STUDIES OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT BY BEAUFORT GYRE …Two separate expeditions were made in 1992 to...

U.S.Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey

STUDIES OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT BY BEAUFORTGYRE PACK ICE, 1992:

SEDIMENT, ICE & WATER DATA

ByMichael McCormick 1

Peter W. Barnes 1Erk Reimnitz 1

Open-File Report 93-19

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

1 USGS, Menlo Park, CA 94025

AbstractTwo separate expeditions were made in 1992 to study sediment contained in

sea ice of the Beaufort Gyre. An examination of 197 ice-, 47 sea water-, and 14 snow- filter-samples, and of 10 sediment/water interface slurries taken during the spring and fall show a wide range of sediment concentrations and particle composition. Paniculate concentrations were highest in the ice samples which averaged 33 mg/L and had a high of 821 mg/L Snow samples had sediment concentrations which averaged 3 mg/L and ranged up to 7 mg/L. Water samples were the cleanest, averaging 1.7 mg/L and ranging to a high of 7.9 nrn/L. Almost all samples contained high algal components, and silt-sized mineral pa, cles. Other conspicuous pariicies were diatoms, and metallic spherules. Rare samples contained quartz, other sand- sized lithofragments, foraminifera, shell fragments, and crustacean larvae. Visual observations and filter analyses of melted sea-ice show the highest, and coarsest concentrations in the gyre's southern fringe. This supports previous studies indicating that sediment is entrained into Beaufort Gyre sea ice in shallow water regions. The lack of turbid ice in a large region along the western fringe of the gyre, downdrift of the newly introduced dirty ice, implies episodic entrainment events.

IntroductionAs part of a continuing effort to discern climate change in geologic history, and

to understand the possible interrelationships between climate change, and the Arctic Ocean and its ice pack, the U.S. Geological Survey undertook two expeditions to the Beaufort Gyre in 1992 (Figure 1). The first, incidental to a study of methane gas concentrations in Beaufort shelf water and ice sampled ice, in April and May (Figure 2). The second used the US Coast Guard Cutter Polar Star as a base for ice sampling during the fall of 1992 (Figure 3). Operations included geophysical transects, piston and box coring, water mass sampling and analyses, and the investigation of physical characteristics of the ice pack. This report presents data concerning the last of these emphases.

Our study of the pack ice centered on three major research thrusts; First, the amount and type of sediment contained in the arctic ice pack and its method of entrainment. Second, the post-entrainment fate of the sediment due to Beaufort Gyre circulation patterns (Figure 1), and the metamorphosis of the ice/sediment mixture with age. Thirdly, the effect of the sediment on visible wavelength sprectral signals and the ice albedo. Related to the Beaufort Gyre, the first two questions have been addressed recently by Barnes et al. (1982), Osterkamp and Gosink, (1984), Kempema et al. (1986; 1989; 1993), Reimnitz et al. (1987; 1990; 1992; 1993; in press:a; in press:b), Reimnitz and Kempema, (1987), and Clayton et al. (1990). The effect of sediment on the albedo will be the subject of future publications.

Two decades of studies on the Beaufort Sea shelf have identified its shallow parts (0-30 m) as the source for modern ice rafted sediment in the deep basin (Reimnitz et al. 1992; in press:b). However, only two major sediment entrainment events producing turbid ice occurred during this time (Kempema et al., 1989; Reimnitz et al., in pressib). Two attempts to quantify the sediment load carried by the pack over the Canada Basin have found it to be highly variable (Reimnitz et al., in press:a, in pressib). Considering the observed variability and the small data base, our knowledge is insufficient to permit generalizations about sea-ice sediment transport during interglacial times. The present cruises were aimed at broadening that data

60

30C

30C

Figure 1: Map of Arctic Ocean showing major circulation patterns, and locations of cruises ABS92 (Fig. 2) and PS92 (Fig. 3) Sediment source areas shallower than 30 m are stippled. One year Beaufort Gyre ice-drift vector modified from Pritchard(1984).

150e

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155° 145°

Figure 2: Map showing location of ABS92 stations, and local bathymetry.

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76°

74°

..... Helicppter trackline

Figure 3: Map showing approximate trackline of USCGC Polar Star (PS92), ice sample locations, and helicopter flight lines.

base, to determine the character of ice rafted sediment in the water below the pack, and to compare this sediment with that accumulating on the sea floor today.

MethodsWe took ice samples, snow samples and water samples wherever opportunities

were provided during the two expeditions (Figures 2, 3; Appendix A). Global Positioning Satellites (GPS) provided navigation control for all tracklines and sample sites. A sample log is presented as Appendix B.

Ice samples were taken by a variety of methods. While cruising and breaking ice, small ice fragments were scooped out of the ocean using a dip net. When on the ice, ice cores were obtained to a depth of one meter using a hand-held corsr. In some cases, the cores were split into 10 cm sections to determine the variability of particle content down section. Where sediment was abundant, we took bulk samples by scraping it off the ice pack, or by concentrating the particulates after melting of ice scrapings by fPeculation using table salt. Melting of ice and snow samples was accomplished quickly in a microwave oven. Melt water and seawater samples were filtered through pre-weighed 0.4 |im polycarbonate filters using a vacuum pump. Filters were then reweighed in the laboratory to determine particulate concentration in the ice in milligrams per liter of meltwater. Filters were also examined under a binocular microscope. The density of selected ice cores was measured by comparing the volume of ice with the volume of meltwater. Two methods were employed to measure the salinity of the meltwater. Initially we used a temperature corrected refractometer. Later, we used a conductivity meter which provided more accurate data. This change in methodology is reflected in the results.

