Faith Seminary

Student Supplement for The SBL Handbook of Style

Revised by

M. Lynn Smith-Henry Tacoma, WA January 2006

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

At the Annual Meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature in 2003, Professor James Nogalski raised the possibility of including a student supplement to the SBL Handbook of Style in its next edition. Professor Nogalski is a member of the SBL who teaches at the School of Divinity at Gardner-Webb University in Boiling Springs, North Carolina. He is also an SBL author, having translated Odil Steck’s Old Testament Exegesis, and having served as co-editor of the SBL Symposium Series volume Reading and Hearing the Book of the Twelve. Unfortunately, not all the information needed for students working with biblical and theological literature could be found in what SBL had intended to be a comprehensive handbook. Work on a second edition of the SBLHS had been ongoing for some time, but the idea of a student supplement had not been discussed. What you see here is the product of the collective labors of James Nogalski’s team from Gardner-Webb University. The original document is available online. Joel LeMon, a Ph.D. candidate in Hebrew Bible at Emory University and a part-time staffer at SBL, edited the original supplement in 2004, looking at it from the perspective of both student and teacher. The copy you find here has been further edited and revised by M. Lynn Smith-Henry who teaches Introduction to Theological Research at Faith Seminary, Tacoma, WA. This supplement has been designed to aid students to apply the SBL style in their research during their graduate and post-graduate experience. The user should understand that there are inherent strengths and weaknesses in the SBL style. Its strengths are found in how it handles ancient sources and religious texts in the course of academic writing. Moreover, it is well adapted to publication of articles and books on ancient history and religious studies of almost any sort and renders a very readable product. However, SBL was originally conceived with the academic and not the student in mind. Therefore, it does not readily address the needs of the student writing research papers, theses, or dissertations. For this strength, we must call upon the Chicago Style Manual (CMS) to help us and provide guidance. What you will find here in this supplement is a compilation of both styles which seeks to blend the best features of both SBL and CMS. Of particular note are bibliographic citations – both footnotes and bibliography entries. The SBL style is much more straightforward and user friendly hence it has been adopted here. On the other hand, the numbering of pages is much more user friendly in CMS and therefore this supplement follows the style accordingly. There are other examples which the user will note as they use this supplement. In cases where questions are not specifically addressed by this supplement or the SBL Handbook of Style (and there will always be some that are not), the user should refer to the CMS handbook for a definitive answer. Inquiries may be sent to lhenry@faithseminary.edu for assistance. M. L. Smith-Henry Tacoma, WA January 2006

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART 1: AVOIDING COMMON MISTAKES 1.1 GETTING STARTED 1.2 BIBLICAL CITATIONS (SBLHS 8.2) 1.3 WORKING WITH BIBLICAL COMMENTARIES

1.3.1 Series Title and Volume Title 1.3.2 Numbered Series or Non-numbered Series 1.3.3 Multivolume Commentaries 1.3.4 Single-Volume Commentaries on the Entire Bible. 1.3.5 Series with New Numbers

1.4 BIBLE DICTIONARIES AND ENCYCLOPEDIAS 1.5 ABBREVIATIONS 1.6 CITATIONS OF ELECTRONIC SOURCES 1.7 TRANSLITERATING GREEK AND HEBREW WORDS PART 2: FORMATTING GUIDELINES FOR TERM PAPERS 2.1 MARGINS 2.2 SPACING 2.3 PAGINATION 2.4 TEXT FORMAT 2.5 PARAGRAPH INDENTATION 2.6 HEADINGS AND SUBHEADINGS 2.7 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.8 TITLE PAGE 2.9 OUTLINE AND THESIS STATEMENT 2.10 FOOTNOTES 2.11 BIBLICAL REFERENCES 2.12 BIBLIOGRAPHY PART 3: SAMPLES 3.1 TITLE PAGE 3.2 ABSTRACT 3.3 OUTLINE AND THESIS STATEMENT 3.4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.5 ABBRIEVIATIONS 3.6 HEADINGS 3.7 TRANSLATIONS 3.8 APPENDICES 3.9 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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PART 1 AVOIDING COMMON MISTAKES

