Struktur _ Fungsi Dna
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STRUKTUR & FUNGSIASAM NUKLEAT
Biokimia I
Kimia-Universitas Udayana
I N. Wirajana
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PENDAHULUAN
2. Mengapa Penting Memahami Struktur & Fungsi
Asam nukleat (DNA & RNA) ?
Hurper (2003) :
DNA, is the chemical basis of heredity and is organized into genes, thefundamental units of genetic information.
The basic information pathwayie, DNA directs the synthesis of RNA,
which in turn directs protein synthesishas been elucidated.
Genes do not function autonomously; their replication and function are
controlled by various gene products, often in collaboration withcomponents of various signal transduction pathways.
Knowledge of the structure and function of nucleic acids is essential in
understanding genetics and many aspects of pathophysiology as well as
the genetic basis of disease.
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PENDAHULUAN
2. Mengapa Penting Memahami Struktur & Fungsi
Asam nukleat (DNA & RNA) ?
Bagaimana pendapat Anda ?
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Aliran informasi genetika
Dogma sentral menunjukkan aliran umum informasi melalui
replikasi, transkripsi, dan translasi (Francis Crick).
Istilah dogma kurang tepat karena ada proses yang dapat
terjadi dari RNA menjadi DNA (lihat gambar di bawah ini).
Gen secara biokimia didefinisikan sebagai segmen DNA (atau
dalam sedikit kasus berupa RNA) yang mengkode informasi
yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan suatu produk biologi
fungsional (produk final biasanya suatu protein).
DNA
RNA
Perkecualian:
virus tertentu
mempunyai enzim
reverse transkr iptase
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Asam Nukleat yang dipelajari :
Asam Deoksiribonukleat (AND/DNA)
Asam Ribonukleat (ARN/ RNA)
Fungsi utama asam nukleat:
sebagai tempat penyimpan dan
pemindahan informasi genetika.
Apa maksudnya???
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KROMOSOM
Kromosom tdd : protein dan molekul-molekul asam
nukleat tempat menyimpan informasi genetik
organisme merupakan molekul terbesar dalam sel dan
mungkin mengandung ribuan gen begitu juga DNAintergenik.
Kromosom bakteri Hampir semua DNA kususnya
prokariot seperti E. coliterkandung dalam ukuran
tunggal besar/panjang yg terkompleks dg protein dan
berada bebas dalam sitosol, juga ada berupa molekul
DNA sirkuler superkoil yg jumlahnya sedikit (plasmid).
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KROMOSOM
DNA > panjang daripada sel (lihat tabel dan gambar)
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KROMOSOM
DNA yang tersusun amat kompak dalam kromosom eukariotik
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KROMOSOM
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STRUKTUR & FUNGSI DNA
DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) is called the genetic material
because it contains the genetic information for every cell and
tissue in an organism.
DNAis a component of the chromosomes (proteins are theother component).
DNAis one of two types of nucleic acid. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
is the other.
DNAis a polymer of deoxyribonucleotideslinked throughphosphodiester bonds
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STRUKTUR & FUNGSI DNA
Deoxyribonucleotidescontain threecomponents :
a phosphate group,
a modified sugar called deoxyribose, and
a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine,cytosine, or thymine). Adenine and guanine
are called purinebases, whereas cytosine andthymine are called pyrimidinebases.
http://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucltide.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/dribose.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/adenine.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/guanine.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/cytosine.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/thymine.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/purines.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/pyrimidi.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/pyrimidi.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/purines.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/thymine.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/cytosine.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/guanine.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/adenine.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/dribose.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucltide.htm -
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STRUKTUR & FUNGSI DNA
Deoxyribose(more accuratey named 2-deoxyribose) is a fivecarbon sugar contained in deoxyribonucleosides.
Deoxyribosediffers from ribosein lacking a hydroxyl atposition 2.
Deoxyribonucleotides are the monomeric units (buildingblocks) of DNA.
http://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucsides.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/ribose.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/ribose.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucsides.htm -
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STRUKTUR & FUNGSI DNA
Adenineis a purinebase found in DNAand RNA. In nucleosides and
nucleotides, adenineis linked to the sugar moiety via a covalent bond
between nitrogen #9 of adenineand carbon #1 of the sugar.
The ribonucleoside containing adenineis called adenosine. The
deoxyribonucleoside containing adenineis called deoxyadenosine.
http://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/purines.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04rn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/adenosin.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/dadenos.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/dadenos.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/adenosin.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04rn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/purines.htm -
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STRUKTUR & FUNGSI DNA
Guanineis a purinebase found in DNAand RNA. In nucleosidesand
nucleotides, guanineis linked to the sugar moiety via a covalent
bond between nitrogen #9 of guanineand carbon #1 of the sugar.
The ribonucleoside containing guanineis called guanosine. The
deoxyribonucleoside containing guanineis called deoxyguanosine.
http://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/purines.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04rn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucsides.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucltide.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/guanosin.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/dguanos.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/dguanos.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/guanosin.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucltide.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucsides.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04rn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/purines.htm -
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STRUKTUR & FUNGSI DNA
Cytosineis a pyrimidinebase found in DNAand RNA. In nucleosidesand
nucleotides,cytosineis linked to the sugar moiety via a covalent bond
between nitrogen #1 of cytosineand carbon #1 of the sugar.
The ribonucleoside containing cytosineis called cytidine. The
deoxyribonucleoside containing cytosineis called deoxycytidine.
http://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/pyrimidi.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04rn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucsides.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucltide.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/cytidine.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/dcytidin.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/dcytidin.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/cytidine.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucltide.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucsides.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04rn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/pyrimidi.htm -
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STRUKTUR & FUNGSI DNA
Thymineis a pyrimidinebase found almost exclusively in DNA. In
nucleosides and nucleotides, thymineis linked to the sugar moiety via a
covalent bond between nitrogen #1 in thymineand carbon #1 of the sugar.
The deoxyribonucleosidecontaining thymineis called thymidine.
http://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/pyrimidi.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucsides.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/thymidin.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/thymidin.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucsides.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/pyrimidi.htm -
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STRUKTUR & FUNGSI DNA
nucleotides (nucleoside mono-, di-, and triphosphates)
base
sugar
phosphate(s)
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STRUKTUR & FUNGSI DNA
Structure of a single strandof a DNA/RNA molecule
The Phosphate group (PO42-)
at the 5 of one nucleotide is
attached to the Hydroxylgroup (OH) at the 3 ofanother nucleotide
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base: thymine(pyrimidine)
sugar: 2-deoxyribose
monophosphate
no 2-hydroxyl
(5 to 3)
5
3
base:adenine
(purine)
12
4
3 linkage
5 linkage
Struktur untai tungal DNA
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Fundamental elements of
structure in the DNA
double helix.
6/7/2014
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INWBiokim
AsNu
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Discovery of the conformationalarrangement of the DNA:
the Watson Crick double helix theory
Cavvendish laboratory,
Cambridge April 2nd
1953
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AS Biology. Gnetic control of proteinstructure and function
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Struktur DNA Plasmid
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Struktur DNA dalam ruang
DNAis found in three predominant forms in cells - called B-DNA, A-DNA,
and Z-DNA. Of these, the B-DNAform predominates
6/7/2014
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INWBiokim
AsNu
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