The snow was sampled to determine differences in particulate load between sea ice and snow. Care was taken during the snow collection to avoid contaimination by the ship or helicopter exhaust. These samples were treated identically to the ice samples.

Plumes of particulates could occasionally be seen in the water column as we broke ice. The characteristics of this sediment was examined by continuously sampling the water through a sea-water intake forward of the ship's discharge at about five meters depth. The water was pumped into a 20 L tank over periods of up to several hours where it was allowed to settle before being sampled, filtered and examined.

In order to study the differences between the sediment in the ice pack and that comprising the sediment/water interface on the sea floor, we collected samples of the surface water and upper millimeter of box and piston cores. These sediments are presumed to represent the most recent sedimentation and should contain any modern ice-rafted components.

The spring and fall expeditions use different conventions for station/sample numbers. The spring expedition's samples all have ABS92 (Alaska-Beaufort Sea 1992) as a preliminary modifier followed by a station number. The fall cruise's sample number's first modifier is PS92 representing Polar Star 1992. The second modifier is the Julian Day, followed by the station number for that day, and then the sample number. For example, sample 238-2-4 was taken on Julian Day 238, at station 2, and was the fourth sample at that station.

In addition visual observations were made of regional ice cover and types, percentages of discolored ice, thickness and extent throughout the cruises.

ResultsThe results of analyses are presented in Appendices C, D, E, and F, and are

summarized in Table 1. Several general statements apply to the results as a whole. Some samples were taken as part of experiments, the results of which will be analyzed later, and therefore that data are not included. In addition some filters were used to evaluate the effect of contamination on our calculated sediment concentrations, and these weights are not shown.

Table 1. Summary of samples.Sediment r '

n Avg. ~ABS92

Ice Snow

PS92 Ice Water Snow

32 4

165 47 10

33.3 3.3

33.7 1.7 3.3

' \

Range

1.3-307.0 1.3-6.1

1.2-821.0 0.3-7.9 0.9-7.2

n

121 21

Salinityippt)

Avg. Range

0.6 0-8.0 26.2 25.5-27

0

Density

n Avg.

31 0.8 0

Range

40-0.98

Ten broad categories of paniculate matter were found on the filters. These are:Algae (A): Seen as green silt-sized or finer particles, and white fluffy material.Quartz (Q): Sand-sized quartz grains.Foraminifera (F): Benthic or planktic foraminifera.Diatoms (D):Wood (W): Woody material distinct from algae and fibers (Fib.).Metallic Spherules (MS): Silt to sand-sized, metallic beads.Fibers (Fib): Fibrous plant material.Sponge spicules (SS):Lithofragments (L): Sand-sized material other than quartz.Plastic (P): Results from contamination at various stages of processing.

Sources include core liner used to transport cores, tray used while studying and cutting cores, and polypropylene clothing fibers. Also included are paint chips from the ship's hull and tool handles. Large fragments were removed before filter re-weighing, but some remaining contamination could not be avoided.

Silt was seen on all filters in varying amounts and thus is not listed, except where amounts were unusual. Other unusual clasts are noted. ABS92

32 ice samples from 9 stations yielded sediment concentrations averaging 33.3 mg/L, ranging from 1.3-307.0 mg/L (Table 1). Four snow samples from four stations had sediment concentrations ranging from 1.3 - 6.1 mg/L, averaging 3.3 mg/L. Many filters had large amounts of well-sorted silts, with rare large quartz and rock clasts. Diatoms were quite common. The reader is referred to Appendix C for a listing of particle types on the filters.

We obtained ice samples from the upper two meters of thick first-year ice on a transect of the shelf from 3 m - 80 m water depth. Ice cores at stations 1 -3 (Figure 2) had discernable zones of paniculate discoloration in the upper 25 cm. PS92

The 165 ice samples' sediment concentrations ranged from 1.2 to 821.0 mg/L with an average of 33.7 mg/L. (Table 1). Salinities measured on 121 samples varied

from 0 to 8.0 ppt with an average of 0.6 ppt. The average may be a slight underestimate caused by the poor resolution of the refractometer. Some measurements of 0 ppt would probably have been a few tenths if read by the conductivity method. Ice densities in 31 measurements ranged from 0.40 to 0.9S, averaging 0.80.

Sediment concentrations in 47 water samples ranged from 0.3 - 7.9 mg/L, averaging 1.7 mg/L. Concentrations in snow ranged from 0.9 - 7.2 mg/L, averaging 3.3 mg/L.

Algae were found on many ice-sample filters. Quartz and other sand-sized fragments rarely occurred. Diatoms were rather common, while foraminifera and oth^ biogenic components were found infrequently. Paniculate matter on snow-sample filters was primarily algae, but other components were seen. Water-sample filters contained similar particulates, but occurrences of diatoms were more frequent. Core top slurries primarily contained silts. Some had coarser material such as lithoclasts and foraminifera. Full results of the microscopic analyses can be found as Appendices C-F.

From the log of shipboard and aerial observations, three general ice zones can be defined for the fall of 1992. The southern edge of the pack ice northwest of Barrow consisted of a 50-km wide, east-west trending belt of broken, sediment-rich, turbid first- year ice extending up to 72° N (Figure 1). Proceeding west-northwest through this belt, the ship entered intensely discolored ice caused by an algae as determined visually and by filter analysis. According to our previous experiences in the Beaufort Sea and Canada Basin, the amount of algae seems very unusual. The discoloration was patchy on a scale of kilometers in first-year ice. Only at distances of 10 to 20 m was it possible to distinguish this algal discoloration by its greenish-reddish tinge from the greyish color of terrigenous sediment traversed along the southern ice fringe. In undisturbed ice, algal discoloration was prevalent below a 30-cm thick layer of clean, dense ice. The discolored ice characteristically was perforated by approximately 10- cm diameter "decay-voids". The northern-most areas traversed in the cruise were dominated by very-clean, multiyear ice. On the return trip southward, thickening snow cover made visual observations of discoloration increasingly difficult.

