STUDIES ON LAND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON PLANT NEMATODES

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY

IN

B O T A N Y

Under the Sttpervision of Prof. ABRAR M. KHAN

H. Sc, Pb. D. (Hinn ). F. N. A. NEMATOLOGY SECTION

By SHISHU PAL SINGH

M. Sc. (AUg.)

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY A. M. U. AHgar h Micmfl, 19 7 9

DS113

Tha author wishes to acknowledgs h i s indM>t0dn«ss with

d««p •«ns« o f grat i tude t o «^sp«ct«d Pnof. Abrar Kustafa Khan,

Ph.D.(Minn.) , Departwant of Botany, AUgarh Muslim Univers i ty ,

Aligarh, for h i s guidance, kind advica and ganetoxis ancouraga-

mont throughout the preparation of t h i s manuscript.

Ha i s a l so indebted to prof . K. M. R. K, Afr id l , Head.

Departmant of Botany, Aligarh Muslim Univers i ty , Aligarh for

providing necassary f a c i l i t i e s t o complate t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n

and equal ly indebted t o Dr. s . K. Saxana, Reader, Department

o f Botany, Aligarh Muslim Universi ty , Aligarh for h i s precious

time which ha devoted t o me for the completion of t h i s manuscript.

He a l so takes t^his opportvinit^ t o express h i s gra te fu l ­

ness to Mr. Bir Pal Singh ( A . K . S . ) , Mr. Pushkin M, Qureshi,

Miss Veena Pant, Miss S h i e l l a Hakim, Mr. Mohd. Naaeem, Mr. S. H.

Anjum for t h e i r alround a s s i s t a n c e .

Sincere thanks are a l so due t o Dr. M. M. Alam, Or. F.

A^aiit, Dr. Majnul Hasan, Dr. M. R. Kirmani, Mr. Abul Huaain,

Mr. RwHid M. Khan, Mr. irahadHalwood, Mr. A. R. Ansarl, and

o ther co l l eagues for t h e i r kind co«operation.

T)Mi award of J .R .F . by c«S . I .R . during the period i s g r a t e ­

f u l l y aofcnowltfdged.

(Shiahtt Pal S ingh) .

Page No*

I Intjnoduction and Reviaw

of Litoratura . . . . « . . . . 1 - 2 2

I I Materials and Methods . . . . . . 2 3 - 3 3

I I I Li terature Cited . . . . . . . . . 3 4 - 5 6

IM'ROPUCTIOK AND RaVISW

NTRODUCTIOti AHD RSVISW OF LrTEftATURg

N«inatoda« aC9 ubiquitous and ara caf>abla of adaptlny

t o d i f f erent kinds o£ habi tats and under favourabla anvlzon-

(nantal condit ions bacons devastating (WaXIaca, 1963} •

Imirediataly a f t e r i t was discovered that namatodas ara

capable o£ causing aisaase^ attan^pta hava bean made t o control

than-.. B/woadly speaking the approach for nematode control cart

be c l a s s i f i a d as - Physical^ Chendcaif cu l tura l «nd b i o l o g i c a l

control (Southey, 1970) .

C c n s i d a r ^ l e progress has been made on nematode control

e s p e c i a l l y by the use of n@mst',*tLiiBB end use of r e s i s t a n t

v a r i e t i e s . Despite , bes t e f f o r t s no one mathod has been found

t o be i d e a l . However, there i s a paucity of information for

nematode control by land managenient and cu l tura l p r a c t i c e s .

In recent years some s c i e n t i s t s have suggested, the

contro l of nematodes should not be r e s t r i c t e d to one method

but a l l the d i f f erent swthods should be in tegra ted . (Guskovs

* Oladkaja, 1974| Hull , 1974| Breseski , 1975, InagaKl, 1976) .

Physical methods o f nematode contro l include f looding.

I r r s d i e t l o a , e l e e t r l e l t y , increased osmotic pressure, u l t r s s o n i c s ,

stesBi s t e r i l i s a t i o n of s e l l end heet treatment of p lant mster le l

with or without chemicals .

Hot water treatment as cc^trol o f plant p a r a s i t i c

nematodes has been suggested by Salgusa and Matsumoto (1961)

for Mf^oldoavne 4n^<3P4^g var. ASJEUJ Chltwood and Ote l fa ,

19521 (Aph^3,fnchQides gCMftrtt^ Ritsema Bos, 1690) on straw­

berry by orozdovski i , (1972) ; Gomez Barcina ^ jJL* (1973) and

tor Hetarodera achacht i i Schmidt, lb71, by S t e e l e (1973) .

Boontjea g^ jtl, (197&) and Bridge (1975) noted that the hot

water treatment t o control nematodes i s very e f f a c t i v a for those

t h a t are disseminated through seeds , root s tocks , bulbs , corms

and other planting mater ia l .

^u a^ i ^ . (1972) reported that exposure of s o i l i n f e s t e d

with M^tQ44pqYng s p . Goeldi , lfe£>7 and Pratvlenchus s p . F i l i p j e v .

1936, t o s o l a r radiat ions at 46->5o*'c for 24-48 hours cons ider-

ably reduced the nematode populat ion. Chit%K>od and Blanton

(1942) and Tompsett (197S) reported that heat in the fonn of

vapour heat was e f f e c t i v e in contro l l ing bulb or stem nematode,

D^t^vl,ench<^ ^IfitlGi (Kuhn, 1&&7) F i l i p j e v , 1936.

Attempts have been made by Yaehenko s3t 4 l * (1976) t o

contro l root-)uiot nematode by e l e c t r i c current at 0 . 3 t o 0 . 4

mi l l iaiipere/eai^.

Heald iJi Ml* (1974) reported the e f f i c a c y of u l t r a hi^h

fr^qiieney (U«H.r*)« • lec tvomaptet io enevpy at d i f f erent mamwgf

l e v e l s for the eont^Nii of itofcvi,^i^<^n^i|« « ^ H e ^ ^ Llnlor4 an4

C i l v a i r a , 1940. High frvquency v ibrat ions (iJltrasonica)

(Kair^£e« 1962) and osn^otic pressure (Maehinor, 1956; Blaka,

1961) h a w a lso b.^gr suggested J:or tho control ot namatodes.

U. V. radiat ions hava a l so baan uaed to k i l l Di^v.l,^nqhu^

<I4,M9 A. by ocaan and Webstar (1965) , prat^yt^gchu^ penetrans

(Cobb, 1917) F l l i p j s v and 'ichuunrana stoKhovan, 1941 in roots

c t Taoatas B^tul,a Linn, by Goiranars and Gaarllngs (1973) ;

tiSlfiiJsaySa 4r?,S9qq4tfl (Kofold and White, 1919) Chltwood, 1949

on ^aq^parjI Q Agmgmli^a (^i^ch.) xiusby and uuft^ actanqmq aojtb

by Mukhorjae (1976) ,

Kuhn ( I t t l ) for the i l r ^ t t imo feund that carbon b i

sulphide could bsj uaed for cent r o i l i n g H^tarodara sch^chtii,

(schiPidt, lb71) . «'or a c o n s i d a r ^ l y long tiine there was l i t t l e

progress in c»ntrc l i ing nematodes by aFpiicat ion of iuraigants.

During World War II Chloropicrin was roconwnendad by CJohnaon,

1935) and Methyl-bromide by (Chr i s t i e and Cobb 1940), (Taylor

and He Beth 1940) . The discovery by Carter (1943) of D>D(i«3«

dichloropropane->l# 2« dlchioropropene rrtixture) had been a land

fftarX in the use of s o i l funigants in c o n t r o l l i n g of nematodes.

However, l ike othar s o i l furoigants O-D was a l so phytotox ic . The

discovery of Namagon (1« 2-dibroRo-3 chloropropane) or o .B.C.p.

(He Beth and Bergeson, 1955) opened a new v i s t a in cherrical

c o n t r o l , as t h i s chemical was not phytotoxic and could be used

on standing crops . Racantly i t has bean reportad that tha usa

of t h i s compound brin<js about cer ta in ganat ic changas in tha

host nucial and tharafora i t s usa has 1>a«n bannaet in Cal i fornia

(Anonymous) •

Soma o f the newly introduced naniaticides v i z . , VC-13,

Dazomat, Vydata-oxamyl, Thlmat, Dasanlt, Tamic or "Aldicatb*,

Kocap, Nerracur, Lannata« Panphana, Voriax, D 1410 (Young ASB ^ *

1957; Khan, 1969/ M l l e r , 1972; WOng aS Al« 1970; Johnson, 1970;

Stokes and iiaughiin, 197o; f i l l l a r , 1971; B irchf i e ld , 1971;

Abavi an J Hal, 1971; Hhoadss, 1971; Prasad and Aao, 1973;

^)athur and £ rasad, 1973; Siddiqui and Khan, 1973; Aiam g^ q^,

1973; and Alam ^ ^ . 1975) and other i n s e c t i c i d e s which were

a l so namaticides contro l l ed nematodes e f f e c t i v e l y . A new broad

Si-actnuR s o i l i n s e c t i c i d e namatlcide t e s t e d DOWCO 275 (C,0»

d ie thy l 0 - (6 f luoro-2-pyridyl} phosphoxothioate (Noveroske, 1975)

In addition to chemicals some antl metabol i tes and

re la ted compounds l i k e amino ac ids and plant growth substances

v i z . , 2, 4, o,Cycocel and Maleic h y d r a s i ^ have been used for

c o n t r o l l i n g root>knot nematodes, Weloldoavnf incoani^ta (Kofoid

and White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (Prasad and Se t ty , 1974) ,

(Prasad gj^ ^ . 1973 and 1976) .

