Struggles for Democracy, 1945-Present
Transcript of Struggles for Democracy, 1945-Present
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China and governments in Latin America, Africa, and the former Soviet bloc respond to calls for democracy.
Struggles for Democracy, 1945-Present
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SECTION 2
SECTION 1
SECTION 4
SECTION 3
SECTION 5
Democracy
The Challenge of Democracy in Africa
The Collapse of the Soviet Union
Changes in Central and Eastern Europe
China: Reform and Reaction
Struggles for Democracy, 1945-Present
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Section-1
Democracy
In Latin America, economic problems and authoritarian rule delay democracy.
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DemocracySection-1
Democracy As a Goal
Difficulties in Establishing Democracy
• Common practices include free elections and citizen participation
• Also: majority rule, minority rights, constitutional government
• Difficult to establish democracy—even in U.S., took many years
• These practices need conditions in country to support them
• Education and a stable economy help
• So do individual rights, rule by law, sense of national identity
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Kubitschek’s Ambitious Program
• Juscelino Kubitschek builds economy, new capital city—Brasília
• His followers back reforms, but conservatives object to land reform
• Land reform—breaking up huge estates into holdings for peasants
• Wealthy Brazilians support takeover by military in 1964
Dictators and Democracy
Brazil’s Early History
• Brazil: monarchy in 1822, republic controlled by wealthy in 1889
• In 1930s, dictator suppresses opposition but builds economy
Continued…
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The Road to Democracy
• In 1980s, Brazil has recession—economic slowdown
• Civilian leaders elected but cannot fix economy
The 2002 Presidential Election
• New election in 2002 includes rivals with different economic views
• Luis Inácio Lula da Silva wins election; hopes to reclaim economy
Dictators Democracy {continued}
Military Dictators
• Military rules for two decades, building economy but cutting wages
• Standard of living—level of material comfort—declines
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The Party Becomes the PRI
• In 1946, main party becomes PRI—Institutional Revolutionary Party
• Party controls government; fraud, corruption mar elections
• In 1968, students and workers protest, soldiers fire on crowd
• Mexico depends on oil and gas income, suffers when prices fall
One-Party Rule {continued}
Beginnings of One-Party Domination
• In 1920s and 1930s, leaders build a party that dominates Mexico
• Lázaro Cárdenas rules 1934–1940, next presidents abandon his reforms
Continued…
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The PRI Loses Control
• Other parties gain many seats in Congress
• Center-right candidate Vicente Fox wins presidency in 2000
New Policies and Programs
• As new president, Fox has many ambitious goals
One-Party Rule {continued}
Economic and Political Crises
• Opposition parties gain support, force reforms in 1988
• In 1994, rebels in southern Mexico state of Chiapas stage uprising
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Repression in Argentina
• Military rules into 1970s, but country develops many problems
• Government moves harshly against opposition, killing many people
Democracy and the Economy
• Government disgraced after losing Falklands war in 1982
• Civilians elected to lead, but cannot solve economic problems
Political and Economic Disorder
Perón Rules Argentina
• In 1946, Juan Perón becomes dictator in Argentina; ousted in 1955
Continued…
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Political and Economic Disorder {continued}
A Growing Crisis
• Economic problems continue with high debt, unemployment
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Section-2
The Challenge of Democracy in Africa
As the recent histories of Nigeria and South Africa show, ethnic and racial conflicts can hinder democracy.