DiscussionThe data and visual observations of the ice allow some broad interpretations,

precluding complete sample analyses. Terrigenous elastics occurred in the southern fringe of the gyre similar to conditions observed from the Polar Sfarin 1988 and 1989. The ice in the interior of the Beaufort Gyre traversed or observed from the air in 1992 held only minute amounts of paniculate matter when compared to those seen and measured in 1988 and 1989.

The dearth of terrigenous paniculate matter in the interior and western parts of the Beaufort Gyre, and the abundance in the southern fringe near the source regions fits into an evolving understanding of sediment ice rafting in the Arctic Basin. Widely spaced seasonal pulses of sediment-laden turbid ice are introduced from the Beaufort Sea shelf into the slowly rotating gyre. Here, they become interspersed by long stretches of clean ice from successive years of calm freeze-up conditions. As the pulses move further along the fringe of the gyre, they become mixed with adjacent regions of clean ice. During the cruise we observed a pulse of new turbid ice entering the gyre along the southern fringe. The lack of terrigenous particulates in the ice of the interior of the gyre may be a permanent condition, suggesting that large-scale mixing

of ice across the regional drift pattern is not effective. We hope that the regional algal discoloration can be detected spectrally and delineated in satellite images helping to resolve this question. In addition, such algal blooms may significantly influence rates and patterns of ice melting, as suggested by the internal decay features observed in discolored ice.

AcknowledgmentsWe thank all those that helped us collect and analyze these samples. This

includes £.-« entire crew of the USCGC Polar Star. Chief-Scientist Art Grantz is thanked io K organizing and leading me cruise, Martin Jefferies for the loan of the conductivity meter, Leda Beth Gray for compiling navigation data, and various polar bears for providing thrills and entertainment. A very constructive review by Mark McLaughlin was very helpful in improving the manuscript.

References CitedBarnes, P. W., Reimnitz, E., and Fox, D., 1982: Ice rafting of fine grained sediment, a

sorting and transport mechanism, Beaufort Sea, Alaska. Journal ofSedimentary Petrology, 52: 493-502.

Clayton, J. R., Jr., Reimnitz, E., Payne, J. R., and Kempema, E. W., 1990: Effects ofadvancing freeze fronts on distributions of fine-grained sediment particles inseawater- and freshwater-slush ice slurries. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 60:145-151.

Kempema, E. W., Reimnitz, E., and Barnes, P. W., 1989: Sea ice entrainment andrafting in the Arctic. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 59: 308-317.

Kempema, E. W., Reimnitz, E., Clayton, J. R., and Payne, J. R., 1993: Interactions offrazil and anchor ice with sedimentary particles in a flume. Cold RegionsScience and Technology, 21:137-149.

Kempema, E. W., Reimnitz, E., and Hunter, R. E., 1986: Flume studies and fieldobservations of the interaction of frazil and anchor ice with sediment. United StatesGeological Survey Open-File Report 86-515, 48 pp.

Osterkamp, T. E., and Gosink. J. P., 1984: Observations and analysis of sedimentladen sea ice. In Barnes, P. W., Scholl, D. M., and Reimnitz, E. (eds.), TheAlaska Beaufort Sea: Ecosystems and Environments. Orlando: AcademicPress, 73-94.

Pritchard, R. S., 1984: Beaufort sea ice motions In Barnes, P. W., Schell, D. M., andReimnitz, E. (eds.), TheAlaskan Beaufort Sea: Ecosystems and Environments.Orlando: Academic Press, 95-113.

Reimnitz, E., Barnes, P. W., and Weber, W. S., in press:a: Paniculate matter in pack iceof the Beaufort Gyre. Journal of Glaciology, 32 ms pp.

Reimnitz, E., Clayton, J.R., Kempema, E.W., Payne, J.R., and Weber, W.S., 1993:Interaction of rising frazil with suspended particles: Tank experiments withapplications to nature. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 21:117-135

Reimnitz, E., and Kempema, E. W., 1987: Field observations on slush ice generatedduring freeze up in Arctic coastal waters. Marine Geology, 77: 219-231.

Reimnitz, E., Kempema, E. W., and Barnes, P. W., 1987: Anchor ice, seabed freezing,and sediment dynamics in shallow arctic seas. Journal of GeophysicalResearch, 92 (C): 14671-14678.

Reimnitz, E., Kempema, E. W., Weber, W. S., Clayton, J. R., and Payne, J. R., 1990:Suspended-matter scavenging by rising frazil ice. In Ackley, S. F., and Weeks,

8

W. F. (eds.), Sea ice properties and processes. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Monograph 90-1, 97-100.

Reimnitz, E., Marincovich Jr., L., McCormick, M., and Briggs, W. M., 1992: Suspension freezing of bottom sediment and biota in the Northwest Passage and implications for Arctic Ocean sedimentation. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 29: 693-703.

Reimnitz, E., McCormick, M., McDougall, K., and Brouwers, E., in press:b: Sediment- export by ice rafting from a coastal polynya, arctic Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research.

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40

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402

403

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Yes Yes

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13

APPENDIX B - SAMPLE LOG

ABS92-Alaska Beaufort Sea 1992Notes: Sample number format is: Cruise #(ABS92)-Station# Sample #.