NOW HOST CROPt OM^ «<gr^fQ|l,

Growing a par t i cu lar crop Cor considerably long parlod

in a p a r t i c u l a r f i e l d casu l t ing in manifold iner9«»« in the

population of nematodes for which that crop i s suscept ib l e

re su l t ing in l o s s of yield* Thare are many exainplas in

l i t e r a t u r e wh >re growing a crop for number of years re su l t in

s o i l s i c t o a s s and u l t imate ly m^ ritad reduction in the y ia ld*

Consequently crop rotat ion has been recommended for the contro l

o f nematodes.

The genes i s of crop rotat ion i 3 t o grow a non-host crop

for such i n t e r v a l s which would raduce the population of nematodes

t o such a l a v e l at which they may not cause appraciable damage.

The l i t e r a t u r e has basn reviewed by OostenbrlnK aj£ ^ , (19S6)«

Khurramov (1973), Sindurai (1973) , Notschar (1974) , Orion and

Cohn (1975) .

Good sit Ait* (1954) suggested and found out considerable

reduction in population of Pratvlanchu^ l e ioceoha l t^ Ste iner .

1949 by growing a non-host peanut crop in rotat ion with » « l s e .

Oostenbrink (i960) reported that £ , peni^^ran^ (Cobb, 1917)

F i l i p j e v and Schuurmans SteKhoven, 1941 could be contro l l ed by

growing beet o r marigold prior t o host crop.

Brown (1961) reported that crop rotat ion with d i f ferent

ro ta t iona l sequences contro l l ed Hf^tyg^gft gOffW9h4tniH

w&llenweber, 1923. In N i i g i r i s (India) Menon and Thangaraju

(1973) not«d that population of H. yQStoch^^nqtJg WM r«duc«d

witi^ ona o r tMO yaar rotation with boan and paa but 3-4 year

rotat ion with potato-bean and poaa gave b^at r e s u l t s . Effect

of crop-rotat ion s i g n i f i c a n t l y reduced the nuirbars of c y s t of

H. figytf Qtyh^^nala (Katveeva and Vaktijovlch, 1976) .

In augarbaat f i e l d i n t a s t i d with H, sch^cht l l Schmidt,

rotat ion with barley* lucama* potato and wheat considerably

reduced the c y s t population (Vlndtiska, 1975) .

Ivonova (1971) reported that population of Pltvlenchua

<i|[qf^ructQr Thome, 1945 was cons iderably reduced by crop rota­

t i o n progranwte. Cavabel (1973) noted that control of |J. dip?^9^

(Kuhn« lb57) F l l l p j e v , 1936, on iralza w- s very e f f e c t i v e by

adoi t i n g careful ro ta t ion , and by avoiding the monoculture of

good h o s t .

Thome (1«*61) reported control of Mqf .oi(joQvna ar^ayi ,^

(Neal# l&b9} Chltwood, 1949 on lucerne with two years and

Allen s ^ ^ . (1970) of H. uaMiX Franklin, 1965 on bar ley by

two years rotat ion the former by cotton and the l a t e r by potatoes ,

Breseskl (1973) reported that i n f e c t i o n of M. hmal,^ Chitwood,

1949 on carrot could be minimised by adopting proper rotat ion

of crops . Southards and Nichols (1972) sugqested that root->knot

development on tc^acco could be contro l l ed by rotat ion with

fescue , orchard grass , ladinoclover and lucerne. Carter and

Nieto (1975) noted reduction in nuniber o f larvae of t | . ineoani ta

(Kofold and white, 1919) Chltwood, 1949 on cotton by xotatlon

with aorghuw {Sqcq^ure toicolor Moanch.), and barlay (Hfildua!

vMJ^aara* JUinn.) . Dl Muro (1975) reported that crops lifee

wheat, marigold and g a i l l a r d i a considerably reduced the g a l l i n g

ct root-Krot nematode, M. ^n^oqnit^ on tobacco.

Smith and Thares (1969) obsarvad that crops l i k e tobacco,

pangola grass , casaava, gr^pe<->fruit m\6 sugarcane had been very

e f f e c t i v e in contro l l ing H^44,CQtyl,qnq | ! ap. S te iner , 1945

(emended Goldan, 1956) and Rf<|Dcho^Uf s p . Thome, 1949. Martin

(1971) noted that a£tor l& months, using sugarcane as non-host

crop th^re was s i g n i f i c a n t reduction in the population of

£ • qfiroilis (Cobb, 1693) Thome, 1949, asound the roots of banana,

stoyanov (1971) raportod that the population of Hal,^cot^vlenchus

OT;^AS?4ffg^W (Cobb, 1993) Golden, 1956; «ffi1 YtqQCtiVl reniformia

Linford and Ol ive l ra , 1940. and K^^Qit^avnf ap. Ooeldi , 1867

Was considerably reduced in banana p lantat ion by using pangola

grass , maize and sugarcane, the beat r e s u l t s ware (Sta ined with

pangola gras s . Brathwaite (1974) was able t o obtain e f f e c t i v e

contro l of A. yy^j fr^ppi^g on sugsrbeet by growing c o m i n sugar-

b e e t f i e l d . Johnson gi^ 4 1* (1974, 75) reported that cropping

systems l i k e c»m-peanut-soybean, cot ton-soybean-com, c o m -

peanut-cotton-soybean «nd ootton-soybe«n-p«anut tiere very much

e f f e c t i v e in reducing the population o f plant p a r a s i t i c neipatodkis,

In India , Prasad (1966) found considerable reduction in

populatipn o f TYitOgftgltlWI^H •P* Cobb, 1913 when non-host

8

crops wac« usad in rotat ion rather than in monocultura.

Khtfi fljb A 1 . (1973) roportaa tha difSerant cropping saqutficaa

raducad tha population o£ namatodas t o varying dagraa.

ANTjy ONICTIC CROPS -

Toxic p r i n c i p i i s s scre tad by cer ta in cruc i far roots for

tha contro l of Ha^aipodara roatochianai^ Vtollanwebar, 1923 by

rorgan (1925). H. atyhachtii Schruidt, lfc71. by Oudan (1956) and

Aap^yaquaii s p . l o u m root sacrat ion by Hohde and Jankina (1957)

against T yichodorua ap. Cobb, 1913 have been reported.

Control of root-knot by root s ecre t ions o f Crotolaria

ap, and of Tyichodonts s p . , H, afiini^^ (Ccdcib, lb93) Thome, 1949

t»y C. 81^9^^iabm? «oth, and C. a i ^ a t f l SchranK, have bean reports^

by Ochse and Brewton (1954) , B i r c h f i e l d and Bi<5tline (1956)

raspac t ive ly . According t o Good a t ^i* (1965) and Yuhara (1971)

roots of CyDt}Q: . ri,fl[ s p . produce t o x i c substancas that have

a b i l i t y t o control a var ie ty of nainatodes.

The f indings of Oostenbrink ^ ^ . (1967) that T^eet^e^

s p . reduced the population o f plant p a r a s i t i c nematodes led t o

screening of p lants of manbars o f canqpositae by several workers.

Winto Suatnadji (1969) while t e s t i n g s i x t e e n v a r i e t i e s o f

t W t ^ M fiAfcSUj Linn, and I. AUS&A I«inn, and other menbers o f

f e n i l y conpositae found that a l l the v a r i e t i e s of Taa«^t^^

suppressed the population of Prftvl^engt)^ s p . r i i i p j e v , 1936.

Khan jjt jJL* els'?!) reportad s i g n i f i c a n t reduction in

the popuiatlon o f plant p a r a s i t i c namatodes in di f farant v a r l e -

t i o s o f tomato and CHra, growing togath^r with %, SJiMSSSkM*

Karonan 11973) reported that root-Knot i n f a s t a t i o n on okra was

consideradbly reduced v hen grown together with T, qrec^^ or

'i,* D^tula. Alain a l Ai» (1577) reported that Intercul tur ing o f

T^q^t;eq with c h i l l i and egg-plant and tnargosa s eed l ings with

toirato, and agg-plont reduced the population o f a l l the plant

p a r a s i t i c nematodes and p a r t i c u l a r l y the soot-ltnot nematode.

Gommars (1972) reported that HelenJ^um s p , Linn.

G a i l l a r d i a s p , Fouger., Taoate^ patu;,fj reduced the popultttion

of P^ t.Yl» ?>c M^ £Sn§lrg!13' 4< YA n<?h g ^B^a<?4 (^uhn, 1&57)

F i l i p j a v , 1938 and H^t^r^d'^ya matoch iens ia Wollanwebar, 1923.

