STUDENT REFERENCES - Cengage · 2019-04-23 · STUDENT REFERENCES AVAILABLE ONLINE...

STUDENTREFERENCES

English Glossary ................................. R2Spanish Glossary ................................. R7Index ...................................................... R12

AVAILABLE ONLINESkills HandbookPrimary Source HandbookGeography HandbookWorld Religions HandbookEconomics and Government Handbook

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R001-R027_WH_IWE10785_EM.indd 1 5/17/16 10:45 AM

G L O S S A R Y

Aacropolis n. the highest point in an ancient Greek city

adobe n. a kind of clay that when dried is used as a building material

agora n. an open space in an ancient Greek city that served as a marketplace and social center

agriculture n. the practice of growing plants and rearing animals for food

alliance n. a partnership

anthropologist n. a scientist who studies the cultural development of humans

aqueduct n. a long stone channel that carries clean water

arch n. a curved structure over an opening

archaeologist n. a scientist who studies past human life by analyzing artifacts

aristocracy n. an upper class that is richer and more powerful than the rest of society

artifact n. an object made by humans from a past culture

artisan n. a person skilled at making things by hand

Bbarbarian n. in this context, a person who lived outside

the Roman Empire

barter v. to exchange goods

bas-relief n. a realistic sculpture with figures raised against a flat background

bureaucracy n. a system of government in which appointed officials in specialized departments run the various offices

Ccacao n. a bean used to make chocolate

caravan n. a group of people that travels together

caste system n. a rigid social hierarchy in India that divides people into hereditary classes

catacomb n. a hidden underground chamber where people are buried

catapult n. a weapon that hurls large stones

cataract n. a rock formation that creates churning rapids; also, a large waterfall

chinampa n. a floating field that supported agriculture

city n. a political, economic, and cultural center with a large population

city-state n. a self-governing unit made up of a city and its surrounding lands and settlements; a city that controls the surrounding villages and towns

civil war n. a war between groups in the same country

civilization n. a society with a highly developed culture and technology

clan n. a group of families that shares a common ancestor

codex n. a folded book made of tree bark paper

colony n. a group of people that settles in a new land but keeps ties to its native country

comedy n. a humorous form of Greek drama that often mocked famous people

commerce n. the buying and selling of goods

communal adj. shared

confederation n. a group of allies

conquistador n. a Spanish conqueror who sought gold and other riches in the Americas

consul n. one of two chief leaders elected yearly in ancient Rome

cosmopolitan adj. worldly

covenant n. a religious agreement

creation story n. an account that explains how the world began and how people came to exist

cultural diffusion n. the process by which cultures interact and ideas spread from one area to another

cultural hearth n. a place from which new ideas, practices, and technology spread

culture n. a group’s way of life, including types of food, shelter, clothing, language, religion, behavior, and ideas

cuneiform n. the earliest form of writing, invented by the Sumerians

Ddelta n. an area where a river fans out into various

branches as it flows into a body of water

democracy n. a form of government in which citizens have a direct role in governing themselves or elect representatives to lead them

dharma n. the Buddha’s teachings; divine law

dictator n. a person who rules with total authority

direct democracy n. a form of democracy in which citizens gather together to vote on laws and policies

domestication n. the raising of plants and animals to make them useful to humans

drought n. a long period of dry, hot weather

dynastic cycle n. the pattern of the rise and fall of dynasties in ancient and early China

dynasty n. a series of rulers from the same familyR2 GLOSSARY

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G L O S S A R Y

Eemperor n. the supreme ruler of an empire

empire n. a group of different lands and people governed by one ruler

epic poem n. a long story in the form of a narrative poem

epistle n. a letter

exile n. the forced removal from one’s native country

Ffamine n. an extreme lack of crops or food causing

widespread hunger

fertile adj. encouraging the growth of crops and plants

filial piety n. the belief that children owe their parents and ancestors respect

fossil n. the remains of organisms that lived long ago

fresco n. a picture painted directly onto a wall

Ggeoglyph n. a large, geometric design or shape drawn on

the ground

gladiator n. a man in ancient Rome who fought others for entertainment

glyph n. a symbolic picture used to represent a word, syllable, or sound

golden age n. a period of great cultural achievement

government n. an organization set up to make and enforce rules in a society

HHellenistic adj. relating to Greek history or culture

helot n. a state-owned slave who was part of the lowest class of ancient Greek society

hero n. a character who faces a challenge that demands courage, strength, and intelligence

hierarchy n. a system in which people belong to social classes of different ranks

hieroglyph n. a picture representing an object, sound, or idea that was part of the ancient Egyptian writing system

highland n. a type of land that is high above the sea

hunter-gatherer n. a human who hunts animals and gathers wild plants to eat

Iimmortal adj. able to live forever

inoculation n. a vaccine containing a mild form of a disease to prevent the development of that disease

irrigation n. the supply of water to fields using human-made systems

isolate v. to cut off from the rest of the world

isolationism n. a rejection of foreign contact and outside influences

Jjury n. a group of people chosen to make a decision

based on evidence presented in a trial

Kkarma n. in Hinduism, a state of being influenced by a

person’s actions and conduct; determines the kind of life into which a person will be reborn

khanate n. a region of the Mongol empire

kiva n. a circular-shaped chamber built in the ground by the ancient Pueblo

kosher adj. specially prepared according to Jewish dietary laws

Llabyrinth n. a maze

land bridge n. a strip of land connecting two landmasses

legacy n. the things, both cultural and technological, left to us from past cultures

legend n. a story from the past that is accepted as truth but cannot be proven

legionary n. a professional soldier in ancient Rome

lowland n. a type of land that is low and level

Mmaize n. a type of corn first domesticated by

early Mesoamericans

maritime adj. relating to the sea

matrilineal adj. relating to descendants traced through the mother

megafauna n. the large animals of a particular region, habitat, or geological period

GLOSSARY R3


R2


G L O S S A R Y

Aacropolis n. the highest point in an ancient Greek city

adobe n. a kind of clay that when dried is used as a building material

agora n. an open space in an ancient Greek city that served as a marketplace and social center

agriculture n. the practice of growing plants and rearing animals for food

alliance n. a partnership

anthropologist n. a scientist who studies the cultural development of humans

aqueduct n. a long stone channel that carries clean water

arch n. a curved structure over an opening

archaeologist n. a scientist who studies past human life by analyzing artifacts

aristocracy n. an upper class that is richer and more powerful than the rest of society

artifact n. an object made by humans from a past culture

artisan n. a person skilled at making things by hand

Bbarbarian n. in this context, a person who lived outside

the Roman Empire

barter v. to exchange goods

bas-relief n. a realistic sculpture with figures raised against a flat background

bureaucracy n. a system of government in which appointed officials in specialized departments run the various offices

Ccacao n. a bean used to make chocolate

caravan n. a group of people that travels together

caste system n. a rigid social hierarchy in India that divides people into hereditary classes

catacomb n. a hidden underground chamber where people are buried

catapult n. a weapon that hurls large stones

cataract n. a rock formation that creates churning rapids; also, a large waterfall

chinampa n. a floating field that supported agriculture

city n. a political, economic, and cultural center with a large population

city-state n. a self-governing unit made up of a city and its surrounding lands and settlements; a city that controls the surrounding villages and towns

civil war n. a war between groups in the same country

civilization n. a society with a highly developed culture and technology

clan n. a group of families that shares a common ancestor

codex n. a folded book made of tree bark paper

colony n. a group of people that settles in a new land but keeps ties to its native country

comedy n. a humorous form of Greek drama that often mocked famous people

commerce n. the buying and selling of goods

communal adj. shared

confederation n. a group of allies

conquistador n. a Spanish conqueror who sought gold and other riches in the Americas

consul n. one of two chief leaders elected yearly in ancient Rome

cosmopolitan adj. worldly

covenant n. a religious agreement

creation story n. an account that explains how the world began and how people came to exist

cultural diffusion n. the process by which cultures interact and ideas spread from one area to another

cultural hearth n. a place from which new ideas, practices, and technology spread

culture n. a group’s way of life, including types of food, shelter, clothing, language, religion, behavior, and ideas

cuneiform n. the earliest form of writing, invented by the Sumerians

Ddelta n. an area where a river fans out into various

branches as it flows into a body of water

democracy n. a form of government in which citizens have a direct role in governing themselves or elect representatives to lead them

dharma n. the Buddha’s teachings; divine law

dictator n. a person who rules with total authority

direct democracy n. a form of democracy in which citizens gather together to vote on laws and policies

domestication n. the raising of plants and animals to make them useful to humans

drought n. a long period of dry, hot weather

dynastic cycle n. the pattern of the rise and fall of dynasties in ancient and early China

dynasty n. a series of rulers from the same familyR2 GLOSSARY


G L O S S A R Y

Eemperor n. the supreme ruler of an empire

empire n. a group of different lands and people governed by one ruler

epic poem n. a long story in the form of a narrative poem

epistle n. a letter

exile n. the forced removal from one’s native country

Ffamine n. an extreme lack of crops or food causing

widespread hunger

fertile adj. encouraging the growth of crops and plants

filial piety n. the belief that children owe their parents and ancestors respect

fossil n. the remains of organisms that lived long ago

fresco n. a picture painted directly onto a wall

Ggeoglyph n. a large, geometric design or shape drawn on

the ground

gladiator n. a man in ancient Rome who fought others for entertainment

glyph n. a symbolic picture used to represent a word, syllable, or sound

golden age n. a period of great cultural achievement

government n. an organization set up to make and enforce rules in a society

HHellenistic adj. relating to Greek history or culture

helot n. a state-owned slave who was part of the lowest class of ancient Greek society

hero n. a character who faces a challenge that demands courage, strength, and intelligence

hierarchy n. a system in which people belong to social classes of different ranks

hieroglyph n. a picture representing an object, sound, or idea that was part of the ancient Egyptian writing system

highland n. a type of land that is high above the sea

hunter-gatherer n. a human who hunts animals and gathers wild plants to eat

Iimmortal adj. able to live forever

inoculation n. a vaccine containing a mild form of a disease to prevent the development of that disease

irrigation n. the supply of water to fields using human-made systems

isolate v. to cut off from the rest of the world

isolationism n. a rejection of foreign contact and outside influences

Jjury n. a group of people chosen to make a decision

based on evidence presented in a trial

Kkarma n. in Hinduism, a state of being influenced by a

person’s actions and conduct; determines the kind of life into which a person will be reborn

khanate n. a region of the Mongol empire

kiva n. a circular-shaped chamber built in the ground by the ancient Pueblo

kosher adj. specially prepared according to Jewish dietary laws

Llabyrinth n. a maze

land bridge n. a strip of land connecting two landmasses

legacy n. the things, both cultural and technological, left to us from past cultures

legend n. a story from the past that is accepted as truth but cannot be proven

legionary n. a professional soldier in ancient Rome

lowland n. a type of land that is low and level

Mmaize n. a type of corn first domesticated by

early Mesoamericans

maritime adj. relating to the sea

matrilineal adj. relating to descendants traced through the mother

megafauna n. the large animals of a particular region, habitat, or geological period

GLOSSARY R3


R3


G L O S S A R Y

metallurgy n. the science of obtaining metals in their natural form and preparing them for use

migration n. the movement from one place to another

missionary n. a person who goes to another country to do religious work; a person who tries to spread Christianity to others

monarchy n. a government ruled by a single person, such as a king

monotheism n. the worship of a single God

monsoon n. a strong seasonal wind in South and Southeast Asia

mosaic n. a grouping of tiny colored stone cubes set in mortar to create a picture or design

mother culture n. a civilization that greatly influences other civilizations

mound builder n. a Native American culture that built mounds and cities in the Mississippi River Valley region between 1000 B.C. and A.D. 500

movable type n. the individual clay tablets that could be arranged on a board to form text

mummy n. the preserved body of a pharaoh or other powerful person in ancient Egypt

myth n. an old story told to explain an event or justify a belief or action

mythology n. a collection of stories that explains events, beliefs, or actions

Nnirvana n. in Buddhism, a state of bliss or the end of

suffering caused by the cycle of rebirth

noble n. a member of a high class in society who inherits his or her status

nomad n. a person who moves from place to place

Ooasis n. a fertile place with water in a desert

oligarchy n. a government ruled by a few powerful citizens

oracle bone n. an animal bone used to consult with the many gods worshipped by the Shang people

oral history n. an unwritten account of events, often passed down through the generations as stories or songs

oratory n. the art of public speaking

Ppantheon n. the gods of a group of people, a religion, or

a civilization

papyrus n. a paperlike material made from reeds

parable n. in the Bible, a simple story to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson

patriarchy n. a society in which men hold all the power

patrician n. a wealthy landowner in ancient Rome

peasant n. a poor farmer

peninsula n. a piece of land surrounded by water on three sides

phalanx n. in ancient Greece and Rome, a battle formation in which soldiers stood close together to protect themselves from enemy attack

pharaoh n. an ancient Egyptian ruler

philosophy n. the study of the universe and our place in it

plague n. a disease that causes many deaths

planned city n. a city built with a specific layout in mind

plebeian n. a common person in ancient Rome

polis n. a Greek city-state

polytheism n. a belief in many gods

pope n. the leader of the Roman Catholic Church

porcelain n. a strong, light, and translucent ceramic

potlach n. a gift-giving ceremony practiced by the Kwakiutl and Haida Native American tribes

primary source n. an artifact or piece of writing that was created by someone who witnessed or lived through a historical event

province n. an administrative district of a larger empire or country

pyramid n. a massive monumental tomb for a pharaoh

Qquarry v. to extract stone from the earth

quinoa n. a high-protein grain native to the Andes Mountains in South America

Rrabbi n. a Jewish spiritual leader

raw material n. a substance from which other things are made

reason n. the power of the human mind to think and understand in a logical way

R4 GLOSSARY


G L O S S A R Y

record keeping n. the practice of organizing and storing information

reform n. a change to make a situation better

reincarnation n. in Hinduism, the rebirth of a person’s soul into another body after death

religion n. the belief in and worship of one or more gods and goddesses

representative democracy n. a form of democracy in which people are elected to vote on the citizens’ behalf

republic n. a type of government in which citizens vote for their leaders

reunify v. to join together again

ritual n. a formal series of acts always performed in the same way; a religious ceremony

Ssatrap n. a governor of a province in the Persian Empire

scribe n. a professional writer who recorded official information

secondary source n. an artifact or writing created after an event by someone who did not see it or live during the time when it occurred

serf n. a person who lived and worked on the private land of a noble or medieval lord

siege n. a military tactic in which troops surround a city with soldiers in an attempt to take control of it

silk n. a textile made from the cocoons of silkworms

silt n. an especially fine and fertile soil

slash-and-burn agriculture n. a method of clearing fields for planting

social class n. a category of people based on wealth or status in a society

specialized worker n. a person who performs a job other than farming, such as metalworking or toolmaking

staple n. a main crop produced in a specific place

steppe n. a vast, grassy plain

subcontinent n. a large, distinct landmass that is part of a continent

surplus adj. more than is required or necessary; extra

synagogue n. a Jewish place of worship

Ttechnology n. the application of knowledge, tools, and

inventions to meet people’s needs

temple n. a place of worship

terra cotta n. a fire-baked clay

terrace n. a stepped platform built into a mountainside

terrace farming n. a type of farming in which flat steps are cut into a mountain to provide farmland

tetrarchy n. a system of rule by four emperors

tolerance n. the sympathy for the beliefs and practices of others

totem pole n. a tall, elaborately carved and painted tree trunk common in Northwest Coast native cultures

trade n. the exchange of goods

tragedy n. a serious form of Greek drama in which characters endure suffering before an unhappy ending

tribe n. an extended family unit

tribune n. a representative who fought to protect the rights of ordinary citizens in ancient Rome

tribute n. a tax paid or goods and services rendered in return for protection

trireme n. an ancient Greek warship

truce n. an agreement to stop fighting

tyrant n. in ancient Greek city-states, a ruler who took power illegally

Vveto v. to reject a decision or proposal made by another

government body

vizier n. a chief official in ancient Egypt who carried out much of the day-to-day work of governing

Wwigwam n. a domed tent used as housing by the

Algonquin in North America

Yyoga n. a series of postures and breathing exercises

Zziggurat n. a pyramid-shaped temple in Sumerian

city-states

GLOSSARY R5


R4


G L O S S A R Y

metallurgy n. the science of obtaining metals in their natural form and preparing them for use

migration n. the movement from one place to another

missionary n. a person who goes to another country to do religious work; a person who tries to spread Christianity to others

monarchy n. a government ruled by a single person, such as a king

monotheism n. the worship of a single God

monsoon n. a strong seasonal wind in South and Southeast Asia

mosaic n. a grouping of tiny colored stone cubes set in mortar to create a picture or design

mother culture n. a civilization that greatly influences other civilizations

mound builder n. a Native American culture that built mounds and cities in the Mississippi River Valley region between 1000 B.C. and A.D. 500

movable type n. the individual clay tablets that could be arranged on a board to form text

mummy n. the preserved body of a pharaoh or other powerful person in ancient Egypt

myth n. an old story told to explain an event or justify a belief or action

mythology n. a collection of stories that explains events, beliefs, or actions

Nnirvana n. in Buddhism, a state of bliss or the end of

suffering caused by the cycle of rebirth

noble n. a member of a high class in society who inherits his or her status

nomad n. a person who moves from place to place

Ooasis n. a fertile place with water in a desert

oligarchy n. a government ruled by a few powerful citizens

oracle bone n. an animal bone used to consult with the many gods worshipped by the Shang people

oral history n. an unwritten account of events, often passed down through the generations as stories or songs

oratory n. the art of public speaking

Ppantheon n. the gods of a group of people, a religion, or

a civilization

papyrus n. a paperlike material made from reeds

parable n. in the Bible, a simple story to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson

patriarchy n. a society in which men hold all the power

patrician n. a wealthy landowner in ancient Rome

peasant n. a poor farmer

peninsula n. a piece of land surrounded by water on three sides

phalanx n. in ancient Greece and Rome, a battle formation in which soldiers stood close together to protect themselves from enemy attack

pharaoh n. an ancient Egyptian ruler

philosophy n. the study of the universe and our place in it

plague n. a disease that causes many deaths

planned city n. a city built with a specific layout in mind

plebeian n. a common person in ancient Rome

polis n. a Greek city-state

polytheism n. a belief in many gods

pope n. the leader of the Roman Catholic Church

porcelain n. a strong, light, and translucent ceramic

potlach n. a gift-giving ceremony practiced by the Kwakiutl and Haida Native American tribes

primary source n. an artifact or piece of writing that was created by someone who witnessed or lived through a historical event

province n. an administrative district of a larger empire or country

pyramid n. a massive monumental tomb for a pharaoh

Qquarry v. to extract stone from the earth

quinoa n. a high-protein grain native to the Andes Mountains in South America

Rrabbi n. a Jewish spiritual leader

raw material n. a substance from which other things are made

reason n. the power of the human mind to think and understand in a logical way

R4 GLOSSARY


G L O S S A R Y

record keeping n. the practice of organizing and storing information

reform n. a change to make a situation better

reincarnation n. in Hinduism, the rebirth of a person’s soul into another body after death

religion n. the belief in and worship of one or more gods and goddesses

representative democracy n. a form of democracy in which people are elected to vote on the citizens’ behalf

republic n. a type of government in which citizens vote for their leaders

reunify v. to join together again

ritual n. a formal series of acts always performed in the same way; a religious ceremony

Ssatrap n. a governor of a province in the Persian Empire

scribe n. a professional writer who recorded official information

secondary source n. an artifact or writing created after an event by someone who did not see it or live during the time when it occurred

serf n. a person who lived and worked on the private land of a noble or medieval lord

siege n. a military tactic in which troops surround a city with soldiers in an attempt to take control of it

silk n. a textile made from the cocoons of silkworms

silt n. an especially fine and fertile soil

slash-and-burn agriculture n. a method of clearing fields for planting

social class n. a category of people based on wealth or status in a society

specialized worker n. a person who performs a job other than farming, such as metalworking or toolmaking

staple n. a main crop produced in a specific place

steppe n. a vast, grassy plain

subcontinent n. a large, distinct landmass that is part of a continent

surplus adj. more than is required or necessary; extra

synagogue n. a Jewish place of worship

Ttechnology n. the application of knowledge, tools, and

inventions to meet people’s needs

temple n. a place of worship

terra cotta n. a fire-baked clay

terrace n. a stepped platform built into a mountainside

terrace farming n. a type of farming in which flat steps are cut into a mountain to provide farmland

tetrarchy n. a system of rule by four emperors

tolerance n. the sympathy for the beliefs and practices of others

totem pole n. a tall, elaborately carved and painted tree trunk common in Northwest Coast native cultures

trade n. the exchange of goods

tragedy n. a serious form of Greek drama in which characters endure suffering before an unhappy ending

tribe n. an extended family unit

tribune n. a representative who fought to protect the rights of ordinary citizens in ancient Rome

tribute n. a tax paid or goods and services rendered in return for protection

trireme n. an ancient Greek warship

truce n. an agreement to stop fighting

tyrant n. in ancient Greek city-states, a ruler who took power illegally

Vveto v. to reject a decision or proposal made by another

government body

vizier n. a chief official in ancient Egypt who carried out much of the day-to-day work of governing

Wwigwam n. a domed tent used as housing by the

Algonquin in North America

Yyoga n. a series of postures and breathing exercises

Zziggurat n. a pyramid-shaped temple in Sumerian

city-states

GLOSSARY R5


R5


A C A D E M I C V O C A B U L A R Y

Aaccurate adj. without mistakes or errors (page 364)

advance v. to move forward (page 238)

ambitious adj. having a desire for fame or success (page 410)