April 30, 1992Sample Number Filter NumberABS92-1A 310,311,312,313Representative split of 80 cm ice core. 0-10 cm composed of granular ice; 10-15 cm showsslight discoloration; 21-25 cm has a dirty band; 27-80 cm is clean ice.

ABS92-1A(65-70cm) 301 5 cm section of clean ice from core.

ABS92-1A(snow) 304 Snow sample from on top of core.

ABS92-1B 308,309Representative split of core with granular surface ice and a dirty band at 24-28 cm. Cleanbelow 33 cm.

ABS92-1C 306Representative split of 80 cm core with increasing sediment to a band at 71-74 cm.

ABS92-1D 303Representative split of 90 cm core. Dirty ice band at 27-32 cm.

ABS92-2A 307Representative split of 85 cm core. 0-17 cm composed of granular surface ice. 17-35 cmdirty; 35-55 cm cloudy; 55-85 cm clean.

ABS92-2B 305 Representative split of clean ice core.

May 1ABS92-3A 320Representative split of 90 cm core; 0-25 cm 'cleaner' ice, 27-43 cm dirty ice, 47-90 cmclean ice. Core taken in area of flat, fast-ice.

ABS92-3A(snow) 318 Clean snow sample from same site.

ABS92-3B 324,325Representative split of 80 cm core, 0-18 cm 'cleaner' ice; bands of dirty ice between 18-32 cm, 32-47 cm-cleaner, 47-51 cm-dirty ice, 52-80 cm -mostly 'cleaner1 ice. Core taken in rubble field with 50-80 cm of surface relief.

ABS92-4A 321 Representative split of 85 cm clean ice core.

ABS92-4B 315,316 Center section of 90 cm very clean ice core.

ABS92-4C 317

14

Representative split of 90 cm core of very clean ice.

ABS92-5A 319 Section of 90 cm clean ice core.

ABS92-5A(snow) 314 Snow from same site.

ABS92-5B 322 Representative split of 90 cm clean ice core.

ABS92-5C 323 Representative split of 90 cm clean ice core.

May 2ABS92-6A 334 Representative split of 90 cm clean ice core.






ABS92-7Alt 336,338 Representative split of 90 cm clean ice core.


ABS92-8A(snow) 33510-20 cm of snow from on top of ice at above site.


APPENDIX B - SAMPLE LOG 1 5 CONTINUED

PS92-Po/ar Star 1992Notes: Sample number format is: Cruise #(PS92)-Julian Day (Alaskan Time)-Station #-Sample #. Some samples resulted from experiments unrelated to this Open-File Report, and are thus not listed in this log.

August 21, 1992Sample Number Filter NumberPS92-234-1-1 701234-1-1 702234-1-1 703234-1-1 704Selected pieces of clean, granular first-year (FY) ice.

234-1-2 705Selected pieces of dirty FY ice. A bulk sample was also taken.

August 22235-1-1 706A composite of 8 randomly selected ice pieces representative of the FY ice. A bulk sample wasalso taken.

235-2-1 707Single piece of clean-looking multiyear (MY) ice with orange algal discoloration.

235-3-1 708A composite of four pieces of dirty-looking MY ice.

235-4-1 710A composite of three pieces of dirty-looking MY ice. A bulk sample was also taken.

235-5-1 711A composite of four ice pieces from a clean-looking floe.

August 23P1-92-AR-B1 713Filtration of water from the top of a box core. A bulk sample was also taken.

August 24237-1-1 714 Several pieces of turbid FY ice.

237-2-1 715Representative split of 25 pieces of slightly turbid ice collected over 20 minutes.

237-3-1 716717

5 pieces representative of turbid ice. The total weights of sediment on these two filters has been added to calculate participate concentrations (Table 1).

237-4-1 718Sample of dense, massive MY ice appearing clean with some algal discoloration.


August 25238-1-1 736238-1-2 737Sample 1 was taken of ice probably discolored by algae. Sample 2 was taken at the same locationand was an attempt to sample ice discolored by sediment, in order to compare with sample 1.

238-2-1A bulk sample of sediment scraped from submerged ice ram fringing floe. Sieved through a 125u.m screen. Treated with chlorine bleach.

23*-2-?{0-90cm) 735Representative split of 90 cm long ice core taken from discolored surface of 50 m granular floe.

238-2-3(0-90cm) 734Representative split of 90 cm long ice core taken from discolored surface of 50 m granular floe.

238-2-4(0-10cm) 719238-2-4(10-20) 720238-2-4(20-30) 721238-2-4(30-40) 722238-2-4(40-50) 723238-2-4(50-60) 724238-2-4(60-70) 725238-2-4(70-82) 726Core 238-2-4 taken of discolored ice surface. Core split into 10 cm increments to see downcore variations. Radiometer measurements were taken.

238-2-5(0-10cm) 727238-2-5(10-20) 728238-2-5(20-30) 729238-2-5(30-40) 730238-2-5(40-50) 731238-2-5(50-60) 732238-2-5(60-70) 733Core 238-2-5 taken of same discolored ice as core 238-2-4 but the ice was overlain by aclean, firm, 10 cm thick, old snow layer. Core split into 10 cm increments to see down corevariations. Radiometer measurements were taken.

238-2-PC1Surface slurry from piston core 1.

238-3-1 738Two pieces of ice appearing to be discolored by algae.

238-4-1 739 Four pieces of discolored ice.

August 26239-1-1 744239-2-1 741239-1-1 and 239-2-1 were attempts to try to find some terrigenous sediment in MY ice.These samples appear to contain mostly algae, although some other pieces of ice looked to containsediment but could not be sampled.


239-3-1Bulk sample of discolored matter scraped off ice's surface. Contains very little, if anyterrigenous detritus.