Goiwners (1973) obtained a var ie ty of compounds from the roots

of these p lants such as Isothiocyanatas« Thiophanics, g lycosldaa,

a lKalo ides , phenol ics and fa t ty a c i d s . He a l so i s o l a t e d a

nematic ldal p r i n c i p l e fxon hybrids of HftiLSQjJiC* Moerheim beauty

as Pentaynene and bensofuran c l o s e l y re la ted t o nematicide

caxbofuran.

Cohn and Mordechai (1974) reported that T. p^tul^ along

with predacaous nematodes, Hvtonchyluf s4qin4^\m reduced the

population of TY^OTg^VlM semipen^tyy^f Cobb, 1913. on c i t r u s

s e e d l i n g s . Hackney and DicKerson (1975) reported s i g n i f i c a n t l y

low population of M. AflgognAtj and yratvlim<?l^iif jUftOl m s o i l

10

around tha coots o£ marigold (^iSftScU JKftStMlA) * c a s t o r bean

(Rlcinwa gQiMBMnia L i n n . ) , and £laCY««"t> fltWWff »P« rather than

tomaco. ©ublna {1976) reported that T . Jifl^sjj WM «<?ualiy

a f f e c t i v e for the csontrol of £ . igqt"a^''«"» In ^^«« n u r s e r i e s .

Alam sn;!^ jgj . (1975) reported that ex trac t s from one month

o l d s eed l ings o f margosa (A^^c^rachta laSiSd Jx i ss . ) , and

marigold {t^^^%^^ s p . ) were t o x i c t o H^p^Qt jliwyg JoaLffMa ^^'^t,

196 3; Hat|qQty^qn<;h\}a j |?.<i4<;;tta Slddiqui , 1963« H^tYif???^"!^!

raq^forwis Linford and 01iveira« 1940, Tylqnc^horhvnchuq

bf i i s s i cae S idd ig i , 1961, Tvlenchus aj,4fQym4S Butsch l i , lb73

and K. ^.ncoqnit^. Alam g^jSi j^i, (1976) further rerortad that roct

exudates of mustard (Bj^asilSJi ^amp stipia i L inn . ) , and rocket-

sa lad (sruca sqti,v^ H i l l . ) viere h ighly t o x i c t o a var i e ty of

nematodes. The axudatas of rocket -sa lad were more t o x i c than

t h a t of -us tard . Sgunjobi gSk Mk* (1976) sxKjgestad that ex trac t s

of neem (4gpi c ,rac;!htf ^ndica) l eaves have adverse e f f e c t on

population of Pratvlqnchus bry^hvuru^ (Godfrey, 1929) F i l i p j e v

ttitid SfhuuxiRtfis SteldK>ven, 1941 on maise.

Nematicldal propert ies of e x t r a c t s of various plant parts

have been reported by several workers (Yadav, 197o> Sukul, 1972

Sukul ^ ^ , . 1974f F i l i a l ^ j ^ . 1975f P i l l a i tfid Dasal, 1976) .

t o contro l a var ie ty of plant p a r a s i t i c nematodes.

Rhoades (1975) reported the e f f e c t o f Indioof^yf MiaSUil

l*lnn., in reduction of ftttongjilff^ Jgl^q^^aM^tm »au, 1958,

II

H^loldOQvna lnc?9qr>t^ft and M. IflVyiffj (rraub. I6fa5) Chitwood

19 49 In th© f i e l d o£ c#-bage# euciasbsr and sitap-baan.

Linford jaJi ^ . (lC*3fc) usod choffacl rin<5-ar.pla laavaa for

s a t i s f a c t o r y c o r t r c i of root-Knot nsmstodes. Van rtar Laan

(1956) w i i l a api-lying for.—yc»rd nanure and compost in the s o i l

found s i g n i f i c a n t control of H^t ?rcd<^rq rogtochiansis

Wollenweb^r, 1923, in potato f i a l d s . Unce than considarabla

l l t a r a t u r a providing avidenco cor tha b3nef3Cial a f f e c t s of

orqanic an*.3n<an3nt has baen r3ViewQd.

B s n e t i c i a l a t f a c t s of oil-caK-^s t o tha s o i l have baan

reported by dl^-farent workarg, i<^ar {19£>9) refortad that the

population of Ha£-LEa^aEa rostochlQnsJ,?. H. schacht i i Scheldt,

1L71 was reducisd in tha s o i l amended with cas tor poc^ace.

Hankau (19S7) a l so showed c o n s i d e r ^ l a decrease in the nuirber

of fYXf»^g^ttl^ ?t"?tMqg^ftflg Cobb, 1913 and HeloidQavne s p .

Goeldi , Ifab? by the addition of cas tor powiace in tha s o i l .

Sirgh (196&, 69) reported that in ^ot experiments Karanj cake

(Pono^J^f glabra vent . ) reduced root-knot development on tomato

by about 50% at low f i e l d doses and by about 100% at high doses .

Singh and Sitarairaiah (1971) suggested that o l - cakes of

Margosa (^ftdUdfiJl^ XSk^iSM *3uss.), Castor (MSlOltt COTF fflif ^inn

12

Paa-nut (Ay^chl^ hvpoaaea Linn.) , Fiustard (BX92il£i iW<Stfl

L i n n . ) , Fahua (Kgdhuca 4n<|i,Cf Gwal.) and LlnsaacUlilXlMffi

yf;t,^^^4.f»iwuin L inn . ) , a f f e c t i v a l y contro l l ed root-Rnot In fec ­

t i o n on oKra and tomato.

Gowda (1972) , Gowda and Satty (1S73) U3< d cas tor , qroiind-

DUt, hangs, naeir «nd r.igar o i l caKas in toiroto t l a l d , and found

consld^rabla decrease In nuirb^r and ga l l ing o£ K^^94doavna

Incognita (Kofcid and »-.ftit3, VaW) Chltwood, 1949 end Increased

plant growtii. Ooswai^i and Swarup (1S>72) recorded c o r s i d e r ^ l ^

reduction in tiio x-opuiation of ^ . 4ncoqinit.§ and increase in the

growth o i tomcto by appl icat ion of o i l - c a k a s of l inseed ,

rrargosa, ground-nut ex\d Karenj. nrivc-stava 3£ ^ . (1972)

reported that naan;, cas tor , l i n s s e d , mustard and oroundhiut oJ 1

caKas had an advarse e f f a c t on the fopu l - t lon of « . tqyyi lcq

(Traub, IbfaS) Chltwood, 1949 and o a l l formation on tomato and

b r i n j a l . Conaidaracla reduction in th© population of p a r a s i t i c

nerratodaa around the roots of wheat by the appl icat ion of cas tor

o i l - c a k e has a l so been reportad by t^ishra and Prasad (1974) .

Khan t i AL' (1969) , Kobin and Khan (1969) , Saxena a t Mk-

(1971) , Khan fl^ j j . . (1972), '•han tfc ^ i . (1973), Khan fli j ^ .

(1974) , Alam g^ j ^ , (1975) , Khan a i j ^ . 11S76) reported that

s o i l amended with niahua caKe, cas tor ca>e, mustard ca)(e, nee

cake and groundnut caK« reduced the population of wide variety

o f nematodes in alnost a l l the vegetables «nd even perennial

crops .

13

At Aligarh, tha work carr ied out on a f f l cacy of o i l -

caksa and d e - o i l e d cakss (by treat ing with gettoleum ethar

or organic solvent) against nemritodes with saira resul ta in

both cases aucq^sted that i t i s not fa t ty ac id which play

ro le in reduction in {.opulation of nematodes but soir^^thing

a l s e . {Khan ^ i i i . 1966) .

Khan ^ ^ . (1974) observed that water solxdala fract ions

of o i l - c a k a s and cer ta in b i t t e r p r i n c i p l e s of neatn v i z . ,

Mmbidln and Thionlrwjno ware t o x i c to Hpp] Q <; i,niuq ind^cuf

Shor, 196 3; aQtvlancl^ul^tis i;-» nii orpj )y L,inford and Ol ive ira ,

19 40, Tyl^enchorhynchus brasaicaa ard K. l E S s a E i ^ . Similarly ,

Bgxinjobi and Afolanl (197b) raportad that water soliibl<3

e x t r a c t s of neeir. leaves ware t o x i c to Pri^t^v^^nchua brachvuyvtf

(Godi::. , , 1929) f i l i p j e v and Schuurmans Stekhovan, 1941 on

rr.ai ze •

Green wanurino -

This i s conventional prac t i ce that green plantst^en

allowed to grow in the f i e l d , enriched the s o i l and a l so proved

t o be a source of f a r t i l i z e r . Duddington afc j ^ , (1961) , Hams

and wi lkins (1961) found out that green manuring was e f f e c t i v e

j&i'nematodes and at the same time increased the growth of p l a n t s .

Mankau (1966) reported control of root-knot, Weioideovne s p .

Ooeldl , 1867 by appl icat ion of a l f a l f a as green manure.

14

Yuharft (1971) In Japan appliad Cf^a^tfgft ap^^tt^^tUff

Roth, wild marigold, KantucHy b lue gxst^9 as graon wanura in

sugacbaat £ ia ld and tound s i g n i f i c a n t decraasa in population

of H. hapla Chltwood, 1949, oohnson (1^72) foimd out that

crop rasldues o£ flax# lucema or orchard gresa as green manura

considerably reduced the g a l l i n g of t» ^^<^o^^'^%'^ (Kofoid and

White, 1919) Chitwood, 1*949 on tomato.

