Students acceptance of Tablet Personal Computers Mark Moran, Asst Professor College of BIS.
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Transcript of Students acceptance of Tablet Personal Computers Mark Moran, Asst Professor College of BIS.
Students acceptance of Tablet Personal Computers
Mark Moran, Asst ProfessorCollege of BIS
Research in progress
This is research that will be reported on in my dissertation for a Ph. D. in e-commerce.
Capella University, Organization Management core program. www.capella.edu
Research Interest
Ubiquitous computing on college campuses.
Tablet teaching technology Security
Notebook Universities
Brown, Ray, (2000), Retrieve from http://itc.vcsu.edu/notebookinitiative/vp.htm?p=492
Tablet Universities
Mayville State University 900 Gateway tablets
Winona State University Replace notebooks with Gateway tablets
in Fall 2004, 8000 students… Florida A&M Law School Virginia Tech college of engineering
1250 students
More tablet initiatives
MIT Purdue Temple University School of medicine Seton Hall University University of Washington Northwester University, Illinois Bentley College
Continued
University of Ontario Institute of Technology
University of Texas at Austin Brown University
Awarded the Microsoft® $1.2 Million to establish a Center for Pen-Centric Computing
Cornell, Notre Dame, University of North Florida & others
Articles about Tablet PC Use in Education:
National Institute for Technology and Liberal Education – Tablet PCs in Educationhttp://www.nitle.org/rsrc_issues_tabletpc.php
Syllabus Magazine – Tablet PCs: The killer app for higher educationhttp://www.syllabus.com/article.asp?id=6246
University Business – Is the tablet pc the future of college computing?http://www.universitybusiness.com/page.cfm?id=289
Motion Computing - Tablet PCs for Campus Mobilityhttp://www.campus-technology.com/motion/index.asp
Notebook Universities
Research Question
There is a lot of information about mobile PCs and tablet PCs in colleges but no research about if the users accept the technology.
The question – “Do university students accept the table PC?”
Technology Acceptance Research
Theory of Reasoned Action – 1975 Technology Acceptance Model – 1989
Fred Davis’s dissertation Paper
Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of technology (UTAUT) 2003 Verkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis*
Technology Acceptance ModelPerceived Usefulness
Reported
System Usage
Perceived Ease of Use
Computer Experience
Job Title
Gender
Age
Davis, F. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319-340.Davis, F., Bagozzi, R., & Warshaw, P. (1989). User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science, 35(8), 982-1003.
UTAUT Research Model
Acceptance Determinants* Performance Expectancy: the degree to which an individual
believes that using the system will help him/her to attain gains in job performance. (Perceived usefulness)
Effort Expectancy: the degree of ease associated with the use of the system. (Perceived ease of use)
Social Influence: the degree to which an individual perceives that important others believe he or she should use the new system.
Facilitating Condition: the degree to which an individual believes that an organizational and technical infrastructure exists to support use of the system.
*Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)Venkatesh, Viswanath, Morris, Michael G.Davis, Gordon B.Davis, Fred, MIS Quarterly, 2003
Acceptance Model Components
Determinents
• Performance expectancy (usefulness)
• Effort Expectancy (ease of use)
• Social Influence
• Facilitating Conditions
Moderating Variables
• Gender
• Age
•General computer expertise
• Voluntariness
UsageUseBehavior
Decisions
Who to survey. What questions to ask. When to conduct the survey. How to conduct the survey. How to analyze the survey data. Where to publish the research results.
The research team decided to survey freshman students enter DSU during the current academic year.
Why this population?
How large is this population?
Survey Questions
Since this is for a doctoral dissertation it was decided to ask plenty of question to determine the model parameters.
Questions from the older TAM model were included to provide completeness. Useage questions measured students
use of Tablet PCs.
Participant Demographics Gender
Male:143 Female:120
Class placement Freshman:128 Sophomore:68 Junior:49 Senior:18
College major Arts & Sciences 61 Business& Info Sys
122 Education 63 Other 17
First use of computers Elementary 95 Middle 97 High 37 College 33 Don’t Use 1
Tablet PC period of use 1 month 1 2 Months 11 3 Months 33 6 Months 100 9 Months 36 12 Months 8 >12 Months 74
The Device
Gateway M275
14.1”, DVD
1.8 GHz Pentium-M
Today’s Market: New Slates
Sahara i213
12.1”, 1.6GHz Centrino
Motion
Computing
Tatung TTAB
10.4”, 1 GHz ULV
Tatung B12D
12.1” 1.2 GHz Centrino
Fujitsu 5000
10.4/12.1, Indoor/Outdoor
1.1 GHz ULV
NECVersaPro, 10.4”, 1.1 GHz
LE 1600
LS 800
Today’s Market: New Convertibles
Acer
C1xx
C300
C250
Averatec C3500AMD 2200+
12.1”, DVD
Electrovaya1.4 GHz Centrino
12.1”, Biometrics
Scribbler SC-2200
Gateway M275
14.1”, DVD
1.8 GHz Pentium-M
SHARPActius TN10W12.1”, 1.1 GHz
ToshibaM200, 12.1” SXGA+
2 GHz Pentium-M
ViewSonic
12.1”, 1 GHz
Fujitsu
T4000
IBM ThinkPad x41
HP tc4200
Today’s Market: New Hybrids & Ruggeds
HP Compaq TC1100ULV Celeron or Pentium
10.4”, 1.1 GHz
Walkabout Hammerhead
10.4”, 4.5 lbs
933 MHz P-III M
Hybrid Ruggedized
Itronix8.4”, 933 MHz ULV
Xplore iX10410.4” 1.1 GHz ULV
Concept Design: New hinge
Today’s Market: Forecasts Mobile Market Projections (IDC)
Ultra-Portable1 or 2 spindle,10-12” screen, 2-4 lbs.
