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StudiesinEgyptianCulture files/SEC08 Pyramid...一画 リ ローニ F 産 雲 P 君 眉...
Transcript of StudiesinEgyptianCulture files/SEC08 Pyramid...一画 リ ローニ F 産 雲 P 君 眉...
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StudiesinEgyptianCulture
NOo8
Non-Des伽ctivePyramidIwestigaiion(2)
l988
WASEDAUNIVERSITY
TOKYO-JAPAN
ob
StudiesinEgyptianCulture
No、8
Non-DestructivePyramidInvestigation(2)
by
SakujiYOSHIMURA
(EgyptianArchaeology)
TakeshiNAKAGAWA
(Architecture,Dr.)
ShojiTONOUCHI
(Geophygics,Dr.)
l988
WASEDAUNIVERSITY
TOKYO-JAPAN
EditorialBoard
KiyohikoSakurai≦
SakujiYoshimura
JiroKondo
lzumiHarigai
KeikoHirabayashi
YumiTakahashi
Cooperators
WataruMatsumoto
HiroyukiAbe
ReikoFujita
YasukoSuwa
Copyrightholder:
WasedaUniversityEgyptianCuItureCenter
l-6-1NishiwasedaShinjuku-kuTokyo,JAPAN
1988WasedaUniversity
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MicroscopicphotographofthesandsampledbyFrenchMission
Microscopicphotographoflimestone
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Pl、11
LISTOFPLATES
FORWARD
Oneyearhasalreadypassedsincewe,WasedaUniversityPyramidlnvestigationMission
conductedtheinvestigationintheGizaPlateau、 Theinvestigationswereconductedtwice,in
JanuaryandSeptember,1987.ThisPyramidProjectiscomingfrominvestigationsthatwere
conductedeveryyearatLuxorsincethefirstgeneralsurveyinEgyptinl966.Infact,wewould
andcouldneverthoughtofinvestigatingthepyramid,ifwedidnothavetheachievementsof
investigationsfortwentyyears、 We,Japanese,startedtheinvestigationofthepyramidbehind
EuropeandtheUnitedStatesbyahundredormoreyears、 However,Ihopethatitmightbe
possibleforustomakecleartheJapaneseculture,whichisatypicalmixedone,throughknowingthe
Egyptianculture LateProfessorKiichiKawamura,whowasourpioneer,andwhodiedtenyears
ago,intendedtogetahintforthinkingovertheoriginoftheJapanesecivilizationbyexploringthe
originoftheEgyptiancivilization・ Now,Iintendtorecognizethepatternofourculturethrough
theancientEgyptianculture
AlthoughweJapanesestartedlateintheexplorationoftheEgyptianculturewiththe
conventionalapproach,wenowrankwiththeworldinthescientifictechnologythatthemodern
civilizationprovides. Itisourmethodtomakecleartheancientculturewithsuch
technologies, Conventionally,itissaidthatarchaeologycannotbeattainedwithout
excavation・ Oneofourintentofthepyramidsurveyistoapplysuchtechnologiestoarchaeology
aswellastospaceandthedeepsea WehavereachedourCTscannerbyanelectromagnetic
wave Wearestillengagedinthedevelopmentofequipmentandtheinnovationoftechnologywith
allourknowledgeandenergy、 ThedevelopedequipmentistestedinJapanforalongperiodof
timeandthensenttoEgypt.Therefore,thisrequiresanintervalofsixmonthsattheshortest,
sometimesoneyear、 WethinkofthepyramidprojectastakinglOto20years,andbelievethatall
willbeclarifiedHowever,wedonotintendtoconducttreasurehuntingbyusmgthehigh
technology・ Oursurveyhasawiderobjective, Itintendstoeventuallygraspthelayoutofthe
pyramids,mastabasandtemplesscatteredattheGizaPlateau,toidentifythatitwasplannedasa
necropolis,andtoknowthelivingandthelifeofthepyramiderafromitsculturalbackgroundandthe
religiousaspects・
Oursurveyhasjuststarted.Althoughviewsfromvariousstandpointsmayarise,the
cultureandthescholarshipshouldbepure,andshouldbeapartfromtheprofit-and-loss
calculation・ Weshouldneverallowanattempttodeterminethescholarshipandtheculture
particularlyfromapoliticalviewpointorintention, Basedonthisviewpoint,wewishtoattaina
goodinvestigationthatwillbecomenotedinhumanhistorywiththeunderstandingofthegovernment
andthenationofEgypt,aswellastheJapanesepeople
Finally,weexpressdeepthankstothesensiblepeopleofEgyptforsupportingandcontinuing
、
tofullybackupWasedaUniversityPyramidlnvestigationMissionforsuchalongperiodof20or
moreyears,andparticularlythecoleaguesofEgyptianAntiquitiesOrganizationsoftheMinistryof
Culture,theMinistryofForeignAffairs,theEgyptianEmbassyatTokyo,theMinistryoflnformation,
theMinistryofTurism,aswellastheMinistryofForeignAffairsofJapan,andtheJapaneseEmbassy
atCairo. Wewishtocontinuetheirsupportinthefuture.
April,1988
SakujiYoshimura
DirectorofWasedaUniversityPyramid
lnvestigationMission
AssociateProfessor,
SchoolofHumanScience
16
ITHEBACKGROUNDANDPROCESS……….……….………….……….………………
(1)Background……………………………………………………………….…………………
(2)Purposeandmethod.。……………………………….………………….….……………….
(3)Organizationoftheinvestigationmission…..……………………………………………..
(4)Process・…・………………………..…..…………..……………….………….……………
11246
ⅡNON-DESTRUCTIVEINVESTIGATIONINTHESECONDSURVEY…………………
(1)objective……・……・…..………………………..…………………………….…………...
(2)ElectromagneticWaveMethod…………………・………・……….……………….……….
1.Basicconceptoftheelectromagneticwavemethod
2.Equipmenttobeusedforthisinvestigation
3.FieldexperimentsinJapan
4.FieldexperimentsinEgypt
(3)GravityMeasurement・……………・…………………………………・…・…………………
1.Basicconceptofgravitymeasurement
2.Equipmenttobeusedforinvestigation
3.FieldexperimentsoftheMicrogravimeterinJapanandEgypt
4.TheresultsofgravitysurveyatGiza
000
111
CONTENTS
ⅢARCHAEOLOGICALINTERPRETATIONOFTHERESULTSOF
NON-DESTRUCTIVEINVESTIGATION..………………….….…………………….……
(1)Non・destructivelnvestigationatGizaPlateauinthe2ndSeason…………・……….……
A)InsideofGreatPyramid
B)OutsideofGreatPyramid
C)AreaaroundofGreatSphinx
(2)InterpretationoftheResultsofNon.destructivelnvestigation…………………・…・……
A)InsideofGreatPyramid
B)OutsideofGreatPyramid
C)AreaaroundofGreatSphinx
(3)ContributionofNon、destructivelnvestigationtotheHistoryofGiza…………………・・・
46
46
48
53
ⅣINVESTIGATIONFROMTHEVIEWPOlNTOFARCHITECTURAL
HISTORYINTHESECONDSEASON…・…………・…………………………・…………・66
(1)Introduction・………・…..………・…………………………………・………・………………66
(2)OutlineoftheMeasurements…・……・………………………。.……………………………66
(3)MeasurementofthePositionofNorthernEntrancewhichisShiftedEastwardfromtheCenter
LineofGreatPyramid…………・………………………・………….………………………
(4)ArchitecturalConsiderations
-TheComplexOrganizationoflnteriorRoom-…………………………………………
(5)Conclusion……………………………………………….………………....………………
VPHYSlCALPROPERTYANDMlCROSCOPICOBSERVATlONOF
THESANDINSIDEOFGREATPYRAMID……………………………………………..…
ⅥCONCLUSION・…………………………………………・…………………・…・…………….
67
67
68
86
88
LlSTOFFlGURESANDTABLES
ⅡNON-DESTRUCTIVElNVESTIGATlONlNTHESECONDSURVEY
Fig、lAnexampleofthepathsofelectromagneticwaves
Fig2Thespeeddistributioncalculatedgeotomographymethod(ARTmethod)
Fig3Speedcountermap
Fig,4Blockdiagramoftheundergroundradarsystem
Fi9.5Blockdiagramofradarsystemusedinthetransmissionmethod
Fi9.6Theundergroundradarsystem
Fi9.7ThewholeshapeofUtoLimestoneMine
Fi9.8AnentranceofatunnelatUtoLimestoneMine
Fi9.9Antennasusedforthissurvey(400MHz,150MHz,80MHz)
Fig.10TypicalA、scopephotographofelectromagneticwavesignal
Fi9.11ThemeasurementforthisexperimentatUtoLimestoneMine
Fi9.12Theexperimentfor80MHzantennaatUtoLimestoneMine
Figl3TheexperimentalplaceatUtoLimestoneMine(Transmissionmethod)
Fig.14TheexperimentalplaceatUneLimestoneMine(Transmissionmethod)
Fig.15ThetunnelofUtoLimestoneMine
Fig、l6Traveltimediagramintheair
Fig、l7TraveltimediagramatUneLimestoneMine
Figl8TransmissiveexperimentatUneMine(150MHz)
Fig.’9TransmissiveexperimentoflimestoneatKhufuBoat
Fig20GeometryofpropagationthroughtwolegsofGreatSphinx
Fig21PulseofpropagationatrightlegofGreatSphinx
Fig22PulseofpropagationatleftlegofGreatSphinx
Fig23TheexperimentoftransmissionmethodbetweenHorizontalPassageandGrandGallery
Fig24GeometryoftransmissionmethodbetweenGrandGalleryandMegalithicMasonryatNorth
EntranceofGreatPyramid
Fig25GravityanomalyatOyainJapan
Fig26TheresultoftheexperimentatSerapeumatSaqqara
Fig,27ThegravityanomalymapofKing'sChamber
Fig28TheanomalyprofileinHorizontalPassage
Fig29ThegravitymeasurementpointatthefrontofGreatSphinx
Fi9.30ThegravityanomalymapatthefrontofGreatSphinx
Fi9.31ThegravityanomalymapatnorthempartofGreatSphinx
Fi9.32ThegravityanomalymapatsouthernpartofGreatSphinx
Fig33ThegravityanomalyprofilebesidetheleftlegofGreatSphinx
TablelTheexperimentaldataatUneLimestoneMine(150MHz)
Table2TheexperimentaldataatUneLimestoneMine(80MHz)
Table3TheexperimentaldataoflimestonelidstonesfromKhufuBoat
Table4TheexperimentaldataoflimestonelidstonesfromKhufuBoat(80MHz)
ARCHAEOLOGlCALlNTERPRETATIONOFTHERESULTSOFNON-DESTRUCTIVE
lNVESTIGATlON
34MeasurementlinesinKing,Chamber
35MeasurementlinesinAntechamber
36MeasurementlinesinQueen'sChamber
37MeasurementlinesinHorizontalPassage
38NorthwallofQueen,sChamber
39MeasurementlinesinUndergroundChamber
40GeometryofthetransmissionmethodatGreatPyramid
41MeasurementlinesonthesouthsideofGreatPyramid
42MeasurementlinesaroundGreatSphinx
43MeasurementlinesatFrontCourtofGreatSphinx
44The血pofundergroundabnormalplacesatthewestemterraceofGreatSphinx
Ⅲ
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lNVESTlGATIONFROMTHEVIEWPOlNTOFARCHITECTURALHISTORYINTHE
SECONDSEASON
45.Section-perspectiveofGreatPyramid
46.DevelopmentofKing'sChamber
47.DevelopmentofAntechamber
48.DevelopmentofGrandGallery
49・DevelopmentofQueen'sChamber
50.DevelopmentofHorizontalPassage
51.DevelopmentandsectionofNorthernEntrance
52.PlanofGreatPyramiddrawnbycomputergraphicsystem
53・AxonometricperspectiveofGreatPyramidfromNdrawnbycomputergraphicsystem
54.Bird's-eyeviewofGreatPyramidfromENEdrawnbycomputergraphicsystem
55・AxonometricperspectiveofGreatPyramidfromEdrawnbycomputergraphicsystem
56・Bird,s,eyeviewofGreatPyramidfromWNWdrawnbycomputergraphicsystem
57.Bird,s,eyeviewofGreatPyramidfromNEdrawnbycomputergraphicsystem
Ⅳ
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Table5ThedataofleftelbowofGreatSphinx(80MHz)◆
Table6ThedataofrightelbowofGreatSphinx(80MHz)
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Ⅱ
IBACKGROUNDANDPROCESS
(1)Background
SakujiYoshimura
JiroKondo
lzumiHarigai
DuringtheperiodfromJanuary22throughFebruary9,1987,theWasedaUniversity
investigationmissioncarriedoutthefirstinvestigationofpyramidsareaatGizaintheArabRepublic
ofEgypt.TheinvestigationwasinitiateduponrequestbyDr・AhamedKadry,theChairmanof
EgyptianAntiquitiesOrganization,theArabRepublicofEgypt.Fromthebeginning,westarted
ourinvestigation,inGizaAreaforthefinalpurposeofclarificationofthehistoryinGizaPlateauand
ofrevelationofthewholeaspectoftheGizanecropolis.Inordertoachievethepurpose,thefirst
pyramidinvestigationswereperformedwiththefollowingfourobjectives:
①ToclarifytheinnerstructureofGreatPyramid
②ToclarifywhyGreatPyramidwasconstructed
③ToclarifythestructureofGreatSphinxincludingthataroundit
④TodeterminetheagewhenGreatSphinxwasbuilt
Wetriedtointroducesomeuptodatescientifictechniquesfortheinvestigation,sinceitwasa
majorprerequisiteforustoperformourinvestigationwithoutdamagingthehistoricremams,as
requested.Anewtechnique,whichwasintroducedforthefirstpyramidinvestigation,was
mainlytheradarsystemutilizingelectromagneticwave.Theradarsystemutilizingthe
electromagneticwavewasadoptedforthefirstpyramidinvestigationonlyafterithadbeenproven
effectivefortheexplorationinGizaAreaandthebasicdatahadbeengathered,byperfOrmingvarious
testssuchasperformance,functioningandresponseinseverallocationsinbothJapanandEgypt
beforetheactualinvestigationstartedintheGizaArea.Bymeansofthissystem,wecarriedout
theexplorationsofvariouslocationsforthefirstpyramidinvestigation,suchasHorizontalPassage
leadingtoQueen,sChamber,Queen,sChamber,King,sChamber,thesouthsideofGreatPyramid,the
southsideofGreatSphinx,thenorthsideofGreatSphinxandthefrontcourtofGreat
Sphinx.Forexample,throughthoseinvestigationsweobtainedsomeresultsreasonableenoughto
ascertaintheexistenceofthecavityandsand,whichwerediscoveredbytheFrenchinvestigation
teamFurthermore,theresultsenabledustoinfernotonlythatsomecavityexistedatthenorth
sideatthewestendofthenorthwallinQueen'sChamber,butalsothatacavityexistedunderthe
limestonelidsofthesecondKhufu,sBoatPit,andthatvarioussortsofmaterialswereincludedinthe
innerpartofthecavity.
