Structures, Specialties, & Pathology

Urinary system Ch 9

Structures• Kidneys

– 2 layers that surround the renal pelvis• Renal cortex

– the outer layer–Contains over one million nephrons

• Renal medulla– Inner layer–Contains most of the urine-collecting

tubules

Structures• Nephrons

– Glomerulus– Renal pelvis

• Ureters– Carry urine from kidneys to bladder– 10 to 12 inches long

• Bladder – Hollow muscular organ– Located in the anterior portion of the pelvic cavity– Holds about one pint of urine

Structures • Urethra

– Two urinary sphincters, one at each end– Urethral meatus or urinary meatus is the external

opening of the urethra– Female urethra is about 1.5 inches long– Male urethra is about 8 inches

Specialties • Nephrologist

– Specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys

• Urologist – Specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and

disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males

Pathology • Renal failure

– Acute renal failure– Chronic renal failure– Anuria – End-stage renal disease– Uremia

• Uremic poisoning• A toxic condition caused by excessive amount

of urea and other waste products in the bloodstream

Pathology • Nephrotic syndrome

– Edema– Hyperlipidemia– Hypoproteinuria– Hyperproteinuria

• Abnormally high concentration of protein in the urine

Pathology• Kidneys

– Glomerulonephritis– Hydronephrosis

• Dilation of the renal pelvis of one or both kidneys.

• The result of an obstruction of the flow of urine– Nephrectasis

• Distention of a kidney

Pathology – Nephritis– Nephroptosis– Nephropyosis– Pyelitis– Pyelonephritis

• Inflammation of the renal pelvis and of the kidney

– Renal colic

Pathology • Stones

– Calculus• Nephrolithiasis

– Kidney stone• Cystolith

– Stone found in the bladder

Pathology • Ureters

– Hydroureter– Ureterectasis

• The distention of a ureter– Ureterorrhagia– Ureteralgia

• Pain in the ureter– Ureterostenosis

Pathology • Urinary bladder

– Cystalgia• Bladder pain

– Cystitis– Interstitial cystitis– Cystocele– Cystorrhagia

• Bleeding from the bladder– UTI– Vesicovaginal fissure

Pathology • Urethra

– Reflux– Urethralgia– Urethritis– Urethrorrhagia– Urethrorrhea– urethrostenosis

Pathology• Urethra continued

– Abnormal openings• Epispadias• Hypospadias• Paraspadias

–A congenital abnormality in males in which the urethral opening is on one side of the penis

Pathology• Urination

– Diuresis• The increased excretion of urine

– Dysuria• Difficult or painful urination

– Enuresis• Involuntary discharge of urine• Nocturnal enuresis also known as bed-wetting

– Nocturia• Excessive urination during the night

– Oliguria– Polyuria

• Excessive urination– Urinary retention– Incontinence

• Stress incontinence• Urge incontinence