Ccapacity n. the ability to do something (page 15)

collide v. to crash together (page 145)

commerce n. the buying and selling of goods and services (page 282)

commit v. to promise to do something (page 306)

communal adj. used or shared by a group of people (page 382)

concentrate v. to focus on (page 74)

Ddetermination n. the quality that makes someone

continue to try doing a difficult task (page 284)

distinct adj. noticeably different or unique (page 388)

distinctive adj. different in a noticeable way (page 41)

dominate v. to have power over someone or something (page 112)

Eemerge v. to rise or appear (page 36)

eternal adj. existing at all times; lasting forever (page 150)

ethical adj. following accepted rules or behaviors (page 402)

Fflourish v. to be successful (page 270)

Iinfluence v. to affect or change someone or something

indirectly (page 170)

interval n. the period of time between events (page 308)

Ppolicy n. a set of rules or ideas about how things should

be done (page 127)

possession n. a personal article or possession (page 181)

predict v. to say that something will happen in the future (page 359)

privilege n. a right or benefit that only some people receive (page 114)

promote v. to encourage (page 154)

prosperous adj. successful, usually by making a lot of money (page 209)

Rreluctantly adv. with hesitation or doubt (page 245)

Ssupervise v. to watch and oversee someone or something

(page 69)

Ttransform v. to dramatically change (page 26)

Wwage n. the amount of money a worker is paid (page 221)

R6 ACADEMIC VOCABULARY

R06_SE66871_Eng_AV.indd 6 3/14/16 9:06 AM

S P A N I S H G L O S S A R Y

Aacrópolis s. punto más alto en una ciudad griega de la

antigüedad

acueducto s. canal largo de piedra que transporta agua limpia

adobe s. tipo de arcilla que cuando se seca se usa como material de construcción

ágora s. espacio abierto en una ciudad griega de la antigüedad que servía como mercado y centro social

agricultura s. práctica de cultivar plantas y criar animales para obtener alimento

agricultura de tala y quema s. método de limpiar los campos para sembrar cultivos

aislacionismo s. rechazo al contacto extranjero y a las influencias externas

aislar v. apartar del resto del mundo

alianza s. acuerdo entre naciones para colaborar en la lucha contra los enemigos; asociación; pacto religioso

antropólogo s. científico que estudia el desarrollo cultural de los seres humanos

arco s. estructura curva colocada sobre una abertura

aristocracia s. clase alta que es más adinerada y más poderosa que el resto de la sociedad

arqueólogo s. científico que estudia el pasado de la vida humana mediante el análisis de fósiles y artefactos

artefacto s. objeto hecho por humanos pertenecientes a una cultura del pasado

artesano s. persona que se dedica a fabricar objetos de forma manual

Bbajorrelieve s. escultura realista que contiene figuras

realzadas sobre un fondo plano

bancales s. tipo de agricultura en que se cortan escalones planos en una montaña para brindar terrenos de cultivo

bárbaro s. en este contexto, una persona que vivía fuera del Imperio Romano

burocracia s. sistema de gobierno en que funcionarios designados en departamentos especializados están a cargo de distintas oficinas

Ccacao s. grano que se usa para hacer chocolate

campesino s. granjero pobre

caravana s. grupo de personas que viajan juntas

catacumba s. cámara escondida bajo la superficie en donde se entierra a los muertos

catapulta s. arma que lanza piedras enormes

catarata s. formación rocosa que crea rápidos agitados; además, una cascada grande

cazador-recolector s. ser humano que caza animales y que cosecha plantas silvestres para alimentarse

chamán s. curandero de las culturas nativo-americanas

chinampa s. campo flotante que sustenta la agricultura

ciclo dinástico s. patrón del surgimiento y la caída de las dinastías de la China ancestral y antigua

cieno s. suelo especialmente fino y fértil

ciudad s. centro político, económico y cultural con una población grande

ciudad-estado s. unidad que se gobierna a sí misma, formada por una ciudad y sus territorios y asentamientos circundantes; ciudad que controla las aldeas y pueblos circundantes

ciudad planificada s. ciudad construida con un diseño específico en mente

civilización s. sociedad con una cultura y tecnología altamente desarrolladas

clan s. grupo de familias que comparten un ancestro en común

clase social s. categoría de personas basada en las riquezas o estatus en una sociedad

códice s. libro plegado hecho de papel de corteza de árbol

colonia s. grupo de personas que se asientan en un nuevo territorio, pero que mantienen sus lazos con su país nativo

comedia s. obra de teatro griega con un formato humorístico que solía burlarse de las personas famosas

comercio s. intercambio de productos; compra y venta de bienes

comunal adj. compartido

confederación s. grupo de aliados

conquistador s. explorador español que buscaba oro y otras riquezas en Centroamérica y América del Sur

constructores de montículos s. cultura nativo-americana que construyó montículos y ciudades en la región del valle del río Mississippi entre los años 1000 A.C. y 500 D.C.

cónsul s. uno de los dos jefes líderes elegidos cada año en la Antigua Roma

cosmopolita adj. internacional

crisol cultural s. lugar desde el cual se difunden nuevas ideas, prácticas y tecnología

cultivo básico s. cultivo principal producido en un lugar específico

cultura madre s. civilización que tiene una gran influencia sobre otras civilizaciones

cultura s. forma de vida de un grupo, que incluye tipos de alimento, vivienda, vestimenta, idioma, religión, comportamiento e ideas

SPANISH GLOSSARY R7

R7-R10_SE66871_Span_Glossary.indd 7 3/14/16 9:10 AM

R6


A C A D E M I C V O C A B U L A R Y

Aaccurate adj. without mistakes or errors (page 364)

advance v. to move forward (page 238)

ambitious adj. having a desire for fame or success (page 410)

Ccapacity n. the ability to do something (page 15)

collide v. to crash together (page 145)

commerce n. the buying and selling of goods and services (page 282)

commit v. to promise to do something (page 306)

communal adj. used or shared by a group of people (page 382)

concentrate v. to focus on (page 74)

Ddetermination n. the quality that makes someone

continue to try doing a difficult task (page 284)

distinct adj. noticeably different or unique (page 388)

distinctive adj. different in a noticeable way (page 41)

dominate v. to have power over someone or something (page 112)

Eemerge v. to rise or appear (page 36)

eternal adj. existing at all times; lasting forever (page 150)

ethical adj. following accepted rules or behaviors (page 402)

Fflourish v. to be successful (page 270)

Iinfluence v. to affect or change someone or something

indirectly (page 170)

interval n. the period of time between events (page 308)

Ppolicy n. a set of rules or ideas about how things should

be done (page 127)

possession n. a personal article or possession (page 181)

predict v. to say that something will happen in the future (page 359)

privilege n. a right or benefit that only some people receive (page 114)

promote v. to encourage (page 154)

prosperous adj. successful, usually by making a lot of money (page 209)

Rreluctantly adv. with hesitation or doubt (page 245)

Ssupervise v. to watch and oversee someone or something

(page 69)

Ttransform v. to dramatically change (page 26)

Wwage n. the amount of money a worker is paid (page 221)

R6 ACADEMIC VOCABULARY

R06_SE66871_Eng_AV.indd 6 3/14/16 9:06 AM


Aacrópolis s. punto más alto en una ciudad griega de la

antigüedad

acueducto s. canal largo de piedra que transporta agua limpia

adobe s. tipo de arcilla que cuando se seca se usa como material de construcción

ágora s. espacio abierto en una ciudad griega de la antigüedad que servía como mercado y centro social

agricultura s. práctica de cultivar plantas y criar animales para obtener alimento

agricultura de tala y quema s. método de limpiar los campos para sembrar cultivos

aislacionismo s. rechazo al contacto extranjero y a las influencias externas

aislar v. apartar del resto del mundo

alianza s. acuerdo entre naciones para colaborar en la lucha contra los enemigos; asociación; pacto religioso

antropólogo s. científico que estudia el desarrollo cultural de los seres humanos

arco s. estructura curva colocada sobre una abertura

aristocracia s. clase alta que es más adinerada y más poderosa que el resto de la sociedad

arqueólogo s. científico que estudia el pasado de la vida humana mediante el análisis de fósiles y artefactos

artefacto s. objeto hecho por humanos pertenecientes a una cultura del pasado

artesano s. persona que se dedica a fabricar objetos de forma manual

Bbajorrelieve s. escultura realista que contiene figuras

realzadas sobre un fondo plano

bancales s. tipo de agricultura en que se cortan escalones planos en una montaña para brindar terrenos de cultivo

bárbaro s. en este contexto, una persona que vivía fuera del Imperio Romano

burocracia s. sistema de gobierno en que funcionarios designados en departamentos especializados están a cargo de distintas oficinas

Ccacao s. grano que se usa para hacer chocolate

campesino s. granjero pobre

caravana s. grupo de personas que viajan juntas

catacumba s. cámara escondida bajo la superficie en donde se entierra a los muertos

catapulta s. arma que lanza piedras enormes

catarata s. formación rocosa que crea rápidos agitados; además, una cascada grande

cazador-recolector s. ser humano que caza animales y que cosecha plantas silvestres para alimentarse

chamán s. curandero de las culturas nativo-americanas

chinampa s. campo flotante que sustenta la agricultura

ciclo dinástico s. patrón del surgimiento y la caída de las dinastías de la China ancestral y antigua

cieno s. suelo especialmente fino y fértil

ciudad s. centro político, económico y cultural con una población grande

ciudad-estado s. unidad que se gobierna a sí misma, formada por una ciudad y sus territorios y asentamientos circundantes; ciudad que controla las aldeas y pueblos circundantes

ciudad planificada s. ciudad construida con un diseño específico en mente

civilización s. sociedad con una cultura y tecnología altamente desarrolladas

clan s. grupo de familias que comparten un ancestro en común

clase social s. categoría de personas basada en las riquezas o estatus en una sociedad

códice s. libro plegado hecho de papel de corteza de árbol

colonia s. grupo de personas que se asientan en un nuevo territorio, pero que mantienen sus lazos con su país nativo

comedia s. obra de teatro griega con un formato humorístico que solía burlarse de las personas famosas

comercio s. intercambio de productos; compra y venta de bienes

comunal adj. compartido

confederación s. grupo de aliados

conquistador s. explorador español que buscaba oro y otras riquezas en Centroamérica y América del Sur

constructores de montículos s. cultura nativo-americana que construyó montículos y ciudades en la región del valle del río Mississippi entre los años 1000 A.C. y 500 D.C.

cónsul s. uno de los dos jefes líderes elegidos cada año en la Antigua Roma

cosmopolita adj. internacional

crisol cultural s. lugar desde el cual se difunden nuevas ideas, prácticas y tecnología

cultivo básico s. cultivo principal producido en un lugar específico

cultura madre s. civilización que tiene una gran influencia sobre otras civilizaciones

cultura s. forma de vida de un grupo, que incluye tipos de alimento, vivienda, vestimenta, idioma, religión, comportamiento e ideas

SPANISH GLOSSARY R7


R7



cuneiforme s. primera forma de escritura conocida, inventada por los sumerios

Ddelta s. área donde un río se divide en distintos brazos a

medida que fluye hacia una masa de agua

democracia s. forma de gobierno en que los ciudadanos tienen un papel directo para gobernarse a sí mismos o para elegir a representantes que los gobiernen

democracia directa s. forma de democracia en que los ciudadanos se reúnen para votar sobre las leyes y las políticas

democracia representativa s. forma de democracia en que se eligen personas para que voten en representación de los ciudadanos

desertificación s. proceso mediante el cual las tierras fértiles se convierten en un desierto

dharma s. enseñanzas de Buda; ley divina

dictador s. persona que gobierna con total autoridad

difusión cultural s. proceso mediante el cual las culturas interaccionan y las ideas se propagan de un área a otra

dinastía s. serie de gobernantes de la misma familia

domesticación s. cultivo de plantas y animales de manera que fueran útiles para los humanos

Eedad de oro s. período de grandes logros culturales

emperador s. gobernante supremo de un imperio

epístola s. carta

escriba s. escritor profesional que anotaba información oficial

estepa s. planicie vasta y cubierta de hierbas

excedente adj. más de lo que se requiere o necesita; extra

exilio s. expulsión forzada del propio país de origen

extraer v. sacar piedras de la tierra

Ffalange s. en la Antigua Grecia y Roma, formación de batalla

en que los soldados se formaban juntos unos de otros para protegerse de los ataques de los enemigos

faraón s. gobernante egipcio de la antigüedad

fértil adj. que sustenta el crecimiento de cultivos y plantas

filosofía s. estudio del universo y de nuestro lugar en él

fósil s. restos de organismos que vivieron hace mucho tiempo atrás

fresco s. arte que se pinta directamente sobre una muralla

fuente primaria s. artefacto o texto escrito creado por alguien que presenció o vivió un acontecimiento histórico

fuente secundaria s. artefacto o texto escrito creado después de un acontecimiento por alguien que no lo vio o presenció durante el tiempo en que ocurrió

Ggeoglifo s. diseño o forma geométrica grande dibujado

sobre el suelo

gladiador s. hombre de la Antigua Roma que luchaba contra otros como espectáculo de entretención

glifo s. dibujo simbólico usado para representar una palabra, sílaba o sonido

gobierno s. organización establecida para hacer y reforzar las reglas de una sociedad

guerra civil s. guerra entre grupos de un mismo país

Hhambruna s. escasez extrema de cultivos o de alimentos que

causa hambre generalizada

helenístico adj. relacionado con la historia o cultura griega

héroe s. personaje que enfrenta un desafío que requiere valentía, fuerza e inteligencia

historia de la creación s. narración que explica cómo comenzó el mundo y cómo nacieron las personas

historia oral s. registro no escrito de acontecimientos, que a menudo se transmite de una generación a otra a través de historias o canciones

hueso oracular s. hueso de animal usado para consultar a los muchos dioses adorados por el pueblo Shang

Iilota s. esclavo que poseía el estado que era parte de la clase

social más baja en la sociedad griega de la antigüedad

imprenta s. invento que usaba tipos móviles de metal para imprimir páginas

inmortal adj. que puede vivir para siempre

inoculación s. vacuna que contiene una forma leve de una enfermedad para prevenir el desarrollo de dicha enfermedad

irrigación s. suministro de agua para los campos mediante el uso de sistemas hechos por el hombre

Jjerarquía s. sistema en que las personas pertenecen a

distintas clases sociales que tienen distintos rangos en la sociedad

R8 SPANISH GLOSSARY



jeroglífico s. imagen que representa un objeto, sonido o idea y que era parte del antiguo sistema de escritura egipcio

jurado s. grupo de personas escogidas para tomar una decisión con base en la evidencia presentada en un juicio

Kkanato s. región del Imperio Mongol

karma s. en el hinduismo, estado de estar influenciado por las acciones y el comportamiento; determina el tipo de vida en que una persona volverá a nacer

kiva s. cámara de forma circular construida en el suelo por los indígenas pueblo del pasado

kosher adj. preparado especialmente según las leyes dietéticas judías

Llaberinto s. lugar formado por encrucijadas, del cual es

difícil salir

legado s. cosas, tanto culturales como tecnológicas, que nos quedan del pasado

legionario s. soldado profesional de la Antigua Roma

leyenda s. historia del pasado que se acepta como verdad, pero que no puede probarse

Mmaíz s. tipo de elote que fue domesticado por los primeros

mesoamericanos

marítimo adj. relacionado con el mar

materia prima s. sustancia a partir de la cual se fabrican otras cosas

matrilineal adj. relacionado con los descendientes que provienen de la madre

megafauna s. animales grandes de una región, hábitat o período geológico en particular

metalurgia s. ciencia que consiste en obtener materiales en su forma natural y prepararlos para el uso

migración s. mudarse de un lugar a otro

misionero s. persona que va a otro país para realizar labores religiosas; persona que trata de divulgar la cristiandad a otros

mito s. historia antigua contada para explicar un acontecimiento o justificar una creencia o acción

mitología s. colección de historias que explica acontecimientos, creencias o acciones

momia s. cuerpo preservado de un faraón u otra persona poderosa del Antiguo Egipto

monarquía s. gobierno liderado por una sola persona como, por ejemplo, un rey

monoteísmo s. alabanza a un solo Dios

monzón s. vientos estacionales fuertes en el Sudeste Asiático

mosaico s. agrupación de cubitos de piedra coloridos que se colocan sobre argamasa para crear un dibujo o diseño

Nnirvana s. en el budismo, un estado de dicha o del final del

sufrimiento causado por el ciclo del renacer

noble s. miembro de la clase alta de la sociedad que hereda su estatus de sus antepasados

nómada s. persona que se muda de un lugar a otro

Ooasis s. lugar fértil con agua en un desierto

oligarquía s. gobierno liderado por unos pocos ciudadanos

oratoria s. arte del discurso público

Ppanteón s. dioses de un grupo de personas, una religión o

una civilización

papa s. líder de la Iglesia Católica Romana

papiro s. material parecido al papel que se hace a partir de juncos

parábola s. en la Biblia, un relato sencillo que ilustra una moraleja o una lección espiritual

patriarcal adj. dicho de una sociedad en que los hombres tienen todo el poder

patricio s. terrateniente rico de la Antigua Roma

península s. porción de tierra rodeada por agua en tres de sus costados

permutar v. intercambiar productos

piedad filial s. creencia de que los niños le deben respeto a sus padres y ancestros

pirámide s. tumba masiva y monumental construida para un faraón

plaga s. enfermedad que causa muchas muertes

plebeyo s. persona común de la Antigua Roma

poema épico s. historia larga escrita como un poema narrativo

polis s. ciudad-estado griega

politeísmo s. creencia en muchos dioses

porcelana s. cerámica resistente, liviana y translúcida

SPANISH GLOSSARY R9


R8



cuneiforme s. primera forma de escritura conocida, inventada por los sumerios

Ddelta s. área donde un río se divide en distintos brazos a

medida que fluye hacia una masa de agua

democracia s. forma de gobierno en que los ciudadanos tienen un papel directo para gobernarse a sí mismos o para elegir a representantes que los gobiernen

democracia directa s. forma de democracia en que los ciudadanos se reúnen para votar sobre las leyes y las políticas

democracia representativa s. forma de democracia en que se eligen personas para que voten en representación de los ciudadanos

desertificación s. proceso mediante el cual las tierras fértiles se convierten en un desierto

dharma s. enseñanzas de Buda; ley divina

dictador s. persona que gobierna con total autoridad

difusión cultural s. proceso mediante el cual las culturas interaccionan y las ideas se propagan de un área a otra

dinastía s. serie de gobernantes de la misma familia

domesticación s. cultivo de plantas y animales de manera que fueran útiles para los humanos

Eedad de oro s. período de grandes logros culturales

emperador s. gobernante supremo de un imperio

epístola s. carta

escriba s. escritor profesional que anotaba información oficial

estepa s. planicie vasta y cubierta de hierbas

excedente adj. más de lo que se requiere o necesita; extra

exilio s. expulsión forzada del propio país de origen

extraer v. sacar piedras de la tierra

Ffalange s. en la Antigua Grecia y Roma, formación de batalla

en que los soldados se formaban juntos unos de otros para protegerse de los ataques de los enemigos

faraón s. gobernante egipcio de la antigüedad

fértil adj. que sustenta el crecimiento de cultivos y plantas

filosofía s. estudio del universo y de nuestro lugar en él

fósil s. restos de organismos que vivieron hace mucho tiempo atrás

fresco s. arte que se pinta directamente sobre una muralla

fuente primaria s. artefacto o texto escrito creado por alguien que presenció o vivió un acontecimiento histórico

fuente secundaria s. artefacto o texto escrito creado después de un acontecimiento por alguien que no lo vio o presenció durante el tiempo en que ocurrió

Ggeoglifo s. diseño o forma geométrica grande dibujado

sobre el suelo

gladiador s. hombre de la Antigua Roma que luchaba contra otros como espectáculo de entretención

glifo s. dibujo simbólico usado para representar una palabra, sílaba o sonido

gobierno s. organización establecida para hacer y reforzar las reglas de una sociedad

guerra civil s. guerra entre grupos de un mismo país

Hhambruna s. escasez extrema de cultivos o de alimentos que

causa hambre generalizada

helenístico adj. relacionado con la historia o cultura griega

héroe s. personaje que enfrenta un desafío que requiere valentía, fuerza e inteligencia

historia de la creación s. narración que explica cómo comenzó el mundo y cómo nacieron las personas

historia oral s. registro no escrito de acontecimientos, que a menudo se transmite de una generación a otra a través de historias o canciones

hueso oracular s. hueso de animal usado para consultar a los muchos dioses adorados por el pueblo Shang

Iilota s. esclavo que poseía el estado que era parte de la clase

social más baja en la sociedad griega de la antigüedad

imprenta s. invento que usaba tipos móviles de metal para imprimir páginas

inmortal adj. que puede vivir para siempre

inoculación s. vacuna que contiene una forma leve de una enfermedad para prevenir el desarrollo de dicha enfermedad

irrigación s. suministro de agua para los campos mediante el uso de sistemas hechos por el hombre

Jjerarquía s. sistema en que las personas pertenecen a

distintas clases sociales que tienen distintos rangos en la sociedad

R8 SPANISH GLOSSARY



jeroglífico s. imagen que representa un objeto, sonido o idea y que era parte del antiguo sistema de escritura egipcio

jurado s. grupo de personas escogidas para tomar una decisión con base en la evidencia presentada en un juicio