-1-
AnotherinvestigationwasalsoconductedintheinsideofGreatPyramidintermsof
architecturalhistory、 First,wereviewedtheassumptionraisedbytheFrenchteam,whichledus
toclarificationofsuchproblemsasthesymbolizationofGreatPyramidandthetraditional
investigationmethod
Thoseresultsofthefirstpyramidinvestigationaredescribedinthereporttitled
"Non,DestractivePyramidlnvestigatio、(1).ByElectromagneticWaveMethod''(StudiesinEgyptian
CultureNo、6,WasedaUniversity,1987)
Ourmissionproducedseveralexcellentresultsthroughthefirstpyramidinvestigation,butat
thesametimeitdiscoveredsomeproblemstobefurtherinvestigatedinthefuture Startingo、
September3,1987,thesecondpyramidinvestigationwascarriedoutunderthecarefulnewplan,
takingtheseproblemsintoconsideration.
(2)Purposeandmethod
ThesecondpyramidinvestigationbyWasedaUniversitywasconductedwiththefollowing
objectives,followingthefirstpyramidinvestigation:
①Toclarifytheinnerstructureofthegreatpyramid
②Toclarifywhythegreatpyramidwasconstructed.
③Toclarifythestructureofthegreatsphinxincludingthataroundit
④Todeterminetheageduringwhichthegreatsphinxwasbuilt
Somenewinvestigationwererequiredinadditiontotheresultsofthefirstpyramid
investigationsothatwecouldgetafinalconclusiononthesignificantthemesasdescribed
above.Therefore,wedecidedtoperformeachinvestigationbydividingourmissioninto3groups
‐scientificinvestigationteam,architectureteamandarchaeologyteam.
1.Scientificinvestigationteam
Theexplorationteamhadthefollowngtwoobjectives,andcontinuedtoconductthe
non-destructiveinvestigationbymeansofascientifictechniques.
①ToclarifytheinnerstructureofGreatPyramid
②ToclarifythestructureofGreatSphinxincludingthataroundit
Weconductedthefirstpyramidinvestigationbymeansofreflectionmethodofelectromagnetic
wavesystemwiththefrequencyofl50MHzandthepoweroflOOV,whichhadtransmitterand
recevierintheunit,butasforthesecondpyramidinvestigationwetriedtoperformthefollowing
investigationswithsomenewfacilitiesandequipmentprovidedadditionally.
A)Toinvestigatetheareaswhichwerenotexploredatthetimeofthefirstpyramidinvestigation・
SincesomeportionssuchasthewallwestofHorizontalPassage,thesidewallofGrand
Gallery,UndergroundChamberandtheterracewestofGreatSphinxstillremainedunexploredatthe
- 2 -
timeofthefirstpyramidinvestigation,wedecidedtoexploretheseunexploredpartsinthesecond
pyramidinvestigation.
B)Investigationusingan80MHz,100Vantenna
Wesometimesfailedtogetfavorableexplorationeffectsatthetimeofthefirstpyramid
investigatio、,becausetheexplorationdistanceoftheelectromagneticwavesystemusingl50MHz,
100Vwhichwasusedfortheinvestigationwascomparativelyshort.Therefore,weaddedsome
Weimprovementstotheelectromagneticwavesystemforthesecondpyramidinvestigation、
finallysucceededinmakingtheexplorationdistanceapprox、2timeslongerbyaddingan80MHz
antennasystemtothel50MHzelectromagneticwavesystemandincreasingthevoltagefromlOOV
tol40V.Thus,forthesecondpyramidinvestigationwedecidedtorepeatexplorationswiththe
newsystemevenonthepartswhichhadbeenalreadyexploredatthetimeoftheprevious
investigatio、.
C)Investigationusingtransmissionmethod
Sincetheshortexplorationdistanceofreflectionmethodsetalimittoourinvestigation
capability,wedevelopedaseparation、typeantennaequippedwithanindependenttransmitterand
receiver,whichenabledustousethetransmissionmethodpermittingelectromagneticwaveto
transmitbetweentwopoints、 Forthesecondpyramidinvestigation,wedecidedtoexplorethe
basicparts,suchasthelocationbetweenQueen'sChamberandKing,sChamber,thelocationbetween
northwallofGrandGalleryandNorthernEntrance,andthelocationbetweenHorizontalPassage
leadingtoQueen'sChamberandGrandGallerybymeansofthetransmissionmethodwhichis
providedwithalongerexplorationdistance.
D)Investigationbygravitymeasuringmethod
Forthefirstpyramidinvestigationweusedtheelectromagneticwavesystemonly・ Forthe
secondpyramidinvestigaionweintroducedadeviationmicrogravitymetertosupplementand
ascertaintheexplorationresultsalreadyobtinedbytheelectromagneticwavesystemthrough
anotherdifferentmethod.Forthisinvestigation,wedecidedtoexplorewiththisgravitymeterthe
basicpartssuchasQueen'sChamber,King,sChamber,andHorizontalPassageinGreatPyramidand
thelocationaroundGreatSphinxwheresomecavitywasassumedtoexistthroughtheexplorationby
electromagneticwaves.
2.Architectureteam
Thearchitectureteamhadthefollowingobjectives,andhadbeenengagedintheinvestigation
intheGizaAreasincewestartedthefirstpyramidinvestigation.
①ToclarifytheinnerstructureofGreatPyramid
②ToclarifywhyGreatPyramidwasconstructed
Forthesecondpyramidinvestigation,however,wedecidedtoconductthefollowing
investigations,takingintoconsiderationtheresultsofthefirstpyramidinvestigationwhichwas
-3-
madefromaviewpointofarchitecturehistory.
A)DetailedmeasurementinvestigationofGreatPyramid
Asaresultofthefirstpyramidinvestigation,wecametothinkitwasnecessarytoperforma
detailedmeasurementofGreatPyramidforarchitecturalexamination, Inaddition,itwas
mandatoryforustoknowtheaccuratelocationsandsizesofthespacesinGreat
PyramidTherefore,forthesecondpyramidinvestigationweplannedtoconductthemeasure‐
mentinvestigationforthepurposeofworkingoutaccurateplansoftheinnerpartsofGreat
Pyramid.Inthiscase,wealsoplannedtoperformprecisemeasurement,usingaelectricdistance
meter,whichcouldbeutilizedeveninthenarrowspaceofGreatPyramid.
3.ArchaeoIogyteam
ThearchaeologyteamaimdatclarifyingthehistoryinGizaPlateauandfindingoutthewhole
aspectoftheburiedcityplanning Sincewestartedthefirstpyramidinvestigation,wealsohad
beenengagedinthestudyofthemvestigationresultswhichwereobtainedinthepastinGizaArea,
thearchaeologicalmaterials,andthearchaeologicalinterpretationontheinvestigationresults
derivedfromeachinvestigationteam、
WeplannedtoconductthefollowinginvestigationsinGizaAreaforthesecondpyramid
investigationbasedupontheresultsofthefirstpyramidinvestigation.
A)DrawingofplansoftheareanearGreatPyramid
WeplannedtodrawplansoftheareaaroundGreatPyramid,sincetherewereanumberof
areasaroundtheGreatPyramidonwhichnoaccuratemeasurementorreportwasyetmade、 The
drawingshouldbedesignedtobeusefulenoughtoallowthescientificinvestigationteamtorecord
theirexploringpositions.
B)DrawingofplansoftheareaaroundGreatSphinx
WeplannedtodrawplansoftheareasaroundGreatSphinx,sincenoaccurateplanshavebeen
publishedinthepast.
C)Archaeologicalinterpretationontheinvestigationresultsderivedfromeachinvestigationteam
Weplannedtoexaminetheresultsofthefirstandsecondpyramidinvestigationderivedfrom
eachinvestigationteamfromanarchaeologicalviewpointbycollatingthemwiththetraditional
interpretationofEgyptology.
(3)Organizationoftheinvestigationmission
TheWasedaUniversityinvestigationmission・letbyAssociateProfessorSakujiYoshimura・
SchoolofHumanScience,WasedaUniversityconsistedof3investigationteams,.scientific
investigationteam,architectureteamandarchaeologyteamtheinvestigationrecordingstuffs,and
publicrelation Themembersareasfollows:
-4-
F・戸
Director:
ArchitectureTeam
Director;
Members;
Scientificinvestigaion
Director;
Members;
ArchaeologyTeam:
Director;
Members;
SakujiYoshimura
(AssociateProfessor,SchoolofHumanScience,WasedaUniversity)
TakeshiNakagawa
(Doctor,Professor,Dept・ofArchitecture,SchoolofScienceand
Engineering,WasedaUniversity)
KazuakiSeki
(AssociateProfessor,Dept・ofArchitecture,SchoolofScienceand
Engineering,Kanto,gakuinUniversity)
ShinichiNishimoto
(Assistant,Dept・ofArchitecture,SchoolofScienceandEngineering,
WasedaUniversity)
Takeshilkeda
(Researcher,HistoryArchitecture,EC.C、W、U、)
Team:
ShojiTonouchi
(DoctorofScience,ChiefResearcher,EC、CW.U,)
HiroyukiKawamura
(Researcher,ECC.W、U、)
HiroyukiKasai
(Researcher,E、C・CW.U、)
JiroKondo
(Assistant,Dept、ofArchaeology,SchoolofLiterature,Waseda
University)
NobuoTakahashi
(ChiefCurator,IwatePrefecturalMuseum)
IzumiHarigai
(Researcher,EgyptianArchitecture,E,CCW.U、)
-5-
RecordingStaffs:
Director;
Members;
KichisaburoHirota
(Researcher,EgyptianArchitecture,E、CC.W、U,)
OsamuKumasegawa
(Photographer)
ShojiArai
(Engineer)
ToshihiroOgawa
(Editor)
MasaoKishida
(VideoCameraman)
PublicRelationStaffs:EijiSaito
KeikoHirabayashi
N,B、EgyptianCulutureCenter,WasedaUniversitycalledE.C、CW、Uforshort.
(4)Process
TheinvestigationbythesecondWasedaUniversitypyramidinvestigationmissionwas
carriedoutfromSeptemberl2throughSeptember23,1987.Theactualinvestigationprocess
wasasfollows:
Sept、11
EquipmentandmaterialswerearrangedandadjustedinthecityofCairo、
Septl2
TheactualinvestigationstartedinGiza.
<ScientificinvestigationTeam〉
TheyconductedtheirinvestigationsatthesouthsideofGreatPyramid,
1.TheycarriedoutanundergroundexploraionatthesouthsideofGreatPyramid,onthesecond
Khufu'sboatpitandaroundthelocationlOmawayfromthesouthsideofGreatPyramidby
mansoftheelectromagneticwavesystemreflectionmethod、
2.TheymeasuredthegravityatthesouthsideofGreatPyramid,onthesecondKhufu'sboatpitand
aroundthelocationlOmawayfromthesouthsideofGreatPyramidwithamicrogravitymeter.
- 6 -
、
<ArchitectureTeam〉
TheyinvestigatedtheoutsideofGreatPyramid
l・TheymeasuredthelengthoflinesattheeastsideandwestsideofGreatPyramidfromitsnorth
sidewithelectricdistancemeter.