1.1 GETTING STARTED Become familiar with the styles for notes and bibliographies illustrated in The SBL Handbook of Style (SBLHS). These general (SBLHS 7.2) and special (SBLHS 7.3) examples have been chosen with care to cover the broadest array of resources. The handbook provides sample entries for the initial citation of a work in a footnote, subsequent citations of that work, and an example of the bibliographic entry. When conducting research, check the title page of a source and carefully record all pertinent bibliographic information. Frustrations arise when students are preparing a manuscript and realize they are missing key pieces of information. In addition to the author and title of the work, students should record the editor, translator, number of volumes, edition, series, city, publisher, and date. The following material will address problems students typically encounter when working with biblical texts and secondary literature. These illustrations will help one avoid problems, but they do not replace the need to become familiar with the examples provided in SBLHS. 1.2 BIBLICAL CITATIONS (SBLHS 8.2) Citations of modern Bible versions do not require publisher’s information in either footnotes or bibliography; instead, use standard abbreviations for the Bible version (e.g., NRSV, RSV, NIV, NASB; see SBLHS 8.2). If citing scripture from a single version, include the abbreviation of the version following the chapter and verse on the first scripture reference only. When citing more than one version in a paper, include the version after each citation.

“Now Ahab had seventy sons in Samaria” (2 Kgs 10:1 NRSV). When citing specific chapters and verses, use the standard abbreviated titles of biblical

books provided in SBLHS 8.3.1–3. If a biblical book is the first word of the sentence, do not abbreviate the title. Also, when referring to the book as a whole or a person with the same name as a biblical book, do not abbreviate.

Right: Revelation 3 begins with the letter to the church in Sardis. We know little about the historical Habakkuk.

Wrong: Rev 3 begins with the letter to the church in Sardis.

We know little about the historical Hab. 2

Cite Bible verses with chapter and verse(s) using Arabic numerals separated by a colon. Do not write out the numbers.

Right: John 5:8–9 Wrong: John chapter five verses eight and nine.

When citing multiple passages, list the abbreviated title of each new biblical book

followed by the chapter number and colon, with all verses in that chapter separated by a comma and space. A semicolon should separate references to subsequent chapters or books. Do not include the conjunction “and” or an ampersand before the last citation. List passages in canonical and numerical order.

Right: Matt 2:3; 3:4–6; 4:3, 7; Luke 3:6, 8; 12:2, 5; Acts 15:1–5; Rom 1:8–12 Wrong: Luke 3:6, 8; Luke 12:2; Matt 2:3, 3:4–6; 4:3; Luke 3:6, 8 and 12:2; Rom

1:8–12; Matt 2:3; 4:3, 7; 3:4–6

When citing classical works with more than two parts in the recitation such as Whiston’s edition of Josephus, the book, chapter, and verse will be separated by a period. All other formatting rules as illustrated above apply. Further examples of correct and incorrect citations are listed in SBLHS 8.2. Right: Apion 1.1.3; 2.3.1.

Wrong: Apion 1:1.3; 2:3.1.

In study Bibles such as The HarperCollins Study Bible or The New Oxford Annotated Bible, special articles and the notes (usually at the bottom of the page) are not part of the biblical text. Study notes are written by authors or editors whose names are included in the front matter of the study Bible. If these notes are cited, all the relevant information from the specific study Bible should be included.

3 Sophie Laws, “The Letter of James” in The HarperCollins Study Bible: New Revised Standard Version, with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books (eds. Wayne A. Meeks et al.; New York: HarperCollins, 1993), 2269–70. 5 Laws, “James,” 2270. Laws, Sophie. “The Letter of James.” Pages 2269–70 in The HarperCollins Study Bible:

New Revised Standard Version, with the Apocryphal / Deuterocanonical Books. Edited by Wayne A. Meeks et al. New York: HarperCollins, 1993.

1.3 WORKING WITH BIBLICAL COMMENTARIES 1.3.1 SERIES TITLE AND VOLUME TITLE Most biblical commentaries appear as part of a commentary series, the purpose of which is to comment upon the biblical text using the same general format. When working with a single volume in a commentary series, follow the citation guidelines for “A Work in a Series” (SBLHS 7.2.22). Most commentary series are listed in the abbreviations found in SBLHS 8.4.1–2.