Fata l and Oesai (1964) of the f i v e crops usad by them

found that FJ^Ulotus lb<^ var. jmSM^ Desr. , and ,.iffi.irqh"P? YMlgflf^

Pars , ware found to be ©ffactiva in reducing the population o t

root-)aiot nonrjtod©, Singh and Sitaramaiah (1967, 1973)

reported that avan tha loavas of h^i^&di,rachtqt indices Juss i

Casals g^g.fflifl Horbb., C. agq4<^9n^fl3,4g ^aves . , Cffg^alflUO

|uncea L.inn,, and Seabania gpuleata P o i r . considerably decrsas^d

the population of K. ^avyii<;?a (Traub, lfc65) Chitwood, 1949

around the roots of tcirnto.

Mankau (1962) , Hankau and Hinteer (1962) suggested that

in s o i l wiended with a l f a l f a hay, a l f a l f a p a l l e t s , cotton waste,

sugacbeet pulp there was considerable decrease in population of

^Yttr^ghy;^ HffApfffid^yWi Cobb, 1913 and other nematodes as w e l l .

Later Johnson ^ j ^ . (1967) confimmd that when dried tf)d chopped

res idues of a l f a l f a , oa t s «nd f l a x were appl ied in s o i l i n f e s t e d

15

with M^toldPQvn« ^nqocnlta (Kofold and Whlt«, 1919) Chitwood,

1949 on tomato^ tne incl.ianc« of root-Knot o£ tomato was

cor*s ider^ly reduced*

Walker and Spacht (1967) clalmad out that Incidence of

Pri^tvlanchua lanatrans (Cobb, 1'J17) F l i l p j a v and Schuurmana

StaKhoven, 1941 Wr'S s i g n i f i c a n t l y raducad by the aj p l i c a t i o n o f

caraal straw, and buck-whaat h u l l . The appl icat ion o f whaat

straw by Cour and Prasad (l97o) ccnaldardaly decr^aaad tha

population of plant i a r a s l t l c nainatodaa. Johnson (1974)

suggastad that a aubst&nca was roleasad from tha matura driad

ont straw aflnd loav»3S and atain sagmant of £lax# which was probably

rasponslbla for th9 control of Hgloidoovna :^ncoon^t^^ (Kofcid

an Hliita, 1919) Chitwood, 1949.

/•anancllnr tha s e l l with sawdust has a l so givan arcouraglrq

r e s u l t s as reported by silnyh and Sitararralah (1«*57) and

Sri vast ava ^ Jii* (1971) to control root-)«not nematode.

Sitaramaiah ^ Ak» (1974) ornilnned that ex trac t s of sawdust

when applied in s o i l was equally t o x i c to tha larvae and feioalas

ot « . iavanica (Traito, Ihbb) Chitwood, 1949.

Walker and Specht (1967) reported that Pratvli^icht^

pqnatran^ could be contro l l ed by the appl icat ion of t rae bark.

Sikore AJt AL* (1973) used rice-husk and suqerc«ie bagasse for

e f f e c t i v e control of Meloidpgvne j^yfni,qf (Traub, 1665) Chitwood,

1949 on tomato.

16

Mi l l ar jjt jul, (1973) raported that nuiMber o£

fYl^f^c^^v"^*'^* <;ifutoi,i3|B (Butschll« lfc73) Thome, 1949 «nd

pya|tfvlfnch\i3 gfp^t^ry^f was radueod vhan i syce l ia i rasldua £XOIR

tha commtiml production o£ a n t i b i o t i c s and c i t r i c acid,

c a l l u l o s i c wastes , from pai^or and c h i t i n wara sdxed in s o i l ,

Malak and Gartnar (197b) raportad that incori:«}ration o t

hard-wocd br rk with s o i l in r a t i o s o£ 4 i l , 2 i l , I t l and It 2

graat ly raduced the incidenca ot root-knot caused by

MQ],o^doqvna Uacla Chitwcod, 1949 and H, 4nc9cn^t;,^ on tomato.

Hana and v i i k i n s ( lv6 l ) fotmd that v^on £arn«yard inanura

was appliad to tha s o i l tha re was reduction in nematode nunft^ers

and incrs^a^Q in qrowth o t p l a i t s as w e l l . Kollsn (19S4)

reported s i g n i f i c a n t contro l of plant p a r a s i t i c nairatctos by

tha amplication o£ £annyard manure.

Heald and Burton (1966) reported that tha organic

ni trogen in tha £onR o t sewage sludge reducad the population o£

RalgRQlftlBma lOT^^qOTfla^^ ^au, 1958 and Hvpscparina crawdnia

Sledge tftd Golden, 1964 on t u r f g r a s s . Sayre §3;^ j ^ , (1973) and

Habicht (197S) a l so reported thoitsewega slud^as wi tfnendMKits

reduced the incidence o£ coot-knot nematode.

The mechanisM o£ control o£ plant p a r a s i t i c nematodes

d e s p i t e b e s t e f f o r t s on the parts of s c i e n t i s t s t o reso lve i t

has s t i l l xemained an enigna. Some o£ the estpXanation mxm

given belowi

17

1. Tha organic jUitttn<kT!«nt may torn d i r e c t l y txjxlc t o

nanatodas•

2 . Thay incraasa tha population o£ nematoda trapping

fiingl and otTiar mlcrobas such as bact^irla^ protozoa^ mltas

and oth^r predators and paraa l ta s .

3 . Katabol l tas prcducad by nlcrobas during tha decomposi­

t i o n of organic matter iray be t o x i c t o neroatodas,

4 . During the decompoaltlon o£ organic matter tha products

may be t o x i c t o nematodes*

b, Organic eanandmenta may a l t e r tha s o i l ecosystem and

phys ica l and chamlcal jt^^P^^^^s oi s o i l v i s , * s o i l ta]i^perature«

pH« oxygen, nltroqen, carbon dioxide and osmotic balcinca un­

favourable for nematode a c t i v i t y .

6 . Orgwiic amenastants bring about cer ta in physlolOMlcal

changes vhich impart res i s tance to p lants against nematode

a t tack ,

use of inorganic f e r t l i i z e r a t o control plant p a r a s i t i c

nematodes has baen demonstrated by Ote i fa (1953) , o t e l f a and

Dlib (1961) and Helmann (1972) . Al l the workers concluded that

potassium f a r t i l i s e r s resu l ted in increase in host to lervnce

against nematodes. Klrkpatrlc §^ ^ . (1959) observed that the

population of Xiph in^a amaricarnff Cobb« 1913 and Pratvlenehu^

le

Bff^atrans was low en plants traat^d with high €to3« of K, Marks

«nd Sayr» (1964) obsarved a iqr l f i cant reduction in tha deva-

lopw^nt o£ root-ki o t nemato'^le, M« i,iicyqni,t;.f on cuctffliber by

appl icat ion of potasaiuir £ert i l i '^ars .

Krylov and 3hubino (1965) raportad that the appl icat ion

o f r'ln^ral fertilizers («fflirfoniuiii n i trata* superphosphate and

potasaium c h l o r i t e s i g n i f i c a n t l y raiucad the nunft):;rs o f

namatodas in carrot f i a l d . Sin^h and Sitaratnaiah (1967« 69,

71, 73) raportad that the appl icat ion o f inorqanic f e r t i l i z e r s

considaraJbly roducad tha incidance o f K. I^vanica (tretib, letsS)

Chitwood, 1949, and increased the growth of p l a n t s . S indlar ly ,

' a lk r (1969) had shown that by ai p l i c a t i o n of KnO , Ca(NCJ ,

K'H^NO-, (NH.)-(X^, urea and peptone th^re was s i g n i f i c a n t

raduction in population of i.* pgnqt^ryig.

Ross (1959) and Hird (l97o) cba*=irvad that nitrogen

f a r t i l i z : ! r s halpad soybean plants in escaping froir H. aJl^vcif^ff

Ichinoha, 1952. Krylov (1972) raportad that by appl icat ion o f

nitrogenous f a r t i l i z . r s the incidence of DitY^gncphiff daatrue^oy

Thome, 1945 was minimi7ed on po ta toes . Scot to , La Kassese

UB ^ * (1973) reported that by appl icat ion o f high doses o f

nitrogen there was oanaidarable reduction in the population of

T Y U P ^ n v m ICrWlBfftt^TlRt Cobb, 1913 in c i t r u s orchard.

Kurten and Kemper (1974) s tudied comparative e f f i c a c y

of anhydrous amnonia and calcium amnonium n i t r a t e in aiq;ypc«ssing

19

th« population o t .Cft1iYtH» *\Sft ggOTil fVl ^oot» I960 and feund

that thor* was rapid reduction in population of nttmatodoa

with tho addition of anhydrous airnnonia, howevor* tha o££act

did not l a s t £or long. S i n c l a i r (1<;75) rajortad a f fac t lva

control o£ £• cqn^<; rani when uraa was appliad in tha f i e l d .