<ArchaeologyTeam〉
TheyinvestigatedthesouthsideofGreatPyramid、
1.TheyconductedthemeasurementattheareafromGreatPyramidtothesecondKhufu'sboatpit
atthesouthsideofGreatPyramid、
Sept、13,14andl5
<ScientificinvestigationTeam〉
TheyperformedtheirinvestigationsatthesouthsideofGreatPyramidandaroundGreat
Sphinx、
1.Theyconductedtheirundergroundexplorationsatthefrontcourtandbetweenfrontpawsof
GreatSphinxbymeansoftheelectromagneticwavereflectionmethod、
2.Theycarriedoutanelectromagneticwavetransmissionexperimentbetweenbothfrontpawsof
GreatSphinxbymeansoftheelectromagneticwavetransmissionmethod
3.TheyconductedanundergroundexplorationatthenorthsideoftheleftfrontpawofGreat
Sphinxbymeansoftheelectromagneticwavereflectionmethod、
4.TheyconductedanundergroundexplorationatthenorthsideofGreatSphinxbodybymeansof
theelectromagneticwavereflectionmethod
5.TheymeasuredthegravityatthesouthsideofGreatPyramidandonthesecondKhufu,sboatpit
withamicrogravitymeter、
6.TheymeasuredthegravityattheleftfrontpawofGreatSphinxandatthenorthsideofitsbody
withamicrogravitymeter、
7.TheymeasuredthegravityattherightfrontpawofGreatSphinxandatthesouthsideofits
bodywithamicrogravitymeter、
8.TheyconductedundergroundexplorationsatthewesternterraceofGreatSphinx.
<ArchitectureTeam〉
TheyconductedtheirinvestigationsattheoutsideofGreatPyramid
l・TheymeasuredthesouthandnorthaxisofGreatPyramidfromitsnorthsidewithelectric
distancemeter,
2.TheyfiguredoutthecenteraxisofGreatPyramid、
3.TheymeasuredthedeviationfromthecenteraxisatNorthernEntranceofGreatPyramid.
<ArchaeologyTeam〉
TheyconductedtheirinvestigationsatthesouthsideofGreatPyramidandaroundGreat
Sphi、x、
1.TheymeasuredthelevelrangingfromGreatPyramidtothesecondKhufu'sboatpitatthesouth
- 7 -
sideofGreatPyramid、
2.TheyworkedoutdrawingsofdepresionincludingGreatSphinx,andmeasuredtheleve1.
3.Theysurveyedthestonearrangementoftheplatformmadeoflimestoneblockswhichformsthe
frontcourtofGreatSphinx、
4.TheyworkedoutdrawingofthewesternterraceofGreatSphinx・
Septl6andl7
<ScientificinvestigationTeam〉
TheyconductedtheirinvestigationsatQueen,sChamberandalongHorizontalPassagein
GreatPyramid,
1.TheyexploredthefourwallsandthefloorinQueen'sChamberbymeansoftheelectromagnetic
wavereflectionmethod、
2.TheyexploredthewallsandflooralongHorizontalPassagebymeansoftheelectromagnetic
wavereflectionmethod、
3.TheymeasuredthegravityinQueen,sChamberwithamicrogravitymeter、
4.TheymeasuredthegravityalongHorizontalPassagewithamicrogravitymeter.
<ArchitectureTeam〉
TheyconductedtheirinvestigationsinKing,sChamberandAntechamberinGreatPyramid
l・Theycarriedoutthemeasurementofthevarioussubjectsincludingthestonestructureand
majorstonecracksinKing,sChamberexcepttheDevisonmsroom、
2.Theycarriedoutthemeasurementofthevarioussubjectsincludingthestonestructureand
majorstonecracksinAntechamber.
<ArchaeologyTeam〉
TheyconductedtheirinvestigationsinQueen'sChamberandalongHorizontalPassagein
GreatPyramid、
1.TheyworkedoutagroundplanofQuee、'sChamberandmeasuredtheleve1.
2.TheyworkedoutagroundplanofHorizontalPassageandmeasuredtheleve1.
3.TheysurveyedthestonestructureofthenorthwallofQueen,sChamber,
4.TheysurveyedthestonestructureofthebothsidewallsalongHorizontalPassage、
Septl9and20
<ScientificinvestigationTeam〉
TheymainlyconductedtheirinvestigationsinKing,sChamber,AntechamberandGrand
GalleryinGreatPyramid、
1.TheyexploredthefloorinKing'sChamberbymeansoftheelectromagneticwavereflection
method、
2.TheyexploredthefloorinAntechamberbymeansoftheelectromagneticwavereflectionmethod、
3.TheyexploredthewallsurfacesinGrandGallerybymeansoftheelectromagneticwave
reflectionmethod
-8-
4.TheyconductedatransmissionexperimentonlimestonebetweenKing,sChamberand
Antechamberbymeansoftheelectromagneticwavetransmissionmethd、
5.TheyconductedanexplorationbetweenKing'sChamberandQueen'sChamberbymeansofthe
electromagneticwavetransmissionmethod、
6.TheyconductedanexplorationbetweenthenorthwallalongGrandGalleryandNorthem
Entrancebymeansoftheelectromagneticwavetransmissionmethod、
7.TheyconductedanexplorationbetweenGrandGalleryandHorizontalPassagebymeansofthe
electromagneticwavetransmissionmethod
Sept、21
<ScientificinvestigationTeam〉
TheyconductedtheirinvestigationsmainlyinUndergroundChamberinGreatPyramid、
1.Theyexploredthenorthwall,thewestwallandthefloorinUndergroundChamberbymeansof
theelectromagneticwavereflectionmethod、
2.TheymeasuredthegravityintheKing,sChamberwithamicrogravitymeter.
<ArchitectureTeam〉
TheyconductedtheirinvestigationsinUndergroundChamberinGreatPyramid、
1.TheyconductedanabridgedmeasurementinUndergroundChamberinGreatPyramid.
<ArchaeologyTeam〉
TheyconductedtheirinvestigationsinKing'sChamberandUndergroundChamberinGreat
Pyramid、
1.TheycontinuedtoworkoutagroundplanandmeasuredthelevelofKing'sChamber、
2.TheyconductedanabridgedmeasurementofUndergroundChamber・
Sept,22
<ScientificinvestigationTeam〉
TheyconductedtheirexperimentsatSerapeum,Saqqara、
1.TheycarriedoutanundergroundhollowresponseexperimentfromthegroundontheSerapeum
bymeansoftheelectromagneticwavereflectionmethod、
2.TheyconductedtheirundergroundinvestigationinSerapeumbymeansoftheelectromagnetic
wavereflectionmethod.
<ArchaeologyTeam〉
1.TheyconductedtheirabridgedmeasurementofSerapeum
Sept,23
Equipmentandmaterialswerearrangedandadjusted、
Inadditiontotheaboveworks,thearchitectureteamandthearchaeologyteaminvestigated
andcollectedthedataofrelatedmaterialsandtherelatedliteratureattheEgyptianMuseumCairo.
-9-
ⅡNON-DESTRUCTIVElNVESTIGATlONlNTHESECONDSEASON
ShojiTonouchi
(1)objective
ThepurposeofthissurveyistoinvestigateundiscoveredpassagesandhollowsinPyramids
otherthantheroomsandpassageswhichhavealreadybeendiscoveredsofarandtoexplorerelics
thatareburiedunderthegroundaroundpyramidsandGreatSphinx・ Aspyramidsareimportant
world,wideculturalasserts,non-destructiveinvestigationisanabsolutecondition Thatisan
investigationmethodthatcandamagetothepyramidsinanywayshouldnotbeusedForthis
purpose,under,groundradarsystem(theelectromagneticwaveprospectingmethod)andmicrograv,
itymethodusedthistime、 Inourpyramidsurveytwoelectromagneticwavemethodswere
used.Theywerethereflectionmethod,generallycalledtheundergroundradarmetho。,andthe
transmissionmethod.Theelectromagneticwavemethodandgravitymethodarenowfirst
stage, Thedevelopmentofthemachinesusedforthissurveyaregoingatthesametime.
(2)ElectromagneticWaveMethod
1.Basicconceptoftheelectromagneticwavemethod
Gabillardandothersfoundthatinthepropagationofelectromagneticwavesinearthandbase
rocks,thereareareasofsmallpropagationlossesinthefrequencybandsunderlOKHzand
lOMHz、 Theseareasarerespectivelycalle。‘‘lowfrequencywindow',(LFW)and"highfrequency
window''(HFW).Thisundergroundradarsystemisadevicetoexploreearthandbaserocks
throughthesefrequencywindows・ TheLFWisusedinwhatiscalledanMagnetotelicmethod
(MTmethod)fordeep、layerphysicalexploration TheHFWisusedfortheradarexplorationin
ourpyramidsurvey、 Forahistoricrelicsurvey,itisabsolutelynecessarytousea
non-destructive,non-vibratingeXplorationmethod.Theundergroundradarexplorationmethod
thatusesVHFbandwavesissuitableinthisrespectbecauseofitshighaccuracyneartheground
surfaceensuredbythehighfrequencyused,itsspeedyexplorationperformanceanditsbeinga
non-destructivemetho。.Attemptstouseelectromagneticwavesfortheexplorationoftheground
andbaserockshavebeenmadesinceearlyinthel900s、 Theundergroundradarsystemthat
emitselectromagneticwavesintothegroundanddetectsthereflectedwavesfromthetargetobject
wasfirstusedinl937.Butfull-fledgedintotheexplorationmethodusingVHFbandwaveswere
startedlateinthel960sbyMoreyandothers Sincethen,manyreportshavebeenmadeon
-10-
#
developmentsofthemethodandonexplorationexperiments・
Inourpyramidsurvey,tworadarexplorationmethodswereused.Theywerethe
reflectionmethod,generallycalledtheundergroundradarsystemmethod,andthetransmission
method.Inthereflectionmethod,electromagneticpulsewaveswereemittedtotheearthandthe
surfaceofthebaserocksandthegroundsurface,andtheechowaveswereusedtodetectthetarget
objectsintheearthandthebaserocks・ Inthetransmissionmethod,atransmittingantennawas
attachedtoonesideofarockmassandareceivingantennatotheothersideandthespeed,timeand
attenuationoftheelectromagneticwavesthatpassedthroughtheinformationintherockbetweenthe
antennaswasobtainedtocalculatecavities,etc、bythetomographymethod.Theperformanceof
theseradarexplorationmethodsvarieswiththeformofelectromagneticwaves,thecharacteristicsof
antenna,theelectricalconstantoftheearth,theundergroundstructureandthematerialsandshapes
oftargetobjects、
Especiallygreatcareshouldbetakenofthedielectricconstantofthematerialexplored
becauseitissubstantiallyaffectedbytherockqualityandthemoisturecontent、
Thefrequenciesoftheelectromagneticwavesusedforthereflectionmethodandthe
transmissionmethodinourserveywere400MHz,150MHz,80MHzand30MHz・ Theywereused
forsuitablepurposesaccordingtotheobjectexplored,thegeologyexploredandthedistanceof
exploration.
A)Principalofundergroundradarmeasurementbythereflectionmethod
Theelectromagneticwavesthatpropagatethroughtheairatthespeedofabout300,000km/
secweregenerallyconsideredincapableofeasilypassingthroughtheearth,rockmassor
water.Butelectromagneticwavesincertainfrequencybandspassthroughthesesubstances,
thoughtheyaresomewhatattenuated,andcausereflectedwavesfromtheborderofdifferent
substances.TheundergroundradarmethodsusethesereflectedwavesofprimarilyVHFwaves
ormicrowaves
Whenelectromagneticwavesareemittedfromanantennatoanobjecttobeexplored,theyare
reflectedattheborderofsubstanceswithdifferentelectricalpropagationspeeds(definedby
dielectricconstants).
Thespeedofelectromagneticwavesthatpropagatethroughasubstancewiththedielectric
constantofErissimplygivenby;
Co
v=v百F
WhereCorepresentsabeanloflightinavacuum Thedistancetothesurfaceofthebordercanbe
calculatedbymeasuringthetimerequiredforthereflectedwavestoreturntotheantennaandby
measuringthetimerequiredforthemtoreachthesurfaceoftheborder・
Atthesametime,theintensityandthephaseofthereflectedwaveswhichdifferfromone
-11-
bordersurfacetoanother,arecalculated.、Theresults,togetherwiththedistancecalculated,are
processedasdata,andthecrosssectionoftheobjectexploredateachbordersurfaceis
displayedThisisthebasicoperatingprincipaloftheundergroundradar.Inthereflection
method,theundergroundradarhasthefollowingcharacteristic:
①Thenon、destructiveexplorationmethodpermitscontinuousexplorationwithoutphysical
Contact.
②Theradarreflectionmethodenablesexplorationofnonmetalicsubsta、Cesandthe
geologicalenvironment.Italsoprovidesgooddirectivity.
③Dataoncrosssectionsareobtainedasimagesonareal-timebasis,andsomeon、the、spot
analysisispossible.
④Thehighfrequenciesprovideanexcellentexplorationaccuracyorresolvingpower.
B)Electromagneticwavemeasurementbythetransmissionmethod
Themethodinwhichtwoboringholesareemployedhasrecentlybeenused.Inthis
method,atransmittingantennaissetononeoftheoppositewallsandareceivingantennaonthe
other,andelectromagneticwavesaretransmittedbetweenthetwoantennas・ Theearthbetween
theantennascanbeexploredbymeasuringthepropagationandtheattenuation・
Thismethodisuniqueinanalysis・ Computedtomography(CT)isusedforanalytical
lnthismetho。,thestructureisanalyzedonthebasisofthetransmissionspeedandprocessmg・
theattenuationrateofelectromagneticwavesatvariousPartsofanobjectexploredThismethod
iswidelyusedinthemedicalfieldtotaketomogramsofahumanbody、
Thefrequenciesofelectromagneticwavesusedinourpyramidsurveyare400MHz,150MHz,
80MHzand30MHz・ Onecharacteristicofmethodisthatthedistanceofexplorationcanbeset
longascomparedwiththereflectionmethodwhoseexplorationmethodisshort.