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When collecting bibliographic information, distinguish carefully between the volume title

and the series title. Whether abbreviated or written in full, volume titles are italicized, but series titles are not.

18 Claus Westermann, Genesis 12–36 (trans. John J. Scullion; CC; Minneapolis: Fortress, 1995), 25.

20 Westermann, Genesis 12–36, 44. Westermann, Claus. Genesis 12–36. Translated by John J. Scullion. Continental Commentaries. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1995.

1.3.2 NUMBERED SERIES OR NONNUMBERED SERIES The publishers of some biblical commentaries number each volume in the series, while others do not. If the series uses numbers (e.g., Anchor Bible and Word Biblical Commentary), the number goes immediately after the name of the series but does not include the word “volume” or its abbreviations. Right: Word Biblical Commentary 12 or WBC 12

Wrong: Word Biblical Commentary, vol. 12 or WBC, vol. 12. 1.3.3 MULTIVOLUME COMMENTARIES 1.3.3.1 Multivolume Commentaries on a Single Biblical Book by One Author Usually, each volume has a separate title for the books and chapters treated in a given volume: for example, Wenham’s two-volume commentary on Genesis in the Word Biblical Commentary. The title of one volume is Genesis 1–15 and the other is Genesis 16–50. In other cases, each volume uses the same title and is distinguished only by volume number, using either roman or Arabic numerals. The following example of Dahood’s three-volume Psalms commentary is taken from SBLHS 7.3.10. If the paper references all three volumes, cite the entire multivolume work. 4 Mitchell Dahood, Psalms (3 vols.; AB 16–17A: Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965–1970), 3:127. 7 Dahood, Psalms, 2:121. Dahood, Mitchell. Psalms. 3 vols. Anchor Bible 16–17A. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965–1970. If the paper uses only one or two of the three volumes, cite each volume individually.

78 Mitchell Dahood, Psalms I, 1–50 (AB 16; Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday,

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1965), 44.

79 Dahood, Psalms I, 1–50, 78. 82 Mitchell Dahood, Psalms II, 51–100 (AB 17; Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1968), 347.

86 Dahood, Psalms II, 51–100, 351.

Dahood, Mitchell. Psalms I, 1–50. Vol. 1 of Psalms. Anchor Bible 16. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965. ———. Psalms II, 51–100. Vol. 2 of Psalms. Anchor Bible 17. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1968. 1.3.3.2 Multivolume Commentaries for the Entire Bible by Multiple Authors To save space, multivolume commentaries often combine treatments of multiple biblical books in a single volume. A different author usually writes the commentary on each biblical book. In this case, treat each author’s commentary like a chapter in a book written by several authors (SBLHS 7.2.21). Multivolume commentaries cited in a footnote should use the abbreviated title listed in SBLHS 8.4.1–2. The author of the section should still be cited.

1 Patrick D. Miller, NIB 6:577. Miller, Patrick D. “The Book of Jeremiah: Introduction, Commentary, and Reflections.” Pages 553–926 in Introduction to Prophetic Literature, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Baruch, Letter of Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel. Vol. 6 of New Interpreter’s Bible. Edited by Leander E. Keck. Nashville: Abingdon, 2001. 1.3.4 SINGLE-VOLUME COMMENTARIES ON THE ENTIRE BIBLE Check the resource carefully. Some single-volume commentaries are written by a single person and are thus cited like any other monograph. Others are edited volumes where more than one person has written the commentary on individual books. In these cases, cite the author of that section of the commentary as you would the chapter in a book with an editor (SBLHS 7.2.12). 5 Jack G. Partain, “Numbers,” in Mercer Commentary on the Bible (ed. Watson E. Mills et al.; Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1995), 175–79. 8 Partain, “Numbers,” 175. Partain, Jack G. “Numbers.” Pages 175–79 in Mercer Commentary on the Bible. Edited by Watson E. Mills et al. Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1995.