Mi l lar (1975) reported that tha uaa o t urea at th^ rate o l 1,0

and 0.2Ac3[ s o i l and case in and airino acids at tha rate o f

6g/Kg wore t o x i c t o i.* £^&3&£fiaS' rYttnc?hQyhYnch^|^ <?fe;iua

(Butsch l i , lfa73) F i l l p j a v , 1936 and HQclolaiffUs Sp. Daday 1905|

ha a l so reported that at tha rate of 1.5 and 4,5g/Kg s o i l

considerably raduced the population o f nematodes.

Upadhyay (ls*69) raportacJ that although potassltam aulph^ta,

suparphosphat*? and urea wate good enough to reduce the popula­

t i o n of n^mato sea but urea was moat e f f e c t i v e in radvcing the

ruirtoer of nfflwatodas. Kishra and Prasad (1974), and {^rasad a t sX-

(1974) deserved considerable reduction in the population of

Halicotvlancliva s p . s t e i n ? r , 1945, TYlarchorhynchua ap. Cobb,

l i - n and PCt^YlOTCnva «P. F i i i p j e v , 1936 by tha a p l i c a t i o n of

inorganic f a r t i l i x a r s .

Several fungi, bac ter ia , v irusas and oth^r miccoorganiams

have baan employed in c o n t r o l l i n g plant p a r a s i t i c nematodes.

Li terature pertaining to b i o l o g i c a l control have been reviewed

(Sayre, 1971).

20

Duddington 3^ ^ , (19S6) noted that gagtiYtftUft ^ttaWftftll

v«s i ^ i « t o suppress population o i potato root s a l w o m . Later

Jonas and wllUsms 11956) qave inconclus ive r e s u l t s when

predaceous fungi ware t r i a d against Hft^^nqderqi g2a Q '2lffiy>y4ff,

Kollenwebar, 1923 ar-d H. qc^hachti^ ^chnidt, l b 7 1 . Cooke (1962)

while i n v e s t i g a t i n g the reltftionship bstwoen the fungi, nematodes

and orgafiic w.^ttQr ha pos tu l t ed that , as a r e s u l t of addition

of organic mtitter to the s o i l , tho nasiatode-trarring fiingi ara

s t l : u latad f i r s t of e l l in saprophytic coirpatl t i ion with o ther

oirganismsi only aft:sr the coinpetitiorj has bscoip^ in tense and

the n3n tode population hes b u i l t up, Jo th^ pradaceous funqi

bagin t o feed on nematodes, subsequently severa l nematode

trapping funqi have bnen t r i a d to control Aphg^Jrenchus §vqn«|^

Bast lan , IbSb (I'ainura, 1571) / H. rostQChiensia Belokurskaya

Sa^re (1973) revert ?d t h a t ILheEaJ^^XlEa yfberi> an amoeba

as agent for b i o l o g i c a l control o£ K. lncoqn4|tf and Hetaro<|fy§

t yi fi ^^ Goffart , 1932 (Costenbrink, 1949) and larvae and adults

o£ Hlhfti^n^mi JYtaaS •^^ «ff^Y4aF^g^m¥l nanifonrAa Linford and

O l i v e i r a , 1940.

Protoaoal paras i t e s l i k e gyjj^QfqqHla Wf^tlifflRl «nd

Bo«|oqjHj| ^^m tt* •Qonts for b i o l o g i c a l control of plant pare-

• i t l e nenatodes have been reported (Canning^eiisabeth, 1973) .

21

Bund and Van Dan (1972) ob-ssrvad predatory action of

mltas , collentooia and Acarina for contro l l ing Tvi^^nchgrhynchua

»p. Cobb, 1913; Pyatvianchwg s p . F l l i p j e v , 1936, and

R^tvlan^hu^ua s p , ijlnford and C l i v e l r a , 1940,

Bacter ia can be l o tha l agants to nematcdas l i k e

^^ptifqnaroa yr»arlc^\«ii Cobb, 1913 as raportad by Adaaia «id

Blchanmullar, (19 36) wara ln£<?3t2d with Pqiau<|oinonf|8 s p .

IlzuHa aJt jai. (Ife62) rracordad that caiX-trea ax trac t s o f a

Pffttt^jomona^ s p . caused a high morta l i ty of Ht^^Q^^gynf s p .

Katznalson a£ ^ . (196/,) report:'d that two I s o l e t e a of

myxobactars ^3C@ responsible t o l y s e free l i v i n g nematodes.

Cayrol (1974) reported that B^clJfi,us t^hurj|,nq4,en3i,q tojdna t o

contro l Pt^Yi?"C*^^a P?Yg^tl,9B^«q^?. •J. 3 . Goodey, 1956.

Loewanberg ^ ^ . (1959) raportod the ex i s t ence of a

v irus in K. incooriti^ that caused larva l s luggishness and «i

in iOsi l i ty to g a l l s .

Predaceous nematodes are one of the moat important

natural agencies attacking plant p a r a s i t i c nematodes. Many of

the large Oorylaims and Mononchida and a l so some Seinur^ s p .

are e f f i c i e n t nematode predators .

CULTURAL PRACTICSS -

Control of plant p a r a s i t i c nematodes other than physical

and chemical methods has ^\ren recognit ion In d i f f erent parts

22

of th« %K>rld. The various cultural practicos includ* £allow«

flooding, crop-rotation* cover crops« organic manuring, trap

crop8« antagonistic crops, sanitatl<»n, mlyed cropping,

inorganic £3rtili7:'>rs, organic amandinantscuad usa of raaisttfit

fa rl a t l a s .

From tha abov<9 i t i s c lear that vary l i t t l e attention has

bean paid to control plant parasit ic nematodes by cultural and

land-iT»anagaroent practicas. I t i s a l l the mora necessary whan

there i s a trend to adopt integrated control programme. Hence

attempts wi l l be made to study the following}

1. Effectj^wataring on the eff icacy of naraaticides and

oi l-cakgs for tiia control of plant parasit ic nematodes and the

rhixosphere fungi.

2. s f fact of ditf3r'int methods of Incorporating oi l -cakes ,

jnorganic f er t i l i z er s and nematicides on th-air efficacy in

controll ing p la i t parasit ic nematodes.

3. Effect of differant cropping sequences or multiple

cropping integrated with nenaticidal treatment.

4. Effect of green manuring and f e r t i l i s e r s including

oll^caKes on the population of plant parasit ic nematodes.

5 . Effect of o i l -cakes , green manuring, and nematicides

when integrated on the population of nematodes.

6 . studies of phenols in inoculated plants treated with

o i l -cakes and nematicides.

MATKRIALS Al D METHODiSf

Katural iy infes ted s o i l for mis^d population and two

nainatoda qen«ra v i z . , fvlenchorh\iichua I?y§s|is4<;ae Siddtlqi 1961

and Ht^l^oidQavtie i,nco<^nita (Kofold & bhi te 1919) Chitwood 1949

wi l l be se lec ted to design experlmants in order t o study the

d i f ferent aspacta as indicated e a r l i e r . Likewise, four

tegotabla crops, tomato (i^yfSyp^gflgg'? lYC<3R' ' c4.<? ffl ^» Cv.

«argloba) , egg plont {Solar MB we^Q^qqa^^ i.lnn. Cv. puaa purple

long), okra (Abaliwschus ^sculentusj i».) and c h i l l i , caiP3ic\w>

yinuiw L, Var N P - •^A, wi l l be unad as t e s t p lan t s and t h a l r

seedl ings wi l l b© ra ised in autoclavad s o i l .

Raising of Pure Culture « To ra i se the pure cu l tu re of

X» bir^Ss»iC!aq s o i l wi l l be coll 'scted frorr the f ie ld heavily

In fes ted with nematodes, i so l a t i on wi l l be done by OostanbrinK's

e l u t r i a t a r (i960) method. The suspension wi l l be t rans fe r red

t o the ctotsbla t i s s u e paper moxmted on coarse s ieve of 50 iiwsh

placed over the Baanrann funnel. The nematode wi l l be co l lec ted

a f t e r 24 hours. The dtesired newatoite species wi l l be picked up

by nematode picking device (Khan j ^ j ^ . 1972) and wi l l be

tr«tinsforred in the autoclaved pots having caul i f lower seed l ings .

In order to maintain the pure cu l ture of M. 4qcqqr(i,^§

egg masses wi l l be co l lec ted frorr heavily ga l led egg p l « ) t

r o o t s . These egg masses wi l l be kept on t i s s u e paper mounted

24

on coarstt s lava in enawQl t r a y . I t w i l l be kapt for 46 hours

for hatching of larvae* The freshly hatched larvae w i l l be

inoculated in 10* c lay parts having 6-8 weeks o ld egg plant

s e e d l i n g s . Aft^r two months in microplots* th® small p ieces

of these roots would be burrisd in s o i l around the root sons

of egg plant s e e d l i n g s .

I^<;;>j,gtion o t nematodes -

X» by^sgic'aqi w i l l be i s o l a t e d firom the s o i l o f rdcro-

p l o t s by s laving and Baerroann funnel technique. Nematode

population w i l l be counted with the help of counting dish

(South^y, l97o> . In the sanie way Rixed population of newatoc^ss

from natural ly in fa s tad f i a l d of caulif lovter w i l l be i s o l a t e d .