2.Equipmenttobeusedforthisinvestigation
Measurementisperformedwiththetwoequipmentsmboththereflectionmethodandthe
transmissionmethodoftheelectromagneticwavemethod.
A)Outlineofequipment
Thereflectionmethodisgenerallycalledtheundergroundradarmethodthatutilizeselectric
wavesfortheinvestigationfromthesurfaceoftheearthwithoutdiggingupgaspipesandwaterpipes
buriedundertheground.TheschematicdrawingofthisequipmentisshownFi9.4.
Thisequipmentisusedtoobtainthelocationofthetargetbyemittingelectromagneticwaves
intothegroundfromtheantennaplacedonthesurfaceoftheearthandreceivingechoesreflected
fromthetargetunderthegroundandbyprocessingsignalsanddisplayingtheantennasectionona
-12-
colorCRT・
Inthetransmissionmethod,atransmittinganteImawasattachedtoonesideofarockmassand
areceivingantennatotheothersideandthespeed,timeoftheelectromagneticwavesthatpassed
throughtheinformationintherockbetweentheantennaswasobtainedtocavities,etc,bythe
geotomographymethod.ThisequipmentwasshowninFi9.5.
B)Majorspecification
Reflectionmethod
Display
Scanning
Powerrequirement
Ambienttemperature
Transmissionmethod
Frequencyrange
Dynamicrange
Ambienttemperature
Powerrequirement
Numberofstacks
DisplaysantennascanningonacolorCRT
1.0m/s(max)
AC100V,50/60Hz,200VA
0℃~+60℃
80~400MHz
150dB
0℃~+60℃
AC100V,50/60Hz,200VA
l~256
C)Configuration
Thisequipmentiscomposedofthefollowingparts、
Reflectionmethod
Antennasection lunit
Displaysection lunit
Accessaries lset
Transmissionmethod
Antennasection 2sets
Controlunit lunit
Digitalstorageosciloscope: lset
X-Yrecorder lset
-13-
3.FieldexperimentsinJapan
ThispyramidinvestigationinEgyptissecondstage,therefore,itisnecessarytodovarious
fOundmentalexperiment,
ThefieldexperimentswereconductedatUtoLimestoneMineandUneLimestoneMinein
Japanforthepurposeofexaminingsurveydistanceandresolution、
Fig.7andFig.8showUtoMineandtheentranceofthetunnel.Theexperimentswere
conductedinthetunnelinusing80MHz,l50MHzand400MHzshort-pulseante、、as・
Thetransmittingantennaputuptheonesideofthemass,andreceivingantennaputupthe
otherside(Fig.9).TheintervalofthetwoantennaswerevariouslychangedasFi9.13and
experimentalequipmentisshowninFig.12.Therelationshipofthetraveltimeandreceivedlevel
intheair、 TheresultsfromUneandUtoMinesareshowninFigl6andl7.Atthesametime
theexperimentofthereflectionwasdoneatUtoMine Acave(about3m)couldbedetectedin
about12.3mdistance
Fromtheresultsoftheexperimentsrelativedielectricconstantwascalculatedandthemean
valuewas7.45.Inthisexperimentpropagationdistancefor80MHzantennaismorethan33.8m.
4.FieldexperimentsinEgypt
ThefieldexperimentswereconductedattheareaoftheSolarBoatmuseu、,insideKhufu
pyramidandGreatSphinxinEgypt.Atfirsttimetransmissiveexperimentoflimestonewhich
coveredKhufuBoatpitwasexecutedwith80MHzandl50MHzantennas, Fig.’9showsthe
experimentalmethodandthepulsesobtainedatit.Theexperimentwasconductedinusing
80MHzandl50MHzshort-pulseantennas,
Thetransmittingantannaputuptheonesideofthelimestoneandreceivingantennaputupthe
otherside, Thedistancebetweentransmitterandreceiverchangedvariously.(Fig.19)The
resultsofitwereshowninTable3andTable4.Fromtheresultsoftheseexperiments,themean
relativedielectricconstantwascalculatedandthemeanvalueshows6.73and5.60inl50MHzand
80MHzantennarespectively・
Inthesameway,thetransmissiveexperimentwasexecutedforthepurposeofthe
geotomographyanalysisofGreatSphinxinnotfuture Thepropagationtestwasdoneattheboth
legsofGreatSphinx・
Thesituationofthetestatthetwolegsandthepulsesobtainedfromitwasshownin
Fig、20,21and22.TheresultofitwereshownTable5andTable6、
TheGreatSphinxwasformedfromthealterationofstrata(sandstone,mudstoneand
limestone).Itisconsiderdthatthepropagationrouteoftheelectromagneticwaveissandstone,
therefore,relativedielectricconstantissmallmeanvalue Themeanvalueis2、47.
Inthefuture,oursurveyforGreatPyramidwillbeadoptedthetransmissionmethodan。
-14-
computedtomography(CT)isusedforanalyticalprocessing、 Thestructureisanalyzedonthe
basisofthetransmissionspeedandtheattenuationrateofelectromagneticwaves・
AbovementionedpurposethetransmissiontestwasexecutedinsideGreatPyramidThe
frequencyofelectromagneticwavesusedinthistestwerel50MHzand80MHz・ Thetestswere
doneattheplacebetweenHorizontalPassageandGroundGallery・ Butitisseemedthattheused
frequency(150MHzand80MHz)ishighinthistest・Innextsurveyweintendtouse30MHz
antenna・ Fig23showstheplaceinthistest,
AnothertestwasdonetheplacebetweenMegalithicMansoryofNorthernEntranceandthe
northwallofGrandGalleryforthepurposeoftheconfirmationofthefactwhetherthepassageruns
betweenthetwoplacesornot.Thethicknessofthecoveredlimestoneofbothsidesisabout2m
respectivelyandthedistanceofpropagationthroughthelimestoneissmall,itisconsideredthat
electromagneticwavesemittedfromonesidecanreachesatanotherside、 Butwecouldnotobtain
thesignaLItseemsthatthepassagedoesnotexist.
、extsurveywithanotherlowfrequencyantenna.
ThetestplaceisshowninFi、924.
-15-
Itisnecessarythatthetestexecutesin
(3)GravityMeasurement
1.Basicconceptofgravitymeasurement
J、RicherofFrancefoundinl672thatapendulumclocklost2minutes30secondsadayinthe
equatorialregion, Thismeantthatthegravitythatvariesfromplacetoplacecouldbemeasured
bytheuseofapendulumclock.ItmarkedthebeginningOfgravityexploration.Attemptsto
measurethegravitywereinitiallymadeforthepurposeofgeodesytolearnthepreciseshapeofthe
earthfromthedistributionofgravityontheearthsurface・ Laterthecomparativegravity
measurementwasrequiredtoattainahigheraccuracy, Inthecomparativemeasurement,the
absolutevalueofthegravityisnotmeasuredbutthedifferenceofthegravityatpointBfromthe
gravityatreferencepointAismeasured.Thisistheoriginofthedeviationdifferencegravimeter
usedinourpyramidsurvey・ Laterinthel900s,H,VBoeckhandothersdevelopedhighly
accuratedeviationdifferencegravimetersusableformineprospectingandoilprospecting、 This
methodissuitableforexploringcomparativelysmallundergroundcavities,etc・
Thegravityworksoneverythingaroundusontheearth.Wefeelitas
weight.Accordingtotheuniversalgravitation,everythingontheearthisaffectedbythe
attractingforceofallofthesubstancesthatconstitutetheearth.Atthesametime,everythingon
theearthissubjectedtothecentrifugalforcebecauseoftherotationoftheearth.Asaresult,the
combinationoftheattractingforceoftheearthandthecentrifugalforcecausedbytherotationactson
everythingontheearthThiscombinedforceisthegravityoftheearth.Thedirectionin
whichthegravityworksiscalled“under,,、 Themagnitudeofthegravitythatactsonanobjectata
pointontheearthisproportionaltoitsmass,m Whentheconstantofproportionisrepresented
byg,themagnitudeofthegravityisgivenbyng Theconstant,gisgenerallycalledgravitational
Theaccelerationoflcm/sec2iscalledlgaLThegravitationalaccelerationgisacceleration、
980cm/seC2,or980gal.
Whentheundergroundstructureistobeestimatedfromthecomparisonofthemagnitudesof
thegravityatmanypoints,thecomparisonmustbemadeunderequalconditionsbyeliminatingtheSuchaeffectsofthelocalconditionslikethealtitudeoftheobservationpointandthegeography・
processiscalledareductionofgravity・ Reductionsofgravityincludeafreeairreduction,a
topographiccorrectionandabouguerreduction、 Theexplorationofasmallareademandsatidal
correctionandadriftcorrectionaswell.
A)Freeairreduction
Thisistheprocessofcorrectingthedifferencebetweenthealtitudeofone
-16-
〆
observationpointandthatofanother・ Whenthegravityismeasuredatthealtitudeof
h(i,e、atapointsodistantfromthecenteroftheearth),thereductionofO、3086mgalper
meterisrequiredinaccordancewiththelawofinverseproportiontothesquareofthe
distance
B)Topographiccorrection
Whenthetopographyneartheobservationpointisuneven,thevalueofthe
gravitymeasuredmustbeconvertedintothevalueofthegravityattheeven
topography・ AnupwardattraCtingforcemustbegivenforthatpartofthetopography
belowtheobservationpoint.Forthatpartofthetopographybelowtheobservation
point,adownward,ornegative,attractingforcemustbegivenbecauseoftheabsenceofa
substancethatcausesanattractingforce
C)Bouguerreduction
EvenafterthefreeairreductionandthetopographiCcorrection,theeffectof
theattractmgforceofthemassexistingbetweenthegeoidandanobservationpoint
differsfromoneobservationpointtoa、other・ Therefore,theattractingforceofthe
massexistingbetweenthegeoidandeachobservationpointmustbecalculatedand
eliminated.
D)Tidalcorrection
WhenachargeofO・lmgalorlessistobemeasured,asbyuseofagravimeter,
theattractingforce(tidalpower)ofthesun,etc・mustbetakenintoconsideration・It
mustbecorrected
E)Driftcorrection
Thisisthevaluethatautomaticallychangeswithtime Thisvaluealso
hastobeconsideredandcorrected.
Anabnormalvalueofthegravitymeasuredbyadeviationdifference
gravimeterandgiventhereductionsandcorrectionsdescribedabovedoesnotincludethe
effectsofthealtitude,thelatitude,thetopography,etc・ Therefore,theabnormalityis
consideredattributabletotheabnormalityoftheundergrounddensity
distribution・ Whenanundergroundcavityisexplored,calculationsaremadeon
variousmodelsandthecalculatedvaluesarecomparedwiththemeasuredvaluesto
determinetheshapeandthedepthoftheundergroundcavity.
2.Equipmenttobeusedforinvestigation
Weusedthe410-TSeriesThermostatic,ControlledGravityMeter.
A)Outlineofequipment
-17-
Thegravitymeterisanextremelysensitivebalance;measuringandindicatingachangei、
gravityatapproximatelyoneunitinlOO,000,000.
1mg.=lmilligal=0.001cm/sec、/sec
lmgisapprox,lpartinamillionofthenormalgravityoftheearth.
Greatcaremustbetakeninhandling,operatingandtransportingthegravitymeter・ Atall
time,themeterhastobecarrieduprightandduringtransportsecurelyplacedinanupright
position・ Tiltingthegravitymetermorethan45offtheverticalpositionwillexposethequartz
systemtoseverestresseswhichmaycauselossofaccuracyandpermanentdamagetothe
meter、 Wheneverpossiblehandcarrytheinstrument.Forlongerperiodsoftransportation
usethebackwiththecushionedfieldcase・
The410.TSeriesThermostaticControlledGravityMetercombinestheruggedyetsensitive
QuartzElementGravityMeterwithasolidstateelectronicallycontrolledinternalheating
element.Withthisgravitysurveyspecialistcaneliminatetharmaldriftcorrectionswithout
compromisingonportability・ Bystabilizingtheinternaltemperature,theinstrumentbecomes
immunetoambientdiurnalchangeswhichwouldbasestationreading lnadditionthedata
becomesappreciablymoreaccurate,containsfeweruncertaintiesassetsindefiningsubtleanomalies
fromdeeperorlessobvioustargets.
