Student Inquiry Activity In groups, examine each of the 4 placards presented: – Each placard...
Transcript of Student Inquiry Activity In groups, examine each of the 4 placards presented: – Each placard...
Student Inquiry Activity • In groups, examine each of the
4 placards presented:–Each placard represents either
South, North, West, or Nation–Examine the “Technology” side
& guess what innovation changed the region
–Then, examine the “Impact of Technology” & guess how the region was changed
Standard 7Industrial Revolution
The Market Revolution• From 1800 to 1840, the U.S.
developed a “national” economy:–New technologies allowed the North
(industry), South (cotton), & West (commercial farming) to develop specialized economies
–Improved transportation reduced travel time & cost to ship goods which helped connect the country
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The National Economy: The South
Technology:In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin making cotton
easy to refine & very profitable
The Cotton Gin
The National Economy: The South
Specialized Regional Economy: By 1820, cotton became the dominant cash crop
of the Deep South
The spread of cotton increased slavery &
plantation agriculture in the
South
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The Rise of “King Cotton”• Southern cotton was so important to the
antebellum economy that it was known as “King Cotton”– The South provided 75% of world’s cotton– Southern cotton stimulated the growth of
Northern textile industry, shipping, & marketing
Slave Population, 1820Slave Population, 1860
The “Black Belt”
Slaves picking cotton on a Mississippi plantation
The National Economy: The North
Technology:By 1840, Eli Whitney’s
interchangeable parts & other textile technology led to an Industrial Revolution
in the North
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Eli Whitney’s Other Major Invention:Interchangeable Parts
Samuel Slater:Father of the American Factory System
Spinning Mule
Power LoomSewing Machine
The National Economy: The North
Specialized Regional Economy: By 1840, Northern factories mass produced textiles, farm
equipment, other finished goodsThe growth of factories in
the North led to an increase in cities (urbanization)
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The Lowell Mill in Massachusetts was the most famous textile mill
Lowell managers hired young, single girls to work & live
at the factory Textile
Production During the Industrial
Revolution
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American Population Centers in 1820
American Population Centers in 1820
American Population Centers in 1860
American Population Centers in 1860
The National Economy: The West
Technology:Cyrus McCormick’s reaper & John Deere’s steel plow
allowed western farmers to grow enough food to sell
Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper
John Deere & the Steel Plow
The National Economy: The West
Specialized Regional Economy: The West became a network of cash-crop farms producing
wheat, corn, hogs, & cattle
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Commercial Farming in the West
The Market Revolution• During the antebellum era, these
3 regional economies became connected as a result of: –Henry Clay’s American System (2nd
Bank of the U.S., tariff on foreign manufacturing, & national funding for transportation)
–A transportation revolution of roads, canals, & early railroads that built America’s infrastructure
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Transportation Revolution 1820-1860
Rivers, Roads, Canals, & Railroads
Major Canals by 1840
Because the Erie Canal brought so much trade down the Hudson River, New York City became the commercial capital of the U.S.
The most important canal was the Erie Canal (1825) because it provided the 1st major link
between the East & West
Robert Fulton’s The Clermont, the 1st steamboat
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Inland Freight Rates
Inland Freight Rates
Railroads• In the 1830s,
railroad construction first began
• By 1860, railroads had become the greatest transportation network in America
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Immigration• In the 1840s, millions of Irish &
Germans immigrated to the U.S.–Immigrants filled low-paying jobs in
northern factories or moved west to become farmers
–Immigrants, especially Catholics, faced prejudice from native-born Americans (called Nativism)
–The Know-Nothing Party was formed to limit immigration & keep immigrant men from voting
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Immigration to the US 1820-1860
Where did antebellum immigrants go?