Ultra-Mobile0 to 1 spindle, 5-8” screen, < 2 0 to 1 spindle, 5-8” screen, < 2
lbs. lbs.
Thin & Light2 spindle, 14-15” screen, 4-7 lbs.2 spindle, 14-15” screen, 4-7 lbs.
Transportable2 & 3 spindle, 14-17” screen, 7-12 lbs.2 & 3 spindle, 14-17” screen, 7-12 lbs.
0%0%
8%8%
30%30%
2004Market share
63%63%
1%1%
17%17%
19%19%
2006Market share
63%63%
3%3%
31%31%
10%10%
2008Market share
56%56%
Consumers, Mobile ProfessionalsCY08 Market: 2.5M, CAGR (04-08): 40%
Mobile Professionals,Information WorkersCY08 Market: 28.4M, CAGR (04-08): 51.4%,
Information Workers,Consumers CY08 Market: 51M, CAGR (04-08): 22%
Information Workers,ConsumersCY08 Market: 8.9M, CAGR (04-08): -11%
The Analysis of Data
Individual model variables are tested to measure their reliabiltiy by using Cronbach alpha.
Cronbach alpha is commonly used in technology acceptance research to determine the index of reliability for a set of questions used to indirectly measure a model construct.
Alpha coefficients range from 0 to 1 The higher the score, the more reliable
the generated data is. Current literature indicates that 0.7 is an acceptable coefficient.
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika. 16, 297-334.
Nunnaly, J. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Hypotheses
University students accept the Tablet PC. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of
Technology (UTAUT) does predict the successful acceptance of the Tablet PC
The constructs of the UTAUT will demonstrate an effect on user acceptance of the tablet PC.
Computer self efficacy and anxiety does have an impact students acceptance of the Tablet PC.
Students use of the Tablet PC does not impact student’s acceptance of the device.
Survey Tool
Likert scale The survey used a likert scale to determine
the participants agreement with statements that, generally, indirectly measure the UTAUT variables.
1 = strong disagreement to 7 = strong agreement
Some questions are reversed to check if the participants are reading the statements.
University students accept the Tablet PC.
Preliminary results PE statements are strongly in agreement
4.1 to 5.9, average is 5.06 EE statements are stronger in agreement
5.1 to 6.0, average is 5.8 SI statements are strongly in agreement
4.8 to 6.2, average is 5.2 FC statements are strongly in agreement
4.9 to 6.0, average is 5.7
UTAUT does predict the successful acceptance of the Tablet PC Preliminary results
The preliminary results appear to support student acceptance of TPC.
Data will be analyzed with a partial least squares program commonly used in technology acceptance studies.
UTAUT constructs will demonstrate user acceptance of the tablet PC.
Preliminary results support this conclusion.
Computer self efficacy and anxiety have an impact on students acceptance of the Tablet PC
Preliminary results Self efficacy results a strongly in
agreement on TPC use 5.0 to 5.5
Anxiety does not appear to be a factor on this campus Results do not show an effect! 2.4 to 3.5 which means mildly dissagree
to neither.
Usage
Students use of the Tablet PC does not impact student’s acceptance of the device
Preliminary results I use my tablet in slate mode – mildly
agree at 4.96 I use my stylus for navigation - mildly
agree at 4.92 I use my TPC as a notebook –mild
agreement at 5.31 I use windows journal with my TPC - mild
agreement at 5.12
Next things to do Analyze the data using PLS Graph
provided by Wynn Chin, University of Houston.
Defend dissertation in the next couple of months!
Modify survey tool to survey faculty at the universities with TPC programs.
Acknowledgments I would like to thank the following persons
and groups. Mark Hawkes Omar El-Gayar DSU & the faculty research initiative Tom Farrell & Wayne Pauli for their support and
encouragement. Faculty & students for survey assistance. My Mom & Dad, wife
Capella University, and on, and on, and on…