Structured Programming with C Language

8/18/2019 Structured Programming with C Language

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AFE BABALOLA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

2012/2013 SECOND SEMESTER

ENG 224: STRUCTURED COMPUTER PROGRAMMING WITH C

INSTRUCTOR: Mr. AINOLA S. O. !CITP" MNSE# Mr$ I%&'(' O. F.

COURSE DESCRIPTION

A)*+r,-" T+&+" B+--+& '$,*" 5)+67r-" &$'+6+'$ 7 $-7-' ,7*r7$.

M+)7r '$,*$ 7 $'8'6' )++&,* '6,$,+ '67,$.

F)+ +5 6+-r+) , &r+*r7,* )7*7*'$

U$'r '5,' '9&r'$$,+$ 7 $-7-''-$

A$-r76-,+$: S &r+*r7,* 7 6+r+-,'$

E96'&-,+ 7),*

P7r7'-'r &7$$,* '-+" 6)+$r'$" 6+-,7-,+" 7 ,*'r +r'r 56-,+$

Pr+*r7 6+$-r6-,+: +;'6- +r,'-' 56-,+7) 7 )+*,6 &7r7,*$

Pr+*r7,* P7r7,*$: V,$7) B7$,6 <

RE=UIREMENTS

V,$7) S-,+ C>> '9&r'$$ 2010 +r ,*'r

V,$7) 7$,6.N'-

L7&-+&$ +r D'$%-+&$

ICT L7 7 I-'r76-,?' B+7r


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COURSE EVALUATION

A$$,*'-$" A--'76' 7 T'$-: 30@

F,7) '97,7-,+: 0@

Course Evaluation is subject to change without prior notification

A--'76' A-- Pr+;'6- T'$- C.A. EAM EAM TOTAL GRADE REG

1 2 3 4 < 10 10 10 30 0 0 100 A R'*,$-'r'

1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 F R

COURSE POLICIES

L7-' A$$,*'- ,-+- 7 ?7), '96$' ,)) ' )+'r' 10@ 5+r '76 7 )7-'. A )7-'7$$,*'- ,)) +- ' 766'&-' +6' -' $+)-,+ ,$ ,$6$$' , 6)7$$.

C+))7+r7-,+ ,$ ,7&&r+&r,7-' , -,$ 6+r$'. H+'?'r" + 7r' '6+r7*' -+ ,$6$$ -'7$$,*'- $&'6,5,67-,+$ ,- +r ,$-r6-+r$ 7 +r 5'))+ $-'-$. 7-,* +$,- 5+r *r7,* $- ' ,8' 7 $+) NOT ' 7 &),67-' +5 7+-'r $+r6'. F+r6+))7+r7-,+ 7$$,*'- &'7)- ,)) ' 57,)r'.

C')) P+': D+ '9-' 6+r-'$ -+ +r ,$-r6-+r$ 7 5'))+ $-'-$ -r,* +55 +r6')) &+'$.

A--'76' 7 =,(: Y+ 7r' '9&'6-' -+ 7--' 7)) )'6-r'$ '96'&- 'r ?'r '9-r''6,r6$-76'$. =,( ,)) ' 6+6-' , 6)7$$ ,-+- &r,+r +-,6'.

L'6-r' +-'$ 7r' ,-'' -+ $'r?' 7$ 7 $&&)''- 7 +- 7$ 7 $$-,--' 5+r 7--',*6)7$$.L7-''$$ -+ 6)7$$ 75-'r 1 M,$ ,-+ -' )'6-r' ,)) +- ' 7))+' ,-+- 7 ?7), '96$'.

T' I$-r6-+r$ +r M77*''- r'$'r?'$ -' r,*- -+ +,5 6+r$' &+),6,'$" 6+r$' 67)'7r"6+r$' 6+-'-" 7$$,*'- ?7)'$ 7 ' 7-'$" 7$ 6,r6$-76'$ r'8,r'.

SUGGESTED READINGS

C Pr+*r7,* E$$'-,7)$ B: . N. D' S. . B7+&77" S757r, B++%$ O),'

C FOR D,'$ 2 ',-,+ D7 G++%,

C Pr+*r7,* 5+r E'' S$-'$ ,r% r'))

C L7*7*' T-+r,7)


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C H+ -+ &r+*r7 P7) D',-') 7 H7r?' D',-')

C+-'-$

AFE BABALOLA UNIVERSITY.. 1

INSTRUCTOR: Mr. AINOLA S. O. !CITP#. 1

PART 1.. 4

1.2. S$-'$ S+5-7r'.. Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.3. A&&),67-,+ S+5-7r'.. Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.4. Pr+*r7 D'?')+&'- Pr+6'$$. 4

1.. A)*+r,-$.