B)Majorspecification
Range(Reset)
FineCounterRange
FineCounterConstant
FineCounterLinearity
Accuracy
Drift
LevelSensitivity
Temperaturecoefficientlessthan
3500-6000mgal
lOOOdiv・xscaleconstant
O、09-0.llmgal
linlOOO
O,lcounterdiv、
0.05,gal/dayorbetter
40sec./mm
0.003,gal/hr/cexternalchange
3.FieldexperimentoftheMicrogravimeterinJapanandEgypt
TestingoftheresponceofthemicrogravimeterwasexecutedatOyainTochigiprefecturein
JapanandatSerapeuminSaqqarainEgypt.TuffdistributesatOya,andtherearemany
undergroundcaves・ Thetestofmicrogravimeterwasdoneatthesurfaceuppercavesfoundthe
situation Afreeairreduction,atopographiccorrectionandabougerreductionofthedatawere
done・ TheresultwasshowninFig、25.Furthermore,thefieldtestwasexecutedatSerapeum
inSaqqarainEgypt.Theundergroundcavewasalsoconfirmedatthisplace・ Fig.26shows
theresultsofSerapeuminSaqqara, Theexperimentwasexecuteduppertheknowncavities.
-18-
4.TheresultsofgravitysurveyatGiza
A)ResultsinKing,sChamber
Theresidualvaluesrangefrom-40~+30浬Gals, Thethreenegativeanomaliesare
locatedatthenortheastcomer,southeastcornerandsouthwestcomeroftheKing,sChamber's
floor・ Fig.27showstheresidualanomalymap・ Themainpositiveanomalyislocatedatthe
Theresultofelectromagneticsurveyshowstheabnormalreflectionbelowthecenteroftheroom、
floorofthesouthwestcornerandnortheastcorner、 Theresultoftheelectromagneticsurvey
agreeswithitofthegravitysurveyatthetwoparts, Buttheelectromagneticsurveydoesnot
showtheabnormalreflectionatthesoutheastcorner.
B)ResultsinHorizontalPassage
ThiszonewassurveyedbyFrenchteam・ Fig.28showstheresultsoftheprofileofthe
Towardstheentryofthepassage,apositivezone(+150ノf4Gals)showsup,residualanomaly・
whiletowardstheQueen'sChamber,astrongnegativefeature(-60ノaGals)isvisible Quantative
analysisisverydifficultbecausedataareonlyavailablealongthetwotightlyspacedprofiles・ButtheTheresultsofthissurveycoinsidewiththeobservationmadebyFrenchteam
valueofthepositiveanomalyofthisresultislagerthanthatofFrenchobservation.
C)ResultsaroundGreatSphinx
AtfirstthegravitymeasurementwasconductedatthefrontofGreatSphinx(Fig.29and
30).Theresidualvaluesrangesfrom-30Galsto+40Gals・ Themaintwonegative
anomaliesarelocatedatthenorthsideandatthecenterpartofthissurveyarea(-20~-30
Gals).Thetwopositiveanomaliesisdistributedattheeastandwestside(-20~-40Gals).
NextthesurveywasexecutedatthenorthernpartofGreatSphinx・ Fig31showsthe
surveyareaandtheresultofthemeasurement.Themainlargenegativeanomaly(-100Gals)is
locatedinalongandslenderareabesidethetrunkofGreatSphinx、
ThirdlythegravitysurveywasdoneatthesouthempartofGreatSphinx・ Theresultsand
thesurveyareaareshowninFi9.32.Thenegativeanomalyisalsodistributedinalongand
slenderareabesidethetrunk・
ForthlythesurveywasexecutedbesideleftforelegofGreatSphinx、 Fig33showsthe
resultandthemeasurementline・ Thepositiveanomalyattheeastpartandnegativeanomalyat
thewestpartofthelinearelocated.Thevalueofthenegativeanomalyisabout-40
Gals、 Thesituationofthenegativeanomalycoinsidewiththeplaceobtainedthestrongreflection
fromtheelectromagneticmethod.
-19-
(Uク』4.(◎〔己、)ワ』4.(○(己(Uワ』4.(○(己、)ワ』4.
1111122222333
Receivin9antenna
’
II
Fig.1Anexampleofthepathsofelectromagneticwaves
-20-
36m
024681012141618202224m
024680246802468024
1111122222333
Receivin9antenna
|耐 0.5
Transmissionantenna
024681012141618202224m
-21-
36m
Fig.2Thespeeddistributioncalculatedgeotomographymethod(ARTmethod)
Receivin9antenna
Fig.3Speedcountermap
tenna
8
02468
11
1
46802468024
11122222333
1.8
0 2 4 6 8 1 0 12141618202224m
-22-
88●●
11
1.6
36m 2.0 2.0
Antennasection
零
OiSP1aYsectiOn
Si9naIpr0ceSsin9SectiOn 匠
Fig.4Blockdiagramoftheundergroundradarsystem
Transmis▽
八
Fig.5Blockdiagramofradarsystemusedinthetransmissionmethod
Antennasection
SwI【EnIn
I『anSmI【tIn
rEcEIvlnq
pgteEtlngdistanEE
OisPIaYSectionE=三一ーー--一一一一一一ーー可
Fig.6Theundergroundradarsystem
-23-
出副目
剛…蝿懇
可墨、、緊転識同棉hQ“四鰯。-=‐
冨鴬
号器‘‘,__#幹部』_
塗
曇垂
汀
垂
Fig.7ThewholeshapeofUtoLimestonemine
認bL
Fig.8AnentranceofatunnelatUtoI』imestoneHine
-24-
毛Ⅲ勺
]。事坐ザ〃J固唖
齢瀦
画旬錨
磯
、、
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識。.
醇薦ii 心瞳
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鼎朝日零零霞ロ
Fig.9Antennasusedforthissurvey(400畑z,150,Hz,80皿z)
-25-
唖
国、
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Fig.10TypicalA-scopephotographofelectromangeticwavesignal
演溌識 勤
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Fig.11ThemeasurementforthisexperimentatUtoLimestonemine
r 壷 ・ 域 、
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四
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=
- 26-
寺
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盛曾銭淳一蕊鐸鎮'、。
恩■‘
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岡11〆・■勺■F脚弓狩廿蔀臥酢砕底笹墨跡抄
■
Theexperimentfor80MHzantennaat
UtoLimestonemine
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Fig.15ThetulmelofUtoLimestoneMine
戸夕
ク
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②〃〃
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-28-
>Fig.14TheexperimentalplaceatUneLimestoneMine(Transmissionmethod)
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Fig.18TransmissiveexperimentatUneMine(l501iHZ)
300nsec
10
30
20
25
弱、
No. Dist- TraveI VeIoci- DieIec-
ance time ty tric
(、) (nsec) (m/sec) consta-
X108
nt(Er)
1-1 14.0 133.64 8.80 8.15
1-2 19.2 166.48 1.15 6.80
1-3 25.2 221.76 1.14 6.92
1-.4 30.2 269.44 1.12 7.17
06
TablelTheexperimentaldataatUneLimestoneMine(150MHz)
NC● DIst- Travel VeIoci- Dielec-
ance time ty triC
(、) (nsec〕 (m/sec) consta-
X108
nt〔しr・)
2-1 14.0 139.90 1.07 7.85
2-2 19.2 175.84 1.09 7.57
2-3 25.2 219.30 1.15 6.80
2-4 30.2 274.60 1.10 7.43
2-5 33.8 298.27 1.13 7.04
2-6 33.8 302.26 1.12 7.17
Table2TheexperimentaldataatUneLimestoneMine(80MHz)
-31-
A
卜84J301-80.l351-60-l601-80-l(c、)
(T):TraI1smitter
(R):Receiver
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引引『
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一一一
一
一一一
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EE
Fig.’9TransmissiveexperimentoflimestoneatKhufuBoat
A
B
C
,
150MHz
-32-
F F
80MHz
」
ISampIe Dista- TraveI Velo-
No. nce time Cit y
(、) (nsec) (m/sec)
X108
B 0.6 5.19 1.16
C 0.8 6.42 1.25
E 3.15 21.02 1.05
F 4.29 25.58 1.19
Table3Theexperimentaldataoflimestonelid
(150MHz)
Sample Dista- TraveI Velo-
No. nce time Cit y
(、) (nsec) (m/sec)
X108
A 0.8 5.77 1.39
, 2.0 11.77 1.19
E 3.15 19.08 1.15
F 4.29 21.78 1.40
Dielect-●
rlccon-
stant(6r)
6.68
5.75
8.15
6.35
stonesfromKhufuBoat
Dielect-e
rl c con -
stant(‘r)
4.65
6.35
6.80
4.59
Table4Theexperimentaldataoflimestonelidstones
fromKhufuBoat(80MHz)
-33-
1
3
4
5
8
7
-斗--‐
Fig.20GeometryofpropagationthroughtwolegsofGreatSphinx
0 50
nsec
lOO
Fig.21Pulseofpropagationat
rightlegofGreatSphinx
-34-
1
2
3
4
5
0 50
nsec
lOO
Fig.22Pulseofpropagationat
leftlegofGreatSphinx
●凸
Sample Dista- Travel velo- DieIect-
NC● nce time Cit y rlccon
(、) (nsec) (m/sec) stant(6r)
xlOβ
1 5.40 28.36 1.90 2.49
2 5.20 28.98 1.79 2.81
3 5.15 27.74 1.86 2.60
4 5.15 28.98 1.78 2.84
5 5.20 28.98 1.79 2.81
Table5ThedataofleftelbowofGreatSphinx(80MHz)
SampIe Dista- Travel
No. nce time
(、) (nsec)
1 5.30 27.74
2 5.20 26.51
3 5.55 27.12
4 5.27 26.51
5 5.05 26.51
6 5.10 25.27
7 5.15 25.27
Velo-
city(m/sec)
X108
1.91
1.96
2.05
1.99
1.90
2.02
2.04
Dielect-
riccon
stant(6r)
2.46
2.34
2.14
2.27
2.49
2.20
2.16
Table6ThedataoflightelbowofGreatSphinx(80MHz)
-35-
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-38-
Fig.26TheresultoftheexperimentatSerapeumatSaqqara
-100
100
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King,sCI1aI1Iber
Fig.27ThegravityanomlymapofKing,sChamber
-39-
quee
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Fig.28TheanomalyprofileinHorizontalPassage
-40-
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-44-
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-45-
ⅢARCHAEOLOGICALlNTERPRETATIONOFTHERESULTSOF
NON-DESTRUCTIVElNVESTlGATlON
SakujiYoshimura
(1)Non-destructiveInvestigationatGizaPIateauintheSecondSeason
Asmentionedbefore,non,destructiveinvestigationsusinganelectromagneticwavesystem
andamicrogravimeterwereconductedinGizaPlateauduringthesecondpyramidsurvey・ The
purposesofthesurveyweretoreveal“theinteriorstructureofGreatPyramid',and“thestructureof
GreatSphinxanditsperiphery''、 Thelocationsofinvestigation,thedeviceutilized,the
investigationmethods,andthefrequenciesoftheelectromagneticwaveswereasfollows:
A)InsideofGreatPyramid
①
②
③
④
⑤
⑥
⑦
⑧
80MHz
80MHz
80MHz
FloorofKing,sChamber(ThirdBurialChamber)
Electromagneticwavesystem Reflectionmethod
Microgravimeter Gravitymeasurement
FloorofAntechamber
Electromagneticwavesystem Reflectionmethod
Microgravimeter Gravitymeasurement
WallsofGrandGallery
Electromagneticwavesystem Reflectionmethod
FloorandwallsofQueen'sChamber(SecondBurialChamber)
Electromagneticwavesystem Reflectionmethod
FloorofQueen,sChamber
Microgravimeter Gravitymeasurement
FloorandwallsofHorizontalPassage
Electromagneticwavesystem Reflectionmethod
FloorofHorizontalPassage
Microgravimeter Gravitymeasurement
FloorandwallsofUndergroundGallery(FirstBurialChamber)
Electromagneticwavesystem Reflectionmethod
BetweenNorthemEntranceandthenorthemwallofGrandGa
400MHz,80MHz
400MHz,80MHz
80MHz
BetweenNorthernEntranceandthenorthemwallofGrandGallery
Electromagneticwavesystem Transmissionmethod80MHz,l50
BetweenthefloorofKing,sChamberandtheceilingofQueen,sChamber
Electromagneticwavesystem Transmissionmethod80MHz,150
-46-
MHz
MHz
1
ofHorizontal⑨BetweenthefloorofGrandGalleryandtheceilingofHori2
Electromagneticwavesystem Transmissionmethod
B)OutsideofGreatPyramid
①GroundontheSecondBoatPitof
Electromagneticwavesystem
Ground
Microgravimeter
②GroundatthesouthsideofGreat
Electromagneticwavesystem
Ground
Microgravimeter
C)AreaaroundofGreatSphinx
Khufu
Reflectionmethod
Gravitymeasurement
Pyramid
Reflectionmethod
Gravitymeasurement
①Groundatthenorthsideofthetrunk
Electromagneticwavesystem Reflectionmethod
Ground
Microgravimeter Gravitymeasurement
②Groundatthenorthsideoftheleftpaw
Electromagneticwavesystem Reflectionmethod
Ground
Microgravimeter Gravitymeasurement
③Groundofthefrontcourt
Electromagneticwavesystem Reflectionmethod
Ground
Microgravimeter Gravitymeasurement
④Groundattheareabetweenthepaws
Electromagneticwavesystem Reflectionmethod
⑤Groundatthesouthsideoftherightpaw
Microgravimeter Gravitymeasurement
⑥Groundatthesouthsideofthetrunk
Microgravimeter Gravitymeasurement
⑦Groundatthethewesternterrace
Electromagneticwavesystem Reflectionmethod
-47-
Passage
80MHz,150MHz
400MHz,80MHz
400MHz,80MHz
400MHz,80MHz
400MHz,80MHz
400MHz,80MHz
400MHz,80MHz
(2)lnterpretationoftheResultsofNon-destructiveInvestigations
Datawerecollectedaccordingtotheaboveinvestigationmethods、 Exceptforthecase
whenresultsareremarkablyevident,themeaningsofthecollecteddataarenotclarifieduntila
computeranalysisofsuchdataiscompletedinthecaseoftheelectromagneticwaveinvestigationand
untiltheabove-mentionedcorrectionsareadded,inthecaseofthemicrogravimeter
examination・ Especially,computeranalysisofthedataobtainedfromtheelectromagneticwave
examinationrequiresalongtime,andtheanalysisisnowunderway,exceptforseveral
investigations,
ThecorrecteddataofgravitymeasurementsaredescribedinChapterll.Therefore,this
chapterdealswiththepresentationandinterpretationoftheresultsofelectromagneticwave
investigationforwhichcomputeranalysishasbeencompleted,aswellasthedatawhoseresultswere
evidentandmeaningswereself-explanatorytosomeextentwithoutanalysis Theresultsof
gravitymeasurementsusingamicrogravimeterarealsoaddedtothedataforinterpretation.