239-3-2(0-90cm)Representative split of 90 cm ice core.

239-4-1 745Water sample collected while travelling through clean-looking ice.

August 27240-1-1(0-90cm) 747Representative split of 90 cm ice core taken from area of low relief on clean, hummocky floe.No apparent structure beyond surface granular layer.

240-1-2(0-75cm) 748Representative split of 75 cm ice core taken from 1.5 m hummock. No apparent structurebeyond surface granular layer.

240-1-3(0-10cm) 749240-1-3(10-20) 750240-1-3(20-70) 751Core through faintly discolored, rough ice surface in area of low relief. 2 mm diameter darkspecks seen at 15 cm depth.

240-2-1 752753

Water sample collected while steaming through MY, 6/10ths dirty ice.

240-3-1 754755

Water sample collected while steaming through MY, 6/10ths dirty ice.

240-4-1 756Water from the top of piston core P6. Also collected bulk sediment sample.

240-5-1 757758

Water sample collected while steaming through MY, surficially discolored ice.

August 28241-1-1Bulk sample of surface soup from piston core P7.

241-1-2Bulk sample of surface scrapings from top of relief features in vicinity of pressure ridge. Notfiltered. Partly consists of pellets, that have a slight grittiness. Preserved in alcohol.

241-1-3(0-10cm) 759241-1-3(10-20) 760241-1-3(20-30) 761241-1-3(30-40) 762241-1-3(40-50) 763241-1-3(50-83) 765


Clean snow surface ice core. Radiometer readings were taken.

241-1-4(0-10cm) 764241 -1-4(10-20) 766241-1-4(20-30) 767241-1-4(30-40) 768241-1-4(40-50) 769241-1-4(50-76) 770 Discolored surface ice core at base of pressure ridge. Radiometer readings were taken.

241-1-C -9( Jm) 771Representative split of ice core from top of pressure ridge.

241-1-6(0-93cm) 772Representative split of core from hard ice surface in lee of pressure ridge.

241 -1 -7Bulk sample of surface soup from Box core #5.

241-2-1(0-35cm) 774Upper 35 cm of 80 cm core taken through clean MY floe.

241-3-1 775776

Water sample collected while travelling through open water leads and 70% MY ice.

August 29242-1-1 777

778 Water sample collected while travelling through clean 40% FY ice.

242-2-1Bulk sample of pellets collected from top of pressure ridge near hummocky floe whereradiometer measurements were taken.

242-2-2(0-78cm) 779Representative split of ice core taken on pellet covered pressure ridge. Top 40 cm was veryslushy, then hard and dense. Radiometer measurements were taken.

242-2-3(0-10cm) 780242-2-3(10-20) 781242-2-3(20-30) 782242-2-3(30-40) 783242-2-3(40-50) 784242-2-3(50-90) 785 Core from clean ice where radiometer readings were taken.

242-2-4(0-10cm) 786242-2-4(10-20) 787242-2-4(20-30) 788242-2-4(30-40) 789242-2-4(40-50) 790242-2-4(50-72) 791 Core from discolored ice where radiometer readings were taken.


242-2-5(0-10cm) 792242-2-5(10-20) 793242-2-5(20-30) 794242-2-5(30-40) 795242-2-5(40-50) 796242-2-5(50-80) 797 Core from discolored ice where radiometer readings were taken.

242-3-1(0-10cm) 798242-3-1(10-20) 799242-3-1(20-30) 800242-3-1(30-40) 801242-3-1(40-50) 802242-3-1(50-85) 803 Ice core of discolored ice in area of hummocky ridges. Radiometer readings taken.

242-3-2(0-10cm) 804242-3-2(10-20) 805242-3-2(20-30) 806242-3-2(30-40) 807242-3-2(40-50) 808242-3-2(50-88) 809Ice core of clean ice at same station as 242-3-1. Radiometer readings taken.

August 30243-1-1 811

812 Water sample.

243-2-1 813Box core #7 water above top sediment layer.

243-3-1 814815

Box core #8 water above sediment surface.

243-4-1 816 Surface water from Box core #9.

THERE IS NO STATION 243-5

243-6-1(0-10cm) 817243-6-1(0-85) 818Core of very faintly discolored ice on a >100m diameter floe of very clean looking, slightlyhummocky MY(?) ice covered by 10 cm of snow. Radiometer readings were taken.

243-7-1 819 Surface water from Box core #10.

243-8-1 820Water sample collected over three times (0930-0950, 1205-1230, 1500-1525).


August 31244-1-1 821 Water sample.

September 1245-1-1 822

823 Water sample.

245-2-1 824 Water sample.

245-3-1(0-10cm) 825 245-3-1(10-30) 826 245-3-1(30-50) 827245-3-1(50-84) 828Core of discolored ice with a rough surface. Ice is about 5 m thick. Radiometer readings taken.

September 2246-1-1(0-10cm) 829 246-1-1(1 0-30) 830 246-1-1(30-50) 831 246-1-1(50-74) 832 Core of clean ice taken on large floe after helicopter landing. Radiometer readings taken.

246-1-2(0-10cm) 833246-1-2(10-30) 834246-1-2(30-50) 835246-1-2(50-90) 836Core of discolored ice taken on large floe after helicopter landing. Core appeared clean justbelow the surface. Radiometer readings taken.

246-2-1(0-10cm) 837 246-2-1(10-30) 838 246-2-1(30-50) 839 246-2-1(50-90) 840 Core of clean ice taken on large floe after helicopter landing. Radiometer readings taken.

246-2-2(0-10cm) 841 246-2-2(10-30) 842 246-2-2(30-50) 843 246-2-2(50-90) 844 Core of discolored ice taken on large floe after helicopter landing. Radiometer readings taken.