Kkanato s. región del Imperio Mongol

karma s. en el hinduismo, estado de estar influenciado por las acciones y el comportamiento; determina el tipo de vida en que una persona volverá a nacer

kiva s. cámara de forma circular construida en el suelo por los indígenas pueblo del pasado

kosher adj. preparado especialmente según las leyes dietéticas judías

Llaberinto s. lugar formado por encrucijadas, del cual es

difícil salir

legado s. cosas, tanto culturales como tecnológicas, que nos quedan del pasado

legionario s. soldado profesional de la Antigua Roma

leyenda s. historia del pasado que se acepta como verdad, pero que no puede probarse

Mmaíz s. tipo de elote que fue domesticado por los primeros

mesoamericanos

marítimo adj. relacionado con el mar

materia prima s. sustancia a partir de la cual se fabrican otras cosas

matrilineal adj. relacionado con los descendientes que provienen de la madre

megafauna s. animales grandes de una región, hábitat o período geológico en particular

metalurgia s. ciencia que consiste en obtener materiales en su forma natural y prepararlos para el uso

migración s. mudarse de un lugar a otro

misionero s. persona que va a otro país para realizar labores religiosas; persona que trata de divulgar la cristiandad a otros

mito s. historia antigua contada para explicar un acontecimiento o justificar una creencia o acción

mitología s. colección de historias que explica acontecimientos, creencias o acciones

momia s. cuerpo preservado de un faraón u otra persona poderosa del Antiguo Egipto

monarquía s. gobierno liderado por una sola persona como, por ejemplo, un rey

monoteísmo s. alabanza a un solo Dios

monzón s. vientos estacionales fuertes en el Sudeste Asiático

mosaico s. agrupación de cubitos de piedra coloridos que se colocan sobre argamasa para crear un dibujo o diseño

Nnirvana s. en el budismo, un estado de dicha o del final del

sufrimiento causado por el ciclo del renacer

noble s. miembro de la clase alta de la sociedad que hereda su estatus de sus antepasados

nómada s. persona que se muda de un lugar a otro

Ooasis s. lugar fértil con agua en un desierto

oligarquía s. gobierno liderado por unos pocos ciudadanos

oratoria s. arte del discurso público

Ppanteón s. dioses de un grupo de personas, una religión o

una civilización

papa s. líder de la Iglesia Católica Romana

papiro s. material parecido al papel que se hace a partir de juncos

parábola s. en la Biblia, un relato sencillo que ilustra una moraleja o una lección espiritual

patriarcal adj. dicho de una sociedad en que los hombres tienen todo el poder

patricio s. terrateniente rico de la Antigua Roma

península s. porción de tierra rodeada por agua en tres de sus costados

permutar v. intercambiar productos

piedad filial s. creencia de que los niños le deben respeto a sus padres y ancestros

pirámide s. tumba masiva y monumental construida para un faraón

plaga s. enfermedad que causa muchas muertes

plebeyo s. persona común de la Antigua Roma

poema épico s. historia larga escrita como un poema narrativo

polis s. ciudad-estado griega

politeísmo s. creencia en muchos dioses

porcelana s. cerámica resistente, liviana y translúcida

SPANISH GLOSSARY R9


R9



potlach s. ceremonia de entrega de obsequios practicada por las tribus nativo-americanas kwakiutl y haida

provincia s. distrito administrativo de un imperio grande o de un país

puente terrestre s. franja de territorio que conecta dos masas terrestres

Qquínoa s. grano alto en proteínas originario de las montañas

de los Andes en América del Sur

Rrabino s. líder espiritual judío

reencarnación s. en el hinduismo, el renacer del alma de una persona en otro cuerpo después de la muerte

reforma s. cambio hecho para mejorar una situación

registros s. práctica que consiste en organizar y almacenar la información

religión s. creencia en y alabanza de uno o más dioses y diosas

república s. tipo de gobierno en que los ciudadanos votan por sus líderes

reunificar v. volver a unir

ritual s. serie de actos formales que siempre se realizan de la misma manera; ceremonia religiosa

Ssátrapa s. gobernante de una provincia en el Imperio Persa

seda s. textil hecho de los capullos de los gusanos de la seda

sequía s. período largo de estado del tiempo seco y caluroso

siervo s. persona que vivía y trabajaba en los terrenos privados de un noble o de un señor medieval

sinagoga s. lugar de reunión religiosa para los judíos

sistema de castas s. jerarquía social rígida en India que divide a las personas en clases sociales hereditarias

sitio s. táctica militar en que las tropas rodean una ciudad con soldados en un intento por controlarla

subcontinente s. gran masa de tierra que es parte de un continente

Ttecnología s. aplicación de conocimiento, herramientas e

inventos para satisfacer las necesidades de las personas

templo s. lugar de alabanza

terracota s. arcilla cocida al fuego

terrazas s. plataformas de estepa construidas en la ladera de una montaña

tetrarquía s. sistema de gobierno de cuatro emperadores

tierras altas s. terrenos que están sobre el mar

tierras bajas s. tipo de terrenos nivelados de poca altura

tipos móviles s. tablas de arcilla individuales que podían organizarse sobre un tablero para formar un texto

tirano s. en las ciudades-estado de la Antigua Grecia, gobernante que obtenía el poder de forma ilegal

tolerancia s. respeto por las creencias y las prácticas de otros

tótem s. tronco de árbol alto y elaboradamente tallado y pintado, común en las culturas nativas de la costa noroeste

trabajador especializado s. persona que realiza un trabajo que no está relacionado con la agricultura, como en la metalurgia o en la producción de herramientas

tragedia s. obra de teatro griega con un formato serio en que los personajes sufren antes de enfrentar un final triste

tregua s. acuerdo para detener un conflicto

tribu s. unidad familiar extendida

tribuno s. representante que luchó para proteger los derechos de los ciudadanos comunes en la Antigua Roma

tributo s. impuesto pagado o bienes y servicios proporcionados a cambio de protección

trirreme s. antigua nave de guerra griega

Vvetar v. rechazar una decisión o propuesta hecha por otro

cuerpo gubernamental

visir s. oficial jefe en el Antiguo Egipto que realizaba la mayor parte del trabajo de gobernar cotidiano

Wwigwam s. tipo de choza con techo en forma de cúpula usada

como vivienda por los indígenas algonquinos de América del Norte

Yyoga s. serie de posturas y ejercicios de respiración

Zzigurat s. templo con forma de pirámide en las ciudades-

estado de Sumeria

R10 SPANISH GLOSSARY


S P A N I S H A C A D E M I C V O C A B U L A R Y

Aambicioso adj. que desea la fama o el éxito (pág. 410)

avanzar v. moverse hacia adelante (pág. 238)

Ccapacidad s. habilidad de hacer algo (pág. 15)

colisionar v. chocar (pág. 145)

comercio s. compra y venta de bienes y servicios (pág. 282)

comprometerse v. prometer hacer algo (pág. 306)

comunal adj. usado o compartido por un grupo de personas (pág. 382)

concentrar v. enfocarse en algo (pág. 74)

Ddeterminación s. cualidad que hace que alguien continúe

intentando realizar una labor difícil (pág. 285)

distintivo adj. notoriamente diferente o único (pág. 388)

dominar v. tener poder sobre alguien o algo (pág. 112)

Eeterno adj. que existe en todo momento; que dura para

siempre (pág. 150)

ético adj. que sigue las reglas o comportamientos aceptados (pág. 402)

Fflorecer v. tener éxito (pág. 270)

Iinfluenciar v. afectar o cambiar alguien o algo de manera

indirecta (pág. 170)

intervalo s. período de tiempo entre los acontecimientos (pág. 308)

Ppeculiar adj. diferente de una manera perceptible

(pág. 41)

política s. conjunto de reglas o ideas sobre cómo deben hacerse las cosas (pág. 127)

posesión s. artículo o propiedad personal (pág. 181)

precisión adj. sin faltas ni errores (pág. 364)

predecir v. decir qué sucederá en el futuro (pág. 359)

privilegio s. derecho o beneficio que sólo reciben algunas personas (pág. 114)

promover v. animar (pág. 154)

próspero adj. exitoso, usualmente por ganar mucho dinero (pág. 209)

Rreaciamente adv. con incertidumbre o dudas (pág. 245)

Ssalario s. cantidad de dinero que recibe un trabajador

(pág. 221)

supervisar v. vigilar y monitorear algo o alguien (pág. 69)

surgir v. emerger o aparecer (pág. 36)

Ttransformar v. cambiar dramáticamente (pág. 26)

SPANISH ACADEMIC VOCABULARY R11

R11_SE66871_Span_AV.indd 11 3/14/16 9:09 AM

R10



potlach s. ceremonia de entrega de obsequios practicada por las tribus nativo-americanas kwakiutl y haida

provincia s. distrito administrativo de un imperio grande o de un país

puente terrestre s. franja de territorio que conecta dos masas terrestres

Qquínoa s. grano alto en proteínas originario de las montañas

de los Andes en América del Sur

Rrabino s. líder espiritual judío

reencarnación s. en el hinduismo, el renacer del alma de una persona en otro cuerpo después de la muerte

reforma s. cambio hecho para mejorar una situación

registros s. práctica que consiste en organizar y almacenar la información

religión s. creencia en y alabanza de uno o más dioses y diosas

república s. tipo de gobierno en que los ciudadanos votan por sus líderes

reunificar v. volver a unir

ritual s. serie de actos formales que siempre se realizan de la misma manera; ceremonia religiosa

Ssátrapa s. gobernante de una provincia en el Imperio Persa

seda s. textil hecho de los capullos de los gusanos de la seda

sequía s. período largo de estado del tiempo seco y caluroso

siervo s. persona que vivía y trabajaba en los terrenos privados de un noble o de un señor medieval

sinagoga s. lugar de reunión religiosa para los judíos

sistema de castas s. jerarquía social rígida en India que divide a las personas en clases sociales hereditarias

sitio s. táctica militar en que las tropas rodean una ciudad con soldados en un intento por controlarla

subcontinente s. gran masa de tierra que es parte de un continente

Ttecnología s. aplicación de conocimiento, herramientas e

inventos para satisfacer las necesidades de las personas

templo s. lugar de alabanza

terracota s. arcilla cocida al fuego

terrazas s. plataformas de estepa construidas en la ladera de una montaña

tetrarquía s. sistema de gobierno de cuatro emperadores

tierras altas s. terrenos que están sobre el mar

tierras bajas s. tipo de terrenos nivelados de poca altura

tipos móviles s. tablas de arcilla individuales que podían organizarse sobre un tablero para formar un texto

tirano s. en las ciudades-estado de la Antigua Grecia, gobernante que obtenía el poder de forma ilegal

tolerancia s. respeto por las creencias y las prácticas de otros

tótem s. tronco de árbol alto y elaboradamente tallado y pintado, común en las culturas nativas de la costa noroeste

trabajador especializado s. persona que realiza un trabajo que no está relacionado con la agricultura, como en la metalurgia o en la producción de herramientas

tragedia s. obra de teatro griega con un formato serio en que los personajes sufren antes de enfrentar un final triste

tregua s. acuerdo para detener un conflicto

tribu s. unidad familiar extendida

tribuno s. representante que luchó para proteger los derechos de los ciudadanos comunes en la Antigua Roma

tributo s. impuesto pagado o bienes y servicios proporcionados a cambio de protección

trirreme s. antigua nave de guerra griega

Vvetar v. rechazar una decisión o propuesta hecha por otro

cuerpo gubernamental

visir s. oficial jefe en el Antiguo Egipto que realizaba la mayor parte del trabajo de gobernar cotidiano

Wwigwam s. tipo de choza con techo en forma de cúpula usada

como vivienda por los indígenas algonquinos de América del Norte

Yyoga s. serie de posturas y ejercicios de respiración

Zzigurat s. templo con forma de pirámide en las ciudades-

estado de Sumeria

R10 SPANISH GLOSSARY


S P A N I S H A C A D E M I C V O C A B U L A R Y

Aambicioso adj. que desea la fama o el éxito (pág. 410)

avanzar v. moverse hacia adelante (pág. 238)

Ccapacidad s. habilidad de hacer algo (pág. 15)

colisionar v. chocar (pág. 145)

comercio s. compra y venta de bienes y servicios (pág. 282)

comprometerse v. prometer hacer algo (pág. 306)

comunal adj. usado o compartido por un grupo de personas (pág. 382)

concentrar v. enfocarse en algo (pág. 74)

Ddeterminación s. cualidad que hace que alguien continúe

intentando realizar una labor difícil (pág. 285)

distintivo adj. notoriamente diferente o único (pág. 388)

dominar v. tener poder sobre alguien o algo (pág. 112)

Eeterno adj. que existe en todo momento; que dura para

siempre (pág. 150)

ético adj. que sigue las reglas o comportamientos aceptados (pág. 402)

Fflorecer v. tener éxito (pág. 270)

Iinfluenciar v. afectar o cambiar alguien o algo de manera

indirecta (pág. 170)

intervalo s. período de tiempo entre los acontecimientos (pág. 308)

Ppeculiar adj. diferente de una manera perceptible

(pág. 41)

política s. conjunto de reglas o ideas sobre cómo deben hacerse las cosas (pág. 127)

posesión s. artículo o propiedad personal (pág. 181)

precisión adj. sin faltas ni errores (pág. 364)

predecir v. decir qué sucederá en el futuro (pág. 359)

privilegio s. derecho o beneficio que sólo reciben algunas personas (pág. 114)

promover v. animar (pág. 154)

próspero adj. exitoso, usualmente por ganar mucho dinero (pág. 209)

Rreaciamente adv. con incertidumbre o dudas (pág. 245)

Ssalario s. cantidad de dinero que recibe un trabajador

(pág. 221)

supervisar v. vigilar y monitorear algo o alguien (pág. 69)

surgir v. emerger o aparecer (pág. 36)

Ttransformar v. cambiar dramáticamente (pág. 26)

SPANISH ACADEMIC VOCABULARY R11

R11_SE66871_Span_AV.indd 11 3/14/16 9:09 AM

R11


I N D E X

Aabacus, 84, 85v

Abraham, 125, 126, 127, 128

Abu Simbel, 89v, 109

Achilles, 243

Acropolis, 200–201v, 214, 215v, 232v, 233, 260

Adena, 394

adobe, 390

adytum, 70

Aeneas, 272

Aeneid (Virgil), 332

Aeschylus, 250

Aesop, 248

Afghanistan, 26–27v, 145, 191, 245Hellenistic culture in, 247Silk Road trade, 186

Africa, 29mcivilizations of, 199climate changes in, 16Faiyum, cultural hearth, 44–45human origins in, 2, 5, 12–13,

54–55, 57migration out of, 6, 20–21, 21mOkavango Delta, 440–441Roman Empire in, 266–267m

Africa, North, 36, 37m

Agamemnon, Mask of, 211v

Aegean Sea, 208

agora, 214

agricultural revolution, 28–29

agriculture, 28–29, 57early inventions in, 183in Egypt, 44, 45Inca, 382in India, 148in Mesoamerica, 352religion and, 46, 47in Rome, 270slash-and-burn, 352, 353vsee also farming

Ahmose, 104

Ahuitzotl, 428

Akkadian Empire, 74, 75mfall of, 75, 76

Aksum Kingdom, 112, 265

Al Kuntar, Salam, National Geographic Emerging Explorer, 436–437

Alexander the Great, 203, 242–243, 243v, 244–245, 248, 261, 264empire of, 244–245, 245m

Alexandria, Egypt, 244–245, 247

Algonquin, 396, 397

alliance[s], 76, 222

alpacas, 382

Alps, 270Hannibal crossing, 289, 290–291,

291mIceman found in, 25v

Americacivilizations / cultures of, 199,

344–345v, 345, 346–347geography of, 348msee also Central America; North

America; South America; United States

Amorites, 76

amphitheater, 250–251v

Amun, 112

ancient Pueblo, 346, 390–391

Andes Mountains, 378, 382, 383m

animals, domestication of, 26–27, 29

anthropologists, 15

Anubis, 100, 101v

Apennines, 270

Appian Way, 310

aqueducts, 310, 336–337v

Arabian Desert, 67m

Arabian Sea, 144m, 145

arch, 310, 334

Arch of Constantine, 267v

archaeological sitesCaesarea, 138–139China, 422–423Egypt, 96–97Greece, 259Guatemala, 426–427Hannibal’s route, 290–291Maya murals, 362–363Oman, 20–21, 194–195Orkney Islands, 56–57Pompeii, 317, 340–341Rome, 272Silk Road locations, 190–191Syria, 436–437

archaeologists / archaeology, 12, 15, 30–31, 40, 59, 97–97, 195, 259, 291, 437

bio-archaeology, 422, 423geo-archaeology, 138–139, 291see also National Geographic

Explorers

architectureColosseum, 304–305v, 312–313v,

334, 343in Egypt, 118–119Forbidden City, 416, 417vGreek, 119, 200–201, 214, 215,

232, 233, 251, 260Inca, 384–385in India, 160Roman, 304–305, 310, 311,

334–335Roman aqueducts, 336–337vRoman, wealthy family home, 281vSolomon’s Temple, 132, 133v

Argentina, 383mCave of the Hands, 22, 23v

aristocracy, 215, 280

Aristophanes, 250

Aristotle, 243, 248, 249v

Ark of the Covenant, 133

armorRoman, 286–287v

art, 199, 431cave art, 22–23, 33vin Egypt, 118–119Greek statues, 260in Mesoamerica, 354–355rock, 10–11vRoman, 334–335see also architecture; artifacts;

ceramics; literature; mosaics; pottery; sculpture

Artemis, 234sanctuary of, 232v

artifacts, studying, 12, 15, 437, 438–439King Tut’s treasures, 110–111Peruvian gold, 380–381repatriation of, 439Roman armor, 286–287Silk Roads goods, 188–189terra cotta warriors, 178–179tools and technology, 50–51

artisans, 69

Aryan / Aryan Migrations, 60, 148, 149m, 156

Asia, 29m, 411mEmpires of, 344–345, 346–347geography of, 349mRoman Empire in, 266–267v

R12 INDEX

R12-R24_SE66871_Index.indd 12 3/14/16 9:13 AM

I N D E X , c o N t I N u E D

see also Central Asia; China; India; Mongols; Southwest Asia

Asoka, 61, 156

Assyria, 125m

Assyrian Empire, 132

Assyrians, 78–79, 112

astronomy, Maya, 364

Atahualpa, 386–387

Athena, 221, 233statue of, 232v

Athens, Greece, 215v, 218Acropolis, 232v, 233art, pottery in, 220v, 221daily life in, 221defeat of, 238–239democracy in, 221, 230, 240–241Parthenon, 252–253vPersian Wars and, 222Philip II of Macedonia, 242–243,

243vplague in, 236vs. Sparta, 236

Attila the Hun, 330v, 331

Augustus, 265, 306–307, 343

Australia, 29mmigration to, 18, 19m

Ayurveda, 159

Aztec culture / civilization, 347, 348m, 368–369, 369m, 370–371, 382, 428defeat and legacy, 372–373writing system, 428

BBa Yei river bushmen, 441

Babylon, 64–65v, 75m, 76Hanging Gardens of, 79vJews in, 135

Babylonian creation story, 73

Babylonian Empire, 76–77, 78, 81, 202Cyrus the Great and, 82–83

Babylonian Exile, 61, 135, 136

Bactrian Hoard, 191

ball game, Maya, 360, 361v

Banpo, China, 36, 37, 40–41

barbarians, 331

barter, 107, 186

bas-relief sculpture, 334–335v

Batista, Fulgencio, 435

Bay of Bengal, 144m, 145

Beijing, 412, 416, 417v

Beringia, 18, 19m

Beringia land bridge, 24

Bhagavad Gita, 150, 152, 153, 160

Bible, 318, 322–323Christian, 128, 318, 322–323Hebrew Bible, 124, 126, 127, 129v,

130–131, 135, 367

Bingren, Zhu, 196

bio-archaeology, 422, 423

boats. See ships

Bolivia, 383m

Book of the Dead, 102, 103

Botswana, 440v

boundary changes, theme of, 442–443

Boyes, Steve, National Geographic Emerging Explorer, 441

Brahma, 150, 151v

Brahmanism, 148–149

bronze, 68

Bronze Age, 68, 84, 190, 195

Buddha, 61

Buddha statues, 1, 61v, 425v, 439

Buddhism, 154–155, 160, 186, 197, 346, 402, 404–405in China, 186, 187vin India, 156spread of, 193m

Buddhist cave painting / statues, 1, 61v, 405v, 425v, 439

buffalo, 392, 393v

bull leaping, 208, 209v

bureaucracy, 180

Byzantine Empire, 331

Byzantium, 329

Ccacao, 352

Caesar, Gaius Julius. See Julius Caesar

Caesarea, 138–139

Cahokia, 347, 394, 395v

calendar, 84, 413Maya, 364

Cambyses, 82

camel[s], 184

Canaan, 124, 125m, 126, 127

canals Grand Canal, China, 402, 403m, 413v

canopic jars, 114v

Cape Tainaron, Greece, 228–229v

Capitoline hills, 277

Caradini, Andrea, 342

caravans, 185

Card, Nick, 56

Carter, Howard, 110–111

Carthage, 203, 288, 292

Caryatid Porch, 200–201v, 260

caste system, 149, 150, 160, 163v

Castro, Fidel, 435

catacombs, 324, 325v

Çatalhöyük, Southwest Asia, 7, 37, 38–39, 39v, 66

catapult, 242, 292

cataracts, 90, 113m

Catholic Church, 325, 332see also Christianity

cave art / temples, 6v, 22–23, 23v, 33v

Cave of the Hands, Argentina, 22, 23v

Central America, 36migration to, 18, 19msee also Mesoamerica

Central AsiaIndo-European people from, 148nomads of, 185Silk Road in, 184–185see also Mongolia; Mongols

ceramicsMoche, 377, 378Nasca, 378porcelain, 408, 409vTang dynasty, 407vsee also pottery