A)lnsideofGreatPyramid
①King,sChamber(ThirdBurialChamber)
ThefloorandthewallsofKing,sChamberwereinvestigatedusingelectromagneticwave
systemwhenthefirstpyramidsurveywasexecued.Atthattime,however,、ounusualreflections
wereobserve。.Inthissurvey,thefloorwasreinvestigatedusingantennaswithafrequencyof
80MHzalongmeasuringlinesinstalledonthefloorasshowninFi9.34.Theresultofthesurvey
wasanalyzedbyacomputerandPlate5isacolorplotterimageoftheresultofanalysis.Inthe
arearighttothecenterofthefigure,aportionrepresentingthesouthernpartunderthefloorofthe
granitesarcophagusisred,whichshowsastorongreflection.Thisindicatestheexistenceofa
cavitywhichwasnotdetectedintheprevioussurvey.Todefinethescaleofthecavity,itis
necessarytomakefurtheranalysisandclarifytherelationshipbetweenthecavityandthetunnel
whoseopeningislocatedonthenorthernfloorofKing'sChamberwhichwasexcavatedbyVyse、
Asaresultofgravitymeasurementwithamicrogravimeter,anareawithananomalywas
observedonthesoutheasterncornerofKing,sChamber.However,thisanomalywasnotdetected
byanelectromagneticwavesystem.
②Antechamber
Duringthissurvey,thefloorandthewallsoftheAntechamberweresurveyedbythe
electromagneticwavereflectionmethod.Thereflectedwavesshowedtwocavitysatthelower
partoftheinsideofthewesternwall.Gravitymeasurementwithamicrogravimeteralsoshowed
ananomaly.Itisnecessarytoclarifytherelationshipbetweentheseresultsandthetunnelwith
anopeninginitswesternwall.
-48-
1
③GrandGallery
ThewallsofGrandGalleryweresurveyedusingtheelectromagneticwavereflection
system.Becauseofunfavorablesurfaceconditions,theelectromagneticwavewas
disturbed.ThismadeitdifficulttoreadthemonitorimageatthesiteAtpresent,weare
waitingforthecompletionofthecomputeranalysis.
④Queen'sChamber(SecondBurialChamber)
Inthissurvey,fourwallswereinvestigatedwiththeelectromagneticwavereflection
method.Specialattentionwaspaidtothenorthernwallsonwhichabnormalreflectionswere
observedinthefirstsurvey、
MeasuringlinesshowninFig,36wereinstalledtosurveytheeastem,westem,southern,and
northernwalls.Thereflectionwavesindicatingacavitywasobservedinsidethewesternpartof
thenorthernwalls,asobservedinthefirstsurvey・
AsshowninFig、36,horizontalandverticalmeasuringlineswereinstalledespeciallyclosely
onthenorthernwall.Asaresult,similartothefirstsurvey,thereflectionoftheothersideof
surfaceoftheblockdetectedat3mbeyondthenorthwall.Themonitoredimageshowsacavity
3mwide.IthasbeenprovenfromthereflectiontestoftheknowncavityinGreatPyramidthatthe
monitoredimageistwiceaslargeastheactualdimensio、.Takingthisfactintoconsideratio、,the
actualwidthofthecavityonthenorthernsideofthenorthemwallsisjudgedtobebetweenland
1.5m.Thisphenomenaisassumedtobecausedbytheseparationofthetransmittingantennaand
thereceivingantennaandtheirhorizontalconnectingpositionWhentheheightwasmeasuredby
verticallyplacingthetransmittingantennaandreceivingone,areflectionsuggestingacavitywas
observedatlessthanlmfromthefloor.Thisisconsideredtobealmosttheactualheightofthe
cavity.Therefore,thesizeofeast-westcrosssectionofthecavityisapproximately1.5mbylm,
whichisalmostthesameasthesizeofHorizontalPassage.
⑤HorizontalPassage
lnthissurvey,thefloorandbothwallsofHorizontalPassagewereinvestigatedbythe
electromagneticwavereflectionsystem,andthegravitywasmeasuredwiththe
microgravimeter.Inordertodeterminetheshapeofthenorthemcavityofthenorthemwall,
whichwasdetectedonthewesternpartofthenorthemwallofQueen,sChamber,theinvestigationofthewestemwallofHorizontalPassagebyanelectromagneticwavereflectionmethodhasbeenregardedasacriticalpartofthesurveyinthisseason
TheelectromagneticwaveexaminationofHorizontalPassagewasconductedalongwiththe
measuringlinesshowninFi9.37.Platesland2showtheimagedisplayedonthe
monitor.Plate3isacolorPlotteroutputoftheresultoftheinvestigation,onthewestemwall,analyzedbyacomputer・InPlatesland2,belowred,orangeandyellowfromthetop,twogreenlinesareshownwithabluelinebetweenthem.TheseindicatetheboundariesonwhichwaveswerestronglyreflectedandthedistancesfromHorizontalPassagewereapproximately4mand5m
-49-
respectively.Suchareflectionwasobservedintherangeofapproximately30mtowardthenorth
fromthenorthwallofQuee、,sChamber,Judgingfromthefactthattwoparallellinesofstrong
reflectionwereobservedwithlengthsof30m,thecavitybetweenthewallsisassumedtobea
Passageratherthanachamber.Itispresumedthatanotherpassagewhichisparallelto
HorizontalPassageexistsbeyonditswesternwall.Thisnewlydiscoveredpassagestartsfroma
pomtonlyoneblock,swidthawayfromthenorthernwallofQueen,sChamber.Thereflection
endsatapointapproximately30mnorthofQueen'sChamber.Thereforethepassageisthought
tocometoanendhereortoturnwestatarightangle.Itwasnotpossibletodeterminewhichwas
thecasewiththepresentelectromagneticwaveinvestigation.Furtherinvestigationoftransmis、
sionmethodusingimproveddetectiondeviceswillbetriedinthefutureSucceedingthefirst
survey,thefloorofHorizontalPassagewasinvestigatedbytheeletromagneticwavereflection
method.Thefrequencyusedwas80MHz.Intheprevioussurvey,acavitywasdetected1.5m
underthefloor.Itextendedapproximately3mnorthwardfromthepointapproximatelyl5m
northofQueen'sChamberwhereFrenchMissionmadeaboreingreseach.Thereforetheresults
ofthesurveymadebytheFrenchMissionusinganabsolutegravimeterwereconfirmed.Itwas
confirmedthatthecavityextended2.5to3mdownwardandthatsandswerepresentinit.Inthis
season,ourresearchalsorevealedthattherewasnocavityinthenorthofthenorthernmosthole
whichFrenchMissionbored.Acavitywasconfirmedtoexistaroundthe2ndandthe3rdhole
fromthenorth.However,attheareasouthoftheholes,theexistenceofacavitywasnot
confirmedExistenceofthesandswerereconfirmedby80MHzantennas・
Inthissurvey,theeasternwallwasalsosurveyedbytheelectromagneticreflectionsystembut
nounusualreflectionwasobservedbeyondthewall・
ThecavitywhichFrenchMissiondiscoveredisexpectedtoextendwestward.Inorderto
confirmthis,investigationwasmadebyincliningtheantennaatanglesof30.,45.,and60obelowthe
westemwall.Sinceitisdifficulttodrawaconclusionfromthemonitoredimageduetostrong
surfacereflectionattheconnectingpointofthewallandthefloor,theinterpretationoftheresults
cannotbemadeuntilacomputeranalysisiscompleted.
⑥UndergroundChamber(FirstBurialChamber)
Inthissurvey,U、dergroundChamberwasinvestigatedforthefirsttimeusingthe
electromagneticwavereflectionmethod.AsshowninFig、39,measurnglineswereinstalledonthefloorofthewesternsectionwherethesurfaceconditionwasrelativelyfavorableandonthe
southern,northern,andwesternwalls.AreflectionwhichsuggestsacavityofaPProximately2mwideand2mhighwasobservedapproximately3minsidethewesternsectionofthenorthernwall.Inthisdirection,thereisanintersectionofgrottowhichextendsfromGrandGalleryandthedescendingpassage.However,itisnotreasonabletoascribethereflectiontotheintersectionThereisapossibilityofanothercavity.Atpresent,whetherthiscavityisartificialornaturalisunknown.
-50-
(
⑦BetweenNorthernEntranceandthenorthernwallofGrandGalleryTheareabetweenNorthernEntranceandthenorthernwallofGrandGallerywasinvestigated
forthefirsttimeinthissurveyusingatransmissionmethod.Accordingtoahypothesisofthe
FrenchMission,thereisahiddenpassageatthispositionwhichdirectlyleadsfromNorthem
EntrancetoGrandGallery.Thedistanceisapproximately50m.Iftherewereapassageand
ahollowspaceastheyspeculated,the80MHzelectromagneticwavesusedinthissurveyhadpassed
through.WesettheantennasforthereceiversandtransmittersnearthecopestoneatNorthem
EntranceandonthenorthemwallofGrandGalleryrespectively.Investigationswasmadeon7
points.(Fig.40)However,nopenetrationofelectromagneticwaveswasobservedatany
point.Althoughthemeasurngpointswehadselectedmightnotbelocatedatbothendofthe
passagespeculatedbyFrenchMission,theinvestigationsmadefromthesevenmeasuringpointsare
consideredtohavecoveredalmostalltheareaswherethepassagewasassumedtoexistbecause
electromagneticwavesweretransmittedspreadingattheangleof30。.Therefore,theresultsof
thissurveywererathernegativeregardingtheexistenceofthepassagespeculatedbytheFrench
Mission.However,sincethissurveywasthefirstinvestigationusingatransmissionmethod,we
wouldliketoavoiddrawinghastyconclusions.Wewillsurveyandconfirmthisresultinthenext
surveyusingmoreimproveddevices.
⑧BetweenthefloorofKing,sChamberandtheceilingofQueen'sChamber
TheareabetweenthefloorofKing,sChamberandtheceilingofQueen,sChamberwas
investigatedbytheelectromagneticwavetransmissionmetho。.(Fig.40)Thedistanceis
approximately20mSinceitwasconfirmedinJapanthatanelectromagneticwaveof80MHzwas
capableofpenetratingatleast20m,thewavewasexpectedtopassthroughthe
distanceActually,however,thewavewasattenuatedandbarelypassedthrough,probably
becauseofionizedsaltco、tainedinthestones,whichwascausedbyhighhumidityproducedby
sightseers,exhalationandundergroundwater,whichinfluencedthestonesbyacapillary
phenomenaAsaresult,novisibledatawereobtained.
B)OutsideofGreatPyramid
①ThesecondBoatPitofKhufu
lnthefirstsurvey,investigationbytheelectromagneticwavereflectionmethodwasmadeon
thelimestonelidswhichwereplacedonthepitwherethesecondKhufu,sboatwasconsideredtobe
stored.Atthattime,areflectiontosuggestacavitywasobservedunderlidswithanaverage
thicknessof1.7m.Judgingfromtheirregularreflectionobservedatthedepthof3morless,
theexistenceofmanykindsofmaterialsatthbottomofthespacewashighlypossible.Asimilar
resultwasobtainedinthissurvey,inwhichanelectromagneticwaveof80MHzfrequencywas
used.Then,theboringsurveyconductedbytheAmericanMissioninOctoberthesameyear
revealedaccumulationofwoodenmaterialfortheboat.Thisprovestheaccuracyofthe
-51-
electromagneticwavesurvey.
②SouthsideofGreatPyramid
lnthefirstsurvey,investigationbytheelectromagneticwavereflectionmethodwas
conductedintheareasouthofGreatPyrami。.(Fig.41)Areflectionwhichsuggestedacavity
wasobservedinthewesternSectionofthesurveyedarea.Thecavityseemedtorepresentapit
whichwasapproximately3mwide,2mlong,and3to5mdeep.Inthissurvey,measuringlines
werecrossdasshowninFi9.41andinvestigationwasmadeusinganelectromagneticwaveof80
MHzfrequency.Theexistenceofthepitwasconfirmed.