246-2-3Bulk sample of surface scrapings of snow.



247-1-1 847

APPENDIX B - SAMPLE LOG 21 CONTINUED

Surface water and sediment slurry from top of Box core 13. Also took a bulk sample.

247-2-1 848Water sample collected while traversing clean, MY ice with little relief.

247-3-1&2a 849 247-3-1&2b 850 Representative samples of two cores taken from clean, 4 m thick, MY floe at helicopter station.

247-3-3 851 Snow from helicopter station.

247-4-1(0-70cm) 852Representative split of ice core through clean MY ice covered with 2-3 cm snow.

248-1 853Sea water sampled while traversing an area of mostly small MY floes.

248-2 854Sea water sampled while traversing an area of "rotten" FY floes and large MY floes.

248-3-1(0-10cm) 855248-3-1(10-30) 856248-3-1(30-90) 857Ice core of MY floe at a radiometer measurement site. Surface covered with a glazed, crustedsnow pack. No discoloration seen.

September 5No samples taken.

September 6250-1-1(0-10cm) 858 250-1-1(10-29) 859 250-1-1(20-30) 860 250-1-1(30-40) 861 250-1-1(40-50) 862 250-1-1(50-60) 863 250-1-1(60-70) 864 250-1-1(70-87) 865 Core from disjointed MY floe several hundred meters in extent. Radiometer readings taken.

250-1-2 866 Fluffy new snow.

250-1-3Brackish water sample of greenish-blue shallow melt pond with algal debris on ponds bottom.10 cm thick ice covered the pond's surface. Sampled for salinity measurement (29.00 ppt)

September 7251-1-1 869Sea water sampled while traversing spotty algal discolored ice.

September 8252-1-1 867


Representative split of an entire core from small, clean FY floe 1.3 m thick.

September 9253-1-1 883 253-1-2 884 2 samples of new congelation ice sampled from a lead.

253-2-1 870Water sampled while traversing area of clean MY ice up to 5 m thick.

253-3-1(0-70cm) 871872

Representative split of core. Contamination suspected due to many particles and a rim around the melt-bucket

253-3-2 873New clean snow sample from below surface crust.

September 10254-1-1(0-10cm) 875254-1-1(10-20) 876254-1-1(20-30) 877254-1-1(30-40) 878254-1-1(40-50) 879254-1-1(50-60) 880254-1-1(60-70) 881254-1-1(70-83) 882Core of clean-looking ice from MY floe, 80 m in diameter, 2-3 m thick. Surface snow scrapedoff. Radiometer readings taken.

254-1-2 874Sample of clean snow taken from just below surficial snow covering.

254-2-1(0-80cm) 885 Core of extensive flat floe.

254-2-2 886 Snow sample.

254-3-1 887Sample from sediment/water interface of Box core 14. Also took a bulk sample.

September 11No samples taken.

September 12256-1-1 888 Small piece of algae-laden ice.

256-2-1 889Water sample taken while steaming through leads and MY ice with occasional algal discoloration.

September 13257-1-1 890


Water sample taken while steaming through leads and MY ice. Algal discoloration seen on 50% of floes.

257-2-1 891Water sample taken while steaming through leads and MY ice. Algal discoloration seen on 50%of floes.

257-3-1 892Representative split of core taken at helicopter station of rafted FY ice with a grayish tint.

257-3-2(0-10cm) 893257-3-2(10-20) 894257-3-2(20-30) 895257-3-2(30-40) 896257-3-2(40-50) 897257-3-2(50-57) 898 Core taken at helicopter station of rafted FY ice with a grayish tint.

257-3-3 899Clean snow sample from helicopter station.

257-4-1 501Water sample collected while travelling through algae-rich 50% MY and 50% FY ice.

September 14258-1-1 502Water sample collected while travelling through leads and MY ice.

258-2-1Bulk sample of sediment/water interface of box core 15.

September 15259-1-1(0-85cm) 509Representative split of clean ice core taken below the snow cover on a MY floe.

September 16260-1-1 510Water from the top of box core 16. Also took bulk sample.

260-2-1 511Water sample collected while traversing 50% MY and 50% FY floes with some algaldiscoloration.

260-3-1 512Water sample collected while traversing 50% MY and 50% FY floes with some algaldiscoloration.

260-4-7 517 Clean snow sample.

September 17261-1-1 523 Very clean, new snow.


261-1-2(0-30cm) 524 261-1-2(30-90) 525 Ice core from 1.2 m thick floe.

261-2-1 526 Sea water sample.

September 18There is no station. #1

262-3-1 528Water sample collected while travelling through leads and algae discolored ice.

262-4-1 529Water sample collected while travelling through leads and algae discolored ice.

September 19263-1-1 531 Sea water sampled in area of clean ice.

263-2-1 530 Sea water sampled in area of clean ice.

263-3-1(20-30cm) 532263-3-2(0-20,30-80) 533Ice core of 2.6 m thick MY floe, with a 4 cm layer of 1 mm dark specks at 20-30 cm (lesseramounts at 10-20) that was treated as 263-3-1.

September 20264-1-1 534 Sea water sampled in area of clean ice.




September 21265-1-1 539 Sample of water from top of box core 17.

265-2-1(0-30cm) 541 Core of new ice.


265-2-3 540Bulk sediment sample concentrated from hummocky outcrop of dirty ice by flocculation.


265-3-1 542Representative split of core of MY ice from helicopter flight.

265-3-2 543 Sample of clean snow.

265-4-1{0-20cm) 545 Ice core of 20 cm thick new ice.