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1.3.5 SERIES WITH NEW NUMBERS Occasionally a publisher will restart the numbering of a journal or a series for a variety of reasons. When this happens, include the number of the new series, separated from the volume number by a forward slash as illustrated in SBLHS 7.2.22. 1.4 BIBLE DICTIONARIES AND ENCYCLOPEDIAS Cite the author of the article, not the editor of the work as a whole (SBLHS 7.2.28). Most Bible dictionaries and encyclopedias put the author’s name at the end of the article that he or she wrote. If multiple articles from the same source are used, cite the author and article individually in the footnotes. 1 Stanley D. Walters, “Jacob Narrative,” ABD 3:599–609. Walters, Stanley D. “Jacob Narrative.” Pages 359–609 in vol. 3 of The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Edited by David Noel Freedman. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1992. When multiple articles from the same dictionary or encyclopedia have been used, list the work as a whole under the editor in the bibliography. Freedman, David Noel, ed. The Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1992. 1.5 ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviate titles of standard works in footnotes, but cite the complete titles in the bibliography. The SBL Handbook of Style offers two extensive lists of abbreviations for journals, series, and other standard reference works. The first abbreviation list is alphabetized by the source (SBLHS 8.4.1) and the second by the abbreviation (SBLHS 8.4.2). If the work you are citing is in these lists, use the standard abbreviation listed. Note that both lists italicize abbreviations of journal titles (e.g., JBL) but do not italicize the abbreviations of series (e.g., JSOTSup) or names (e.g., BAGD). Footnotes: JBL JSOTSup BAGD Bibliography: Journal of Biblical Literature Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series Bauer, W., W. F. Arndt, F. W. Gingrich, and F. W. Danker. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.

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If a work is not included in SBLHS abbreviation lists, use complete titles throughout or include a list of additional abbreviations on a separate page at the beginning of the paper (after the title page and before the main text). 1.6 CITATIONS OF ELECTRONIC SOURCES Students should consult the detailed instructions for documenting CD-ROM and Internet resources in SBLHS 7.3.12–14. List electronic sources by the author’s name, and enclose the title of the webpage in quotation marks, as you would a journal article. Since pagination will change from printer to printer, do not cite page numbers for online resources; instead, include “n.p.” in footnotes and “No pages” in the bibliography. Many websites change their content frequently, so be sure to include the date the resource was accessed and provide the most detailed URL available. 7 Joel Green, “Bible, Theology and Theological Interpretation,” SBL Forum, n.p. [cited 16 Sept. 2004]. Online: http://www.sbl-site.org/Article.aspx?ArticleId=308.

9 Green, “Bible, Theology.” Green, Joel B. “Bible, Theology and Theological Interpretation.” SBL Forum. No pages. Cited 16 September 2004. Online: http://www.sbl-site.org/Article.aspx?ArticleId=308.

Note that when a URL is too long for the line on which it starts, it is best to show the entire URL on a separate line below rather than attempt to hyphenate or break it in mid-URL. Choose and evaluate web resources carefully. Generally, websites hosted by educational institutions (.edu) are more reliable than sites hosted by companies (.com) that are trying to sell products or organizations (.org) that may aggressively promote ideological agendas. 1.7 TRANSLITERATING GREEK AND HEBREW WORDS If the student has training in biblical languages, it is preferable to use a Greek or Hebrew font when discussing particular words. When citing Hebrew, use only the consonantal text unless the vowel pointing is necessary for the argument. The SBL Handbook of Style provides two different transliteration options for Hebrew: the “academic style” (SBLHS 5.1.1), which makes extensive use of diacritical markings to distinguish subtle differences in sounds, and the “general-purpose style” (SBLHS 5.1.2). Unless stated otherwise, the general-purpose style (SBLHS 5.1.2) is usually adequate for term papers, theses, and dissertations. Only one transliteration system is provided for Greek (SBLHS 5.3). Although preferred, Greek may be quoted without diacritical marks. Students should be careful to use the same transliteration style for all works cited, especially when these works have been found in secondary literature from different publishers among whom transliteration styles vary widely. Word-processing software such as Microsoft Word and WordPerfect can insert most diacritical characters. To add diacritical characters in Word, for example, select the “Insert” menu, then click on “Symbol” and choose the appropriate character from the list.

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Fonts for working with Greek and Hebrew are available for download from the SBL website (http://www.sbl-site.org; click on the “Resources” tab at the top of the page). Available fonts include those with Hebrew and Greek characters and fonts with all the transliteration symbols. Additional fonts (unicode and non-unicode) are available from the SIL International site found at http://www.sil.org/computing/fonts/Lang/silfonts.html.