Chaco Canyon, 390

Chaeronea, Battle of, 242

Chaldeans, 78

Chandra Gupta I, 159

Chandra Gupta II, 159

INDEX R13

Does “continued” after head? It varies depending on what template revision. SYM


R12


I N D E X

Aabacus, 84, 85v

Abraham, 125, 126, 127, 128

Abu Simbel, 89v, 109

Achilles, 243

Acropolis, 200–201v, 214, 215v, 232v, 233, 260

Adena, 394

adobe, 390

adytum, 70

Aeneas, 272

Aeneid (Virgil), 332

Aeschylus, 250

Aesop, 248

Afghanistan, 26–27v, 145, 191, 245Hellenistic culture in, 247Silk Road trade, 186

Africa, 29mcivilizations of, 199climate changes in, 16Faiyum, cultural hearth, 44–45human origins in, 2, 5, 12–13,

54–55, 57migration out of, 6, 20–21, 21mOkavango Delta, 440–441Roman Empire in, 266–267m

Africa, North, 36, 37m

Agamemnon, Mask of, 211v

Aegean Sea, 208

agora, 214

agricultural revolution, 28–29

agriculture, 28–29, 57early inventions in, 183in Egypt, 44, 45Inca, 382in India, 148in Mesoamerica, 352religion and, 46, 47in Rome, 270slash-and-burn, 352, 353vsee also farming

Ahmose, 104

Ahuitzotl, 428

Akkadian Empire, 74, 75mfall of, 75, 76

Aksum Kingdom, 112, 265

Al Kuntar, Salam, National Geographic Emerging Explorer, 436–437

Alexander the Great, 203, 242–243, 243v, 244–245, 248, 261, 264empire of, 244–245, 245m

Alexandria, Egypt, 244–245, 247

Algonquin, 396, 397

alliance[s], 76, 222

alpacas, 382

Alps, 270Hannibal crossing, 289, 290–291,

291mIceman found in, 25v

Americacivilizations / cultures of, 199,

344–345v, 345, 346–347geography of, 348msee also Central America; North

America; South America; United States

Amorites, 76

amphitheater, 250–251v

Amun, 112

ancient Pueblo, 346, 390–391

Andes Mountains, 378, 382, 383m

animals, domestication of, 26–27, 29

anthropologists, 15

Anubis, 100, 101v

Apennines, 270

Appian Way, 310

aqueducts, 310, 336–337v

Arabian Desert, 67m

Arabian Sea, 144m, 145

arch, 310, 334

Arch of Constantine, 267v

archaeological sitesCaesarea, 138–139China, 422–423Egypt, 96–97Greece, 259Guatemala, 426–427Hannibal’s route, 290–291Maya murals, 362–363Oman, 20–21, 194–195Orkney Islands, 56–57Pompeii, 317, 340–341Rome, 272Silk Road locations, 190–191Syria, 436–437

archaeologists / archaeology, 12, 15, 30–31, 40, 59, 97–97, 195, 259, 291, 437

bio-archaeology, 422, 423geo-archaeology, 138–139, 291see also National Geographic

Explorers

architectureColosseum, 304–305v, 312–313v,

334, 343in Egypt, 118–119Forbidden City, 416, 417vGreek, 119, 200–201, 214, 215,

232, 233, 251, 260Inca, 384–385in India, 160Roman, 304–305, 310, 311,

334–335Roman aqueducts, 336–337vRoman, wealthy family home, 281vSolomon’s Temple, 132, 133v

Argentina, 383mCave of the Hands, 22, 23v

aristocracy, 215, 280

Aristophanes, 250

Aristotle, 243, 248, 249v

Ark of the Covenant, 133

armorRoman, 286–287v

art, 199, 431cave art, 22–23, 33vin Egypt, 118–119Greek statues, 260in Mesoamerica, 354–355rock, 10–11vRoman, 334–335see also architecture; artifacts;

ceramics; literature; mosaics; pottery; sculpture

Artemis, 234sanctuary of, 232v

artifacts, studying, 12, 15, 437, 438–439King Tut’s treasures, 110–111Peruvian gold, 380–381repatriation of, 439Roman armor, 286–287Silk Roads goods, 188–189terra cotta warriors, 178–179tools and technology, 50–51

artisans, 69

Aryan / Aryan Migrations, 60, 148, 149m, 156

Asia, 29m, 411mEmpires of, 344–345, 346–347geography of, 349mRoman Empire in, 266–267v

R12 INDEX



see also Central Asia; China; India; Mongols; Southwest Asia

Asoka, 61, 156

Assyria, 125m

Assyrian Empire, 132

Assyrians, 78–79, 112

astronomy, Maya, 364

Atahualpa, 386–387

Athena, 221, 233statue of, 232v

Athens, Greece, 215v, 218Acropolis, 232v, 233art, pottery in, 220v, 221daily life in, 221defeat of, 238–239democracy in, 221, 230, 240–241Parthenon, 252–253vPersian Wars and, 222Philip II of Macedonia, 242–243,

243vplague in, 236vs. Sparta, 236

Attila the Hun, 330v, 331

Augustus, 265, 306–307, 343

Australia, 29mmigration to, 18, 19m

Ayurveda, 159

Aztec culture / civilization, 347, 348m, 368–369, 369m, 370–371, 382, 428defeat and legacy, 372–373writing system, 428

BBa Yei river bushmen, 441

Babylon, 64–65v, 75m, 76Hanging Gardens of, 79vJews in, 135

Babylonian creation story, 73

Babylonian Empire, 76–77, 78, 81, 202Cyrus the Great and, 82–83

Babylonian Exile, 61, 135, 136

Bactrian Hoard, 191

ball game, Maya, 360, 361v

Banpo, China, 36, 37, 40–41

barbarians, 331

barter, 107, 186

bas-relief sculpture, 334–335v

Batista, Fulgencio, 435

Bay of Bengal, 144m, 145

Beijing, 412, 416, 417v

Beringia, 18, 19m

Beringia land bridge, 24

Bhagavad Gita, 150, 152, 153, 160

Bible, 318, 322–323Christian, 128, 318, 322–323Hebrew Bible, 124, 126, 127, 129v,

130–131, 135, 367

Bingren, Zhu, 196

bio-archaeology, 422, 423

boats. See ships

Bolivia, 383m

Book of the Dead, 102, 103

Botswana, 440v

boundary changes, theme of, 442–443


Brahma, 150, 151v

Brahmanism, 148–149

bronze, 68

Bronze Age, 68, 84, 190, 195

Buddha, 61

Buddha statues, 1, 61v, 425v, 439

Buddhism, 154–155, 160, 186, 197, 346, 402, 404–405in China, 186, 187vin India, 156spread of, 193m

Buddhist cave painting / statues, 1, 61v, 405v, 425v, 439

buffalo, 392, 393v

bull leaping, 208, 209v

bureaucracy, 180

Byzantine Empire, 331

Byzantium, 329

Ccacao, 352

Caesar, Gaius Julius. See Julius Caesar

Caesarea, 138–139

Cahokia, 347, 394, 395v

calendar, 84, 413Maya, 364

Cambyses, 82

camel[s], 184

Canaan, 124, 125m, 126, 127

canals Grand Canal, China, 402, 403m, 413v

canopic jars, 114v

Cape Tainaron, Greece, 228–229v

Capitoline hills, 277

Caradini, Andrea, 342

caravans, 185

Card, Nick, 56

Carter, Howard, 110–111

Carthage, 203, 288, 292

Caryatid Porch, 200–201v, 260

caste system, 149, 150, 160, 163v

Castro, Fidel, 435

catacombs, 324, 325v

Çatalhöyük, Southwest Asia, 7, 37, 38–39, 39v, 66

catapult, 242, 292

cataracts, 90, 113m

Catholic Church, 325, 332see also Christianity

cave art / temples, 6v, 22–23, 23v, 33v

Cave of the Hands, Argentina, 22, 23v

Central America, 36migration to, 18, 19msee also Mesoamerica

Central AsiaIndo-European people from, 148nomads of, 185Silk Road in, 184–185see also Mongolia; Mongols

ceramicsMoche, 377, 378Nasca, 378porcelain, 408, 409vTang dynasty, 407vsee also pottery

Chaco Canyon, 390

Chaeronea, Battle of, 242

Chaldeans, 78

Chandra Gupta I, 159

Chandra Gupta II, 159

INDEX R13

Does “continued” after head? It varies depending on what template revision. SYM


R13



Chandragupta Maurya, 156–157, 159

Chang Jiang Basin, China, 40

Chang Jiang, 166, 167m

chariot[s], 78

checks and balances, 254, 274

Cherokee, 396

Chile, 383m

China, 7, 36, 37m, 61, 167m, 349m, 400–425, 403m, 411marchaeology in, 422–423Banpo, cultural hearth, 40–41Buddhism in, 404Confucianism in, 404cultural hearth in, 40–41, 53mdynasties of, 168, 169v, 421vGrand Canal, 196–197inventions from, 61, 197, 407, 408,

409v, 429isolationism of, 420–421maritime navigation, 418–419, 420philosophies of, 170–171, 172–173,

183

China, ancient, 63m, 164–193geography of, 166, 167mHan dynasty, 180–181legacy of, 182–183

chinampas, 368

Chinese creation story, 367

Chinese inventions, 61, 197, 407, 408

Chinese New Year, 165v

Christian Bible, 128, 318, 322–323

Christianity, 265, 318–325appeal of, 320early church, 324–325in East Africa, 112, 321origins of, 318–319Roman persecution and, 320–321,

324spread of, 320–321mteachings of, 318

Cicero, 274, 275v, 294, 332

Cincinnatus, 275

citiesin ancient India, 146–147Aztec, 368–369civilization and, 48, 49development of, 259in Han Dynasty, 180Maya, 358, 360–361Minoan, 208–209

citizenship, 221, 254 see also global citizens

city planning, Roman, 334

city-states, 68–69, 84, 201, 214–215, 261, 264Maya, 360Mediterranean, 81

civil war[s], 326in Rome, 294, 297

civilization, concept of, 1–7building blocks of, 46, 47, 198–199city-states and development of,

68–69core civilizations, 1cradles of, 5, 6–7creation stories and, 366–367cultural hearths, 5, 6–7, 36–45, 57defining, 15development of, 66, 67mearly, 58–59, 60–61v, 62–63m,

66–67melements of, 14–15origins of, 4–7, 34–53paths to, 46–47primary, secondary, 1saving cultural heritage and,

436–437, 438–439traits of, 48–49understanding similarities and

differences, 430–431world systems, 1writing and, 72–73

civilizations / culturesAmerican, 199, 344–345v, 345,

346–347, 348mancient Indian, 146–147ancient Pueblo, 346, 390–391Asian, 346–347Aztec, 347, 348mChinese, 349m, 422–423of East Africa, 112Greek / Hellenistic, 202–203v, 247,

257min the Gupta Empire, 159Harappan, 60, 146–147, 148Inca, 346, 382–383, 383mJudaism, 126–127Longshan, 41, 166Maya, 345, 346, 348mMinoan, 202, 208–209, 210, 261Mississippian, 347, 394Moche, 377v, 381vMycenaean, 202Nasca, 378–379, 380vNative American, 388–397

Olmec, 202, 346, 348, 352, 353m, 354–355

Phoenician, 81Roman, 264–265vWari, 378, 379Zapotec, 346, 353m, 356–357, 358

clans, 40

class structureAztec, 370in Maya civilization, 358in Olmec civilization, 354see also social class

classical periodChina, 168Greek, 228–257

Cleopatra VII, 109, 296

Cleisthenes, 230

climatein ancient Egypt, 90–91climate changes, 16, 26, 40, 45, 412in Rome, 270see also Ice Age; Sahara

Code of Hammurabi, 76–77, 77v, 84

codex, 365

colonies / colonialism, 80ancient Greek, 216–217

Colosseum, 304–305v, 312–313v, 334, 343

Colossus of Rhodes, 250

columns, 251v, 334

comedy, 250

commerce, 407 see also trade

communal, 370

communism, in Cuba, 435

compass, 182–183, 182v, 408, 409v

confederation[s], 127

Confucianism, 170–171v, 172, 173, 183, 402, 404, 406, 416in Han dynasty, 180movement against, 174–175

Confucius, 203, 406

conquistadors, 372

Constantine, 324, 328, 329, 331

consuls, 274

corn, 42, 43v see also maize

Cortés, Hernán, 372

cosmopolitan, 247

R14 INDEX



Cosmopoulos, Michael, 2

Council of Plebs, 280

covenant, 124

cradle of civilization, 66

crafts, in ancient China, 183see also art

Crassus, 294, 295, 297

creation stories, 366–367

Creek, 396

Crete, 208–209

Cuba, 434–435

Cuban Missile Crisis, 435

cultural diffusion, 45, 186, 216, 247, 431

cultural hearths, 36–45, 37m

cultural heritage, saving, 436–437, 438–439

culture, art. See art; architecture

cultures. See civilizations / cultures

cuneiform writing, 72–73, 81, 84

Curia, 277

currency, 82Roman, 309single system in China, 175

Cusco, Peru, 382

Cyclopes, 210

Cyrus the Great, 82, 83v, 84, 135

DDaedalus and Icarus, 235v

Daoism, 170, 171, 173, 524

Darius I, 82, 222

Dashavatar Temple, 158v

David, 132

Dead Sea Scrolls, 130–131

Deborah, 126

Deccan Plateau, 144m, 145

Delian League, 233, 236

delta, 90Nile, 92–93, 93v, 97Okavango, 440–441

democracy, 203, 254in ancient Greece, 221Athenian, 240–241in classical Greece, 230–231limited vs. direct, 230

Demotic writing, 31

denarii, 309

desert[s]. See Kalahari; Sahara

dharma, 155

diadem, 380v

diaspora, 136–137

Diaspora, Jewish, 137m

dictators, 274

Diocletian, 328, 331

Dionysus, 250

direct democracy, 230

disease. See plague

Djoser, 98

DNA, 21, 30

dogs, 26

dome[s], 310, 334

domestication, 26–27of corn, 42, 43vof plants and animals, 28–29m, 36

drought, 16

dynastic cycles, 168, 169vsee also China

dynasty, 94, 168, 421v

Eearthquakes, 352

in ancient India, 148

economics / economy, 199Roman Empire, 308–309war disrupting, 326see also trade

ecosystems, saving, 441

Ecuador, 383m

educationin Rome, 278see also languages; literacy; writing

Egypt, 7, 60, 62m, 125m, 197, 202agricultural development in, 45Alexander the Great in, 244Hebrews in, 124Hellenistic culture in, 247influence on Greece, 217in Israel, 132Jews in, 136Old Kingdom, 98–99repatriation of artifacts, 439

Egypt, ancient, 88–121, 93m, 113mclimate of, 90–91dynasties of, 94geography of, 90–91

gods of, 100, 101kingdom of Kush, 112–113medicine in, 116Middle Kingdom, 104–105New Kingdom, 107, 109pharaohs of, 94religion of, 100, 101science and mathematics in, 114Upper and Lower Kingdoms, 92,

93m

Eightfold Path, 154

El Mirador, 360

El Tocado, 380–381v

elephants, 288, 289

Ellis, Steven, National Geographic Grantee, 3, 263, 340–341

emperor, 174Roman, 306

empire, 74

epic poems, 150, 153, 212

epistles, 321

Erechtheion, 232v

Estrada-Belli, Francisco, National Geographic Grantee, 345, 426–427

Ethiopia, 112, 321

Etruscans, 273Tarquin the Proud, 274

Euphrates River, 28, 66, 67m, 68

Euripides, 250

Europe, 29mmigration to, 18, 19min Roman Empire, 266–267m

exile, 135

Exodus, 124

FFaiyum, North Africa, 7, 37, 44–45

famine, 74

farming, 28, 29, 40–41, 84, 197in Egypt, 92in the Fertile Crescent, 66in India, 145see also Agriculture

Feizi, Han, 171, 173

fertile, 28

Fertile Crescent, 28, 33m, 66–67, 67m, 78

filial piety, 170

INDEX R15


R14



Chandragupta Maurya, 156–157, 159

Chang Jiang Basin, China, 40

Chang Jiang, 166, 167m

chariot[s], 78

checks and balances, 254, 274

Cherokee, 396

Chile, 383m

China, 7, 36, 37m, 61, 167m, 349m, 400–425, 403m, 411marchaeology in, 422–423Banpo, cultural hearth, 40–41Buddhism in, 404Confucianism in, 404cultural hearth in, 40–41, 53mdynasties of, 168, 169v, 421vGrand Canal, 196–197inventions from, 61, 197, 407, 408,

409v, 429isolationism of, 420–421maritime navigation, 418–419, 420philosophies of, 170–171, 172–173,

183

China, ancient, 63m, 164–193geography of, 166, 167mHan dynasty, 180–181legacy of, 182–183

chinampas, 368

Chinese creation story, 367

Chinese inventions, 61, 197, 407, 408

Chinese New Year, 165v

Christian Bible, 128, 318, 322–323

Christianity, 265, 318–325appeal of, 320early church, 324–325in East Africa, 112, 321origins of, 318–319Roman persecution and, 320–321,

324spread of, 320–321mteachings of, 318

Cicero, 274, 275v, 294, 332

Cincinnatus, 275

citiesin ancient India, 146–147Aztec, 368–369civilization and, 48, 49development of, 259in Han Dynasty, 180Maya, 358, 360–361Minoan, 208–209

citizenship, 221, 254 see also global citizens

city planning, Roman, 334

city-states, 68–69, 84, 201, 214–215, 261, 264Maya, 360Mediterranean, 81

civil war[s], 326in Rome, 294, 297

civilization, concept of, 1–7building blocks of, 46, 47, 198–199city-states and development of,

68–69core civilizations, 1cradles of, 5, 6–7creation stories and, 366–367cultural hearths, 5, 6–7, 36–45, 57defining, 15development of, 66, 67mearly, 58–59, 60–61v, 62–63m,

66–67melements of, 14–15origins of, 4–7, 34–53paths to, 46–47primary, secondary, 1saving cultural heritage and,

436–437, 438–439traits of, 48–49understanding similarities and

differences, 430–431world systems, 1writing and, 72–73

civilizations / culturesAmerican, 199, 344–345v, 345,

346–347, 348mancient Indian, 146–147ancient Pueblo, 346, 390–391Asian, 346–347Aztec, 347, 348mChinese, 349m, 422–423of East Africa, 112Greek / Hellenistic, 202–203v, 247,

257min the Gupta Empire, 159Harappan, 60, 146–147, 148Inca, 346, 382–383, 383mJudaism, 126–127Longshan, 41, 166Maya, 345, 346, 348mMinoan, 202, 208–209, 210, 261Mississippian, 347, 394Moche, 377v, 381vMycenaean, 202Nasca, 378–379, 380vNative American, 388–397

Olmec, 202, 346, 348, 352, 353m, 354–355

Phoenician, 81Roman, 264–265vWari, 378, 379Zapotec, 346, 353m, 356–357, 358

clans, 40

class structureAztec, 370in Maya civilization, 358in Olmec civilization, 354see also social class

classical periodChina, 168Greek, 228–257

Cleopatra VII, 109, 296

Cleisthenes, 230

climatein ancient Egypt, 90–91climate changes, 16, 26, 40, 45, 412in Rome, 270see also Ice Age; Sahara

Code of Hammurabi, 76–77, 77v, 84

codex, 365

colonies / colonialism, 80ancient Greek, 216–217

Colosseum, 304–305v, 312–313v, 334, 343

Colossus of Rhodes, 250

columns, 251v, 334

comedy, 250

commerce, 407 see also trade

communal, 370

communism, in Cuba, 435

compass, 182–183, 182v, 408, 409v

confederation[s], 127

Confucianism, 170–171v, 172, 173, 183, 402, 404, 406, 416in Han dynasty, 180movement against, 174–175

Confucius, 203, 406

conquistadors, 372

Constantine, 324, 328, 329, 331

consuls, 274

corn, 42, 43v see also maize

Cortés, Hernán, 372

cosmopolitan, 247

R14 INDEX



Cosmopoulos, Michael, 2

Council of Plebs, 280

covenant, 124

cradle of civilization, 66

crafts, in ancient China, 183see also art

Crassus, 294, 295, 297

creation stories, 366–367

Creek, 396

Crete, 208–209

Cuba, 434–435

Cuban Missile Crisis, 435

cultural diffusion, 45, 186, 216, 247, 431

cultural hearths, 36–45, 37m

cultural heritage, saving, 436–437, 438–439

culture, art. See art; architecture

cultures. See civilizations / cultures

cuneiform writing, 72–73, 81, 84

Curia, 277

currency, 82Roman, 309single system in China, 175

Cusco, Peru, 382

Cyclopes, 210

Cyrus the Great, 82, 83v, 84, 135

DDaedalus and Icarus, 235v

Daoism, 170, 171, 173, 524

Darius I, 82, 222

Dashavatar Temple, 158v

David, 132

Dead Sea Scrolls, 130–131

Deborah, 126

Deccan Plateau, 144m, 145

Delian League, 233, 236

delta, 90Nile, 92–93, 93v, 97Okavango, 440–441

democracy, 203, 254in ancient Greece, 221Athenian, 240–241in classical Greece, 230–231limited vs. direct, 230