Industrial workers
Farmers
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Propaganda from the Know-Nothing Party attacking German & Irish immigrants
REFORM MOVEMENTS
7C
PROBLEM• By 1800, church membership was
low & falling; Just 1 out of 15 people in America was a member of a church
• Poverty, crime, & immorality seemed to be increasing at an alarming rate
SOLUTION• In the early 1800s, evangelists like
Charles Finney led religious revivals called the Second Great Awakening:– Highly emotional “camp meetings”
with thousands in attendance – Preachers talked about forgiveness of
sin & acting morally– By 1850, 1 in 6 Americans was a
member of a church
Religion
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ALCOHOL
PROBLEM• By 1800, alcohol abuse was seen as a
serious problem in America:– Whiskey was cheap to make & buy– By 1820, the typical adult American
drank more than 7 gallons of alcohol per year (Today, its 2.6 gallons)
– Alcohol was linked to crime, debt, domestic abuse, & unproductive employees
SOLUTION• One of the first reform movements was
temperance—to get people to stop drinking:– Women played an important role in
the temperance movement – Reformers convinced people to make
a “pledge” to not drink– From 1820 to 1830, drinking fell from
7 gallons per person per year to 3 gallons on average
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SLAVERY• PROBLEM• From 1810 to 1830, “King
Cotton” led to a huge growth in the slave population
• By the 1830s, Northerners began to view slavery was immoral:– All Northern states
abolished slavery– Slavery led to physical &
sexual abuse & the splitting of slave families
– Slave rebellions & escaping to freedom through the Underground Railroad became more common
• SOLUTION• In the 1830s, abolitionism (desire
to emancipate all slaves) grew radical:– William Lloyd Garrison created
The Liberator newspaper & demanded the immediate end to slavery without payment to slave masters
– Frederick Douglass was a runaway slave who was a popular critic of slavery in his North Star newspaper
• Abolition divided the North & South
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WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE• PROBLEM• By 1800, women’s rights
were limited by the Cult of Domesticity:– Women were expected to
oversee the family & home while their husbands worked to provide money
– Married women had no property rights & could not file for divorce
– Women could not vote, run for political office, or sue in court
1. Women were unable to vote2. Single women could own her
own property3. Married women had no
control over her property or her children
4. Women could not initiate divorce
5. Women could not sign a contract or sue in court without her husband’s permission
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EDUCATION• PROBLEM
• By 1800, the U.S. did not have a true education system for children:– Massachusetts & Vermont
were the only states with compulsory (mandatory) attendance laws
– In most state schools, classrooms were not divided by grade or age
– Few children attended school past the age of 10 years old
SOLUTION
• In the 1830s, education reformers demanded that states create public schools for children using tax money
• Horace Mann helped create teacher-training & curriculum programs
• By 1850, every state had publically-funded schools (but schools in the South & far West were not very good)
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Reviewing Key Themes
JACKSON7E
The Growth of Democracy
• From 1800 to 1840, democracy increased in America:– Before 1800, less than 50% of white men could
vote because of property & tax restrictions– By 1840, these restrictions were removed which
allowed 90% of “common” white men to vote (“universal white male suffrage”)
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Because more “common men” could vote, political parties used new techniques to get votes
As a result of these changes, the 1830s & 1840s saw massive voter turnout in elections
Well organized political parties to rally voters
Campaigns, parades, & slogans that appealed to the “common man”
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1. George Washington
2. John Adams3. Thomas
Jefferson4. James
Madison5. James
Monroe6. John Q.
Adams7. Andrew
Jackson
• In 1828, Andrew Jackson was elected president: – The 1st “common man”
candidate (Old Hickory)– He split from Jefferson’s
Democratic-Republican Party & helped form the Democratic Party (the 1st modern party)
–He greatly expanded presidential power
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Who is Andrew Jackson? Jackson’s wild & rowdy inauguration
Changing Politics Under Jackson• President Jackson changed American
government: –He rewarded loyal supporters with
gov’t jobs (spoils system)–He used the presidential veto more
often than any president for the next 100 years
–Critics of Jackson’s Democrats formed the Whig Party (which maintained the two-party system)
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Political Parties Family Tree 24
The 1st Two-Party SystemDemocratic-Repubs
• Thomas Jefferson• States’ rights &
individual liberties • Strict interpretation
of the Constitution• Strongest support in
South & West • Supported by
common farmers
Federalists• Alexander Hamilton• Strong national
government• Loose interpretation
of the Constitution• Strongest support in
the North• Supported by the
wealthy
Leader of the party?
Beliefs about gov’t?
Interpreting the Constitution?
Strongest regional support?
What type of American supported the party?