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PART 2 FORMATTING GUIDELINES FOR TERM PAPERS

2.1 MARGINS Use a one-inch setting for top, bottom, left, and right margins. Set tabs at one-half inch throughout. Do not justify the right margin. The text of this document has a justified right margin to match the style of SBLHS book style. All the samples in Part 3 of this “Student Supplement” follow the term paper style and are set with a ragged right margin. 2.2 SPACING Double-space all main text except for block quotations. These long quotations (five lines or more) should be single-spaced, indented one-half inch, and set off from the main text by a double space. Do not enclose a block quotation with quotation marks. See the examples in part 3 and SBLHS 4.1.7. For footnotes, see section 2.8 below. 2.3 PAGINATION For research papers, set the different first page option in the page setup dialog to on. This precludes the page number from printing on the title page or first page of each section defined by a section break. The number will, however, print on all subsequent pages. The page number should be set by placing it in the footer1 at the bottom of the page and centered. Page numbers should be formatted in Arabic numerals. This pagination format is also used for appendices and the bibliography.

For theses and dissertations, set the different first page option in the page setup dialog to on. This precludes the page number from printing on the title page. The number will, however, print on all subsequent pages. The page number should be set by placing it in the footer at the bottom of the page and centered.

Start the pagination with small Roman numerals (e.g., “i, ii, iii, etc.”). This pagination will apply to all “front” material of the research such as copyright page, acknowledgements, biographical notes, table of contents, abbreviations, permissions, and list of figures. After the front material, on the first page of text, first line, insert a section break by going to Insert, Break, Section Break and choose Next Page. This allows for a new pagination scheme on the first page of the text. Repeat the steps for formatting the page number as noted above except using standard Arabic numerals starting at “1.” 2.4 TEXT FORMAT Use 12-point Roman (Times Roman) or Courier scalable font. Roman is preferred. Do not use a sans serif font such as Arial, Helvetica, or Sans. Chapter titles and title page should be the same 1 In MS Word, this is done by going to View, then Header and Footer menu options. This option opens both the Header and Footer boxes in default view. However, if you see only the Header, scroll down the page until the Footer box is visible.

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size and type as the text font. Do not use bold styling except for certain levels of subheadings as specified in §2.6. 2.5 PARAGRAPH INDENTATION The first paragraph of a new section or subsection should be left justified. Indent the first line of subsequent paragraphs one-half inch. 2.6 HEADINGS AND SUBHEADINGS SBL book style headings normally incorporate bolded fonts. However, in academic writing, bolded fonts in research papers, theses, and dissertations are normally not acceptable. Therefore, this supplement will follow the font specification for headings with one exception; headings will not be bolded. Bolded fonts are not traditionally accepted in academic papers submitted to faculty.

Primary heading: centered, all capital letters, long titles single-spaced First-level subheading: centered, all capital letters Second-level subheading: centered, capitalized headline style Third-level subheading: left justified, capitalized, italicized Fourth-level subheading: left justified, capitalized

See part 3 below for examples. 2.7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Use a Table of Contents for term papers of fifteen pages or more. See part 3 below for an example. 2.8 TITLE PAGE Use all capital letters on the title page. Center all elements, allowing two inches at the top and bottom margins, and approximately two inches between each element. See examples in part 3 for content format. Generally, title page information is standard and the examples found below will specify distances between entries. If for any reason a variation is made to the title page information – either more or less- attempt to retain equal distances between entries and retain symmetry on the page. 2.9 OUTLINE AND THESIS STATEMENT (OTS) Although not a part of the SBLHS, this CMS element will greatly facilitate writing and the structuring of research and is therefore included here. The outline, with a thesis statement, acts as a “road map” for the direction of the research. Use this tool to work with your professor or supervisor to discuss and validate your research direction.