Demotic writing, 31

denarii, 309

desert[s]. See Kalahari; Sahara

dharma, 155

diadem, 380v

diaspora, 136–137

Diaspora, Jewish, 137m

dictators, 274

Diocletian, 328, 331

Dionysus, 250

direct democracy, 230

disease. See plague

Djoser, 98

DNA, 21, 30

dogs, 26

dome[s], 310, 334

domestication, 26–27of corn, 42, 43vof plants and animals, 28–29m, 36

drought, 16

dynastic cycles, 168, 169vsee also China

dynasty, 94, 168, 421v

Eearthquakes, 352

in ancient India, 148

economics / economy, 199Roman Empire, 308–309war disrupting, 326see also trade

ecosystems, saving, 441

Ecuador, 383m

educationin Rome, 278see also languages; literacy; writing

Egypt, 7, 60, 62m, 125m, 197, 202agricultural development in, 45Alexander the Great in, 244Hebrews in, 124Hellenistic culture in, 247influence on Greece, 217in Israel, 132Jews in, 136Old Kingdom, 98–99repatriation of artifacts, 439

Egypt, ancient, 88–121, 93m, 113mclimate of, 90–91dynasties of, 94geography of, 90–91

gods of, 100, 101kingdom of Kush, 112–113medicine in, 116Middle Kingdom, 104–105New Kingdom, 107, 109pharaohs of, 94religion of, 100, 101science and mathematics in, 114Upper and Lower Kingdoms, 92,

93m

Eightfold Path, 154

El Mirador, 360

El Tocado, 380–381v

elephants, 288, 289


emperor, 174Roman, 306

empire, 74

epic poems, 150, 153, 212

epistles, 321

Erechtheion, 232v


Ethiopia, 112, 321

Etruscans, 273Tarquin the Proud, 274

Euphrates River, 28, 66, 67m, 68

Euripides, 250

Europe, 29mmigration to, 18, 19min Roman Empire, 266–267m

exile, 135

Exodus, 124

FFaiyum, North Africa, 7, 37, 44–45

famine, 74

farming, 28, 29, 40–41, 84, 197in Egypt, 92in the Fertile Crescent, 66in India, 145see also Agriculture

Feizi, Han, 171, 173

fertile, 28

Fertile Crescent, 28, 33m, 66–67, 67m, 78

filial piety, 170

INDEX R15


R15



fire, 17

fireworks, 408, 409v

First Triumvirate, 295

fjord, 9

flint, 17

flooding, 66, 70, 166, 168Nile River, 90, 91

food surplus. See surplus

Forbidden City, Beijing, 401v, 416, 417v

Forum, 277

fossils, 5, 12, 55

Four Noble Truths, 154, 404

France, 22

frescoes, 314, 315, 334

GGaius Gracchus, 294

Galatians, 323

Gandhi, Mohandas, 160, 161v

Ganges River, 144m, 145

Gate of Hades, 228–229v

gender rolesin Rome, 278, 279vsee also women

Genesis, 131, 367

geneticists, 21, 30

Genghis Khan, 347, 410–411, 415

geo-archaeology, 138–139, 291

geoglyphs, 378, 379v

geography ofthe Americas, 348mancient China, 166, 167mancient Egypt, 90–91ancient Greece, 204mancient India, 144m, 145ancient Rome, 270–271Asian Empires and, 349mEarly Civilizations and, 62–63mIce Age, 8–9mMesoamerica, 352–353, 353mMesopotamia, 66, 67m, 75mRoman Empire, 266–267m

geology / geologists, 30archaeology and, 12, 13

Gervaso, Roberto, 342

giant ground sloth, 18, 19

Giant’s Tower, Malta, 49v

Gilgamesh, Epic of, 73

glaciers, 8–9

gladiators, 312

global citizens, 2–3, 430–431, 433boundary changes and, 442–443see also National Geographic

Explorers

glyphs, 365, 372

Göbekli Tepe, Turkey, 6, 46–47, 47v

Gobi Desert, 166, 167m

godsin ancient Rome, 282Greek, 234–235see also religions

gold, 112, 113vBactrian Hoard, 191Peruvian, 378, 379, 380–381v

golden age, 230of India, 159

Golden Horde, 411m

golden ratio, 119

Good Samaritan, 323

Goodman, Beverly, National Geographic Emerging Explorer, 138–139

Gospels, 318

government, 430ancient Greek, 214–215checks and balances in, 254civilization and, 48, 49in Egypt, 94, 99, 104Inca, 382Kublai Khan, 412in Mesopotamian empires, 84Roman, 274–275, 335see also democracy

Grand Canal, China, 196–197, 402, 403m, 413v, 416

grave goods, 40

gravitas, 282

Great Lakes, formation of, 8

Great Library, Alexandria, 247

Great Plains, 392–393

Great Pyramid of Giza, 97v, 98–99, 99v

Great Pyramid of Khufu, 98, 119, 121v

Great Rift Valley, Africa, 5, 12–13, 55

Great Sphinx, 99

Great Wall, 175, 176–177, 402, 403m, 420

Greece, ancient, 201m, 206–227city-states, 214–215colonization, 216–217democracy and, 254geography of, 214heroic epics, 212Minoan culture, 208–209Persian Wars, 222, 224–225, 227mrule of law in, 254trade and, 216–217

Greece, classical, 228–257arts and architecture, 119, 220v,

221, 250–251, 260gods and goddesses of, 246–247Hellenistic culture, 247, 257minfluence of, 273, 310, 390, 630philosophy in, 248–249, 332religion in, 234–235see also Athens

Greek (language), 31, 115, 332

Greek masks, 250v

Greek pottery, 220v, 221

Greek Stoic philosophy, 332

Green Corn Ceremony, 396

Guatemala, 345, 426–427, 428

gunpowder, 408, 409

Gupta Empire, 61, 158–159, 158m

HHadrian, 314

Hadrian’s Wall, 266v

Haida, 388

Hammurabi, 60, 76–77, 84

Hammurabi’s Code, 77v, 202

Han dynasty, 61, 180, 181m, 402, 404

Han Feizi, 171, 173

handprints, in cave art, 22–23

Hannibal, 288–291, 290–291

Hanukkah, 137

Harappa (city), 146

Harappan civilization, 60, 146–147end of, 148Harappan seal, 148v

Hatshepsut, 60, 106v, 107

Hebrew Bible, 124, 126, 127, 129v, 130–131, 135, 367

R16 INDEX



Hellenistic Culture, 247, 257m

helot[s], 218

Herod, 138, 139

Herodotus, 222, 248

hero[es], 212Greek, 212–213

Hiebert, Fredrik, National Geographic Fellow, 1–3, 190–191, 198–199, 430–431, 438–439

hierarchy, 100

hieroglyphs, 31, 114–115, 118v

highlands, 352

Himalaya, 145, 166

Hindu Kush, 145

Hinduism, 150–151

Hindus / Hinduism, 160, 197sacred texts of, 150, 152–153

historyas a living thing, 433patterns of, 199, 431see also civilization

Hittite Empire, 125m

Hittites, 108, 210

Holi, Hindu festival, 151v

Homer, 212, 243, 248

Homo sapiens, 18early, 12see also human origins

Hongwu (emperor), 416

Hopewell, 394

horses, introduction of in North America, 392

Huang He, China, 40, 41, 166, 167m, 168

human origins, 5, 12, 54–55, 57in Africa, 12–13, 54–55development of societies, 10–33

Huns, 331

Hunt, Patrick, National Geographic Grantee, 290–291

hunter-gatherers, 24–25, 26religion and, 47

Hyksos, 104

Hymn to the Nile, 103

IIcarus, 235v

Ice Age, 6–7, 8–9m

Iceman, 25v

Ides of March, 297, 299, 300–301v

Illiad (Homer), 203, 212, 243, 248

Imhotep, 98

immortal, 234

Imperial Palace. See Forbidden City

Inca, 347, 382–383, 383marchitecture, 384–385Spanish conquerors, 386–387

India, 144m, 245, 411m

India, ancient, 63m, 142–163Aryan migration into, 148–149,

149mBuddhism in, 154–155, 156earthquakes in, 148geography of, 144m, 145Gupta Empire, 158–159Harappan civilization, 146–147Hellenistic culture in, 247Hinduism in, 150, 152–153legacy of, 160–161Maurya Empire, 156–157

Indian Ocean, 144m, 145

Indus River, 144m, 145, 245

Indus Valley, 60

inoculation, 160

inventions, Chinese, 182–183

Iran, 82Jews in, 135

Iraq, 66, 439Jews in, 135

iron, 112

Iroquois, 396, 397v

irrigation, 66, 84, 92, 378

isolated, 166

isolationism, 420

Israel, 62m, 132, 202Caesarea, 138–139ten tribes of, 132see also Jerusalem; Judaism

Ishtar Gate, 78

JJacob, 127

jaguar god, 354

Jerusalem, 122–123v, 132Roman destruction of, 136Western Wall, 134vsee also Israel, Judaism

Jesus, 265, 318–319see also Christianity

jewelryNasca, 378Sicán, 379

Jews. See Israel; Judaism

Joshua, 127

Judah, 132, 135, 136

Judaism, 62, 122–139, 197beliefs and texts of, 128–129and Christianity, 318, 320culture of, 126–127disapora, 136–137, 137mexodus and the promised land,

124–125, 125mhistory of, 141vkings of the Israelites, 132–133legacy of, 136twelve tribes of, 126–127

Judea, 138–139

Julius Caesar, 264, 296–297, 306assassination of, 297, 298–299,

298v, 300–301

jury, 254

KKadesh, 108

Kakadu National Park, Australia, 22

Kalahari Desert, 440

Kalidasa, 159

karma, 150, 404

Karnak, temple of Amun Re, 118v

Kashgar, 184, 185m, 186

Kennedy, John F., 435

Kenya, Africa, 5, 55

khanates, 411

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 160

kiva[s], 390

kleroterian, 230v

Knossos, 208

Kosher, 128

Kublai Khan, 411, 412, 413, 415

Kush (Nubian Kingdom), 112–113

Kwakiutl, 388

INDEX R17


R16



fire, 17

fireworks, 408, 409v

First Triumvirate, 295

fjord, 9

flint, 17

flooding, 66, 70, 166, 168Nile River, 90, 91

food surplus. See surplus

Forbidden City, Beijing, 401v, 416, 417v

Forum, 277

fossils, 5, 12, 55

Four Noble Truths, 154, 404

France, 22

frescoes, 314, 315, 334

GGaius Gracchus, 294

Galatians, 323

Gandhi, Mohandas, 160, 161v

Ganges River, 144m, 145

Gate of Hades, 228–229v

gender rolesin Rome, 278, 279vsee also women

Genesis, 131, 367

geneticists, 21, 30

Genghis Khan, 347, 410–411, 415

geo-archaeology, 138–139, 291

geoglyphs, 378, 379v

geography ofthe Americas, 348mancient China, 166, 167mancient Egypt, 90–91ancient Greece, 204mancient India, 144m, 145ancient Rome, 270–271Asian Empires and, 349mEarly Civilizations and, 62–63mIce Age, 8–9mMesoamerica, 352–353, 353mMesopotamia, 66, 67m, 75mRoman Empire, 266–267m

geology / geologists, 30archaeology and, 12, 13

Gervaso, Roberto, 342

giant ground sloth, 18, 19

Giant’s Tower, Malta, 49v

Gilgamesh, Epic of, 73

glaciers, 8–9

gladiators, 312

global citizens, 2–3, 430–431, 433boundary changes and, 442–443see also National Geographic

Explorers

glyphs, 365, 372

Göbekli Tepe, Turkey, 6, 46–47, 47v

Gobi Desert, 166, 167m

godsin ancient Rome, 282Greek, 234–235see also religions

gold, 112, 113vBactrian Hoard, 191Peruvian, 378, 379, 380–381v

golden age, 230of India, 159

Golden Horde, 411m

golden ratio, 119

Good Samaritan, 323


Gospels, 318

government, 430ancient Greek, 214–215checks and balances in, 254civilization and, 48, 49in Egypt, 94, 99, 104Inca, 382Kublai Khan, 412in Mesopotamian empires, 84Roman, 274–275, 335see also democracy

Grand Canal, China, 196–197, 402, 403m, 413v, 416

grave goods, 40

gravitas, 282

Great Lakes, formation of, 8

Great Library, Alexandria, 247

Great Plains, 392–393

Great Pyramid of Giza, 97v, 98–99, 99v

Great Pyramid of Khufu, 98, 119, 121v

Great Rift Valley, Africa, 5, 12–13, 55

Great Sphinx, 99

Great Wall, 175, 176–177, 402, 403m, 420

Greece, ancient, 201m, 206–227city-states, 214–215colonization, 216–217democracy and, 254geography of, 214heroic epics, 212Minoan culture, 208–209Persian Wars, 222, 224–225, 227mrule of law in, 254trade and, 216–217

Greece, classical, 228–257arts and architecture, 119, 220v,

221, 250–251, 260gods and goddesses of, 246–247Hellenistic culture, 247, 257minfluence of, 273, 310, 390, 630philosophy in, 248–249, 332religion in, 234–235see also Athens

Greek (language), 31, 115, 332

Greek masks, 250v

Greek pottery, 220v, 221

Greek Stoic philosophy, 332

Green Corn Ceremony, 396

Guatemala, 345, 426–427, 428

gunpowder, 408, 409

Gupta Empire, 61, 158–159, 158m

HHadrian, 314

Hadrian’s Wall, 266v

Haida, 388

Hammurabi, 60, 76–77, 84

Hammurabi’s Code, 77v, 202

Han dynasty, 61, 180, 181m, 402, 404

Han Feizi, 171, 173

handprints, in cave art, 22–23

Hannibal, 288–291, 290–291

Hanukkah, 137

Harappa (city), 146

Harappan civilization, 60, 146–147end of, 148Harappan seal, 148v

Hatshepsut, 60, 106v, 107

Hebrew Bible, 124, 126, 127, 129v, 130–131, 135, 367

R16 INDEX



Hellenistic Culture, 247, 257m

helot[s], 218

Herod, 138, 139

Herodotus, 222, 248

hero[es], 212Greek, 212–213


hierarchy, 100

hieroglyphs, 31, 114–115, 118v

highlands, 352

Himalaya, 145, 166

Hindu Kush, 145

Hinduism, 150–151

Hindus / Hinduism, 160, 197sacred texts of, 150, 152–153

historyas a living thing, 433patterns of, 199, 431see also civilization

Hittite Empire, 125m

Hittites, 108, 210

Holi, Hindu festival, 151v

Homer, 212, 243, 248

Homo sapiens, 18early, 12see also human origins

Hongwu (emperor), 416

Hopewell, 394

horses, introduction of in North America, 392

Huang He, China, 40, 41, 166, 167m, 168

human origins, 5, 12, 54–55, 57in Africa, 12–13, 54–55development of societies, 10–33

Huns, 331


hunter-gatherers, 24–25, 26religion and, 47

Hyksos, 104

Hymn to the Nile, 103

IIcarus, 235v

Ice Age, 6–7, 8–9m

Iceman, 25v

Ides of March, 297, 299, 300–301v

Illiad (Homer), 203, 212, 243, 248

Imhotep, 98

immortal, 234

Imperial Palace. See Forbidden City

Inca, 347, 382–383, 383marchitecture, 384–385Spanish conquerors, 386–387

India, 144m, 245, 411m

India, ancient, 63m, 142–163Aryan migration into, 148–149,

149mBuddhism in, 154–155, 156earthquakes in, 148geography of, 144m, 145Gupta Empire, 158–159Harappan civilization, 146–147Hellenistic culture in, 247Hinduism in, 150, 152–153legacy of, 160–161Maurya Empire, 156–157

Indian Ocean, 144m, 145

Indus River, 144m, 145, 245

Indus Valley, 60

inoculation, 160

inventions, Chinese, 182–183

Iran, 82Jews in, 135

Iraq, 66, 439Jews in, 135

iron, 112

Iroquois, 396, 397v

irrigation, 66, 84, 92, 378

isolated, 166

isolationism, 420

Israel, 62m, 132, 202Caesarea, 138–139ten tribes of, 132see also Jerusalem; Judaism

Ishtar Gate, 78

JJacob, 127

jaguar god, 354

Jerusalem, 122–123v, 132Roman destruction of, 136Western Wall, 134vsee also Israel, Judaism

Jesus, 265, 318–319see also Christianity

jewelryNasca, 378Sicán, 379

Jews. See Israel; Judaism

Joshua, 127

Judah, 132, 135, 136

Judaism, 62, 122–139, 197beliefs and texts of, 128–129and Christianity, 318, 320culture of, 126–127disapora, 136–137, 137mexodus and the promised land,

124–125, 125mhistory of, 141vkings of the Israelites, 132–133legacy of, 136twelve tribes of, 126–127

Judea, 138–139

Julius Caesar, 264, 296–297, 306assassination of, 297, 298–299,

298v, 300–301

jury, 254

KKadesh, 108

Kakadu National Park, Australia, 22

Kalahari Desert, 440

Kalidasa, 159

karma, 150, 404

Karnak, temple of Amun Re, 118v

Kashgar, 184, 185m, 186

Kennedy, John F., 435

Kenya, Africa, 5, 55

khanates, 411

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 160

kiva[s], 390

kleroterian, 230v

Knossos, 208

Kosher, 128

Kublai Khan, 411, 412, 413, 415

Kush (Nubian Kingdom), 112–113

Kwakiutl, 388

INDEX R17


R17



Llabyrinth, 208

Lake Texcoco, 368

Lake Turkana, Kenya, 5, 55

Lakshmi, 150

land bridges, 18, 24, 26

landforms, 8–9

languages / writingdevelopment of, 87vGreek, 81, 87v, 115, 332Latin, 332–333, 335Phoenician, 81, 87vRoman, 81, 87vSanskrit, 148Sumerian, 72–73

Laozi, 170

Lascaux Cave[s], 6v, 22

Last Supper, The (da Vinci), 319

Latin / Latins, 272, 332–333, 335, 343

Latium, 272

lawsHammurabi’s Code of Laws, 76–77,

77vinfluence of Judaism on, 136Roman, 274, 335

Leakey, Louis, 55

Leakey, Louise, National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, 2, 5, 54–55, 54v

Leakey, Maeve, 54v, 55

Leakey, Richard, 12, 55

Lebanon, 81

Lee, Christine, National Geographic Emerging Explorer, 422–423

legacy, 84

Legalism, 170, 171, 174, 180

legionaries, 284, 285v, 286–287v

legions, 284

Leonidas, 219v, 222, 225

Libya, 108

limited democracy, 230

literacy / literature, 203Chinese, 413in Egypt, 102, 103see also education; writing

Liu Bang, 180

Livy (Roman historian), 270

llamas, 382

location, importance ofRome, 270for Rome, 292–293see also geography

longhouses, 397, 397v

Longshan, 41, 166

looting, 437, 439

Lower Egypt, 92

lowlands, 352

Lu, Empress, 180

MMaccabees, 136

Macedonia, 109, 242–243

Macedonian Wars, 293

Machu Picchu, 347, 384–385

Magadha kingdom, 156, 158

Mahabharata, 150, 159, 160

maize, 7v, 60corn, 42, 43vin Maya culture, 358, 359

Ma’Marra Mosaic Museum, Syria, 437

Manchus, 421

Mandate of Heaven, 168

Marathon, Battle at, 222

marathon[s], 222

Marco Polo, 412, 414v, 415

maritime, 184

Marius, 285, 294

Masada, 136

Massari, Lucio, 322

mathematics / mathematicians, 84in Egypt, 114, 119Indian advances in, 160Maya, 364

matrilineal, 40

Maurya Empire, 61, 156–157, 157m

Maya civilization, 265, 345, 346, 358–359, 359m, 372, 426–427cities and, 358, 360–361legacy of, 364–365murals in, 362–363

Medes, 82

medicine, in Egypt, 114

Mediterranean Sea, 270Athens rule of, 233control of, 270, 288–289Greek domination of, 273trade and, 80, 81, 208, 211m,

216–217

megafauna, 18–19, 24

menorah, 137v

Mentuhotep, 104

Meroë, 112

Mesa Verde, 390, 391v

Mesoamerica, 36, 37m, 350–375Aztec Empire, 368–369, 369mcivilizations, 353mgeography of, 352–353Oaxaca, cultural hearth, 42–43see also Mexico

Mesopotamia, 62m, 64–87, 75m, 125mAssyrian Empire, 78–79Chaldean Empire, 78Cyrus the Great and, 82–83Egypt compared to, 92flooding in, 90geography of, 66–67, 67mHammurabi, 76–77legacy of, 84–85Sargon the Great, 74–75Sumer, 64, 68–69

metal work, 29, 168, 183see also bronze; gold; iron

metallurgy, 38

MexicoAztec in, 368Yucatán Peninsula, 359msee also Mesoamerica

Mexico City, 368

Middle Kingdom, 104–105

migration, 199agriculture and, 353Aryan, 148–149early human, 16, 18–19, 19m,

20–21factors influencing, 21see also movement

militaryin Egypt, 104Roman army, 284–285, 306, 308Roman problems in 3rd C., 326

Ming dynasty, 347, 416, 420

Minoan culture, 202, 208–209, 210, 261

R18 INDEX



Minoans, 208–209

Minotaur, 208

missionaries, 321

Mississippi River Valley, 394

Mississippians, 347, 394

Moche, 377v, 381

Moctezuma II, 369m, 370, 371v

Mohenjo-Daro, 146–147, 147v

monarchy, 215

Mongols / Mongol Empire, 347, 349m, 410–411, 411m, 412–413

monotheism, 124, 126, 136, 197

monsoon[s], 144m, 145

Monte Albán, 357

moraine, 8

mosaic[s], 314–315v, 334, 437

Moses, 60, 124, 126, 127, 128, 130v

mound builders, 394

Mount Olympus, 234

Mount Sinai, 124, 128

Mount Tabor, 127v

Mount Vesuvius, 316–317

movable type, 408, 409v

movement (of people and cultures), 199, 431cultural diffusion, 45, 186, 216, 247,