1.


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C Programming Essentials By: K. N. Dey !. K. Ban"yopa"hyay# !afari Boo$s %nline

1.1 Pr+*r7,*Pr+*r7,* ,$ 7 r'8,r' $%,)) -+7" ;$- ),%' E*),$ 7 M7-'7-,6$. I- -'76'$ 7 ?7r,'-+5 $%,))$ -7- 7r' ,&+r-7- , 7)) %,$ +5 &r+5'$$,+$ $6 7$ 6r,-,67) r'7,*" 77)-,67)

-,%,*" 6r'7-,?' $-'$,$" 7 7--'-,+ -+ '-7,).

Pr+*r7,* 7)$+ &r+?,'$ ,',7-' 5''76%" )'7,* -+ '9&)+r7-,+" '9&'r,'-7-,+" 7$')5'?7)7-,+.

1.1.1 W7- ,$ &r+*r7,*JPr+6'$$ +5 6+,* & ,- 6+&-'r &r+*r7$.

B- 7- ,$ 7 &r+*r7J

A PROGRAM ,$ 7 $'- +5 ,$-r6-,+$ -7- 7 6+&-'r 67 5+))+ -+ 766+&),$ $&'6,5,6 -7$%.

Pr+*r7,* ,$ -' &r+6'$$ +5 5+r)7-,* ,$-r6-,+$ -7- 7 6+&-'r 67 5+))+ -+766+&),$ $&'6,5,6 -7$%.

a computer program is a sequence of instructions that is used to operate a computer

to produce a specific result. Programming is the process of writing these

instructions in a language that the computer can respond to and that other

programmers can understand. The set of instructions that can be used to construct

a program is called a programming language.

1.2. Pr+*r7 D'?')+&'- Pr+6'$$T' &r+*r7 '?')+&'- &r+6'$$ 67 ' ?,'' , 7 'r +5 $-'&$ 7$ 5+))+$:

• &n"erstan"ing the !pecifications: T' $&'6,5,67-,+ 5+r -' &r+)' $- ' 6)'7r 7

7,*+$.

• 'ole of the !ystem (nalyst: T' $$-' 77)$- '-'r,'$ -' 7-r' +5 -' ,&-$

7 +-&-$ '''" 7 &r+?,'$ -' ,&- 7 +-&- )7+-$ 7)+* ,- -' &r+6'$$,* r'8,r''-$ 5+r -' &r+*r7'r$.

• Problem (nalysis: T' &r+*r7 -+ ' '?')+&' ,*- ' $,&)' +r 6+&)'9" ,

766+r76' ,- -' 7-r' +5 -' -7$%.

• !olution Design: I?+)?'$ -'$-,* -' ?7r,+$ 6+,-,+$" -7%,* 7)-'r7-' &7-$ , -'

&r+6'r' '&',* + -' +-6+' +5 -' -'$-" 7 '-'r,,* -' $'8'6' +5 -'$-'&$. T'r' 7r' -+ 7$ +5 766+&),$,* -,$ -7$%:

o (lgorithm: A '-7,)' '$6r,&-,+ +5 -' $'8'6' +5 $-'&$ -+ ' 5+))+'.

o

)lowchart: A &,6-+r,7) r'&r'$'-7-,+ +5 -' &r+*r7" ,6 ,$ '7$,'r -+?,$7),(' ' -+ ,-$ *r7&,67) +r*7,(7-,+.


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• *esting an" Debugging: A 6+&-'r &r+*r7 7 +- r &r+&'r) -' 5,r$- -,' '

-+ -' &+$$,,),- +5 )+*,67) 7/+r $-76-,6 'rr+r$. T'$' 'rr+r$ 7r' r'5'rr' 7$ *$.T' &r+6'$$ +5 r'+?,* -'$' *$ ,$ 67))' '**,*. T' 'rr+r$ , -' &r+*r77r' 6'6%' -'$-,* ,- 7- ?7r,+$ $-7*'$.

o &se of *est Data: T'$- 7-7 $+) ' &r'&7r' , $6 7 7 -7- -' &r+*r7$ r $,* -,$ 7-7. I- $+) ' &r'&7r' $+ 7$ -+ ,6)' 7)) -'6+,-,+$ -7- -' &r+*r7 ,$ '9&'6-' -+ -'$-.

o &se of Diagnostic *ools: T'r' 7r' ,7*+$-,6 7,$" ,6 &r+*r7'r$ 7

'&)+ -+ '-'6- 'rr+r$ ' 7 &r+*r7 57,)$ -+ r 6+rr'6-). T' ,7*+$-,6 &r+6'r'$ 7 ?7r 5r+ +' )7*7*' -+ 7+-'r. T' ,7*+$-,6 -++)$ &r+?,'" , *''r7)" 7 '-+ 5+r -'$-,* -' '9'6-,+ +5 7 &r+*r7 7- '76$-'& +r '76 -,' -' &r+*r7 5+))+$ 7 &7r-,6)7r &7-. Br'7%&+,-$ 7 7)$+

' $' , 6+' 5+r '**,* &r&+$'$.