The OTS is a dynamic, flexible document which will change in the course of the research. The real value of the OTS is that it gives the writer a place to start. The simple title OUTLINE

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should be used for this tool. The thesis statement immediately follows the title, should be single spaced and give a brief statement of the issue addressed in the research and the posited hypothesis. It should start with the label THESIS STATEMENT left justified. Outline entries should not be full length sentences but topical in nature. Standard outline level numbering which follows the numbering scheme of SBLHS should be used. Unless otherwise specified by the professor / supervisor, the OTS may or may not be included in the final research product. Discuss this issue with your professor / supervisor. When submitting a research product for publication to a journal or other venue, do not include an OTS. See part 3 below for an example. 2.10 FOOTNOTES For research papers, theses, and dissertations, 10-point font is the default setting for footnotes.

• Separate text and footnotes with a short rule of two inches (usually automated in the word processor).

• Left justify all lines of the citation – do not indent the first line of the citation. • Default spacing of the word processor between the superscripted number and the

citation text should be one en-space. • Separate each entry with a single space. • Maintain subsequent numbering throughout the paper. • The information sequence for footnotes is: editor, translator, number of volumes,

edition, series, city, publisher, and date. • If you cite two or more works by the same author, subsequent notes should include the

author’s last name and a shorten version of the title of each work.

7 John Van Seters, Prologue to History: The Yahwist as Historian in Genesis (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1992), 115.

8 Van Seters, Prologue, 150.

2.11 BIBLICAL REFERENCES Publication data for biblical versions is not required in footnotes and bibliographies; simply indicate the version cited in parentheses following the quote. Always use the abbreviated form (e.g., NASB, NRSV, NIV, NJPS) listed in SBLHS 8.2. If only one version is cited throughout the paper, include the version after the first quotation only or note in the biographical note that all quotations in the research come from this version . If more than one version is cited, identify the version after each quotation. Versions not included in SBLHS 8.2 must be listed on an abbreviations page. 2.12 BIBLIOGRAPHY Use a two-inch top margin. List all sources consulted in alphabetical order, with a blank line between single-spaced entries. The bibliography follows appendices and is numbered consecutively. Pages numbers are located at the bottom center of each page. See example bibliography in part 3.

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PART 3 EXAMPLES

The following pages provide further aids for paper formatting and style. The scope of examples, however, is far from exhaustive. If a particular issue is not covered in this Student Supplement for the SBLHS, students should consult the Handbook itself and if further explanation is needed, then The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th Edition.

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Examples 3.1.1 Research Paper Title Page (two inch top margin)

[NAME OF INSTITUTION] (two inches between elements)

TITLE OF PAPER (DOUBLE-SPACE SUBSEQUENT LINES)

(two inches between elements)

SUBMITTED TO [NAME OF PROFESSOR] IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF [COURSE NUMBER AND TITLE]

(two inches between elements)

BY [YOUR NAME]

[MONTH YEAR]

(two inch bottom margin)

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Examples 3.1.2 Thesis / Dissertation Title Page (two inch top margin)

[NAME OF INSTITUTION] (one and a half inches between elements)

TITLE OF PAPER (DOUBLE-SPACE SUBSEQUENT LINES)

(one and a half inches between elements)

SUBMITTED TO [NAME OF PROFESSOR] IN FULFILLMENT OF

[THESIS / DISSERTATION REQUIREMENTS] FOR THE DEGREE OF [STATE FULL NAME OF DEGREE]

(one and a half inches between elements)

BY

[YOUR NAME] [MONTH YEAR]

(one and a half inches between elements)

COMMITTEE APPROVAL

____________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

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Examples 3.2 Abstract (two inch top margin) ABSTRACT

JOSEPHUS: HIS RELIGIOUS PHILOSOPHY

M. LYNN SMITH-HENRY

Josephus is possibly the best known of all ancient historians. His writings provide the postmodern reader with a wealth of historical information, without which, historians would be hard pressed to gain insight into certain historical aspects of the ancient world; specifically the history of Judea and the interaction with the Romans from the time of the Hasmoneans until the destruction of the Second Temple.

Josephus has traditionally been associated with the Pharisees of ancient Judea, one of the three prominent religious philosophical sects in existence during his lifetime. This association has become the historical standard since William Whiston’s English translation was published in 1828. Until recently, most traditionally accepted translations (Whiston, Niese, Maier, Thackeray), which have served as the standard for Josephan scholarship, have portrayed Josephus as a Pharisee. Recent scholarship and increasingly critical analyses of Josephus’ writings have given cause for reconsidering this association and reevaluating Josephus in his historical context.