431see also migration

mummies, 100, 108v, 114, 115v

Muslims, in Sudan, 543

Mycenaean civilization, 202, 210–211, 261trade routes, 211m

myth[s], 28Greek, 234–235

NNapata (capital of Kush), 112

Nasca, 378–379, 380v

National GeographicAl Kuntar, Salam, National

Geographic Emerging Explorer, 436–437







Leakey, Louise, National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, 2, 5, 54–55


Parcak, Sarah, National Geographic Fellow, 3, 96–97

Parkinson, William, National Geographic Grantee, 201, 258–259

Photo Camp (National Geographic outreach program), 443

Rose, Jeffrey, National Geographic Emerging Explorer, 20–21

Saturno, William, National Geographic Grantee, 2, 362–363

Selbe, Shah, National Geographic Emerging Explorer, 440–441

Stories Making History, 432–443Thornton, Christopher, National

Geographic Lead Program Officer, 59, 194–195

Valdés, Juan José, National Geographic Geographer, 444–445

Native American cultures, 388–397

natural disasters, 210

navigation, 408, 418

Nebuchadnezzar II, 78, 132

Neolithic Age, 7, 10, 28, 36farming, 208

Neptune, 282, 283v

Nero, 324, 342–343

New Kingdom, 107, 109

New Testament, 318, 322–323v

Nike, 232v, 246v

Nile River, 113m, 412fertile delta of, 92–93, 93v, 97importance of, 90–91, 91vUpper and Lower, 90

Nile River Valley, 45

nirvana, 155, 404

nobles, 370

nomads, 24

nonviolence, 160

North Africa, 36, 37m, 288see also Africa; Sahara

North America, 28m, 376, 388–397geography and native populations,

388, 390, 392, 394migration to, 18, 19m

North China Plain, 166, 167m

Nubia, 104, 107, 108, 112–113, 113mwealth of, 112, 113

Nubian Complex, 21

numerical system, 84

Ooasis, 16

Oaxaca, Mexico, 37, 42–43, 357

objects. See artifacts

Octavian. See Augustus

Odysseus, 212

Odyssey (Homer), 203, 212, 248

Okavango Delta, Africa, 440–441

Old Kingdom, Egypt, 98–99

Old Stone Age, 12

Old Testament, 128, 322see also Hebrew Bible

Old Zhu, 196

Olduvai Gorge, 55

oligarchy, 215, 238

Olmec, 202, 346, 348m, 353m, 354–355

Olympians, 234

Olympic Games, 205v, 234

Oman, 20–21

oracle bones, 168

oral history, 30

oral tradition, 360

oratory, 332

Orkney Island, 56–57

Osiris, 100

Ostracon, 241

PPachacuti, 382

Pacific Northwest, 388–389

INDEX R19


R18



Llabyrinth, 208

Lake Texcoco, 368

Lake Turkana, Kenya, 5, 55

Lakshmi, 150

land bridges, 18, 24, 26

landforms, 8–9

languages / writingdevelopment of, 87vGreek, 81, 87v, 115, 332Latin, 332–333, 335Phoenician, 81, 87vRoman, 81, 87vSanskrit, 148Sumerian, 72–73

Laozi, 170

Lascaux Cave[s], 6v, 22

Last Supper, The (da Vinci), 319

Latin / Latins, 272, 332–333, 335, 343

Latium, 272

lawsHammurabi’s Code of Laws, 76–77,

77vinfluence of Judaism on, 136Roman, 274, 335

Leakey, Louis, 55

Leakey, Louise, National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, 2, 5, 54–55, 54v

Leakey, Maeve, 54v, 55

Leakey, Richard, 12, 55

Lebanon, 81


legacy, 84

Legalism, 170, 171, 174, 180

legionaries, 284, 285v, 286–287v

legions, 284

Leonidas, 219v, 222, 225

Libya, 108

limited democracy, 230

literacy / literature, 203Chinese, 413in Egypt, 102, 103see also education; writing

Liu Bang, 180

Livy (Roman historian), 270

llamas, 382

location, importance ofRome, 270for Rome, 292–293see also geography

longhouses, 397, 397v

Longshan, 41, 166

looting, 437, 439

Lower Egypt, 92

lowlands, 352

Lu, Empress, 180

MMaccabees, 136

Macedonia, 109, 242–243

Macedonian Wars, 293

Machu Picchu, 347, 384–385

Magadha kingdom, 156, 158

Mahabharata, 150, 159, 160

maize, 7v, 60corn, 42, 43vin Maya culture, 358, 359

Ma’Marra Mosaic Museum, Syria, 437

Manchus, 421

Mandate of Heaven, 168

Marathon, Battle at, 222

marathon[s], 222

Marco Polo, 412, 414v, 415

maritime, 184

Marius, 285, 294

Masada, 136

Massari, Lucio, 322

mathematics / mathematicians, 84in Egypt, 114, 119Indian advances in, 160Maya, 364

matrilineal, 40

Maurya Empire, 61, 156–157, 157m

Maya civilization, 265, 345, 346, 358–359, 359m, 372, 426–427cities and, 358, 360–361legacy of, 364–365murals in, 362–363

Medes, 82

medicine, in Egypt, 114

Mediterranean Sea, 270Athens rule of, 233control of, 270, 288–289Greek domination of, 273trade and, 80, 81, 208, 211m,

216–217

megafauna, 18–19, 24

menorah, 137v

Mentuhotep, 104

Meroë, 112

Mesa Verde, 390, 391v

Mesoamerica, 36, 37m, 350–375Aztec Empire, 368–369, 369mcivilizations, 353mgeography of, 352–353Oaxaca, cultural hearth, 42–43see also Mexico

Mesopotamia, 62m, 64–87, 75m, 125mAssyrian Empire, 78–79Chaldean Empire, 78Cyrus the Great and, 82–83Egypt compared to, 92flooding in, 90geography of, 66–67, 67mHammurabi, 76–77legacy of, 84–85Sargon the Great, 74–75Sumer, 64, 68–69

metal work, 29, 168, 183see also bronze; gold; iron

metallurgy, 38

MexicoAztec in, 368Yucatán Peninsula, 359msee also Mesoamerica

Mexico City, 368

Middle Kingdom, 104–105

migration, 199agriculture and, 353Aryan, 148–149early human, 16, 18–19, 19m,

20–21factors influencing, 21see also movement

militaryin Egypt, 104Roman army, 284–285, 306, 308Roman problems in 3rd C., 326

Ming dynasty, 347, 416, 420

Minoan culture, 202, 208–209, 210, 261

R18 INDEX



Minoans, 208–209

Minotaur, 208

missionaries, 321

Mississippi River Valley, 394

Mississippians, 347, 394

Moche, 377v, 381

Moctezuma II, 369m, 370, 371v

Mohenjo-Daro, 146–147, 147v

monarchy, 215

Mongols / Mongol Empire, 347, 349m, 410–411, 411m, 412–413

monotheism, 124, 126, 136, 197

monsoon[s], 144m, 145

Monte Albán, 357

moraine, 8

mosaic[s], 314–315v, 334, 437

Moses, 60, 124, 126, 127, 128, 130v

mound builders, 394

Mount Olympus, 234

Mount Sinai, 124, 128

Mount Tabor, 127v

Mount Vesuvius, 316–317

movable type, 408, 409v

movement (of people and cultures), 199, 431cultural diffusion, 45, 186, 216, 247,

431see also migration

mummies, 100, 108v, 114, 115v

Muslims, in Sudan, 543

Mycenaean civilization, 202, 210–211, 261trade routes, 211m

myth[s], 28Greek, 234–235

NNapata (capital of Kush), 112

Nasca, 378–379, 380v

National GeographicAl Kuntar, Salam, National

Geographic Emerging Explorer, 436–437







Leakey, Louise, National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, 2, 5, 54–55





Rose, Jeffrey, National Geographic Emerging Explorer, 20–21



Stories Making History, 432–443Thornton, Christopher, National

Geographic Lead Program Officer, 59, 194–195

Valdés, Juan José, National Geographic Geographer, 444–445

Native American cultures, 388–397

natural disasters, 210

navigation, 408, 418

Nebuchadnezzar II, 78, 132

Neolithic Age, 7, 10, 28, 36farming, 208

Neptune, 282, 283v

Nero, 324, 342–343

New Kingdom, 107, 109

New Testament, 318, 322–323v

Nike, 232v, 246v

Nile River, 113m, 412fertile delta of, 92–93, 93v, 97importance of, 90–91, 91vUpper and Lower, 90

Nile River Valley, 45

nirvana, 155, 404

nobles, 370

nomads, 24

nonviolence, 160

North Africa, 36, 37m, 288see also Africa; Sahara

North America, 28m, 376, 388–397geography and native populations,

388, 390, 392, 394migration to, 18, 19m

North China Plain, 166, 167m

Nubia, 104, 107, 108, 112–113, 113mwealth of, 112, 113

Nubian Complex, 21

numerical system, 84

Ooasis, 16

Oaxaca, Mexico, 37, 42–43, 357

objects. See artifacts

Octavian. See Augustus

Odysseus, 212

Odyssey (Homer), 203, 212, 248

Okavango Delta, Africa, 440–441

Old Kingdom, Egypt, 98–99

Old Stone Age, 12

Old Testament, 128, 322see also Hebrew Bible

Old Zhu, 196

Olduvai Gorge, 55

oligarchy, 215, 238

Olmec, 202, 346, 348m, 353m, 354–355

Olympians, 234

Olympic Games, 205v, 234

Oman, 20–21

oracle bones, 168

oral history, 30

oral tradition, 360

oratory, 332

Orkney Island, 56–57

Osiris, 100

Ostracon, 241

PPachacuti, 382

Pacific Northwest, 388–389

INDEX R19


R19



Palatine Hill, 273v, 277

Paleolithic Age, 10, 12, 16

Paleolithic people, 24–25migration of, 18–19migration of, out of Africa, 20–21

paleontologist, 5, 55

Palestine, 107

Pan Gu Creates Heaven and Earth, 367

Pantheon, 282, 310, 311v

paper, 61, 183

paper money, 407, 408

papyrus, 115

parables, 318, 323



Parthenon, 214–215v, 232v, 233, 252–253v

passport medallion, 415, 415v

paterfamilias, 278, 282

patriarchy, 278

patricians, 274

Paul, 321, 323

Pax Romana, 306, 308, 343

peasants, 178, 181

Peloponnesian League, 233, 238

Peloponnesian Wars, 201, 203, 236, 237m, 238, 241, 242, 248

peninsula, 270

Pericles, 230, 231v, 232, 233, 240v

Persepolis, 82, 83v

Persia / Persians, 109, 203Alexander the Great and, 244, 245alliance with Sparta, 238Hellenistic culture in, 247

Persian Empire, 82–83Greece and, 221, 222Jews and, 135, 136

Persian Wars, 222, 224–225, 227m, 248

Peru, 382, 383mgold exhibit, 380–381vpre-Inca cultures, 378–379

Peruvian gold, 378, 379, 380–381v

Peter, the apostle, 325

phalanx, 242

pharoah[s], 94, 95vfemale, 106v, 107Tutankhamen, 110–111

Philip II of Macedonia, 242–243

Philip V of Macedonia, 293

Philistines, 132

philosophyChinese, 183Greek, 248–249, 332

Phoenicians, 80–81, 203influence on ancient Greece, 217


Piankhi, 112

pictographs, 49v, 84

Pi-Ramses, 109

Pizarro, Francisco, 386–387v

plague, 236

planned cities, early, 146–147

Plato, 248, 249v

plebeians, 274, 280

Pliny the Younger, 316

polis, 214

polytheism / polytheistic, 70, 126, 127, 209, 370

Pompeii, 262–263v, 316–317, 340–341

Pompey, 294, 295, 297

Pontius Pilate, 318

pope, 325

Popul Vuh, 365, 367

porcelain, 408, 409vsee also ceramics

potlaches, 388

pottery, 29ancient Pueblo, 390Longshan, 41Yangshao, 40, 41see also ceramics

poverty, in Rome, 294

Praetorian Guard, 306

pre-Inca cultures, 378–379

primary source[s], 30, 31

Prodigal Son, The (Massari), 322–323

Promised Land, 127, 135see also Canaan, Israel

prophet[s], 372

Propylaea, 232v

province, 82, 292

Pueblo Bonito, 390, 399v

Punic Wars, 288, 292, 294

pyramids, 97v, 98, 99, 99v, 119, 354, 375vMaya, 358

QQin, kingdom, 174, 180

Qin dynasty, 61

Qing dynasty, 420, 421

quarried, 384

Quetzalcoatl, 369

quinoa, 382

Rrabbi, 128

radiologists, 30

Ramayana, 150, 152, 153, 159

Ramses II, 89v, 108–109, 109v, 112, 117, 202

Ramses the Great, 108–109

Raphael, The School of Athens, 249v

raw materials, 81, 208

Re (Egyptian sun god), 100, 103v

record keeping, civilization and, 48, 49

reincarnation, 150, 155, 160, 404

religion, 62, 199agriculture and, 46, 47in ancient India, 148, 149Aztec, 370–371Buddhism, 154–155, 160, 186, 197,

402, 404–405in China, 402, 404, 406Christianity, 265, 318–325in classical Greece, 234–235early evidence of, 38, 46–47in ancient Egypt, 94, 99, 100, 101vHinduism, 150, 151in India, 160Judaism, 122–139, 318Maya, 359, 360Minoan, 209in Rome, 282in Sumer, 70–71see also Catholic Church

R20 INDEX



Remus, 272

repatriation, of cultural artifacts, 438–439

representative democracy, 254

representative government, in Rome, 274

republic, 274

reunify, 402

rice, 406

Rig Veda, 153

river deltas. See deltas

river valleys, 28, 40, 62, 354Nile, 45Oaxaca, Mexico, 356

Rivera, Diego, 356

roads, 82in ancient Greece, 210in ancient India, 146, 156Inca, 382, 383m, 384Roman, 308, 310, 339m

rock art, 10–11v, 23

Roman Catholic Church. See Catholic Church

Roman Empire, 265, 266–267m, 292–293m, 352Augustus and, 306–307Christianity and, 318–325decline of, 326–327divided, 328–329Eastern, 328–329mexpansion of, 292–293m, 296–297fall of, 331growth of, 308–309Jews and, 136Pompeii, 316–317religion in, 318Roman civilization, 198, 262–263Roman emperors, 266–267vsize / extent of, 326third century crisis in, 326–327trade in, 309mWestern, 328–329m, 331

Roman Empire, Eastern, 265, 325

Roman Empire, Western, 265

Roman Forum, 276v, 277

Roman Republic, 203, 264, 343death of, 306end of, 296–297weakening of, 294–295

Romance languages, 332

Rome, ancient, 268–269v, 271v

architecture in, 310–315army of, 284–285burning of, 342class structure in, 280–81Etruscan influence in, 273founding of, 272–273gender roles in, 278geography of, 270–271, 271vGreek influence in, 273legend of founding, 264, 272literature and, 332–333religion in, 282, 324representative government, 274republican government of, 274–275sack of, 331seven hills of, 270, 271trade and, 270see also Roman Empire

Romulus, 272

Rose, Jeffrey,National Geographic Emerging Explorer, 20–21

Rosetta Stone, 31v, 115

SSabbath, 128

saber-toothed cat, 18, 19

sacrifice[s], 370–371

Sahara, 16, 23, 45

Salamis, Battle of, 222

San Bartolo, Guatemala, 362–363

Sanskrit, 148, 149v, 160

Sargon the Great, 60, 74–75, 75vempire of, 75m

satellite technology, 97

satrap[s], 82


Saul, 132

savanna[s], 16–17v, 17

sciencein Egypt, 114Indian advances in, 160see also mathematics

Scotland, 56–57

scribes, 48, 69, 114, 115v, 135in ancient India, 159

sculpturebas-relief, 334, 335vGreek, 246v, 250see also Buddha statues

Sea Peoples, 210

Second Temple, 135, 136

secondary source[s], 30


Seleucids, 136

seminomadic, 124, 148

Senate, 274, 277, 306

serfs, 370

sesterces, 309

Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, 250

shaduf, 92

shaman, 388

Shang dynasty, 60, 168

Shi Huangdi, 174–175, 178, 180

ships, 84Greek triremes, 222, 223vPhoenician, 80v, 81Zheng He’s, 418–419

Shiva, 150, 151vdance honoring, 142–143v

Siberia, 18, 19m

Sicán, 378–379, 380–381

sickle, 28

Siddhartha Guatama, 154–155, 524

Sierra Madre Mountains, 352

silk, 183, 186

Silk Roads, 184–185, 184–185m, 186–187, 265, 439excavations along, 190–191

silt, 66, 90, 91

slavesin ancient Greece, 221Aztec, 370Christianity and, 320in classical Greece, 230Roman slave rebellion, 294in ancient Rome, 280in Sparta, 218

social class, 69, 100, 149laws and, 76in Mongol China, 412scribes in, 114in Sparta, 218

Socrates, 248, 249v

Solomon, 132

Solomon’s Temple, 133v

Solon, 221, 230

INDEX R21


R20



Palatine Hill, 273v, 277

Paleolithic Age, 10, 12, 16

Paleolithic people, 24–25migration of, 18–19migration of, out of Africa, 20–21

paleontologist, 5, 55

Palestine, 107

Pan Gu Creates Heaven and Earth, 367

Pantheon, 282, 310, 311v

paper, 61, 183

paper money, 407, 408

papyrus, 115

parables, 318, 323



Parthenon, 214–215v, 232v, 233, 252–253v

passport medallion, 415, 415v

paterfamilias, 278, 282

patriarchy, 278

patricians, 274

Paul, 321, 323

Pax Romana, 306, 308, 343

peasants, 178, 181

Peloponnesian League, 233, 238

Peloponnesian Wars, 201, 203, 236, 237m, 238, 241, 242, 248

peninsula, 270

Pericles, 230, 231v, 232, 233, 240v

Persepolis, 82, 83v

Persia / Persians, 109, 203Alexander the Great and, 244, 245alliance with Sparta, 238Hellenistic culture in, 247

Persian Empire, 82–83Greece and, 221, 222Jews and, 135, 136

Persian Wars, 222, 224–225, 227m, 248

Peru, 382, 383mgold exhibit, 380–381vpre-Inca cultures, 378–379

Peruvian gold, 378, 379, 380–381v

Peter, the apostle, 325

phalanx, 242

pharoah[s], 94, 95vfemale, 106v, 107Tutankhamen, 110–111

Philip II of Macedonia, 242–243

Philip V of Macedonia, 293

Philistines, 132

philosophyChinese, 183Greek, 248–249, 332

Phoenicians, 80–81, 203influence on ancient Greece, 217


Piankhi, 112

pictographs, 49v, 84

Pi-Ramses, 109

Pizarro, Francisco, 386–387v

plague, 236

planned cities, early, 146–147

Plato, 248, 249v

plebeians, 274, 280

Pliny the Younger, 316

polis, 214

polytheism / polytheistic, 70, 126, 127, 209, 370

Pompeii, 262–263v, 316–317, 340–341

Pompey, 294, 295, 297

Pontius Pilate, 318

pope, 325

Popul Vuh, 365, 367

porcelain, 408, 409vsee also ceramics

potlaches, 388

pottery, 29ancient Pueblo, 390Longshan, 41Yangshao, 40, 41see also ceramics

poverty, in Rome, 294

Praetorian Guard, 306

pre-Inca cultures, 378–379

primary source[s], 30, 31

Prodigal Son, The (Massari), 322–323

Promised Land, 127, 135see also Canaan, Israel

prophet[s], 372

Propylaea, 232v

province, 82, 292

Pueblo Bonito, 390, 399v

Punic Wars, 288, 292, 294

pyramids, 97v, 98, 99, 99v, 119, 354, 375vMaya, 358

QQin, kingdom, 174, 180

Qin dynasty, 61

Qing dynasty, 420, 421

quarried, 384

Quetzalcoatl, 369

quinoa, 382

Rrabbi, 128

radiologists, 30

Ramayana, 150, 152, 153, 159

Ramses II, 89v, 108–109, 109v, 112, 117, 202

Ramses the Great, 108–109

Raphael, The School of Athens, 249v

raw materials, 81, 208

Re (Egyptian sun god), 100, 103v

record keeping, civilization and, 48, 49

reincarnation, 150, 155, 160, 404

religion, 62, 199agriculture and, 46, 47in ancient India, 148, 149Aztec, 370–371Buddhism, 154–155, 160, 186, 197,

402, 404–405in China, 402, 404, 406Christianity, 265, 318–325in classical Greece, 234–235early evidence of, 38, 46–47in ancient Egypt, 94, 99, 100, 101vHinduism, 150, 151in India, 160Judaism, 122–139, 318Maya, 359, 360Minoan, 209in Rome, 282in Sumer, 70–71see also Catholic Church