C)AreaaroundofGreatSphinx
①AreanorthofthetrunkofGreatSphinx
lnthefirstsurvey,areflectionsuggestingacavitywasobservedinareflectionmethod
investigationusinganelectromagneticwaveofl50MHz.Asimilarcavitywasrecognizedonthe
southernpartofthebody.Consequently,theexistenceofatunnelwhichranthroughunderthe
Sphinxbodyfromnorthtosouthwasspeculated.Thesameplacewasinvestigatedwithan
electromagneticwaveof80MHzinthissurvey.Thesamereflectionwasobservedagain.It
isbelievedtoconfirmtheexistenceofthecavityafterconductingthecleaninginthefuture・
Inaddition,astrongreflectiondividingthefrontpartofthebodyintoeasternandwestern
partswasobserved,whichsuggestedthepossibilityofagapoflimestoneunderbaserockthisspot.
②AreanorthoftheleftpawofGreatSphinx
lnthefirstsurvey,aninvestigationbyanelectromagneticwavereflectionmethodwasmade
inthisarea.Astrongreflectionwhichextendedapproximately7mfromeasttowestand
approximatelyL5mfromnorthtosouthwasobservedatadepthofabout1.5m.Fromthis
reflection,theexistenceofsomethingotherthanlimestonewaspresumed.Inthissurvey,the
measuringlinewasinstalledasshowninFig、42andanelectromagneticwaveof80MHzwas
used.Plate4isacolorplottedimageoftheresultanalyzedbyacomputer.Intheright
portionofthisfigure,aredsectioncanbeseen.Thisistheareawherethereflectionwas
especiallystrong.Theresultobtainedinthissurveywas,therefore,thesameastheprevious
one.
③ThefrontcourtofGreatSphinx
ThefrontcourtofGreatSphinxconsistsofaplatformwherelimestoneblocksarearranged
artificially.Inthefirstsruveyusingelectromagneticwavemethod,aratherstrongreflection
wasobservedatadepthof1.5munderthefrontcourt.Thespotisontheextendedcenterlineof
GreatSphinxandsuggestedapossibilityofacavity・Inthissurvey,areflectionmethodwas
adoptedusinganelectromagneticwaveof80MHz.Measuringlineswereplacedfromeastto
westasshowninFi9.43.Thereflectionwasnotsignificantascomparedwiththeoneobtained
intheprevioussurvey・Itwasfoundthattheexistenceofthecavitycouldnotbeconfirmed
-52-
withoutaboringoperation.
④BetweenthepawsofGreatSphinx
lnthefirstsurvey,theareabetweenthepawsofGreatSphinxwasinvestigatedbyan
electromagneticwavereflectionmethod.Atthattime,althoughirregularreflectionwas
intensiveandthemeasurementwasnotsufficientlyaccurate,acavitywasassumedtoexistlor2m
underthegroundandthepossibilityoftherelationwiththecavityunderthefrontcourtwasalso
considere。.Inthissurvey,areflectiondifferentfromtheprevioussurveywasobtainedwhenan
electromagneticwaveof80MHzwasusedThus,asurveyshouldbeconductedagainwitha
differentfrequency.Wearemakingacomputeranalysisoftheresultsofthissurvey,andthe
differencebetweentheresultsofthissurveyandthepreviousoneusingelectromagneticwaveof
l50MHz.
⑤WesternterraceofGreatSphinx
Thisareahasnotbeenexcavated.ThisisrarearoundGreatSphinx.Inthissurvey,
theundergroundwassurveyedbytheelectromagneticwavereflectionmethodfromthe
surface.AsshowninFig,44,eightmeasuringlineswereinstalledfromeasttowestandlOfrom
northtosouthTheareacoveredinthiswaywasapproximately50m2.Ontheeastside,a
bedrockwasdetectednearthesurfaceoftheearthOnthewestside,abedrockwasburied
ratherdeepinside.Itisobviousfromthisresultthatvariousremainsunderthedesert.It
seemsthatthewallsofThutmeslV,remaindersofwallswhichBaraizebuilttopreventthe
landslideduringexcavation,andmanyotherconstructionsareleftunderground.Wewillmakea
excavationinthisareatorevealtheconditionsofunderground,whilecomparingtheresultsof
electromagneticwaveinvestigationsandtheactualexcavations.
(3)Contributionofnon-destructiveinvestigationtothehisto『yofGiza
Asmentionedbefore,thepurposeofthenon、destructiveinvestigationinthesecondsurvey
wastoreveal“theinteriorstructureofGreatPyramid''and“thestructureofGreatSphinxandits
periphery”withoutdestroyingtherelics、 Althoughwecouldnotdrawadefiniteconclusiontothe
itemswepresentedasmainpurposes,wehaveobtainedsignificantresultswhichmaycontributeto
theabovepurposesandtheobjectivesofthismissionmentionedinChapterl.Thefollowingarethearchaeologicalsignificancesoftheseresults・
Inthesurveysmadeuntilnow,thepossibilitiesofunknownspace,suchasanewpassageinthenorthofQueen'sChamber,havebeenrevealedbyscientificmethods・ Althoughthepresenceof
suchcavitiesinsideGreatPyramidanditsrateofcavityhadbeendiscussed,itwasdifficultto
scientificallyprovethehypothesis・ Therefore,thesepossibilitieswerenotwidelyacceptedfrom
thescientificandhistricalviewpoints・ However,itisnowpossibletoestimatethelocationand
scaleofthesespacesbasedonscientificmethods・ Fromnowon,discussionsshouldbeheldabout
-53-
GreatPyramidandotherpyramids,takingthepresenceofsuchunknowncavitiesinto
consideration・ Then,theconventionaltheoriesontheinterpretationofthepyramidsinEgyptwill
becorrected.ManyreligiousbuildingsinancientEgypthavesymmetricalstructures.As
viewedfromQueen,sChamber,thepassagewhichisspeculatedtocontinuefromthenorthsideof
Queen'sChamberintheprevioussurveyandinthissurveyissupposedtobelocatedsymmetrically
withrespecttotheexistingpassagefromQueen,sChamber・ Suchastructuremaybeinterpreted
basedonthesymbolismofGreatPyramid,whichislaterdiscussedintheconsiderationof
architecturalhistory・
Thefirstandthesecondsurveysrevealedthatheretoforeunknowncavitiesexistaround
GreatSphinx,andthatthestructuresaremorecomplicatedthanwasconventionally
thought.SinceGreatSphinxwasbuiltbyexcavatingabedrock,itisdifficulttodeterminethe
reignofthespecificKinginwhichitwasbuilt.Bymakingfurtherinvestigationsonthespot
wherethestorongreflectionwasobserved,andontheunknownperipheralspaces,apossibilityof
findingaclueforthedeterminationoftheagewillbedevelopedltwasalsoclarifiedinthe
surveysthatanunexcavatedremainsexistedonthesouthsideofGreatSphinxthroughthe
investigationsmadeonthewesternterraceofthisarea、 Theexcavationofthisareawillalsogive
ahintindeterminingtheage・
Sincenon、destructiveinvestigationsmadebyourmissionareso、calledremoteinvestigations
withoutactualexcavation,itmaybedifficulttodrawadecisiveconclusion、 Theconclusionwill
beformedinduecoursebyarchaeologicalexcavations、
However,webelievethatthedatacollectedfromsuchnon-destructiveinvestigations,which
avoidunnecessarydestructionofrelics,willrevealmoreaboutnumerousrelicsoftheancientEgypt
includingthePyramidsofGiza.
-54-
ー
JJご琴コトの山二二
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-55-
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-56-
all
NorthWaIl
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-57-
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ⅣINVESTlGATIONFROMTHEVlEWPOlNTOFARCHITECTURALHlSTORY
INTHESECONDSEASON
(1)Introduction
TakeshiNakagawa
KazuakiSeki
ShinichiNishimoto
InordertomakearchitecturalresearchonthestructureofthePyramidofKhufuandits
purpose,itisindispensabletohavereliableandhighlyprecisedrawings・ Ifresearchesarenot
madebasedonsuchprecisedrawings,theresearcheswillbemeaningless、 Manymeasurements
havebeenmadeonGreatPyramidsincethebeginningofthel9thcentury、 However,the
numericalvaluesobtainedhavenotbeeneffectivelyutilizedtoclarifythestructureofthe
Pyramid.Therefore,ourobjectivewassettoobtainfundamentaldatatomakearchitectural
researchesofGreatPyramidbytakingactualmeasurementsofthedetailsinsidethepyramid
Asreferences,weusedmeasurementdrawingsfrom”L,architetturadellepiramidimenfite,4'’
1965byMaragiolio,V、andRinaldi,C、A、whichisconsideredtobethemostreliabledrawing
published.Anothertargetwastopreparemoreaccuratedrawingsthantheirs.Highlyprecise
measurementcouldbeachievedbecausealightwavemeterwasusedtomeasurethedimensionsofthe
pyramid.
(2)OutIineoftheMeasurements
lnthissurvey,actualmeasurementsweretakenonthefollowingpartsinGreatPyramid.
①Confirmationofthelengthofonesideofthepyramid
②MeasurementofthepositionofNorthernEntrancewhichisshiftedeastwardfromthecenter
lineofthepyramid
③ActualmeasurementofKing,sChamber(excludingso,calledChamberofRelievedGravity)
④ActualmeasurementofAntechamber
⑤ActualmeasurementofQueen'sChamber
⑥ActualmeasurementofHorizontalPassagewhichleadstoQueen'sChamber
⑦ActualmeasurementofUndergroundChamber
⑧ActualmeasurementofthevicinityofNorthernEntrance
ForKing'sChamber,Antechamber,Queen'sChamber,andHorizontalPassagewhichleadsto
Queen'sChamber,topviews,planeviewsoftheceilinganddevelopmentsofeachsidewere
-66-
prepared、Inordertoupgradethequalityofthedrawingsasamaterial,jointsofstonesand
observedcrackswereentered
ForthevicinityofNorthernEntrance,topviewandeastwestsideviewswerepreparedAMeasurementofwallsinUndergroundlarge-scalemapofthecopestonewaspreparedseparately・
Theoveralllength,height,andwidthofGrandChamberChamberwerenotconductedatthistime・
weremeasured.However,stonejointsandceilingswerenotmeasure。.Alarge、sizescaffold
Therefore,themeasurementwillisrequiredtomeasuretheceilingsandupperpartofthewalls・
bemadenexttime.
(3)MeasurementOfthePositionofNorthemEntrancewhichisShiftedEastwardfromtheCenterLineofGreatPyramid.
TheeastwarddeviationofNorthernEntrancefromthecenterlineofthepyramidwas
ltwasfoundoutthattheeastwardpreciselymeasuredandcalculatedusingalightwavemeter,
deviationwasabout7m28cmfromthecenterline,whichwasmadebyconnectingthecenterofthe
northernbaseandtheapexofGreatPyramid・
ComparedtothemeasurementdrawingsbyMaragiolioandRinaldi,wewereabletofillup
omissionsandcorrectmisunderstandingsonseveraldetailsthroughthismeasurement.
(4)ArchitecturalConsiderations
-TheCompIexOrganizationofInteriorRoom-
lnthehistoryofPyramid,theKhufu,sconstructionofinteriorspacesisespeciallyunique,but
notisolated.Aswellasthelargestscaleandthemostskillfulbuilding,itshouldberegardedthe
Khufuisthepeakofthecomplexorganizationofinteriorrooms・
TheinteriorcomplexofKhufu'sismorecleararticulatedthantheBentPyramidandtheRed
PyramidatDahshurinthemeaningofthethreechambersconstruction・ AndthatofKhafraandof
MenkauraaremorereducedandsimplifiedthanthepyramidofKhufu,forsymbolicmeaningin
details・ Therefore,themeaningoftheKhufu'sinteriorcomplexcanbesaidtohavegenerality
throughtheTruePyramidThenwemusttakebigcareofthreegranitestonesstuffedatthe
crossway,ascendingcorridoranddescendingcorridor・ Thereisnospacebetweenstuffedstones
andwall,sotheywerestuffedwhenascendingcorridorwasconstructed,notfallenasanusual
theory, Therefore,theyshouldbegivensuchasymbolicmeaning Accordingtothisstuffed
stones,thePyramidofKhufuwasabletoarrangetheinteriorcomplexarticulately,
TheTruePyramidisnotonlythehugetombofthepharaoh,butalsoasymbolofKing,s
authorityitself.Ontheotherhand,thetraditionalmeaninghavebeencontinuedthatthePyramid
wasthetombofthepharaoh.TheKhufushakedoffthustraditionatfirstandthenbecometobe
-67-
abletodevelopdrasticallyontheinteriorcompelx・ Themeaningofunknownhollowspaceandthe
particularsandshouldbeconsideredunderthisthinking、
So,Queen,sChambershouldbecorrespondedtothisworldorKing'sPalace,andKing's
ChamberandtheupperstructuretotheworldbeyondonHeaven,andGrandGallerytoCeremonySpaceareconnectingthem・ ThePyramidmadetheremarkableprogressofsymbolicpowerwhen
hecouldgaintheinvisibleinteriorcomplexincludingbothspacesknownandunknown.
(5)ConcIusion
Ourarchitecturalinvestigationprovedthatthefollowingshouldbeincludedinthe
comprehensiveresearch・
Preparationofobjectiveandprecisemeasurementdrawingsisabasicmeansof
research.Topicsoftheresearchwhicharelistedinourplanareasfollows.
①Detailsoftheinteriorspaceofthepyramid・Especially,analysisofthesystemandthe
dimensionsofsurfacemasonry.