This study focuses on an examination of recent scholarly evidences adduced from Josephus’ works, biblical texts, and other pertinent sources with the intent of gaining better insight into the man Josephus and his religious beliefs. Particular attention is given to specific issues of halakhah, key pericopae, and philosophical vocabulary within Josephus’ writings with the goal of discerning his religious philosophy and affiliation, if any.

Note: Unlike the text of the research, the abstract is single spaced and justified in book style format. Include the heading, the title of the research, and the author’s name.

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Examples 3.3 Outline and Thesis Statement (OTS) (one inch top margin) OUTLINE THESIS STATEMENT: Often, Josephus is seen as an aspirant of the sect of the Pharisees and not always in a positive light. While possible that Josephus may have intended to be perceived as a Pharisee by his contemporaries, I disagree with the scholars who have promoted both the classic and modern conceptions purporting Josephus to be a Pharisee. I will contend in this study that Josephus is not a Pharisee and that ample evidence internal to his works exists to support this contention.

1. Introduction

2. Plan of this Study

3. History and Religious Philosophy in Josephus

3.1 Josephus the Historian

3.2 Historiography of Josephus

3.3 Josephus the Aristocrat-Priest

4. Jewish Religious-Philosophical Sects

4.1 Sadducees

4.2 Pharisees

4.3 Essenes

4.4 Pharisaic Opposition

4.5 Summary

5. Josephus, Halakhah, and Haggadah

5.1 Fate and Immortality in Josephus

5.1.1 The Etymology of EiJmarmevnh

5.1.2 Uses of EiJmarmevnh

5.1.3 Immortality in Josephus

6. Conclusions

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Examples 3.4 Table of Contents (one inch top margin – double spaced)

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Use for papers of fifteen pages or more)

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

First-level subheading (indent three spaces)………………………………………………...2 Titles that exceed one line must also be indented for subsequent lines. 2 Second-level subheadings (indent three spaces)…………………………………………….3

DEVELOPING THE IMAGINATIVE NARRATIVE SERMON IN A

LOCAL CHURCH SETTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

SERMON OUTLINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

APPENDIX 1: BIBLICAL TEXTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

APPENDIX 2: SAMPLE SERMON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Note: The contents pages list every element of the paper that follows the contents pages. Use Arabic numerals for the main text and roman numerals for the front matter. When generating a Table of Contents (TOC) in MS Word, the preset heading styles will be captured and placed in the TOC automatically.

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Examples 3.5 Abbreviations (one inch top margin)

ABBREVIATIONS2

ALGHJ Arbeitum zur Literatur und Geschichte des hellenistchen Judentums

ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt

Ant. The Jewish Antiquities

Apion Against Apion

BAR Biblical Archeological Review

CRINT Compendia rerum iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum

DE Demonstratio Evangelica

HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual

ISBE International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia

JQR Jewish Quarterly Review

Life The Life

MGWJ Monatschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums

NASB95 New American Standard Bible 1995 Update, Lockman Foundation

NovT Novum Testamentum

Numen Numen: International Review for the History of Religions

OT Old Testament

PWRE Pauly Wissowa Real Encyklopedie

RevQ Revue de Qumran

RRJ Review of Rabbinic Judaism

TDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Testament

TWOT Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament

War The Jewish War

ZNW Zeitung fur Neutestamentlische Wissenschaft

ZRGG Zeitung fur Religions- und Geistesgeschichte

2 See SBLHS §§ 8.1 – 8.4.2 for standardized abbreviations. Abbreviations are best formatted by use of a table with two columns This allows for consistent alignment and does not require the use of tab stops.

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Examples 3.6 Headings (two inch top margin – first page only)

PRIMARY HEADING LONG TITLES ARE SINGLE-SPACED ON SUBSEQUENT LINES

The top margin is two inches for the first page only. There are two blank lines between the title

and the text (or subheading if there is one). The left, right, top, and bottom margins are one inch.

The first pages of chapters are formatted like the primary heading. The first paragraph is left

justified – no indent. Indent the first line of subsequent paragraphs. All main text should be set in

a standard 12-point font, such as Times New Roman.