R20 INDEX



Remus, 272

repatriation, of cultural artifacts, 438–439

representative democracy, 254

representative government, in Rome, 274

republic, 274

reunify, 402

rice, 406

Rig Veda, 153

river deltas. See deltas

river valleys, 28, 40, 62, 354Nile, 45Oaxaca, Mexico, 356

Rivera, Diego, 356

roads, 82in ancient Greece, 210in ancient India, 146, 156Inca, 382, 383m, 384Roman, 308, 310, 339m

rock art, 10–11v, 23

Roman Catholic Church. See Catholic Church

Roman Empire, 265, 266–267m, 292–293m, 352Augustus and, 306–307Christianity and, 318–325decline of, 326–327divided, 328–329Eastern, 328–329mexpansion of, 292–293m, 296–297fall of, 331growth of, 308–309Jews and, 136Pompeii, 316–317religion in, 318Roman civilization, 198, 262–263Roman emperors, 266–267vsize / extent of, 326third century crisis in, 326–327trade in, 309mWestern, 328–329m, 331

Roman Empire, Eastern, 265, 325

Roman Empire, Western, 265

Roman Forum, 276v, 277

Roman Republic, 203, 264, 343death of, 306end of, 296–297weakening of, 294–295

Romance languages, 332

Rome, ancient, 268–269v, 271v

architecture in, 310–315army of, 284–285burning of, 342class structure in, 280–81Etruscan influence in, 273founding of, 272–273gender roles in, 278geography of, 270–271, 271vGreek influence in, 273legend of founding, 264, 272literature and, 332–333religion in, 282, 324representative government, 274republican government of, 274–275sack of, 331seven hills of, 270, 271trade and, 270see also Roman Empire

Romulus, 272

Rose, Jeffrey,National Geographic Emerging Explorer, 20–21

Rosetta Stone, 31v, 115

SSabbath, 128

saber-toothed cat, 18, 19

sacrifice[s], 370–371

Sahara, 16, 23, 45

Salamis, Battle of, 222

San Bartolo, Guatemala, 362–363

Sanskrit, 148, 149v, 160

Sargon the Great, 60, 74–75, 75vempire of, 75m

satellite technology, 97

satrap[s], 82


Saul, 132

savanna[s], 16–17v, 17

sciencein Egypt, 114Indian advances in, 160see also mathematics

Scotland, 56–57

scribes, 48, 69, 114, 115v, 135in ancient India, 159

sculpturebas-relief, 334, 335vGreek, 246v, 250see also Buddha statues

Sea Peoples, 210

Second Temple, 135, 136

secondary source[s], 30


Seleucids, 136

seminomadic, 124, 148

Senate, 274, 277, 306

serfs, 370

sesterces, 309

Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, 250

shaduf, 92

shaman, 388

Shang dynasty, 60, 168

Shi Huangdi, 174–175, 178, 180

ships, 84Greek triremes, 222, 223vPhoenician, 80v, 81Zheng He’s, 418–419

Shiva, 150, 151vdance honoring, 142–143v

Siberia, 18, 19m

Sicán, 378–379, 380–381

sickle, 28

Siddhartha Guatama, 154–155, 524

Sierra Madre Mountains, 352

silk, 183, 186

Silk Roads, 184–185, 184–185m, 186–187, 265, 439excavations along, 190–191

silt, 66, 90, 91

slavesin ancient Greece, 221Aztec, 370Christianity and, 320in classical Greece, 230Roman slave rebellion, 294in ancient Rome, 280in Sparta, 218

social class, 69, 100, 149laws and, 76in Mongol China, 412scribes in, 114in Sparta, 218

Socrates, 248, 249v

Solomon, 132

Solomon’s Temple, 133v

Solon, 221, 230

INDEX R21


R21



Song dynasty, 406–407

Sophocles, 250

South America, 28m, 376, 378–379, 383mmigration to, 18, 19msee also Aztec; Inca; Maya; Latin

America; names of individual countries

South Asia, India, 144, 145

Southwest Asia, 36, 37m, 66Çatalhöyük, cultural hearth, 38–39see also Afghanistan; Iran; Iraq;

Israel; Mesopotamia; Oman; Persia; Syria; Turkey

Southwest, North America, 390–391

Soviet Union, Cuban Missile Crisis, 435

Spainin Mesoamerica, 372in South America, 386–387

Sparta, 218–219, 233defeat of Athens, 238, 239vPersian Wars and, 222, 224–225soldier, 239vvs. Athens, 236

Spartacus, 280

specialized workers, civilization and, 48, 49

staple, 40, 406

stela, 77v

steppe[s], 410

Stone Age, 12, 56–57see also Neolithic Age

stone tools, 42, 50–51v

Stonehenge, England, 34–35, 202

Stories Making History, 432–443

storytelling. See oral tradition

stupa[s], 156, 157v

subcontinent, 145

Sudan, 443

Sui dynasty, 186, 402–403, 406

Sulla, 294, 295v

Sumer, 60, 74–75, 84, 197

Sumerians, 68, 69religion of, 70–71writing of, 72–73

Sun Dance, 392

surplus, 38, 68, 69, 209, 352in ancient Egypt, 91

synagogues, 128

Syria, 436–437

Syrian Desert, 67m

Syrian EmpireJews in, 136

TTaizong (Chinese emperor), 406

Taklimakan Desert, 166, 167m

Taliban, 439

Talmud, 128

Tang dynasty, 403, 403m, 406

Tanis, Egypt, 97

Tarquin the Proud, 274

taxes, 82, 706see also tribute[s]

technology, 16–17, 199advances in, in Mesopotamian

empires, 84in ancient India, 146civilization and, 48, 49farming, 66GPS, 258, 259in Okavango site, 441pyramids and, 99satellite imagery, 97tool development, 50–51see also mathematics; science

Tehuacán Valley, 37m, 42

temple, 46, 70, 71vAztec, 372in Mesoamerica, 350–351v, 354

Temple of Aphala, 206–207v

Temple of Athena Nike, 232v

Temple of Saturn, 277

Temple of the Great Jaguar, 350–351v

temples, 282

Templo Mayor, 368

Ten Commandments, 124, 131

Tenochtitlán, Mexico, 347, 368–369, 369m

teosinte, 42, 43

Teotihuacán, 371

terra cotta, 175, 421

terra cotta warriors, 174–175v, 175, 178–179v

discovery of, 179

terrace farming, 382, 399v, 406

terrace[s], 357, 378

theater, Greek drama, 250, 251v

Thebes, 107, 109, 112, 242, 243

Thermopylae, 222, 224–225

Thomas, Antonia, 56

Thornton, Christopher,National Geographic Lead Program Officer, 59, 194–195

Thucydides, 241, 248

Thutmose III, 107

Tiber River, 270, 272, 277

Tiberius Gracchus, 294

Tibet, 411m

Tigris River, 28, 66, 67m, 68

time linesThe Americas, 346–347vAncient Rome, 264–265vAsian Civilizations, 346–347vEarly Civilizations, 60–61vThe Early World, 6–7vGreek Civilization, 202–203v

Tlatelolco, Mexico, 368, 369m

Tlingit, 388

tolerance, 82

tools, 15, 16, 17, 50–51vagriculture and, 28–29Neolithic, 45Paleolithic, 20, 21stone, 42

Torah, 128, 135

totem poles, 388, 389, 389v

Tower of Babel, 78

tradeancient cultures and, 191ancient Greek, 216–217, 217vin ancient India, 146in Aztec civilization, 368barter, 107in China, 406, 407Chinese, maritime, 408, 418–419,

420Chinese isolationism and, 420civilization and, 48, 49in Egypt, 91, 107in the Hellenistic world, 247Mediterranean, 81in Mesoamerica, 354Minoan, 208Mycenaean, 210, 211m

R22 INDEX



in Roman Empire, 270, 308–309, 309m

Silk Roads, 184–189, 309, 414–415wars disrupting, 326

tragedy, 250

Trajan’s column, 267v

Travels (Marco Polo), 415

tribe[s], 126

tribunes, 274

tribute, 74

triremes, 222, 223v

Trojan Horse, 212, 213v

Troy, city of, 212

truce, 236

tsunami[s], 139

Turkey, 6, 7, 82, 108Çatalhöyük, Neolithic village, 38–39

Turkmenistan, 190

Tutankhamen, 110–111

Twelve Apostles, 318

Twelve Tables, 274, 277, 278

tyrant[s], 215see also dictators

Tzompantii, “Wall of Skulls,” 344–345v

UUmayyad mosque, 436v, 437

UNESCO World Heritage sitesAleppo, city of, 436Okavango Delta, 440in Syria, 436Yungang Grottoes, 425

United StatesCuba and, 434–435customs department, 439see also America

Upper Egypt, 92

Ur, 68, 69v, 75m, 197

Uzbekistan, 245

VValdés, Juan José, National

Geographic Geographer, 434–435

Vandals, 331

Vatican City, 324–325v

vault, 310

Vedas, 148–149

Vedic civilization, 148

Vesuvius, 316

veto, 274

villa, 314

Villa Adriana, Tivoli, 314

villages. See cities

Virgil, 332

Vishnu, 150, 151v, 158

Visigoths, 331

vizier[s], 94

volcano[es], 209, 352

votive statues, 70

WWari, 378, 379

Warring States, Chinese period, 168

warriors, Aztec, 371v

weaponryAssyrian, 78see also armor, technology

Wei River, China, 40

Wendi, 402, 403

Western Wall, Jerusalem, 134v

Why Study Historyto find and preserve evidence of the

past, 427to learn about civilization, 198–199to share our global heritage and

cultural past, 55to understand our past and future,

55, 427to understand our similarities and

differences, 195, 341to understand patterns of change,

259

wigwam, 397

Winged Victory, 246v

womenin ancient Egypt, 100in ancient Greece, 221in ancient Rome, 278, 279vChristianity and, 320in Classical Greece, 230in Judaism, 128in Sparta, 218, 219

woolly mammoths, 18, 19, 24

world mapsagricultural revolution, 28–29mcultural hearths, 36mearly civilizations, 62–63mearly human migration, 19mIce Age, 8–9see also geography

writingin ancient India, 146Aztec, 428Demotic, 31hieroglyphs, 31, 114–115Maya, 364–365Shang dynasty, 168single system in China, 175Sumerian, 72, 73see also languages

Wu Zhao, 406

Wudi, 180

XXenophon, 248

Xerxes, 222

Xultún, Guatemala, 363, 364

YYangdi, 402

Yangshao, 7, 40, 41, 166

Yangtze River. See Chang Jiang

yin and yang, 171v

yoga, 150

Yongle, 416

Yuan Empire, 411, 411m, 412–413

Yungang Grottoes, 425v

ZZaki, Yohannan Ben, 136

Zapotec, 346, 353m, 356–357

Zealots, 136

Zheng He, 347, 418–419, 420

Zhou dynasty, 168, 203

Zhu Yuanzhang, 416

ziggurat, 70, 71v, 78, 84

INDEX R23


R22



Song dynasty, 406–407

Sophocles, 250

South America, 28m, 376, 378–379, 383mmigration to, 18, 19msee also Aztec; Inca; Maya; Latin

America; names of individual countries

South Asia, India, 144, 145

Southwest Asia, 36, 37m, 66Çatalhöyük, cultural hearth, 38–39see also Afghanistan; Iran; Iraq;

Israel; Mesopotamia; Oman; Persia; Syria; Turkey

Southwest, North America, 390–391

Soviet Union, Cuban Missile Crisis, 435

Spainin Mesoamerica, 372in South America, 386–387

Sparta, 218–219, 233defeat of Athens, 238, 239vPersian Wars and, 222, 224–225soldier, 239vvs. Athens, 236

Spartacus, 280

specialized workers, civilization and, 48, 49

staple, 40, 406

stela, 77v

steppe[s], 410

Stone Age, 12, 56–57see also Neolithic Age

stone tools, 42, 50–51v

Stonehenge, England, 34–35, 202

Stories Making History, 432–443

storytelling. See oral tradition

stupa[s], 156, 157v

subcontinent, 145

Sudan, 443

Sui dynasty, 186, 402–403, 406

Sulla, 294, 295v

Sumer, 60, 74–75, 84, 197

Sumerians, 68, 69religion of, 70–71writing of, 72–73

Sun Dance, 392

surplus, 38, 68, 69, 209, 352in ancient Egypt, 91

synagogues, 128

Syria, 436–437

Syrian Desert, 67m

Syrian EmpireJews in, 136

TTaizong (Chinese emperor), 406

Taklimakan Desert, 166, 167m

Taliban, 439

Talmud, 128

Tang dynasty, 403, 403m, 406

Tanis, Egypt, 97

Tarquin the Proud, 274

taxes, 82, 706see also tribute[s]

technology, 16–17, 199advances in, in Mesopotamian

empires, 84in ancient India, 146civilization and, 48, 49farming, 66GPS, 258, 259in Okavango site, 441pyramids and, 99satellite imagery, 97tool development, 50–51see also mathematics; science

Tehuacán Valley, 37m, 42

temple, 46, 70, 71vAztec, 372in Mesoamerica, 350–351v, 354

Temple of Aphala, 206–207v

Temple of Athena Nike, 232v

Temple of Saturn, 277

Temple of the Great Jaguar, 350–351v

temples, 282

Templo Mayor, 368

Ten Commandments, 124, 131

Tenochtitlán, Mexico, 347, 368–369, 369m

teosinte, 42, 43

Teotihuacán, 371

terra cotta, 175, 421

terra cotta warriors, 174–175v, 175, 178–179v

discovery of, 179

terrace farming, 382, 399v, 406

terrace[s], 357, 378

theater, Greek drama, 250, 251v

Thebes, 107, 109, 112, 242, 243

Thermopylae, 222, 224–225

Thomas, Antonia, 56

Thornton, Christopher,National Geographic Lead Program Officer, 59, 194–195

Thucydides, 241, 248

Thutmose III, 107

Tiber River, 270, 272, 277

Tiberius Gracchus, 294

Tibet, 411m

Tigris River, 28, 66, 67m, 68

time linesThe Americas, 346–347vAncient Rome, 264–265vAsian Civilizations, 346–347vEarly Civilizations, 60–61vThe Early World, 6–7vGreek Civilization, 202–203v

Tlatelolco, Mexico, 368, 369m

Tlingit, 388

tolerance, 82

tools, 15, 16, 17, 50–51vagriculture and, 28–29Neolithic, 45Paleolithic, 20, 21stone, 42

Torah, 128, 135

totem poles, 388, 389, 389v

Tower of Babel, 78

tradeancient cultures and, 191ancient Greek, 216–217, 217vin ancient India, 146in Aztec civilization, 368barter, 107in China, 406, 407Chinese, maritime, 408, 418–419,

420Chinese isolationism and, 420civilization and, 48, 49in Egypt, 91, 107in the Hellenistic world, 247Mediterranean, 81in Mesoamerica, 354Minoan, 208Mycenaean, 210, 211m

R22 INDEX



in Roman Empire, 270, 308–309, 309m

Silk Roads, 184–189, 309, 414–415wars disrupting, 326

tragedy, 250

Trajan’s column, 267v

Travels (Marco Polo), 415

tribe[s], 126

tribunes, 274

tribute, 74

triremes, 222, 223v

Trojan Horse, 212, 213v

Troy, city of, 212

truce, 236

tsunami[s], 139

Turkey, 6, 7, 82, 108Çatalhöyük, Neolithic village, 38–39

Turkmenistan, 190

Tutankhamen, 110–111

Twelve Apostles, 318

Twelve Tables, 274, 277, 278

tyrant[s], 215see also dictators

Tzompantii, “Wall of Skulls,” 344–345v

UUmayyad mosque, 436v, 437

UNESCO World Heritage sitesAleppo, city of, 436Okavango Delta, 440in Syria, 436Yungang Grottoes, 425

United StatesCuba and, 434–435customs department, 439see also America

Upper Egypt, 92

Ur, 68, 69v, 75m, 197

Uzbekistan, 245

VValdés, Juan José, National

Geographic Geographer, 434–435

Vandals, 331

Vatican City, 324–325v

vault, 310

Vedas, 148–149

Vedic civilization, 148

Vesuvius, 316

veto, 274

villa, 314

Villa Adriana, Tivoli, 314

villages. See cities

Virgil, 332

Vishnu, 150, 151v, 158

Visigoths, 331

vizier[s], 94

volcano[es], 209, 352

votive statues, 70

WWari, 378, 379

Warring States, Chinese period, 168

warriors, Aztec, 371v

weaponryAssyrian, 78see also armor, technology

Wei River, China, 40

Wendi, 402, 403

Western Wall, Jerusalem, 134v

Why Study Historyto find and preserve evidence of the

past, 427to learn about civilization, 198–199to share our global heritage and

cultural past, 55to understand our past and future,

55, 427to understand our similarities and

differences, 195, 341to understand patterns of change,

259

wigwam, 397

Winged Victory, 246v

womenin ancient Egypt, 100in ancient Greece, 221in ancient Rome, 278, 279vChristianity and, 320in Classical Greece, 230in Judaism, 128in Sparta, 218, 219

woolly mammoths, 18, 19, 24

world mapsagricultural revolution, 28–29mcultural hearths, 36mearly civilizations, 62–63mearly human migration, 19mIce Age, 8–9see also geography

writingin ancient India, 146Aztec, 428Demotic, 31hieroglyphs, 31, 114–115Maya, 364–365Shang dynasty, 168single system in China, 175Sumerian, 72, 73see also languages

Wu Zhao, 406

Wudi, 180

XXenophon, 248

Xerxes, 222

Xultún, Guatemala, 363, 364

YYangdi, 402

Yangshao, 7, 40, 41, 166

Yangtze River. See Chang Jiang

yin and yang, 171v

yoga, 150

Yongle, 416

Yuan Empire, 411, 411m, 412–413

Yungang Grottoes, 425v

ZZaki, Yohannan Ben, 136

Zapotec, 346, 353m, 356–357

Zealots, 136

Zheng He, 347, 418–419, 420

Zhou dynasty, 168, 203

Zhu Yuanzhang, 416

ziggurat, 70, 71v, 78, 84

INDEX R23


R23


S K I L L S I N D E X

AAnalyze Cause and Effect, 25, 27,

49, 69, 86, 91, 105, 120, 140, 142, 157, 162, 183, 209, 215, 217, 219, 221, 233, 239, 243, 249, 255, 256, 309, 317, 327, 338, 365, 369, 374, 383, 393, 398, 407, 409, 413, 417, 424

Analyze Language Use, 31, 79, 95, 151, 164, 171, 191, 192, 293, 363

Analyze Sources, 33, 53, 87, 121, 141, 163, 193, 227, 257, 303, 339, 375, 399, 425

Analyze Visuals, 39, 81, 223, 395

CCompare, 101

Compare and Contrast, 10, 23, 31, 32, 41, 52, 91, 97, 109, 125, 162, 171, 181, 192, 206, 211, 223, 226, 231, 237, 251, 254, 255, 268, 275, 279, 289, 297, 302, 335, 353, 359, 371, 374, 379, 391, 393, 397, 398, 405, 411, 421, 423

Compare Time Lines, 7, 61, 203, 265, 347

Contrast, 83

Critical Viewing, 5, 13, 14, 17, 27, 59, 71, 79, 91, 95, 101, 109, 115, 117, 127, 147, 179, 187, 201, 213, 215, 219, 239, 240, 243, 251, 255, 263, 275, 279, 283, 295, 298, 311, 330, 345, 355, 356, 371, 379, 385, 389, 393, 405, 407

DDescribe, 37, 93, 99, 325

Determine Word Meaning, 13, 17, 41, 71, 119, 149, 177, 215, 228, 239, 256, 279, 357

Document-Based Question, 72–73, 130–131, 152–153, 172–173, 240–241, 298–299, 322–323, 366–367, 414–415

Draw Conclusions, 15, 29, 32, 45, 49, 52, 75, 86, 88, 95, 99, 101, 107, 119, 120, 129, 137, 140, 155, 169, 175, 187, 192, 209, 226, 235, 247, 249, 256, 275, 283, 289, 302, 325, 327, 331, 355, 363, 371, 373, 374, 385, 389, 391, 395, 400, 409, 424

EEvaluate, 52, 140, 162, 226, 256, 338,

389, 398, 424

FForm and Support Opinions, 107,

159, 213, 338, 374

Form Opinions, 19, 27, 52, 85, 175, 183, 295

IIdentify Details, 135

Identify Main Ideas, 67

Identify Main Ideas and Details, 34, 39, 47, 52, 77, 86, 115, 122, 127, 139, 140, 191, 213, 243, 247, 251, 271, 273, 277, 285, 295, 302, 307, 365, 374, 423

Identify Problems, 133

Identify Problems and Solutions, 329

Integrate Maps, 113, 145

Integrate Visuals, 23, 25, 43, 47, 69, 85, 147, 169, 177, 221, 233, 281, 361, 421

Interpret Charts, 87, 163, 303

Interpret Diagrams, 121

Interpret Maps, 19, 21, 29, 33, 37, 53, 67, 75, 93, 125, 137, 149, 157, 159, 167, 181, 185, 193, 211, 217, 227, 237, 245, 257, 271, 291, 293, 309, 321, 329, 339, 353, 359, 369, 383, 403, 411, 419

