquid takes the
(13)____________________ (heaps) of its container, but a gas (14)____________________
(lifsl) its container completely.
Directions: Explain what is needed for plasma to exist, and where it can be found.
15.
Directions: List three amorphous solids
16.
Directions: List five crystalline solids.
17.
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82 States of Matter
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Changes of State
Directions: Write the word that best describes each process illustrated below.
1. 2.
3. 4.
Heat added
Tem
per
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re ˚
C
Graph A
Heat added
Tem
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C
Graph B
Directions: Use the graphs below to answer the questions that follow.
5. Which graph shows the melting of a crystalline solid? Explain your reasoning.
6. What type of solid does the other graph show? Explain.
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States of Matter 83
Directions: Use the clues below to complete the crossword puzzle.
Behavior of Fluids
1
7
4
8
65
2
3
Across2. The amount of force applied per unit of area
3. It is nearly impossible to ______ solids and liquids.
5. Pascal’s principal says that pressure applied to a confined ______ transmits unchanged
throughout the ______.
7. One of the factors affecting density
8. An increase in ______ results in an increase in pressure.
Down1. As _____ pressure decreases, boiling points of liquids becomes lower.
2. The pressure produced by a force of one Newton per square meter of surface area is one ______.
4. The ______ force determines whether or not an object will float.
6. Mass divided by volume
Study Guide33 22Chapter
Newton’s Laws of Motion 85
MotionStudy Guide11Directions: Fill in the chart with information from the chapter.
Directions: List three ways that the velocity of a car can change.
8.
9.
10.
Directions: Explain how the velocity of an object could change while its speed stayed the same.
11.
Directions: Explain how the displacement of an object could be zero while the distance it traveled was 150 m.
12.
Directions: Explain how you could use pictures from a security camera to determine if an object had beenmoved from one hour to the next, using a tree as a reference point.
13.
Name Date Class
Definition Does it Formula to depend on Calculate (ifdirection? There Is One)
1. distance
2. displacement
3. constant speed
4. instantaneous speed
5. velocity
6. reference point
7. acceleration
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86 Newton’s Laws of Motion
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Newton’s First Law
Directions: In question 1, below, a code letter has been substituted for each letter of the alphabet. To find whatthe sentence says, use the following key to decode it. In the key, the code letters are shown directly below thealphabet letter they stand for. Write the correct letter directly above each code letter, then read the sentence.
Study Guide22
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
X M J W T A O U R V G Q D Z B Y I E P N H C S L F K
1.X M B W F E T D X R Z P X N J B Z P N X Z N
C T G B J R N F H Z G T P P X Z H Z M X G X Z J T W
A B E J T X J N P B Z R N
2. Which law of motion does the above sentence state?
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
3. What is a force?
4. Is it possible for an object not to be in motion and still have forces acting on it? Explain.
5. What is inertia? How are mass and inertia related?
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Newton’s Laws of Motion 87
Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that best completes the statement.
1. Gravity is a (force, mass, distance).
2. The friction involved in a wagon moving down a hill is (static, sliding, rolling) friction.
3. As the force acting on you increases, your acceleration (increases, decreases, remains the same).
4. The unit of force is the (meter, hertz, newton).
5. If you go to the moon, your mass (increases, decreases, remains the same).
6. As you glide across a frozen pond, (static, sliding, rolling) friction is acting on your skates.
7. If there is no change in force as you increase the mass a truck is carrying, its acceleration
(increases, decreases, remains the same).
8. An ant falling from the roof of a house lands unharmed because of (gravity, static friction,
air resistance).
Directions: If the following statements are true, write true. If the statements are false, replace the term orphrase in italics to make the statement true.
9. If you go to the moon, your weight would stay the same.
10. Given the same force, a baseball will accelerate faster than a tennis ball.
11. The force always acting on everything on Earth is gravity.
12. Rolling friction keeps a wagon from rolling until it is pushed.
Directions: Solve the following problems in the spaces provided.
13. A force of 40 N is exerted on a 10-kg box. What is the box’s acceleration?
14. What unbalanced force is required to accelerate a 1,500 kg-race car at 3.0 m/s2?
15. If a student has a mass of 90 kg, what is the student’s weight?
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Name Date Class
88 Newton’s Laws of Motion
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Newton’s Third Law
Directions: Study the drawing below of a boy holding a bucket and answer questions 1 through 4.1. Identify two pairs of action-reaction forces
involving the bucket.
2. What are the balanced forces acting on the bucket?
3. What happens if the hand-on-bucket force increases? Explain.
4. What could you do to increase the Earth-on-bucket force?
Directions: Find the mistakes in the statements below. Rewrite each statement correctly on the lines provided.5. An action-reaction force pair acts on the same body.
6. When action-reaction force pairs come into being, the action force is created first.
7. Action-reaction forces always act in the same direction.
8. Forces act in unequal but opposite pairs.
Study Guide44 23Chapter
Energy and Energy Resources 89
What is energy?Study Guide11Directions: Label each situation with the type of energy it describes. Some situations may have more thanone answer.
chemical electrical kinetic nuclear
potential radiant thermal
1. sunshine
2. a rolling ball gains more of this kind of energy when it moves faster
3. the ocean affects climate because it has so much of this kind of energy
4. a rock balanced on a ledge has this kind of energy
5. energy in the nuclei of atoms
6. energy stored in chemical bonds
7. energy produced in your body’s cells
8. energy that operates a toaster
9. energy emitted by a toaster
10. energy emitted by a lightbulb
11. as objects become hotter, they have more of this type of energy
12. three kinds of energy a match can help you get from firewood
13. energy of moving objects
14. energy of position
15. energy stored in gasoline
Directions: List two types of energy that depend on the mass of an object.
16.
17.
Directions: State the type of energy that is carried by light.
18.
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90 Energy and Energy Resources
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Energy Transformations
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the terms that best complete the statements.
1. In every energy transformation, some ____________________ is released.
2. When you climb a rope, you change ____________________ energy into
____________________ energy.
3. Energy can never be created or destroyed, just ____________________ or
____________________.
4. As temperature increases, ____________________ energy increases.
5. Fireworks change ____________________ into ____________________ and
____________________ energy.
6. When a pendulum swings, if it is not continuously pushed, it will stop eventually because
some of its energy is changed into ____________________ energy.
7. In the muscle cells in your body, ____________________ energy is changed into
____________________ energy.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.8. Trace the energy transformations from a hamburger you eat to riding your bike.
9. In most forms of generation of electrical energy in power plants, the last two steps are thesame. What are they?
10. Trace the energy transformations from a radio signal to the music you hear.
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Energy and Energy Resources 91
Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that correctly completes the following statements.
1. (Oil, Wind, Water) is a fossil fuel.
2. As you go deeper into Earth, the temperature (increases, decreases, stays the same).
3. (Coal, Oil, Water) is a renewable resource.
4. (Geothermal energy, Fossil fuels, Hydroelectric energy) cause acid rain.
5. A mountainous region would be a likely source for (nuclear, hydroelectric, wind) energy.
Directions: Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false. If it is true, write true on theline. If it is false, change the underlined term to make it true.
6. Fossil fuels cause air pollution.
7. Geothermal energy is caused by falling water.
8. A thermal cell produces electricity directly from sunlight.
9. A reflecting panel uses the kinetic energy of moving air.
10. About 68% of the electrical energy in the United States is produced by nuclear fuel.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.11. Explain why it would be necessary for a home using solar energy to have some type of an
energy storage device.
12. Explain how hydroelectric energy works.
13. Give two advantages and two disadvantages of using fossil fuels.
Sources of EnergyStudy Guide33 24Chapter