• +nstallation: T' -'$-' $+5-7r' ,$ ,$-7))' 7- -' 6),'- ' 7 5,7)) -'$-' ,-

r'7)-,' 7-7.

1.3. A)*+r,-$A 7)*+r,- ,$ 7 '))'5,' 6+&-7-,+7) &r+6'r' !$'8'6' +5 6+&-7-,+7) $-'&$#. I--7%'$ 7 $'- +5 ?7)'$ 7$ ,-$ ,&- 7 &r+6'$ 7 $'- +5 ?7)'$ 7$ ,-$ +-&-. I- 67 ' ?,'' 7$7 -,),- 5+r $+)?,* 7 6+&-7-,+7) &r+)'.

T'r' 7r' 7 'r +5 ,&+r-7- 5'7-r'$ -7- $- ' $7-,$5,' 7 7)*+r,-:

•

)initeness: T,$ ,&+$'$ -7- -' 7)*+r,- $- -'r,7-' 75-'r '9'6-,* 7 5,,-''r +5 $-'&$" ,.'." ,- 67+- r ,5,,-').

• Definiteness: A 7)*+r,-. F+r 7 6+&-7-,+7) &r+6'r' -+ 87),5 7$ 7 7)*+r,-"

'76 $-'& , -' &r+6'r' $- 7?' 7 &r'6,$' '5,,-,+.

• +nput an" %utput: A 7)*+r,- 7$ 7 +7, +5 ?7)'$" ,6 ,,-,7),(' -'

&r+6'r'$. T'$' 7r' 67))' -' ,&- ?7)'$ -+ -' 7)*+r,-. I- $- 7)$+ *''r7-' 7$'- +5 r'$)- ?7)'$ 67))' +-&- ?7)'$. T$" 7 7)*+r,- 67 ' ?,'' 7$ 756-,+ +r 7 -r7$5+r7-,+ -7- 7&$ ,&- ?7)'$ -+ +-&- ?7)'$.

• Effectiveness: T' +&'r7-,+$ $&'6,5,' , 7 7)*+r,- $- ' 7$,6 '+* ,7-r' -+ ' &'r5+r' $+'+' $,* 7 &' 7 7 &7&'r.

Example 1.

D'$,* 7 7)*+r,- 5+r 7,* -' -'$- $6+r'$ *,?' ')+

2


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1. S-7r-

2. S K 0

3. G'- -' 5,r$- -'$-$6+r'

4. A 5,r$- -'$-$6+r' -+ $

. G'- -' $'6+ -'$-$6+r'


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• Diamon": I,67-'$ -7- 7 6+,-,+ 6'6% ,$ -+ ' &'r5+r'. T' 7-7 'r -'$- 7

-' -'$- &'r5+r' 7r' ,,67-' ,$,' -' ,7+.

• Parallelogram: I,67-'$ I/O +&'r7-,+$.

• (rrow: I,67-'$ ,r'6-,+ +5 &r+*r7 6+-r+) 5)+.

A &r+*r7 5)+67r- +r 5)+67r- ,))$-r7-'$ -' '-7,)' $'8'6' +5 $-'&$ 'r-7%' 7 &r+*r7. I- 67 ' $' -+

• ?,$7),(' -' )+*,6 7 $'8'6' +5 $-'&$ , 7 +&'r7-,+"

• '9&'r,'- ,- ?7r,+$ &r+*r7,* 7&&r+76'$" 7

• %''& -r76% +5 7)) &r+6'$$,* $-'&$.

F,*. 1.2 F)+67r- 5+r -' A)*+r,- 7,* -' -'$- $6+r'$

1.. Pr+*r7,* L7*7*' C)7$$,5,67-,+$A )7*7*' ,$ 7 ', 5+r 6+,67-,+. T' )7*7*'$ ' $&'7% 7r' 67))' 7-r7))7*7*'$. A &r+*r7,* )7*7*' ,$ 7 $$'- +5 -' $'- +5 7-r7) )7*7*'$. I- 6+-7,$ 7))-' $+)$" 67r76-'r$" 7 $7*' r)'$ -7- &'r,- 7 7 ',* -+ 6+,67-' ,-6+&-'r$. A ?7r,'- +5 &r+*r7,* )7*7*'$ 7?' '' ,?'-' +?'r -' '7r$ +56+&-'r ,$-+r. H+'?'r" '?'r &r+*r7,* )7*7*' $- 766'&- 6'r-7, -&'$ +5r,--' ,$-r6-,+$ -7- '7)' 7 6+&-'r $$-' -+ &'r5+r 7 'r +5 57,),7r+&'r7-,+$.