The 2nd Two-Party SystemDemocrats
• Pro-Jackson supporters
• States’ rights, farming, & Western expansion
• Supported in the South & West, by common farmers
Whigs• Jackson’s opponents • Strong central gov’t,
industry, trade, & national banks
• Supported in NE, by merchants & bankers
Who formed the party?
Beliefs about government?
What type of American supported the party?
Key Events of Jackson’s Presidency• Jackson’s 8 years as president were defined by
3 controversies:– In 1830, Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act to
remove remaining Indians from the East• Jackson faced a problem with Indians in the
American South:– Gold was discovered in north Georgia in 1828 in
lands controlled by the Cherokee who refused to move from GA
– Jackson asked Congress for the Indian Removal Act of 1830 to relocate Indians across the Mississippi River
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Since the arrival of Europeans, the Cherokee saw their territory slowly taken away
One reason the Cherokee still remained east of the Mississippi was because their land was
mountainous & not ideal for cash-crop farming
The Cherokee were not removed earlier than the 1830s was because they were highly civilized & did not fit the “traditional Indian stereotype”
Sequoyah’s Syllabary
The Cherokee had a written alphabet, democratically elected leaders, & were
skilled farmers
The Cherokee did not go to war when Congress
passed the Indian Removal Act, they sued in the
Supreme Court…and won!
But, the state of Georgia & President Jackson ignored the Supreme Court & took
Indian lands anyway
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In 1838, the U.S. Army forced the Cherokees west on the “Trail of Tears” 27
Key Events of Jackson’s Presidency• Jackson’s 8 years as president were defined by
3 controversies:– In 1830, Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act to
remove remaining Indians from the East– The Nullification Crisis (1832-33) exposed
sectionalism between the states & national government
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The Nullification Crisis
• By the 1830s, sectionalism was becoming more obvious, especially over the issue of tariffs:– Southerners argued that tariffs helped Northern
industry but made prices higher for farmers– When Congress passed a high tariff in 1832,
Southerners claimed “states’ rights” & threatened to nullify the tariff
Nullification is the argument that states have the right to ignore federal
laws that they think are unfair
Nullification Crisis, 1832
• President Jackson viewed nullification as a threat to U.S.
• The national gov’t is supreme over the individual states
• Urged Congress to pass the Force Bill to enforce the tariff
• VP John Calhoun from South Carolina urged nullification
• States have the right to protect themselves from the national government
• As a last resort, states can secede from the Union
Jackson threatened to “hang Calhoun from the nearest tree”
Key Events of Jackson’s Presidency• Jackson’s 8 years as president were defined by
3 controversies:– In 1830, Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act to
remove remaining Indians from the East– The Nullification Crisis (1832-33) exposed
sectionalism between the states & national government
– Jackson’s decision to kill the 2nd Bank of the United States
The BUS held ~$10 million in federal money & loaned it to state banks which forced small
banks to be smart when issuing loans
State banks loaned money to individual citizens, businesses, or local governments to finance roads, canals, factories, & farms
In 1816, Congress created the Second Bank of the U.S. as part of
Henry Clay’s American System
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The Bank War• President Jackson hated the BUS:
–He thought it was unconstitutional & gave too much power to the elite
–In 1832, he vetoed a law that would have extended the charter of the BUS another 20 years
–In 1833, he ordered all federal money to be removed from the BUS & put in 23 “pet” state banks
–Without the BUS, the economy entered a 6-year recession
Jackson frequently attacked the bank as “dangerous to people’s liberties”Jackson’s veto did not immediately kill the
BUS…its charter would not end for 4 years
Irony?
“King” Andrew?Jackson was criticized as abusing his
Constitutional powers as president
Conclusions• Andrew Jackson represented a new era in
American democracy: – Forming the Democratic Party, campaigning for
the votes of the “common man,” & spoils system– Jackson’s use of the veto strengthened
presidential power– Opposition to Jackson led to the permanent two-
party system
Hero or Villain? You Decide!President Events to get you started…
Thomas Jefferson Embargo of 1807Louisiana PurchaseDeclaration of Independence
James Madison Father of the ConstitutionWashington BurnedDeclaration of War
James Monroe Monroe DoctrineMissouri CompromiseEra of Good Feeling
Andrew Jackson Indian Removal ActNullification CrisesClosing Bank of United States