The inoculm of K. incogni ta w i l l ba obtained from the

egg masses from g a l l e d roots of egg p l a n t . They w i l l be kept

on t i s s u e paper mounted on the course s lave and w i l l be Kept

for 4b hours and freshly hatched larvae w i l l be c o l l e c t e d .

tnOgyrtal ^OQ g^ .n»Pfl*fg<3tt - inoculat ion w i l l be done* when

s e e d l i n g s would become 15-30 days o l d . The hol^s, 2-'2* deep

around the p lants within a radius of 0.5**, w i l l be made md

ca l cu la t ed quantity of nematode suspension w i l l be transferred

with the help of s t e r i l i s e d p i j e t t e . After t h i s , holes w i l l be

plugged.

25

For the c^9QrvatlcMn ot gto^ttth charactara, fresh weight«

lanqth o£ root and shoots o£ p lants and dry weight from each

treatirant w i l l be racorded. In cas9 o£ WQloidoqvnqi s p , ,

root-krot Index w i l l a l so be detenrdned as fol lows (Khan g^ ql^

1971) .

0 « M l

1 m L igh t

2 m l odarate

3 «• Heavy

4 ts aover©

Populotion of each namatoaa ^raclas w i l l b' rjcordad

from the suspension obtelr.ed iron: thf? 200 gm s e l l obtained

frorr. each treatment. I'he population o f Beloldogyna 3p«« w i l l

a l so be determined from roots# oy blending of 5 gm roots from

each treatrfient In a waring blendor. I t w i l l be operated for

«^out 30 seconds. This susp^^nslon w i l l be Kept en t i s s u e

paper mounted on coarse s i e v e , which la being Kept In enamel

t r a y . I t w i l l be Kept for afocut 24 hours. The all-juotea w i l l

then be t r ^ s f e r r a d Into a baaK«9r and 5 ml from t h i s w i l l be

counted under Sterioif lcroscope. For T . by^s^iqai^ ar.d mixed

population of nematodes the nematode suspension w i l l be d i r e c t l y

counted at the time of Inoculat ion as wel l as termination of the

experiment.

26

^{ff^^ of watarlna on tha e f t i c a c v c£ • i l - c « k a « and nwaatlcidaa .

During the appl icat ion of o i l - c a k a s v i z . , cas tor ,

( a i S l Q ^ gQPTOWia ^•) Mustarttd, ( B f l f l g f t ffffffipgnfia ^O

> ««R>. {Aa^adi,^chta MiS^SM ^uaa.) Mahua, (H.ftd t?.g,8 lEdlSA ^RWl*)

and Grouindnut iJiJ£^ShiM f>VPoq<j> ft 2 *) added at tha rate of Ig

nitrogen per Kg (autociavad s o i l ) and nernatlcidas Furadan -

3G, 5% iiogor C, and thiiinat - IQO will h& added in s o i l . There

i s no iniormtion as to how n.uch watar should be added in orttor

to get tnaxlinuin e f t i c a c y of nsmaticides axid o i l - c a H e s . Aft^r

treatment with nswet ic ides o r airanded with o i l - caHes the f i e l d

w i l l be watared without taKiny i n t o considerat ion tha amount of

water t o be ad !ad for obtaining b e s t r e s u l t s . The p l s n t s w i l l

be t reated aa fol lows -

A- S o i l woistura of moisture holding capacity (r^.H.c.)

B- Additional water equlvalant to *^.H,C, applied three

times a day.

C- Additional water equivalent t o h^.H.C. ap{.^iQd

3- t imes once in 3> days.

Fungi w i l l be i s o l a t e d from the rhisosphere of the t e s t

pljints a f t e r the termination of experiment. For t h i s analys i s

p lants w i l l be care fu l ly removed and brought to the laboratory

in s t e r i l e conta iners . The p lants w i l l be shaken to remove

s u ^ r f l u o u s s o i l from the root s y s t s n . Under asept i c condit ions

27

•aeh plant w i l l be taK«n from i t s contain«r and w i l l be placed

In a s t e r i l e g l a s s j l a t e . The root syatom w i l l be spread out

and the s o i l p a r t i c l e s liticKing t o the coot 8ur£ace w i l l be

removed. The amount o£ s o i l thus obtained w i l l be placed in

s t e r i l i z e d p e t r i d l s h a s . Th^ s o i l w i l l be transferred with a

8 t e r i l i z » d f l a t t e r e d t i p ot a naedla in patridi9has containing

10 irl . o€ 3tairiliz«3d irwltad end cooled peptone dextrose agar

rredium* (Parkinson, 1957) .

•Agar 20 gm.

KHj O^ 1.0 gin.

Kg SC^,7H20 0 .5 qm.

Peptone 5 .0 qm.

Oextroso lo.O gm.

O i s t i l l s d v.atar lOOO.O ml.

iiose Benqal 1 t 30 ,000.

streptomycin 30 /uq . /wl ,

or

Aureonycin 2 Aiq . / m l .

(Martin, 1950} (uohnson, 1957)

The p e t r i p l a t e s w i l l be rotated before the s o l i f i c a t i o n

of agar in order to disperse the s o i l p a r t i c l e s evenly . After

pouring and inocu la t ing , the p e t r i p l a t e s w i l l be ir/cubeted at

28®C and the fungi which w i l l develop a f t er one week, w i l l be

examined and i d e n t i f i e d . The frequency of fungi w i l l be

c a l c u l a t e d by the following formula}

28

Total p la ta s poured *

In ordar t o detacMne the pepui«;tio6« thcs s o i l held on

flatt«n<9d t i p o t a neadla w l i i ba transfarrad to oach p l a t « .

Latar tti<» av'iraga v/elght of each trar.at^r wlii, be clataciriined,

subsequently the population w i l l be dateordned by counting

the nuR^ ;r o£ co lon ie s developed i n o i l p la tas and then t r a n s ­

ferr ing t h i s f igure to the nunt^er of co lon ic s t o hs developed

in ona gram of s o i l .

For detamdning tha ra lnt iva atundanca of the fungi the

formula suggested by Kclean and Ck>ol (1957) ic^ill be employedt

T.gt§; AQ%..9t <;^AOT^1?? ofc f^^q"? « loo Tota l no . of co lonias of| the fungi * *^^

QJUL

K f ^^ <?£ .^nQnjyij^g. ^SgntUa^giSi "

Inorganic f e r t i l i z a r s in the tcrrt of Different do-ses of

K.F.K. w i l l be given in the {ota and aa v^ell as in f i e l d .

F e r t i l i z e r s w i l l be given in s i n g l e dosa or s p l i t t a d dose with

the o i l -caKes tfid nenat lc idas simultaneously in the presence of

host crop. The population of the nematodes w i l l be determined

at d i f f erent I n t e r v a l s , The growth of host plant w i l l a l so

be determined! t h i s would give an idea for the in tegrated approach

of inorganic f e r t i l i s e r s .

The stew, leaves and flowers of Leguaiinous plant w i l l be

incorporated in the s o i l i n f e s t e d with plant p a r a s i t i c nematodtis

29

in th9 f i « l d at t h e i r d i f ferent age. Other treatrnents w i l l be

as fo l lows!

a) Orecin manurinq with inorganic f e r t i l i z e r s .

b) Gr«en traruring v^ith o i l - c a k e a .

c) Graen mar uring with nematicidas.

Tha i n i t i a l and f ina l population w i l l b^ detarmined

a t tar d i f f srgnt i n t e r v a l s o£ decomposition,

^qt^icn^Ugn .Q^ Ph nQJ g -

'5hoot and roots o f a l l th9 plantfj of aech rep l i ca te w i l l

i « powdi^rad separate ly in an e l e c t r i c grindar ar J s isv^d t'lmugh

So mesh pora s i s a s i e v e . :ii'3vad powder w i l l be kept in p l a s t i c

tub-73 and stored in re f r igera tor .

Phenols w i l l be extracted followinq the mthod of Piehn

a t ^ . (19Tfa) and estiniated by u-^ing Fol inc icocal toau reagent

(Bray and Thorpe, 1954) . Fo i inc ioca l taau reagent w i l l be

prepared by d i s so lv ing lOOg of sodiiun tungstate and 25 g of

sodium inolybdate in 7oo ml double d i s t i l l e d water. To the above

s o l u t i o n 50 ml of bb% phosphoric acid and 100 ml of concentrated

hydrochloric acid w i l l be added. I t w i l l be then rafluxed for

10 hours. Later ISO gm. of l i thium sulphate 5o ml. of double

d i s t i l l e d water and few drops of l i q u i d bromine w i l l be added.

The mixture w i l l then be b o i l e d over a free flame for i^>out 15

minutes t o remove excess of bromine. I t w i l l be cooled at room

30

temperature and d i lu ted to lOOO wl. and f i l t e r e d . I f necessary.

I t s norwality wi l l be adjusted to IN before use .

For estimating t o t a l phenols an standard curve wi l l be

p lo t t ed using parac reso l .