Interpret Time Lines, 141

Interpret Visuals, 355, 375, 399, 417, 425

MMake Connections, 14, 117, 139,

161, 162, 313, 335, 338

Make Generalizations, 120, 129, 419

Make Inferences, 13, 17, 21, 32, 52, 64, 71, 77, 79, 81, 86, 97, 109, 113, 115, 127, 133, 135, 145, 147, 151, 155, 167, 185, 187, 192, 231, 235, 273, 277, 281, 291, 302, 307, 311, 313, 319, 321, 333, 357, 361, 373, 385, 397, 398, 403, 407, 413, 424

Monitor Comprehension, 315

OOrganize Ideas, 10, 32, 142, 162,

206, 226, 268, 302, 304, 338, 376, 378

SSequence Events, 83, 105, 161, 304,

317, 319, 331, 333, 338, 376, 398, 405, 424

Summarize, 15, 43, 45, 86, 192, 219, 283, 285, 297, 311, 379

Synthesize, 117, 120, 226, 315, 336, 338

Synthesize and Write, 73, 103, 131, 153, 173, 241, 299, 323, 367, 415

UUnit Inquiry

Build an Empire, 343Create a Cultural Symbol, 57Define Good Citizenship, 261Leave a Legacy of Innovation, 429Write a Creation Myth, 197

WWrite About History, 33, 53, 87,

121, 141, 163, 193, 227, 257, 303, 339, 375, 399, 425

R24 SKILLS INDEX


R24


S K I L L S I N D E X

AAnalyze Cause and Effect, 25, 27,

49, 69, 86, 91, 105, 120, 140, 142, 157, 162, 183, 209, 215, 217, 219, 221, 233, 239, 243, 249, 255, 256, 309, 317, 327, 338, 365, 369, 374, 383, 393, 398, 407, 409, 413, 417, 424

Analyze Language Use, 31, 79, 95, 151, 164, 171, 191, 192, 293, 363

Analyze Sources, 33, 53, 87, 121, 141, 163, 193, 227, 257, 303, 339, 375, 399, 425

Analyze Visuals, 39, 81, 223, 395

CCompare, 101

Compare and Contrast, 10, 23, 31, 32, 41, 52, 91, 97, 109, 125, 162, 171, 181, 192, 206, 211, 223, 226, 231, 237, 251, 254, 255, 268, 275, 279, 289, 297, 302, 335, 353, 359, 371, 374, 379, 391, 393, 397, 398, 405, 411, 421, 423

Compare Time Lines, 7, 61, 203, 265, 347

Contrast, 83

Critical Viewing, 5, 13, 14, 17, 27, 59, 71, 79, 91, 95, 101, 109, 115, 117, 127, 147, 179, 187, 201, 213, 215, 219, 239, 240, 243, 251, 255, 263, 275, 279, 283, 295, 298, 311, 330, 345, 355, 356, 371, 379, 385, 389, 393, 405, 407

DDescribe, 37, 93, 99, 325

Determine Word Meaning, 13, 17, 41, 71, 119, 149, 177, 215, 228, 239, 256, 279, 357

Document-Based Question, 72–73, 130–131, 152–153, 172–173, 240–241, 298–299, 322–323, 366–367, 414–415

Draw Conclusions, 15, 29, 32, 45, 49, 52, 75, 86, 88, 95, 99, 101, 107, 119, 120, 129, 137, 140, 155, 169, 175, 187, 192, 209, 226, 235, 247, 249, 256, 275, 283, 289, 302, 325, 327, 331, 355, 363, 371, 373, 374, 385, 389, 391, 395, 400, 409, 424

EEvaluate, 52, 140, 162, 226, 256, 338,

389, 398, 424

FForm and Support Opinions, 107,

159, 213, 338, 374

Form Opinions, 19, 27, 52, 85, 175, 183, 295

IIdentify Details, 135

Identify Main Ideas, 67

Identify Main Ideas and Details, 34, 39, 47, 52, 77, 86, 115, 122, 127, 139, 140, 191, 213, 243, 247, 251, 271, 273, 277, 285, 295, 302, 307, 365, 374, 423

Identify Problems, 133

Identify Problems and Solutions, 329

Integrate Maps, 113, 145

Integrate Visuals, 23, 25, 43, 47, 69, 85, 147, 169, 177, 221, 233, 281, 361, 421

Interpret Charts, 87, 163, 303

Interpret Diagrams, 121

Interpret Maps, 19, 21, 29, 33, 37, 53, 67, 75, 93, 125, 137, 149, 157, 159, 167, 181, 185, 193, 211, 217, 227, 237, 245, 257, 271, 291, 293, 309, 321, 329, 339, 353, 359, 369, 383, 403, 411, 419

Interpret Time Lines, 141

Interpret Visuals, 355, 375, 399, 417, 425

MMake Connections, 14, 117, 139,

161, 162, 313, 335, 338

Make Generalizations, 120, 129, 419

Make Inferences, 13, 17, 21, 32, 52, 64, 71, 77, 79, 81, 86, 97, 109, 113, 115, 127, 133, 135, 145, 147, 151, 155, 167, 185, 187, 192, 231, 235, 273, 277, 281, 291, 302, 307, 311, 313, 319, 321, 333, 357, 361, 373, 385, 397, 398, 403, 407, 413, 424

Monitor Comprehension, 315

OOrganize Ideas, 10, 32, 142, 162,

206, 226, 268, 302, 304, 338, 376, 378

SSequence Events, 83, 105, 161, 304,

317, 319, 331, 333, 338, 376, 398, 405, 424

Summarize, 15, 43, 45, 86, 192, 219, 283, 285, 297, 311, 379

Synthesize, 117, 120, 226, 315, 336, 338

Synthesize and Write, 73, 103, 131, 153, 173, 241, 299, 323, 367, 415

UUnit Inquiry

Build an Empire, 343Create a Cultural Symbol, 57Define Good Citizenship, 261Leave a Legacy of Innovation, 429Write a Creation Myth, 197

WWrite About History, 33, 53, 87,

121, 141, 163, 193, 227, 257, 303, 339, 375, 399, 425

R24 SKILLS INDEX


Text Acknowledgments425 Li Po, ”Zazen on Ching-t’ing Mountain” from Crossing the Yellow River: Three Hundred Poems from the Chinese, translated by Sam Hamill. Copyright ©2000 by Sam Hamill. Reprinted with the permission of The Permissions Company, Inc., on behalf of Tiger Bark Press, www.tigerbarkpress.com.

National Geographic Learning gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the following National Geographic Explorers and affiliates to our program and to our planet:Salam Al Kuntar, Archaeologist, National Geographic Emerging ExplorerCaroline Alexander, National Geographic Writer/JournalistNicole Boivin, Archaeologist, National Geographic GranteeSteve Boyes, Conservation Biologist, National Geographic Emerging

ExplorerNina Burleigh, Journalist/AuthorMichael Cosmopoulos, Archaeologist, National Geographic GranteeChristopher DeCorse, Archaeologist, National Geographic GranteeSteven Ellis, Archaeologist, National Geographic GranteeFrancisco Estrada-Belli, Archaeologist, National Geographic GranteeBeverly Goodman, Geo-Archaeologist, National Geographic Emerging

ExplorerJeff Gusky, National Geographic PhotographerFredrik Hiebert, Archaeologist, National Geographic FellowPatrick Hunt, Archaeologist, National Geographic GranteeLouise Leakey, Paleontologist, National Geographic Explorer-in-ResidenceChristine Lee, Bio-Archaeologist, National Geographic Emerging ExplorerAlbert Lin, Research Scientist/Engineer, National Geographic Emerging

ExplorerJodi Magness, Archaeologist, National Geographic GranteeSarah Parcak, Archaeologist, National Geographic FellowThomas Parker, Archaeologist, National Geographic GranteeWilliam Parkinson, Archaeologist, National Geographic GranteeMatt Piscitelli, Archaeologist, National Geographic GranteeJeffrey Rose, Archaeologist, National Geographic Emerging ExplorerMax Salomon, National Geographic ProducerAziz Abu Sarah, Cultural Educator, National Geographic Emerging

ExplorerWilliam Saturno, Archaeologist, National Geographic GranteeAnna Secor, Political Geographer, National Geographic GranteeShah Selbe, Conservation Technologist, National Geographic Emerging

ExplorerMaurizio Seracini, Cultural Heritage Engineer, National Geographic

FellowHayat Sindi, Science Entrepreneur, National Geographic Emerging

ExplorerChristopher Thornton, Archaeologist, National Geographic Lead Program

Officer of Research, Conservation, and ExplorationSoultana Maria Valamoti, Archaeologist, National Geographic GranteeJuan José Valdés, National Geographic GeographerSimon Worrall, National Geographic WriterXiaobai Angela Yao, Geographer, National Geographic GranteeDave Yoder, Photojournalist, National Geographic Grantee

Photographic CreditsCOVER ©Neale Clark/Robert Harding World Imagery/AlamyWhy Study History ©Winn Brewer/National Geogrpahic Learning. Stories Making History (tl) ©Alexandre Meneghini/REUTERS. (bl) ©ICE/Handout/REUTERS. (r) ©2014 National Geographic Photo Camp South Sudan. iii (bl) ©Winn Brewer/National Geographic Learning. (bc) ©Winn Brewer/National Geographic Learning. (br) ©Chad Cohen/National Geographic Studio. iv (bl) ©Donnelly Photography/National Geographic Learning. (bc) ©Mary Lynne Ashley Photography/National Geographic Learning. (br) ©Andrew Faulds/National Geographic Learning. v (tl) ©Jeanine Childs/National Geographic Learning. vi (tl) ©Steven Ellis. (tc) ©Kenneth Garrett/National Geographic Creative. (tr) ©Rebecca Hale/

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Illustrator CreditsUnless otherwise indicated, all illustrations were created by Precision Graphics.

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TEACHERREFERENCES

List of Key Terms and Names ................Bibliography of Primary Sources ...........

Active HistoryBiographiesGuided WritingReading and Note-TakingVocabulary Practice


Social Studies Skill LessonsLesson PlansGraphic OrganizersAnswer KeysChapter TestsSection QuizzesSpanish Resources

AVAILABLE ONLINE

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ANCILLARIES AND ASSESSMENT

R028-TR06_WH_IWE10785_TR.indd 28 5/17/16 10:47 AM

TEACHERREFERENCES

List of Key Terms and Names ................Bibliography of Primary Sources ...........

Active HistoryBiographiesGuided WritingReading and Note-TakingVocabulary Practice


Social Studies Skill LessonsLesson PlansGraphic OrganizersAnswer KeysChapter TestsSection QuizzesSpanish Resources

AVAILABLE ONLINE

TR1

TR5

ANCILLARIES AND ASSESSMENT

K E Y T E R M S A N D N A M E S

* Denotes academic vocabulary

Chapter 1 The Development of Human SocietiesKey Vocabulary Names & Places

agricultureanthropologistarchaeologistartifactcapacity*culturedomesticationdroughtfertilefossilhunter-gatherernomadoral historyprimary sourcesecondary sourcetransform*

BeringiaFertile CrescentHomo sapiensIce AgeLascaux CaveNeolithic AgePaleolithic AgeSahara

Chapter 2 Origins of CivilizationKey Vocabulary Names & Places

citycivilizationclancultural diffusioncultural hearthdistinctive*emerge*governmentmaizematrilinealmetallurgyrecord keepingreligionscribespecialized workerstaplesurplustempletrade

BanpoÇatalhöyükFaiyumGöbekli TepeMesoamericaNile River ValleyOaxacaYangshao

Chapter 3 Ancient MesopotamiaKey Vocabulary Names & Places

allianceartisancity-statecolonyconcentratecuneiformempirefamineirrigationlegacypolytheismprovinceraw materialritualsatrapsiltsocial classsupervise*tolerancetributeziggurat

Cyrus the GreatDarius IEuphrates RiverHammurabiMesopotamiaNebuchadnezzar IISargon the GreatSumerTigris River

Chapter 4 Ancient EgyptKey Vocabulary Names & Places

bartercataractdeltadominate*dynastyhierarchyhieroglyphmummypapyruspharaohprivilege*pyramidscribevizier

AhmoseHatshepsutHyksosKhufuKushLower EgyptMenesMiddle KingdomNew KingdomNile RiverNubiaOld KingdomRamses IIReUpper Egypt

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K E Y T E R M S A N D N A M E S, continued

Chapter 5 Judaism and the Israelite KingdomsKey Vocabulary Names & Places

confederationcovenantexilekoshermonotheismpolicy*rabbisynagoguetribe

AbrahamCyrus the GreatDavidDeborahDiasporaExodusHanukkahHebrew BibleIsraelJudahJudaismMosesSolomonTalmudTen CommandmentsTorahZealots

Chapter 6 Ancient IndiaKey Vocabulary Names & Places

caste systemcollide*dharmaepic poemeternal*golden ageinoculationkarmamonsoonnirvanaplanned citypromote*reincarnationsubcontinentyoga

AryansAsokaAyurvedaBrahmanismBuddhismChandra Gupta IChandragupta MauryaGanges RiverHarappaHinduismIndus RiverKalidasaMohandas GandhiMohenjo-DaroSanskritSiddhartha GautamaVedas

Chapter 7 Ancient ChinaKey Vocabulary Names & Places

barterbureaucracycaravancultural diffusiondynastic cycledynastyemperorfilial pietyinfluence*isolatemaritimeoracle bonepeasantpossession*silkterra cotta

Chang JiangConfucianismDaoismGreat WallHanHuang HeLegalismMandate of HeavenQinShangShi HuangdiSilk RoadsWarring StatesZhou

Chapter 8 Ancient GreeceKey Vocabulary Names & Places

acropolisagoraalliancearistocracydemocracyepic poemhelotherolabyrinthmonarchymytholigarchypolisprosperous*raw materialtriremetyrantwage*

AthensDarius IHomerMinoanMycenaeanOdysseusSolonSpartaThermopylaeTrojan WarXerxes


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Chapter 9 Classical GreeceKey Vocabulary Names & Places

advance*catapultcomedycosmopolitandirect democracygolden ageHellenisticimmortaljurymythologyphalanxphilosophyplaguereluctantly*representative democracysiegetragedytruce

AesopAlexander the GreatAristotleCleisthenesDelian LeagueHomerParthenonPeloponnesian WarPericlesPhillip IIPlatoSocratesThucydides

Chapter 10 The Roman RepublicKey Vocabulary Names & Places

aristocracycivil warcommerce*consuldetermination*dictatorflourish*legendlegionarypantheonpatriarchypatricianpeninsulaplebeianprovincereformrepublictribuneveto

AeneasCarthageCiceroCincinnatusCouncil of PlebsEtruscansFirst TriumvirateForumHannibalJulius CaesarPunic WarsRomulus and RemusSenateTiber RiverTwelve Tables

Chapter 11 The Roman Empire and ChristianityKey Vocabulary Names & Places

aqueductarchbarbarianbas-reliefcatacombcommit*emperorepistlefrescogladiatorinterval*missionarymosaicoratoryparablepopetetrarchy

AttilaAugustusChristianityColosseumConstantineDiocletianGospelsJesusLatinNew TestamentPaulPax RomanaPompeiiRoman Catholic ChurchTwelve ApostlesVirgil

Chapter 12 MesoamericaKey Vocabulary Names & Places

accurate*cacaochinampacodexcommunalconquistadorcreation storyglyphhighlandlowlandmaizemother culturenoblepredict*serfslash-and-burn agricultureterrace

El MiradorHernán CortésMayaMesoamericaMoctezuma IIMonte AlbánOlmecPopol VuhTemplo MayorTenochtitlánTeotihuacánYucatán PeninsulaZapotec


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Chapter 13 South and North AmericaKey Vocabulary Names & Places

adobecommunal*confederationdistinct*geoglyphkivamound builderpotlachquarryquinoashamanterrace farmingtotem polewigwam

AlgonquinAtahualpaCahokiaCherokeeCreekFrancisco PizarroGreat PlainsIroquoisMachu PicchuMesa VerdeMocheNascaPachacutiPueblo BonitoSicánWari

Chapter 14 Dynasties of ChinaKey Vocabulary Names & Places

ambitious*commerceethical*isolationismkhanatemovable typenirvanaporcelainreincarnationreunifystaplesteppe

Genghis KhanHongwuKublai KhanManchusMarco PoloMingQingSongSuiTaizongTangWendiYangdiYongleYuanZheng He



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P R I M A R Y S O U R C E S

Excerpts from numerous primary sources appear in the Student Edition and in the Primary Source Handbook (available on myNGconnect). For more in-depth study of the excerpted works, consider the following resources.

Chapter 1 The Development of Human SocietiesLeakey, Mary. D. Disclosing the Past. New York: Doubleday, 1984.

Chapter 2 Origins of CivilizationSchmidt, Klaus. “Gobekli Tepe—the Stone Age Sanctuaries.” Documenta Praehistorica, XXXVII (2010): 239–256. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.37

Chapter 3 Ancient MesopotamiaDalley, Stephanie. Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others. Rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Grayson, A. Kirk. Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium b.c., I (1114–859 b.c.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991.

King, L.W., trans. “Code of Hammurabi, c. 1780 b.c.e.” Ancient History Sourcebook. http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/hamcode.asp.

Mitchell, Stephen. Gilgamesh: A New English Version. New York: Free Press, 2004.

“Sumerian School Days [Text and Object].” Children and Youth in History. https://chnm.gmu.edu/cyh/primary-sources/408.

Chapter 4 Ancient EgyptBudge, E.A. Wallis, trans. The Egyptian Book of the Dead. Mineola: Dover, 1967.

Budge, E.A. Wallis, trans. The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians. London: J.M. Dent and Sons, Ltd., 1914.

Guieysse, Paul, trans. “Hymn to the Nile.” The Library of Original Sources: Volume 1 (The Ancient World). Edited by Oliver J. Thatcher. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2004.

“Pen-ta-ur: The Victory of Ramses II Over the Khita.” Ancient History Sourcebook. http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/1326khita.asp.

Chapter 5 Judaism and the Israelite KingdomsBerlin, Adele, and Brettler, Marc Zvi, eds. The Jewish Study Bible. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Chapter 6 Ancient IndiaBuck, William. Ramayana. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000.

Dhammika, Ven. S., trans. “The Edicts of King Ashoka.” King Ashoka: His Edicts and His Times. http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html.

Doniger, Wendy, trans. The Rig Veda. New York: Penguin, 1981.

Kalidasa. “Look to This Day.” PoemHunter.com. http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/look-to-this-day.

Mitchell, Stephen, trans. Bhagavad Gita. New York: Harmony Books, 2000.

Rhys David, T.W., trans. “The Last Days of Buddha.” The Library of Original Sources: Volume 1 (The Ancient World). Edited by Oliver J. Thatcher. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2004.

Chapter 7 Ancient ChinaCranmer-Byng, L., trans. The Book of Odes. Reprint of the 1908 edition, Internet Sacred Text Archive.

http://www.sacred-texts.com/cfu/boo/index.htm.

Leys, Simon, trans. The Analects of Confucius. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1997.

Mitchell, Stephen. Tao Te Ching. New York: HarperCollins, 1988.

Watson, Burton, trans. Han Feizi: Basic Writings. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003.

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P R I M A R Y S O U R C E S, continued

Chapter 8 Ancient GreeceGodley, A.D., trans. Herodotus, the Histories. Reprint of the 1920 edition. Perseus Digital Library. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/.

Homer. The Odyssey. Poetry in Translation. http://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Greek/Odhome.htm

Plutarch. “The Ancient Customs of the Spartans.” Moralia. Reprint of the 1931 Loeb Classical Library edition. http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Instituta_Laconica*.html

Chapter 9 Classical GreeceTownsend, George Fyler, trans. Aesop’s Fables. Sweden: Wisehouse Classics, 2015.

Warner, Rex, trans. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War. New York: Penguin Books, 1954.

Chapter 10 The Roman RepublicPolybius, “The Character of Hannibal.” Ancient History Sourcebook. http://legacy.fordham.edu/Halsall/ancient/polybius-hannibal.asp.

Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. OpenSource Shakespeare. http://www.opensourceshakespeare.org.

Suetonius. The Lives of the Twelve Caesars. Edited by Joseph Gavorse. New York: Modern Library, 1931.

“The Twelve Tables, c. 450 b.c.” Ancient History Sourcebook. http://legacy.fordham.edu/Halsall/ancient/12tables.asp.

Chapter 11 The Roman Empire and Christianity“Edict of Milan.” Internet History Sourcebook. http://legacy.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/edict-milan.asp

The Holy Bible (New International Version). Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1984.

Chapter 12 Mesoamerica“The Mayan Account of the Spanish Conquest in the Chilam Balam.” America in Class. http://americainclass.org/primary-sources/

Tedlock, Dennis, trans. Popul Vuh. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

Chapter 13 South and North AmericaBingham, Hiram. Lost City of the Incas: The Story of Machu Picchu and Its Builders. London: Phoenix-Orion Books, 1952.

Markham, Clements R., trans. and ed. “Letter from Hernando Pizzaro to the Royal Audience of Santo Domingo.” Reports on the Discovery of Peru. London: Hakluyt Society, 1872.

Murphy, Gerald, ed. “The Constitution of the Iroquois Confederacy.” Modern History Sourcebook. http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/iroquois.asp

Chapter 14 Dynasties of ChinaHamill, Sam, trans. Crossing the Yellow River: Three Hundred Poems from the Chinese. Rochester: BOA Editions, Ltd., 2000.

Latham, Ronald, trans. The Travels of Marco Polo. New York: Penguin Books, 1958.

Weatherford, Jack. Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2004.

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STUDENT REFERENCES - Cengage · 2019-04-23 · STUDENT REFERENCES AVAILABLE ONLINE...

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