265-4-2 546 Sample of new snow.

September 22266-1-1 547Water sampled while traversing algae discolored ice.

266-2-1 548Water sampled while traversing algae discolored ice.

266-3-1(0-70cm) 549Representative split of FY ice core. Upper 20 cm of core was solid, underlain by rotten ice.

266-4-1 550Water sample collected while traversing areas of clean ice with occasional dirty-loookinghummocks.

266-5-1 401Water sample collected while traversing areas of clean MY ice (80%) and new ice (20%).Some algal discoloration present, with increasing amounts of sediment discoloration.

266-6-1 402Water sample collected while traversing through an area of increasing amounts of sediment inthe ice.

September 23267-1-1 403Water sample collected while traversing areas of new ice. Evidence of sediment inclusions inold ice, and snow.

267-2-1 404Water sample collected while traversing areas of new ice. Evidence of sediment inclusions inold ice, and snow.

267-3-1 406Water sample collected while traversing areas of new ice.

267-4-1Bulk sample of various ice pieces collected while breaking algae/sediment laden ice. Decantedalgae.

267-5-1 (0-30,35-90cm)407267-5-1(30-35) 408Ice core separated into two major ice types: clean ice from 0-30 cm & 35-90 cm, and an algallayer from 30-35 cm.



267-6-1 410Water sample collected while traversing areas of new ice.

September 24268-1-1 411Water sample collected in area of heavy MY ice.

268-2-1(10-21cm) 414 Algae from 12-21 cm in ice core.


268-4-1Bulk sample of ?algae collected from MY ice. Occurred as layers in ice.

268-5-1 (0-80cm) 415Representative split of ice core drilled into discolored ice in area of pressure ridging.


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20.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

1.2 2

0.7

4

0.6

6

0.6

1

0.7

6

0.6

30

.82

0.8

90.9

30.8

70.8

0.9

10

.88

0.8

80

.94

A,P

A.M

Sjp

elle

ts.F

ib.P

j

A,M

S,P

I

pelle

ts,A

,PfF

ibQ

,A,F

ibP

,A

|IJ

F^A^

____

......

.___

_....

_P

.A.F

ibQ

.PA

.p

elle

ts.A

.P.D

.Fib

L,A

,Pfp

elle

tsD

.P.F

ibD

FA,P

,pel

lets

,MS

P.A

.bla

ck

silt.

Fib

A,F

ib,P

,Di F

ibA

P

]W

eird

bla

ck a

nd w

hite

con

glom

erat

es m

ade

of

blac

k si

lts c

emen

ted

with

?sa

lt,an

d/or

org

anic

fib

ers

.A.P

sam

e as

abo

ve b

ut f

ar f

ewer

B &

W g

rain

sF

,Fib

,A,P

L,A

,Fib

,Q

iA

.Fib

.L.P

A, F

ib

jW

.L.F

ib.P

.MS

hFib

,A,P

,MS

,FM

S.F

ib.P

.W.F

!

QA

L

.......

[MS

,P,A

,Fib

A,F

ib,M

S,L

,Q,F

?con

tam

inat

ion;

B

& W

gra

ins

(see

#855

),F

ib?c

onta

min

atio

n;

B &

W g

rain

s (s

ee#8

55)f

Fib

B &

W g

rain

s,D

,A,Q

A,F

ib,P

,red

gla

ss b

eads

?L

jA

,Fib

iP,?

8he_

H

frag

men

t

AP

PE

ND

IX C

- I

CE

SA

MP

LE F

ILT

ER

S

CO

NTI

NU

ED

32

877

878

87

98

80

881

882

883

88

4885

88

8892

893

89

4895

89

68

97

89

8899

509

524

52

5532

533

537

538

540

54

1542

545

549

40

7

408

409

414

254-1

-1

(20

-30

)254-1

-1

(30-4

0)

254-1

-1

(40-5

0)

25

4-1

-1

(50

-60

),2

54

-1-1

(6

0-7

0)

25

4-1

-1

(70

-83

)253-1

-1253-1

-22

54

-2-1

25

6-1

-12

57

-3-1

257-3

-2

(0-1

0)

257-3

-2

(10-2

0)

25

7-3

-2

(20

-30

)257-3

-2

(30

-40

)257-3

-2

(40-5

0)

257-3

-2

(50

-57

)257-3

-32

59

-1-1

261-1

-2

(0-3

0)

261-1

-2

(30-9

0)

26

3-3

-1263-3

-22

64

-4-1

26

4-5

-1265-2

-3265-2

-12

65

-3-1

26

5-4

-12

66

-3-1

267-5

-1

(0-3

0)

(35-9

0)

267-5

-1

(30-3

5)

267-5

-22

68

-2-1

3.7

93.2

83.9

3.1

63.3

32

.08

1.4

11

.92.3

32

83

.14

6.3

8t

19.4

42

1.7

10.1

7.2

26

.86

9.3

51

.93

2.2

43

.22

4.7

42

1.5

82

.65

4.5

63

.12

5.9

33

.45

[ 5.6

14.3

47

.07

81.4

64.4

20.5

3

7.4 8 4.8

2.8

0.6

3.5

4.8

4.6 0 2

i

7 3 0

0.9

60.9

20

.95

0.9

20

.97

0.9

8

Fib

FA,M

SA

.MS

.Fib

.P

iA

,MS

,P,F

ibM

S,F

ib,A

,PA

,P,F

ib,M

SM

S,A

,Fib

hMS

,P,F

ibF

ib.P

.QF

ib,P

,AA

,PA

.D.F

ibA

.Fib

.very

si

ltyA

, Fib

, silt

y, P

,LA

.P.F

ibA

,P,F

ib,Q

A,P

,Fib

,Q

i^A

.P.F

ibF

ibS

ilica

flagella

te.Q

.PA

,Fib

,MS

j

A.F

ib.P

.FB

lack

&

Whi

te

litho

frag

men

tsF

ib,L

,FA A

.D,

Silt

yA

,Fib

,P,D

A,F

ib,P

,D,Q

AF

ib,.