Tan mg o i paracresol wi l l be dissolved in 100 ml. of

60% a thanol . One ml. Of t h i s solut ion wi l l be d i lu tad by fcO%

e tha ro l to maKa I t upto 10 ml. From t h i s solut ion 0 . 1 , 0 .2 ,

0 . 3 , 0 .4 , 0 .5 , 0 .6 , 0 .7 , o.fc, 0.9 and 1.0 ml, solut ion wi l l be

t r a n s f e r r e d to t e s t tvtijgs and the volume wi l l be made uptc

1 ml. by adding required amourt of fc0% athanol . Two drops of

concentrated hydrochloric acid w i l l be added and the solut ion

w i l l bo heated over a flame, avoiding ov^r hea t ing . Thereafter

1 ml. of If. Foilnclocaltoau reagent and 20 ml, of 4% sodlxim

carbonate wi l l b-? added ana wi l l be l e f t for 20 r i n u t ^ s , c ^ t l c a l

densi ty (0 . D.) wi l l be measured by Uilnq Bausch & Lomb

spect ronic ZO-coiorimater at 560 nm against a rgagent blank,

A graph batwean di f ferent concentrat ions of paracresol and O.D.

w i l l be p lo t ted which wi l l be a s t r a i g h t l ine and wi l l serve as

a standard curve.

For estimating t o t a l phenols, 100 mg dried powdered

mater ia l wil l be boll«ed with b ml. of £o% athanol for 15

minutes on water ba th . I t wi l l be allowed to cool . The solu>

t l on wi l l then be centrlfuged for 5 minutes at 3000 rpm. The

a lcohol ic ex t rac t wi l l be taken out and wi l l be made upto 10 ml.

by adding 80% e thanol . To 1 ml, of t h i s so lu t ion , 1 ml Folin-

31

c ioca l taau reagent, 2 drops of concentrated hydrochloric ac id

and 20 ml. 4% sodium carbonate w i l l bo added. Optical densi ty

w i l l be maaaurad. Concantratlon to t o t a l fhenol** w i l l be

c a l c u l a t e d from the standard curve by reading the values of O.D.

p'^ffim^t^t^n 9 f 9]^hy«^4h^Y^r^yy t^.henols -

Estimation o f o-dihy..toyv pbanola w i l l ba ma 5e followinq

tha P'>thod of vTohnaon and Schaal (195 2) using Amows reagent,

rho following 3 s tock so lu t ions w i l l be prBpar«d.

1 . 0.51-; hydrochloric ac id .

2 . K i t r i t e G:olybdata reagent* 10 gm o t sodiuns inolybdata

w i l l be d i s so lved in 100 n l . o l d i s t i l l a d wator.

in t h i s so lu t ion lo gm of sodium n i t r i t a w i l l be

d i s s o l v e d .

3 . IK aodiiMti hydroxide*

For obtaining standard curv3 lo mg o£ catechol w i l l be

d i s so lved in lOO ml of bO% a l coho l . One ml of t h i s so lut ion

w i l l again be d i lutad t c 10 ml. by adding a lcoho l . Different

a l iquotes ( 0 , 1 , 0 . 2 , 0 . 3 , 0 . 4 , 0 . 5 , 0 . 6 , 0 . 7 , O.fa, 0 .9 and

1.0 ml.) from t h i s so lut ion w i l l be taken and the f ina l volume

in each c^se w i l l be adjusted to 1 ml. by adding a l coho l . To

each o t the 1 ml. o f jribove so lu t ion 1 ml. of 0.5N HCl and 1 ml.

of n i t r i t e molybdate reagent w i l l be added. As a r e s u l t of

t h i s , yel low colour w i l l deve lop . To t h i s yel low coloured s o l u ­

t i o n 1 ml. o f IN NaOH w i l l be added. Now the f ina l volume w i l l

^2

b« adjuated to i rol. by adcHnq d i s t i l l e d water. Th« yellow

colour wi l l now be ch-inuad to rad. This rsd colour wi l l be

r0Ad in Bausch arid iiowb Sj^actronlc "20 -> coiorlinatQr a t

530 nw against a raacent blank and the op t i ca l denaits wi l l

be net 3d. '» qraf?i wi l l t a f l o t t ed , wh'ch wi l l ba obtalrcsd

as a s t r a l . ' . t l i n e .

Fcr ^stiniuting C-dlhydroKy pharols ircn pl%?nt nr^tarial,

loo IPC! aach o£ powderad t^atarial w i n bo t r3a t3d i.or lo hra

with £ ml. c t patroiaurr - c3th ,>r to raniove t.>tty acl'ls arsd

Irttar c^n t r i tug id c>t 3000 rptt to r^rr'ova f,3troi3U!r gthar. The

r s i U9 thus obtained wi l l be ^ytractod with to',; bolllnc^

athanol by haat i rg ovar a wat-^r bath ior 15 irlnutas, I'hla wi l l

bc» aqaln c in t r l iuqad at 300 rpin ana tha f i l t - j ra t^ thus coil«iCt-»d

w i l l hit tra.ftjd v l th ch,.rcoal to rarrovs chlorophyll in case of

s h e e t s . The i l n a l voluma o l the a lcchc i lc l i l t a r a t e wi l l ba

a iju^t'2d to lo tr.l. o i addlno the rqquirad amount o£ bO% e t h a r c l .

One ml o t each o. ttf 1?3 obtained auov > wi l l b^ ta>«i to

5 ml, celibrat<3d t a s t tub^s to wrich rsagants (1 r i . c i 0,bh HCl

• 1 ml. rrolytodat,* n i t r i t e raaqent f 1 n l . ot IK t aOH + water to

rta^kB tha t ina l volume 5 ml.) wi l l ba added and the op t i ca l

densi ty wi l l be noted in tha parnar described, lotd. o-di -

hydroxy phenols wi l l be ca lcula ted from the standard curve.

33

Chromatcgraphlc sajLaraticn of I rd iv idua l phanols j nd

0-dlhydroxy phancls wi l l be car r ied out by foliowlr'j the

irathod o t Hampton llfj52) .

Saparation wi l l bs ca r r ied cut on .Tiattran l o . 1 l l l t a r

r a j e r 3h^^t3 with n-uutdnolj ac? t lc a d d : wator (4x1:5) as

dascQndin t coivent . Aval labia pharoia af'd phono l i e coirpounds

ar "!: a lcchol lc ay t rac t s oi- aaniples wi l l ba SfCttad 2 cm aj a r t

ire r each oth^r In hor lzor ta l Una , rha foriror wi l l s-^rva as

cH2ck 3h-3jts heivlng thass spota wi l l ba slrrultan^ouily

susp-jncl^d in tha chroratographic cheirb j r I r l-3'»rtlcal cordl -

tJcr.s t o r 10 h r s . n i t a r aovalopir^nt and drying in a i r th-^

ccrrjounds wi l l ba datactad by sprayinq 1... a lcchol ic Farr lc

Chiori'jcs, Tha confounda v i l l b*? i -^nttrled by conxririrq t h j

A. f, valuia v.'lth t h r t o£ checK,

LITSRATURS CITBP

34

Abawl, G. ^, fc' . . F . Kal (1971) . Hoot dl3^a3^s o t t r u l t

in Kewyork S t a t e H I Coi . t ro i o£ LEafe^Aaaghaa

t^ign^trang I r root o t a i p l a , f-aach, paa r and

c h s r r y by fcollnr sp rays with nf3ndticic3s-insec-

t i c i d - a . H^ant i l i s . H a i t r . bit ^17-5 20.

- .'.ani, f'. i .. t •.. ^ . !• ban (1975) . C c r t r o l c 1. phytorematodoa

with o i l - caKa an indn-jnts in a j inach i i - j l d .

Ind ian y,. f g i r a t c j . i (2) s 239-?<0.

/-.lar, »'. ^.., A. i i. i han £ U. *x, '-.avara (lS;73ri), i^t l icacy o i

'VydatQ* OxoR.yl l o r t ha c o n t r o l o t r o o t - k n o t

nerrntode, i,f3JI,oidoqyna j,r c o g n i t ^ on agciplant and oHra,

I n r ^ ^ J . hfsvB%Q\, Jt 14U.152.

t (IS-75), Kvaiuat icn of

nanie^tlcidas t o r t h a c c n t r o i of phytonern^'^tojias,

Ac?tft Bo t . In-i iq^. 2' 79-fcl

Alaw, h, Ki., A. Kaaood anrj S. I . Huialn (197b) . ^.£f3ct of

' -arqoaa and f^r i i jo ld r o o t - e x u i a t js on frjortailty a rd

Xarva>^ hatch of c e r t a i n nmmatodea, Ind ia^ J„ 9{

Sxpgr t t ^i<;„^QqY. 13 (4) t 412-414.

Aiair, h, M., M. H. K i r r e r i 4 A, f.. Khan (1976) , S tudiaa on t h a

r o l e of root-axu-iat js t o r nenatode c o n t r o l b> t h e

i n t e c c u l t u r a o t Kuatared and RocKat-Salad with wheat

and b a r l e y , F a f t i i i z . ; r Tac;hno4ocfY. 1 2 ( 4 ) . 269-292.