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Short-Lived Democracies
• Post-independence governments fragile, vulnerable to military coups
Section-2
The Challenge of Democracy in Africa
Colonial Rule Limits Democracy
European Policies Cause Problems
• Borders of colonies in Africa ignore ethnic, cultural divisions
• As a result, national identity is slow to develop in Africa
• Colonial rule produces economic problems
• Colonial rule also disrupts family, community life
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War with Biafra
• In 1960s, country torn by ethnic fighting
• Military imposes martial law—temporary military rule—in 1966
• In 1967, eastern region leaves Nigeria, forms new country of Biafra
• War ends in 1970 with Biafra defeated, Nigeria reunited
Civil War in Nigeria
A Land of Many Peoples
• Nigeria has people from three ethnic groups, each with own state
• Country adopts federal system—state, central governments share power
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A Return to Civilian Rule
• General Sani Abacha overturns election results of 1993, takes power
• He punishes dissidents—government opponents
• In 1999, civilian government finally gains power
President Obasanjo
• Obasanjo tries to build strong, unified Nigeria by ending corruption
• Promotes idea of forgiveness of Nigeria’s debt to rebuild country
Nigeria’s Nation-Building
Federal Government Restored
• In 1970s and 1980s military tries to create stable federal system
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Apartheid Segregates Society
• In 1948, National Party enacts apartheid—separation of races
• Government sets up reserves, called homelands, for blacks in 1959
Blacks Protest
• In 1912, blacks form African National Congress (ANC) to protest
• Nelson Mandela—ANC leader imprisoned for 27 years
• Protests rise in 1970s and 1980s, sometimes resulting in violence
South Africa Under Apartheid
Minority Rule• South Africa gains independence in 1931; white minority rules
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The First Steps
• In 1990, F. W. de Klerk legalizes ANC, frees Mandela from prison
• Parliament repeals apartheid laws, grants rights to blacks
• De Klerk agrees to elections open to all races to be held in 1994
Struggle for Democracy
Pressure for Change
• Religious leader Desmond Tutu urges economic
• pressure on government
• He asks other countries not to trade with South Africa
Continued…
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South Africa Today
• In 1999, Thabo Mbeki elected president
• He faces challenges: high crime, unemployment, rampant poverty
• He hopes to increase trade with other countries
• Major problem facing South Africa is high number of people with AIDS
Struggle for Democracy {continued}
A New Constitution
• In 1996, new constitution adopted giving equal rights to all
Majority Rule
• In 1994, ANC wins majority of Parliament; Mandela elected president
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Section-3
The Collapse of the Soviet Union
Democratic reforms bring important changes to the Soviet Union.
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A Younger Leader
• Mikhail Gorbachev—becomes Soviet leader in 1984
• Young, energetic, skilled, wants to pursue new policies
Glasnost Promotes Openness
• To achieve economic reforms, he needs open dialogue in society
• Promotes new policy of glasnost—openness; dissent allowed
Section-3
The Collapse of the Soviet Union
Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy
Problems Develop
• Politburo—ruling committee of Communist Party; rules USSR harshly
• Leonid Brezhnev dies in 1982; two successors rule briefly
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Democratization Opens the Political System
• In 1987, he unveils plans to have more democracy
• Voters, given a choice, elect many reformers to new legislature
Foreign Policy
• Gorbachev signs arms control agreements with U.S.
Reforming the Economy and Politics
Economic Restructuring
• People complain about lack of goods; Gorbachev blames old system
• In 1985, he introduces perestroika—policy of economic restructuring
• Hopes to make economy more efficient, productive
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Lithuania Defies Gorbachev
• In 1990, Lithuania declares independence
• Gorbachev, fearing similar actions in other republics, sends troops
Yeltsin Denounces Gorbachev
• Reformer Boris Yeltsin rallies people against Communist old guard
• Old-time Communists oppose both Gorbachev and Yeltsin
The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil
Ethnic Revolts
• Gorbachev wants to reform Soviet Union, but reforms lead to collapse
• Non-Russian ethnic groups rebel in different republics
Continued…
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End of the Soviet Union
• Government takes actions to punish Communist Party for the coup
• Many republics declare independence; Gorbachev cannot stop them
• Republics form a federation, CIS—Commonwealth of Independent States
The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil {continued}
The August Coup
• In August 1991, hardliners try to seize control of government again
• Thousands of protesters and Yeltsin rally against this move
• Army refuses to attack protesters and coup collapses
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Chechnya Rebels
• In 1991, Chechnya declares independence from Russia
• Yeltsin attempts to crush rebellion, causing unrest at home
• As conflict continues in 1999, he resigns in favor of Vladimir Putin
Russia Under Boris Yeltsin
Yeltsin Faces Problems
• Yeltsin aims to reform the Russian economy
• Tries “shock therapy”—quick transition to free market system
• New policies bring economic chaos and hardship, political troubles
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Economic, Political, and Social Problems
• Economic problems continue, leading to unstable politics
• Social problems include homelessness, unemployment
• Declines in population, standard of living, average life expectancy
Russia Under Vladimir Putin
Troubles Continue in Chechnya
• Fighting drags on in Chechnya
• In 2002, Chechen rebels seize theater in Moscow, many die
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Section-4
Changes in the Soviet Union lead to changes throughout Central and Eastern Europe.