. _ ._ _

^^_.^

^_^_...^

^_^^^J

Fib

,D,A

(A A L

,Flb

D,L

,AA

AP

PE

ND

IX C

- I

CE

SA

MP

LE F

ILT

ER

S

CO

NTI

NU

ED

33

415

] 26 8

- 5

-1

(22.4

6

j 1

JA.Q

"

AP

PE

ND

IX C

- I

CE

SA

MP

LE F

ILT

ER

S

3 4

CO

NTI

NU

ED

APPENDIX D - WATER SAMPLE FILTERS

Filter #

745752

753754

755757758775776111778811812820821822823824845846848853854869 i

870889890891 I501502 I51 1 i512526 !528529 i530531

Sample #

PS92239-4-1240-2-1

240-2-1240-3-1

240-3-1240-5-1240-5-1241-3-1241-3-1242-1-1242-1-1243-1-1243-1-1243-8-1244-1-1245-1-1245-1-1245-2-1246-3-1246-4-1247-2-1248-1-1248-2-1251-1-1253-2-1256-2-1257-1-1257-2-1257-4-1258-1-1260-2-1260-3-1 !261-2-1 !262-3-1262-4-1 j263-2-1

263-1-1 i

Sed. con. (ma/L)

0.573.83

3.02

3.624.463.83.042.041.520.660.650.650.520.30.480.50.920.840.980.760.690.650.80.522.030.552.320.880.430.640.430.560.887.92.95

Notes

A=algae, Q=quartz, F=foraminifera, D=diatoms, W=wood, MS=metallic spherules, Fib=fibers, SS=sponge spicules, L=lithofragments, P=plastic

Fib I L,Al D l MSNet weights of 752 and 753 added for sediment cone.; D.rust chips, MSsee above; p, rust chips, ANets weights of 754 and 755 added for sediment cone.; MS,P,D,LMS.P.D.LD,rust,A,SilicaflagellateD,rust,AD,Fib,AD,A,QMS,D,AD,Fib fAD,QA,DAPF.A.P.MSFibAP.DA,Fib,DA,Fib,DD,A,FibD,A,FibA.D.Fib.Pyellow stain, P, MSFib.AA,Fib,Q,PA,Fibf MS,Q IA,Q,D,FibA,Fib,D,Q,Prust colored, MS, P,LA,PJFib ]Fib.P.D IFibFib^SS^PFib.SS.PFib,AFib.AFib.A.P.DL.F., Q,DL,QAF

35

534535547548550401402403404<OC41041 1

264-1-1264-2-1266-1-1266-2-1266-4-1266-5-1266-6-1267-1-1267-2-1r: r ~» n * £. i* / - w * »

267-6-1268-1-1

1.330.971.723.792.271.692.691.311.391.62 i1.452.51 I

Fib.A

A,P,D (abundant), FibAf P,D (abundant) ? FibA,D,FibA.D.Fib.PA.D.Fib.PA,D,Fib,PA.D.Fib.P.FAA.FibL.Fib.D

APPENDIX D - WATER SAMPLEFILTERS CONTINUED

36

APPENDIX E - SNOW SAMPLE FILTERS

Filter #

304314318335

851866874886517523543544546412

Sample # |

ABS92 |ABS92-1A |ABS92-3AABS92-5A IABS92-8A iPS92PS92-247-3-3 !250-1-2 i254-1-2 ]254-2-2 !260-4-7 |261-1-1 !265-3-2 i265-2-2 |265-4-2 I268-2-2 !

Sed. con. (ma/L)

4.38 i1.401.356.11 !

5.983.05 i0.992.822.22.161.48 I7.170.92 i5.92 !

Salinity(DDt)

i

0

Notes |

KEY A=algae, Q=quartz, F=forams, D=diatoms, W*wood, MS=metallic spherules, Fib=fibers, SS=sponge spicules, L=lithofragments, P=plastic

A.Fib.LFib,LA,D,Q,?FQ.P.L, ?glass spherule

MS,Fib,A,P.L.FibAA,silt,QQ,silt,L,Fib,P,A,MSA, siltMS.Fib.PSalt & Pepper flakes.D.A

A, L, Fib !

37

APPENDIX F - BOX/PISTON CORE SAMPLE FILTERS

Filter #

713

756813814815816819847887510539

Sample #

PS9292-AR-B1

PS92-240-4-1243-2-1243-3-1243-3-1243-4-1243-7-1247-1-1254-3-1260-1 -1265-1-1

NotesKEY

A=algae, Q=quartz, F=forams, D=diatoms, W=wood, MS=metallic spherules, Fib=fibers, SS=sponge spicules, L=lithofraqments, P=plastic

BC1; Q.D.Crustacean larvae.very fine grainedPC6; MS,silty,LfQBC7; F,Q,L,D,SS,FibBC8; silty jBC8; silty.Fib.PBC9; Fib,A,Q,F fsiltyBC10; silty.F.PBC13; very silty, PBC14; MS,?F ? D,Q, shell fragmentsBC16; F,silt,FibBC17; silty.F

38

STUDIES OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT BY BEAUFORT GYRE …Two separate expeditions were made in 1992 to...

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Transcript of STUDIES OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT BY BEAUFORT GYRE …Two separate expeditions were made in 1992 to...