3S

Alam, n, n,, S . K. Saxene 4. A. M. Khan 11<#77) . In f lusnca of

i n t a r c u i t u t - a of Ker igoid and Kiargosa with sotro

vage tab lo c«ov^ on p l a n t growth and noroatode

p o p u i a t i c n . .^cta. Bot . l o i l ea . ^ : 33-39.

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Cfn t ro i s bc-rlay root-Knot narrate ia In r u l a l a h a " ,

C a l i f o r n i a fa.riculture. 2A ^^^ * 4-6•

PaioXurakaya, V, l , , u, T , KlltTiaVovaj. i*. A, Sr ujrt, V, j ,

Kosov^irts, \ . t , E'orovtova L l , \f. KatsK-jvich (1 73) ,

Exparlr=?ntal c o n t r o l of p o t a t o nana toda . Hqt;->rc(;3^r^

ro3toch4^r3i^^ by prodaceoua fungi (•f^jlrrinthophnoas) .

V^t ^t,„I,t .^^*}^J^lP^> i i « 2 l - 2 t .

Blshn, . J j , , u , i\uc t K, B, v.'illifitpn ( I t S b ) . Accumulotlcr c t

t h a n o l a i n r e s i s t a n c e p l a n t , lungl I n t a r a c t i o n s ,

Phv tpca tho lyqy . 5fc : 12£l -126o.

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t^«;^Yi^Pgn"tMt ¥^Tl4f9CTiA , of Cot ton . H a n t Dia Rapt^y-

SS : 36 2-365.

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burrowing nairatodaa, Hfl^php^ya l l f f iUiS . P l a n t Di^.

ii9fi&X* Jfi (&)•' 396-399.

B i r d . A. F . (lv7o) . The a f f a c t of n l t r o q e n d l f l c l a r c y en th©

growth of Mf;94(;fr(aYfi^ i a y ^ ^ g ^ a t d lCfaront popu la t ion

36

lavQls . Nqmatoloalca. ifis 13-21.

BoontJ^S/ J . , ^'liy; fc H, Van D^c (1975) . Hot watar troatinent

and disin£<3etion o t l l l l o s . BioantoQllqnqhu4,tuur.

M (21) » 42-3, (NI) from H9.i^j.cu;^t;ura^ Ab t;,yaff a

46s 7656.

Brathwalte, C, ". D. (1974) . '^ttact ofc crop s ^quanc^ and

£aIlo^« on population o£ HQl^vlenchuma y^^4lQi=^4,3

in fuirdgatod and untraated s o i l . Flgnt P i s . Rertr.

5g (3)» 259-261.

Rray, H. G. fc u. V. Thorpa (1954) , iynalysis of Fhanolic

Compounds o t i n t a r a s t in jr^jtabolisM l^eth. Bioch?m.

Angi. It 27-52.

Brazeski , K. ;;. (I i73) . Control of Kqj,oi<joqvn^ hapla Chltw.

on carrot by crop-rot at i o n . In Mat ^y4qtY

c^^nopQlakiQao Ziaaolu War«wvnicgaqo. SKiemla wlca.

Juns 14-15, 1973 (1973) 85-66 .

Bridge, J . (1975) . Hot water traatwant to control plant

p a r a s i t i c namatodas o£ Tropical crops . M^di d^^nqqfn

yw.da.facwHgJ^ fatnd&QVywB^tn-ighipptn,. .m\h§z \mlVtff l t iq | t Gflyit« 40 (2 p t . 1} 249-259.

Brovn, E. B. (1961) . A rotat ional axparintant on land in fe s tad

with potato root-aalwonn, H^ c jpQj i fl roatoehiana^^i

^'oll. NamatoloQif;^ ^t 201-206.

Bund, C. r . Van Oan (1972) . Soma observations on pradatoxy

act ion o£ mitas on namatodas. Zaaavtv ppobl iajMi tyf

37

t'.Q. ttBgy taMls..^i.n^,s;yt>» i22» l o 3 - 1 1 0 .

Canning, S l l s a b a t h , w. (1973) , t r o t o z o a l p a r a s i t e s as agenta

for b l o l o u l c a l c o n t r o l of p l a n t p a r a s i t i c nematodes.

^.gffi^feqtOT^^ai M t 3 ) i 342-34fa.

C a r t a r , K. (1943) . A premis ing n^w s o i l fuiriqant and d i s -

i n f o c t a n t . 3c i9nce . ^fi 3fc>3~3fc4.

C a r t e r , w, , . & 3 , JH, M a t o (197B) . P o p u l . t i o n davalopn-.3nt of

l^q;lo4doqvn^ 4.,riCoqnit^ as i n f l u e c ^ d by c r o p - r o t a t i o n

and fa l low. p,\qt)% Dja^. JJQTM, 52 <&) » 402-403.

CaUbel, n . (1973) . DaRGga t o thg o a r l y growth of inal?o i n

T e s t a m Franca due t o c u l t u r a l rttatho-is and para3itl<9m.

l o t e on t h e stem laalworr of t r a i ee . in '?<?i ncq^

qgQ»s< "!4.qv ^ 4gn»isa/» 225-227 .

Cayro l , J , C. (1974) . Action of i ' aqUlu^ tr>tjri,rqi^n^4ij[ t o x i n s

on t h e rrycophagous vawatod'S, Ditvlqnchug ntvca^^phaqUf

(Ab3tr . ) . In ^yffiEosip I n t e r n a c i o n a l (XII) . Jgg

Spain (1974) 21-22.

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hea t t r e a t m e n t s of n a r c i s s u s b u l b s , Var, Tritawph,

for c o n t r o l of t h e bulb o r stem nematode, Ditvlenchu^

d i p a y ; i . and t h e t o l e r a n c e t o t h i s t r ea tmen t of

n a r c i s s u s b u l b s , Var . King Al f red , ZSS&* ilslM* ^ c .

jflSb, 2 (2) t 76-62 .

36

Chnstift* J . H. *• G, C. Cobb (1940) . Th« • f f l c i e n c y of

w«thylbrorolde fuitdgation against the chryaanthamuw

f o U e r noBiatoda. Ei£S« HslE. ^SS* llaafi* 2* * 2 .

Cohn, E. 6. K, K.or<tochai (1974) . Bjipdrlrpents In supprasaing

c i t r u s namatcds populations by usa of a marlqcld

and a prodaceous namatode. Neirat^oigql^ M_Qdj.t ttfrfn^^

j2 (1) t 43-53.

Cooka, li. C. ( 1 . 6 2 ) . ThQ ecology of nematorJe-trapping fungi

In s o i l * Ann. J^HEA. B4fiA»» J&Q» 507-513,

Dl Muro, A. (1975) . Ktfact of varlcus p lcnts or root^-Knot

natratodas in two yaar rotat ion tobacco p l o t s ,

Inforrr.atore F^tti^p^t^g^gq;^^, ^ (6) x 7 -14 .

OroidovsKll, K. t'. (r>72) » On p o a a l b i U t i a a for the Iwprovo-

mant of tha method tharmotharapy, Abatr, In

Kqmatodvna ^slftJBQi §gi'S><gHt>9iy»4g^YgnnYH?? *<Ml' V€

X. msLSX i f i x l ^ f i l i a l - £ f t 2 i u Sfixail2SliaQlxji. »''gffHY§> <^kabr' 1972. Moscow. U. s , s . tt., Vaahnil (1972):

186-l i i9.

Duddlngton, C. L . , C. 0 . R. svarcrd & C. M. G. Dutholt (1961) .

S££«ct of gra«n meuiuring and a predac«ou9 fungus on

cor««l root-aelwonr In o a t s . P^<;f. Path . . iQ»

106-109.

Ouddlryton, C. L . , F. G. w. Jonas & T. D. Williams (1956) . An

•xparlRKMnt on the a £ f e e t of a pradaceous fungus upon

th« s o i l population of potnto It>ot ••l%form, H a f gpdai; ^

39

r y s t o c h i a n s i a Woll . NasatsAfiiaifiS i U) « 341-343.

D'yachanko, V. F,, V. Kh. KuUntsov & G. h, Shavrov (1976)*

El '3Ctr lca l t r a a t i r an t of s o i l and j L a n t s for t h e

c o n t r o l of t h e g a i l namatoda i r green housas ,

A b s t r . 3nt;14r?9t;f.a 100-101.

^gunjob l , O. ^ . L 3 . C. AtolaRd {1975) . Hffact of wa t a r -

ao lub l e e x t r a c t s of naam (A^gdiract^t^ Indica^) on

>-ratvlanchU8 brachvurua and on rcaisi©. / ^ a t r .

J . l»»?matol.» 7 (4) t 321 .

J & _________,.««« (1976) . Kffact of neam

(Aiy^dlrachta indica) l a a f a x t r a c t a on popu la t ion

of FrBtiYl,Qnchu<> brachyurus ai d on t h s growth ard

y i a l d o£ maize , ^a^^atoloaicq^. 22 (2) i 125-132.

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P h y s i c a l rr?thods fo r d a - i n f ^ a t a t l o n of s t r awber ry

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40

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41

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42

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43

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44

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45

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4$

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47

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48

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49

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50

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51

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52

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