Changes in Central and Eastern Europe
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Solidarity Defeats Communists
• Communist government bans Solidarity but cannot solve economic woes
• In 1988, workers rebel to force recognition of Solidarity
• Elections in 1989 and 1990 make Walesa president of Poland
Section-4
Changes in Central and Eastern Europe
Poland and Hungary Reform
The Rise of Solidarity
• Workers strike to win recognition of Solidarity—Polish labor union
• Lech Walesa—leader of union—becomes national hero
Continued…
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Hungarian Communists Disband
• In 1990, voters elect non-Communist government in Hungary
• Democracy thrives; Hungary joins NATO in 1999
Poland Under Kwasniewski
• Alexander Kwasniewski elected president in 1995
• Brings Poland into NATO, tries to build strong market economy
Poland and Hungary Reform {continued}
Poland Votes Out Walesa
• Walesa tries to build free market economy quickly
• Though some progress made, many Poles unhappy; Walesa voted out
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Fall of the Berlin Wall
• East Germany closes its borders, sparking massive protests
• In late 1989, new East German leader opens Berlin Wall
• By end of year, Communist government there has collapsed
Germany Reunifies
Resistance to Change
• East Germany’s leader resists reforms as in Poland, Hungary
• Thousands of East Germans escape through Hungary to Austria
Continued…
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A New Chancellor
• In 1998, Kohl voted out of office
• New leader—Gerhard Schroeder—has difficulty reviving economy
• Germany becomes more active in world affairs after reunifying
Germany’s Challenges
• East Germany in poor shape, needs rebuilding
• This costly effort forces German leader Helmut Kohl to raise taxes
Germany Reunifies {continued}
Reunification
• Reunification—merging of the two Germanys—achieved in 1990
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Czechoslovakia Breaks Up
• Economic reforms hurt people in Slovakia, eastern part of country
• In 1993, Czechoslovakia splits into two separate countries
• Both economies grow—slow in Czech Republic; faster in Slovakia
Democracy Spreads in Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia Reforms
• In 1989, large crowd in Prague protests, demands democracy
• Tough government crackdown sparks more protests
• By late 1989, Communists are gone; Václav Havel elected president
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Overthrow in Romania
The Romanian Economy
• Corruption and crime prevalent through 1990s; economy lags
• Much of economy still owned by government, not in private hands
• But Government begins moving toward market economy
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A Bloody Breakup
• Milosevic, Serbian leader, tries to impose control on whole country
• Slovenia and Croatia fight off Serbian army, win independence
• In 1992, Bosnia-Herzegovina declares independence; war breaks out
• Serb forces practice ethnic cleansing—getting rid of Bosnian Muslims
• In 1995, U.S., UN establish peace setting up multiethnic government
The Breakup of Yugoslavia
Ethnic Problems
• Yugoslavia has 8 ethnic groups in a federation of 6 republics
Continued…
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The Region Faces Its Problems
• Serbia has new leader; Milosevic faces war crimes trials
• Montenegro and Serbia form loose union, may separate in future
The Breakup of Yugoslavia {continued}
Rebellion in Kosovo
• In 1998, fighting starts in Kosovo, Serb province of ethnic Albanians
• Serbian army invades to put down Albanian rebels with harsh force
• In 1999, NATO bombs Serbia, forces Serbs to withdraw
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Section-5
China: Reform and Reaction
In response to contact with the West, China’s government has experimented with capitalism but has rejected calls for democracy.
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Section-5
China: Reform and Reaction
The Legacy of Mao
Problems of Mao’s Rule
• Mao Zedong wants to improve China’s economy, but cannot
• Mao’s policies, a lack of modern technology prevent economic growth
• He launches Cultural Revolution in 1960s to revive Communist spirit
• Its excesses turn many people against communism
• Zhou Enlai—leader in early 1970s—pursues moderate policies
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Economic Reform
• In 1976, Mao and Zhou die; moderates take control of Communist Party
• Deng Xiaoping—becomes leader of China by 1980
• Four Modernizations—Deng’s plan for economic progress
• This policy reverses strict Communist policies long backed by Mao
China and the West
China Opened Its Doors
• Zhou worries that China is too isolated from rest of world
• In 1971, U.S. and China begin closer relations
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Students Demand Democracy
• In 1989, students protest in Tiananmen Square—public area in Beijing
Deng Orders a Crackdown
• Deng orders army to surround square, attack protesters
• Attack leaves hundreds dead, thousands wounded
• Government begins large-scale campaign to end dissent
Massacre in Tiananmen Square
Unforeseen Problems
• Reforms lead to some unrest over privileges of Communist leaders
• Western political ideas enter China, encouraging democracy
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Transfer of Hong Kong
• Hong Kong—former British colony, city in China, major economic power
• In 1997, Britain hands Hong Kong back to China
China Enters the New Millennium
China Under Jiang
• In 1997, Deng dies; Jiang Zemin takes power
• Hardliners want Jiang to move away from Deng’s reforms
• In 2002, Jiang steps down in favor of Zhu Rongji
• Both Jiang and Zhu favor continued reforms
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China Beyond 2000
Economics and Politics
• Economic reforms reduce poverty in China
• Though many countries have economic problems, China’s economy grows
• Many in China want political reforms
• China is becoming more involved with other countries
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