②AnalysisofthedesignmethodRestorationofdesigndimensionsandscale,andrelativerelations.
③Restorativeconsiderationforeachpartofthepyramidandinterpretationoffunctions.
④Determiningthepositionsoftheunknowninnerspaces.
⑤ToconsiderPyramidBuildingTheories,acomprehensiveandcomparativestudyincluding
preciseanddetailedmeasuringattheinteriorcomplexonthehistoryofpyramids.
⑥AmodelexperimentofthewholesuperstructureofGreatPyramidbythelight-elasticitymethod.
⑦Re、investigationofthePyramidsofGizafromtheviewpointofnecropolisplanning.
-68-
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-85-
VPHYSICALPROPERTYANDMICROSCOPICOBSERVATIONOFTHESAND
INSIDEOFGREATPYRAMlD
ShojiTonouchi
Itisnecessarytoresearchthephysicalpropertyofexecutingofphysicalprospect.The
X-rayanalysisandmicroscopicobservationofthesand,limestoneandgranite、 Therecrystaliza、
tionofthecoralandshellareoftenobservedlngeneral,violentrecrystalizationisseenby
microscopicobservation, ThelimestonefrompyramidatGizacontainedmostlycalsitepartly
areobservedplunktonicandbenthicforaminifera,quartzandplagioclase・ Fromtheresultthisis
muddylimestone,anditseemsthatthiscausestheattenuationofelectromagneticwaves
ltisconsideredthattherocknameofthispinkishgraniteisgranodiorite,containedminerals
arequarts,biotite,hornblend,plagioclase,magnetiteandKfeldspar・ Thisrockbelongstousual
granodioriteexceptofthealminumrich.Accordingtheresultoftheexperiment,therelative
dielectricconstantshowsthevalueof5asothergraniteoftheworldButattenuationrateissmall
valueofabout2.3.
WegainedthefollowingimportantfactthatthesandinsideGreatPyramidfromFrench
mission,ssurveyisquitediffierentfromthatfromGizaPlateauandSaqqaradistrict.(P1.
6)However,thesandisnowontheprocessofmineralanalysis.Thesandfoundinsideof
GreatPyramidbyFrenchmissioniscomposedmostlywithquartzandpoorlyplagioclase・ It
composedquartzmorethan99%andisgenerallycalledquartzsand.Thesizeofthegrainsis
largewhichisfromlOOto400micron、 ThesandcollectedfromthesouthofPyramidcontains
mineralsofmostlycalsite,quartz,andplagioclase.(P1.9)Asthecharacteristicofthatisthesize
ofthesandismostlysmalllessthanfromlOtolOOmicronandeverygrainisangular,namely,
autochthonous・ Itshowsthatthesandwasformedatthesameplace Thesandfromtheeast
sideofSphinxandfromthedesertbehindPyramidarealmostthesameasitfromthesouthof
Pyramid(P1.8and9).ThesandsampledfromSaqqaraisalsothesame,andthereisanobvious
differentfromthesandfrominsideofthePyrami。.
ThesandfrominsideofGreatPyramidhasthelinescreatedbywindonthesurfaceofthe
quartzgrain・ ItisimportantwhythisparticularsandexistsinsidethePyramid.Itis
consideredthatthesandwasusedontheconstructionorthemaintenanceofPyramid.Ithinkthat
thisfactmeansalot,thekeyofconstructionofPyramid.Thequestionsisthatwhetherthiskind
ofsandexistsinotherpartoftheworld?Fromtheliteratures,Ifounditdistributesatafew
placesintheworld.TherearesomeplacesinJapan,alsoanditiscalled"weepingsand"becauseit
makesoundbywindblowingandorbysteppingwithfeet.Itisconsideredthatthereasontomake
soundisthatthesandrubseachother,andalsoiscalled“musicsand”inotherpartoftheworld.
-86-
ThemusicsandiscomposedalmostlO0%ofquartzandisrelativelylargegrainsize・ Itis
difficulttoseparatethosefromigneousrockevenwithmoderntechniquesothat,itisoutof
considerationforAnciantEgyptiantohavesuchtechniqueortocarryitfrom,Mteratureandfoundthe
musicsandatAbswellanearTurmSinaiPeninsula, Thissurveyofthisplacewasconducted,
becauseaBedwinsaidthatthesandmakesoundThefeatureisthesameasthesandfrominside
thePyramid,anditisconsideredthatgraniteatMt・Sinaiweatheredandtransportedtothesea,in
Afterseaconsequencethequartzseparatesothermineralsaccordancewithdensityandsize・
bottomrisesanddistributeinsediment.Furthermore,thesedimentisweatheredandquartzsand
isformed・
Fromnow,weintendtodomineralanalysistojudgewhetherthesandfromGreatPyramidhas
thesamecharacteristicasthemusicsand・
Aswandistrictwhichgranitedistribute.
constructionofPyramid.
Furthermore,itisnecessaryforustoinvestigatethe
lthinkthisfactisimportantinthestudyonthe
-87-
ⅥConcIusion
SakujiYoshimura
We,theWasedaUniversityPyramidlnvestigationMission,isintendedtomakeclear
"NecropolisProjectattheGizaPlateau.” Atthebeginningtheinvestigationofthefirstsurveyis
concentratedon“clarificationofthepurposeofbuildingGreatPyramid.”SinceHerodotus,many
peoplethoughtthat“thepyramidsweretombsofkings,,'andthusinherenttreasureshouldbeleftin
GreatPyramidaswellasotherpyramids,andthusthereshouldbeunknownchambersstoringthe
inherenttreasureinadditiontothechambersthathadalreadybeenfound.Ontheotherhand,
thereisabeliefthatGreatPyramidwasexcavatedforpiracybeforetheinvasionofAlMamuninthe
ninthcenturyandthattheinherenttreasurewasalreadystolen、 Thesebeliefsstemfromthe
beliefthatGreatPyramidisthetombofkingaswellasthetombsintheKing'sValleyintheNew
Kingdom、
Ourtheorysetasidesuchabelief,andstartsfromwhatisthepurposeforbuildingGreat
Pyramid.ThisdoesnotmeanaboldprojecttoreevaluatepyramidsalloverEgypt,butaproject
usedtoproceedtothenextstepbyclarifyingGreatPyramidwiththemostcomplicatedintemal
structure、 Ofcourse,itisneedlesstosaythatcomparisonwithotherpyramidsisessentialinthe
observation・
TherearemanymysteriesaboutGreatPyramidfromancienttimes、 Theymaybeareas
thatcannotyetbeexplained,ratherthanmysteries・ Thereisatendencyforthemtobeoverlooked
byexpertsasdiscoveriesbyamateurs・ However,eventheexpertsoriginallyknow
nothing・ Theyutilizetheaccumulationofthethoughtsofamateursinthehistory・ Thus,we
havefirsttackledsuchunexplainedareasasourstart.Amongthem,therearemanyfactsthat
havebeenconventionallydiscussed,suchasthefactthatthetrueNorthernEntrancedeviatetothe
eastbyalittlelessthan8metersfromthecenterlineofthebase,thatthestonehidingtheentranceis
abnormallysmall,andwhyUndergroundChamberisuncompleted、Thereasonofthesefactwere
notfullyexplained,butthediscussionwasterminatedinthemiddle, Thus,wehavestartedour
investigationbyaccuratelyremeasuringtheintemalspacesthathavebeenfounduntilnow,and
enteringthedatainathree、dimensionalreconstructionsystemofcomputerforstudyfromvarious
aspects・ Itwasconductedwiththecooperationofexpertsinvariousfieldsincludingthoseofthe
historyofarchitecture,thearchitecturalstructure,andtherockmechanics・ Atthesametime,we
havedevelopedthetechnologywhichenablesustoinvestigatetheinsideofGreat
PyramidVariousexperimentshaverevealedthattheelectromagneticwaveinvestigationappears
tobebestsuitablemethodThus,weconductedthefirstsurveyinJanuary,l987atGiza
Plateau・ Then,weimprovedinsufficientareassuchasthecapabilityofthemachines・ The
-88-
.~
11
secondsurveywasconductedinSeptember,1987.Thisisthereportofthatsurvey.We
concludedthatthecurrentlevelofthereflectionmethodmightbeacceptable,andthatweshouldplace
theemphasisonthetransmissionmethodfortransmittingtheentireGreatPyramid.We
developedandimprovedtheequipmentforit,andcompleteditintheendofMarch,thisyear、
ThereasonwhyweplacetheemphasisonthetransmissionoftheinsideofGreatPyramidlies
inthefactthatwethinkthatthereshouldbemanychambersandpassagesinadditiontothosefound
untilnow、 ItsoriginisthatthetrueNorthemEntrancedeviatesbyalitlelessthan8meterstothe
eastfromthecenterline, Abigimpactwascausedbythediscoveryofalargespacebeyondthe
wallatthewesternendofthenorthwalloftheso、calledQueen,sChamber,thatwasfoundinthefirst
survey、
Wehadhopeforthefuturewhen,inthissurvey,wefoundthatthecavityisapassagesimilar
toHorizontalPassageandextendingparalleltoit,anddiscontinuesatapointneartheintersectionof
HorizontalPassagewithGrandGallery, Thisisbecausewecananticipatethatthepassagebends
tothewest,whichmeansthereisaveryhighpossibilityoftheexistenceofachamberorapassageon
thewest.Inotherwords,itmeansthatachamberorapassagesimilartothosewenowknow
existsonthewestside Toidentifyit,wehavetodevelopanelectromagneticwavesystemthat
canpenetrateatleastlOOm・ Becauseitappearstotakemuchtime,asthenextstepforthetime
being,wethinkthatweshouldfirstexploreinanareawithin30m,byusingthetomographmethod,
suchproblemsaswhetherornotthereisachamberorapassagebetweentheentranceandGrand
Gallery,similarlywhetherornotthereisachamberorapassagebetweentheso-calledKing,s
Chamberandtheso、calledQueen,sChamber,andatthesametimehowtheareabetweenboth
chambersandUndergroundChamberappears・ Thisisbecausetheseproblemswillclarifythe
structuresbetweentheexistingspacesinGreatPyramid、
InadditiontotheclarificationoftheinternalstructureofGreatPyrami。,theexistenceof
GreatSphinxisalsoimportantforus, Alloftheresearchers,includingPetrie,whoconducted
excavationandinvestigationattheGizaplateau,wereinterestedintheoriginofthebuildingofGreat
Sphinx,anddiscussedit.However,thediscussioncontinuestothepresentdaywithoutany
definiteconclusion・
WesetasidetheconventionalapproachthatGreatSphinxisattachedtothePyramidofKing
Khafre,andintendtoconsideroftheperiodofconstruction ltmightbepossiblethattheexistence
ofGreatSphinxlettothebuildingofGreatPyramidandthatthefirststructurebuiltontheGiza
plateauwasGreatSphinxanditstemple,. Wewishtomakeitclearbystudyingtheobservationin
historyofarchitecture,thatis,theplanforthebuildingsnowexistingontheGizaplateau,by
accuratelymeasuringtheiraxesoforientation,andthedistancebetweenthem,thedirectionsandthe
anglesofthem,andbyanalyzingthemwithacomputer・ Webelievethatitisveryimporta、tin
consideringtheculturalbackground,inwhichthereligionfortheSunGod,Rawasrapidlyincreased
intheFourthdynasty、 Inaddition,asforGreatSphinx,webelievethatitwillbeimportantto
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investigatethepossibleriskofdecayingoftheheadofthesphinx,becausethereisapossibilitythat
theundergroundwaterrisesunderthebedrockonwhichGreatSphinxisconstructed,andto
investigatewhetherthemetallicreactionunderthebedrockneartheleftfOrepawfoundinthefirst
andthesecondsurveysisanaturalobjectoranartificialone Furthermore,itisnecessaryto
investigatetheundergroundaroundthecausewayconnectingthePyramidofKingKafuraandthe
oppositetemplewithanelectromagneticwavesystemtounderstandthenaturalandtheartificial
environmentsoftheGizaPlateauwhenGreatPyramidwasconstructed.Ifwecannotdetermine
theundergroundstructurebyanymeansbutconventionalexcavation,thetimeandthelaborforit
willbeenormous,andweshouldconductthemvestigationastheonewiththehighestpriority・ However,theundergroundradarthatwehavedevelopediseffective,becauseitreduces
resourcesineveryaspects・ Thesurveywillbeconductedbyutilizingasandbuggyforawide
Wewillconductthesurveyinthenearfuture、area.Ifwefurtherdevelopthistechnique,it
willbecomepossibletoinvestigatetheentireGizaPlateaubyloadingthesurveyunitonahelicopter・
Theabovearethemeaning,themethodanditsdevelopmentofthesurveythatweareconductingontheGizaplateau Ourmottois“nottodestroyvestiges,',“tothinkthroughmatters
fromthebeginningthatweretheorizedinthepast,',andthus“toutilizethehightechnologicalequipmentinreducingtime,laborandexpenses.” Weshouldfurtheraddthatwedonotintendto
conductthesurveyjustforentertainment,negleCtingtheessenceofthecivilizationofancientEgypt,
withitshistoryof5,000years,butareendeavoringeverydaytoattainanintegratedsurveywiththe
scientistsoftheworldatthetoplevelofeachspecificfield.
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