FIRST-LEVEL SUBHEADING Keep two blank lines between the text of the preceding section and a subheading, regardless of

the level. A first level subheading is centered, bold, and capitalized headline style.

SECOND-LEVEL SUBHEADING

There are two blank lines between the text of the preceding section and the subheading. A

second-level subheading is centered and capitalized headline style.

Third-Level Subheading A third level subheading is left justified, capitalized, and italicized. A heading should never be

the last text on a page. If necessary, add extra blank space at the end of the page and begin the

following page with a heading.

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Examples 3.6 Headings Fourth-Level Subheading A fourth-level subheading is a left justified, capitalized headline style. The text of the body of the

paper is double-spaced except for blocked quotations.

This is a blocked quotation. It should consist of five or more lines of text and be indented one-half inch. Block quotations should be single-spaced. No quotation marks are used at the beginning or the end of the quote. Double quotation marks within the original matter are retained. The blocked quote is set off by a regular double space before and after the quote. Note that regular spacing resumes after the end of the quotation. 3

Writing tip: do not end a paragraph with a quotation. Use the last sentence in the

paragraph to make your final point, summarize the paragraph, or transition into the next

paragraph. Footnotes at the bottom of the page are separated by a two-inch rule. Maintain

subsequent numbering in notes. Make sure a footnote and the text to which it refers are on the

same page. When a word processor such as Microsoft Word does not accomplish this

automatically, adjust the line spacing to “exactly” on the “paragraph” window.

3 Footnotes—unlike the main text of the paper—should be single-spaced and set with a 10 point Roman font.

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Examples 3.7 Translations When referencing pericopae in ancient or modern language texts which are critical to the study, it is sometimes necessary to quote the original text at length. A translation should be supplied with the original text. To introduce such material to the study, it is preferable to use a table to provide consistent formatting and font control. Insert a table two lines below the text. Follow on text should be two lines below the table. The table should have three columns; the left column for the original language text, the center column as a spacer, and the right column for English translation. The left and right table margins should be one inch less than the text left and right margins.

ejnneakai-devkaton d j e[to~ e[con hjrxavmhn te politeuvesqai th/ Fari-saivwn aiJrevsei katakolouqwn, h{ paraplhvsiov~ ejsti th/ par j {jEllesi Stwikh/` legomevnh/.4

Now in my nineteenth year, I returned (to the city) and began to conduct myself (in a manner) conforming to the sect of the Pharisees, which is comparable to that which the Greeks call Stoic.

Like the text of the research, these texts should be left justified but single spaced. The font for all tables is Roman 10 point normal. If a parenthetical reference does occur before the table to identify the contents, then the original language text should be footnoted to cite the reference.

4Josephus, Vita 12, trans. H. St. J. Thackeray, Loeb Classical Library Edition.

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Examples 3.8 Appendices (two inch top margin)

APPENDIX 1

APPENDIX TITLE

Use two blank lines between the title and the text. Each appendix should have a number and a

title, unless there is only one appendix, in which case the appendix would not need a number.

Every appendix requires a heading, so if you are including a preexisting document you will need

to type a heading (i.e., the appendix number and title) on that document so that it conforms to

your numbered appendixes.

An appendix is formatted like the first page of a chapter, using a two-inch top margin.

Locate page numbers at the bottom center of the first page of each appendix and at the top right

corner of subsequent pages. If the appendix is already numbered, put those page numbers in

square brackets. Page numbering for the appendixes is consecutive with the rest of the paper.

Margins for the appendixes should be the same as the rest of the paper. You may need to reduce

the content of the appendix to fit the margins.

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Examples 3.9 Bibliography (two inch top margin)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

There should be two blank lines between the title and the first entry. The first line of each entry is justified to the left margin; subsequent lines are indented one-half inch. See the SBLHS 7.2–4 for samples of the correct format.

A bibliography consists of one list of the sources—alphabetical, by author—which you consulted

or cited in the paper. Separate the entries with one blank line. The entries themselves are single spaced. The bibliography goes after the appendixes (if any) and is numbered consecutively. Do not use abbreviations for titles of books, journals, or series in the bibliography.

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