I +-'r +r$" '?'r &r+*r7,* )7*7*' $- 7?' ,$-r6-,+$ -7- 57)) 'r -'

5+))+,* 67-'*+r,'$:


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A$ $-7-' '7r),'r" -' -7$% +5 6+,* 5+r 7 &r+)' , 7 6+?','- &r+*r7,* )7*7*' ,$ &'r5+r' +) 75-'r '9-'$,?' '55+r- , -' &r+)'$+)?,* $-7*'. T' 5+))+,* $'6-,+$ &r+?,' 7 ,$,*- ,-+ $+' 6++) 7+&-' &r+*r7,* -'6,8'$.

1.


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S-r6-r' &r+*r7,* ,$ $' 7$ 7 $'- +5 -++)$ -+ ,&r+?' &r+*r7 +r*7,(7-,+" 576,),-7-' &r+)' $+)?,*" 7 7%' 6+' '7$,'r -+ r,-' 7 77)$'. U$,* $-r6-r' &r+*r7,*"-' $+)-,+ -+ -' &r+)' ,$ ,?,' ,-+ $'*'-$ 67))' +)'$.

• A mo"ule ,$ 7 )+*,67)) $'&7r7)' &7r- +5 7 &r+*r7. I- ,$ 7 ,-" ,$6r'-' 7

,'-,5,7)' ,- r'$&'6- -+ 6+&,)7-,+ 7 )+7,*. I -'r$ +5 6++ &r+*r7,* )7*7*' 6+$-r6-$" 7 +)' 67 ' 7 76r+" 7 56-,+" 7 &r+6'r'!+r $r+-,'#" 7 &r+6'$$" +r 7 &76%7*'.

• E76 +)' ,?+)?'$ &r+6'$$,* +5 7-7 -7- 7r' )+*,67)) r')7-'. M+)'$ 7r'

56-,+7) &7r-$" ,6 7, , &r+6'$$,*. I'7))" '76 +)' +r%$ ,'&''- +5+-'r +)'$" 7)-+* -,$ ,$ $+'-,'$ ,&+$$,)'.

• M+)'$ 7r' r7%' ,'r7r6 7 +r*7,(' + -' 7$,$ +5 ,&+r-76'. T' )+'r

-' +)' + -' $-r6-r' +r*7,(7-,+ &)7" +r' ,$ -' '-7,) *,?' -+ -' &r+*r7,* $-'&$ ,?+)?'. T' 6+-r+)),* +)' r'$,'$ 7- -' -+& )'?'). I- *,?'$-' ?,' +5 -' +?'r7)) $-r6-r' 5+r -' '-,r' &r+*r7. T' $$-' ,$ '$,*' -+ *,?'+r' '-7,) 7- '76 +)' )'?'). A +)' ,$ 6+' 7 -'$-'" 7 -' -'$-' ,-+-'r -'$-' +)'$. T,$ &r+6'r' 7%'$ &r+*r7 -'$-,* '7$,'r" $,6' -'r' ,$ +)+' '-r &+,- 7 +' '9,- &+,- &'r +)'.

T' +)7r,(7-,+ 7&&r+76 ,?+)?'$ r'7%,* 7 &r+)' ,-+ 7 $'- +5 $&r+)'$"5+))+' r'7%,* '76 $&r+)' ,-+ 7 $'- +5 -7$%$" -' r'7%,* '76 -7$% ,-+ 7 $'-+5 76-,+$.

Example

Tr + 7 ),*- )

S&r+)' 1: )+67-' ) !+' -7$%" +' 76-,+#

S&r+)' 2: '&r'$$ $,-6

Example

G,?' 7 ),$- +5 $-'-$ -'$- $6+r'$" 5, -' ,*'$- 7 )+'$- $6+r' 7 -' 7?'r7*' $6+r'.

S&r+)' 1: r'7 $-'-$ $6+r'$

S&r+)' 2: 5, ,*'$- $6+r'

S&r+)' 3: 5, )+'$- $6+r'

S&r+)' 1 67 ' 6+$,'r' 7$ +' 76-,+ 7 -'r'5+r' ''$ + 5r-'r r'5,''-.

S&r+)'$ 2 7 3 +'?'r 67 ' 5r-'r ,?,' ,-+ 7 *r+& +5 76-,+$.

1.. S-r6-r' Pr+*r7,* C+$-r6-$


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I- ,&)''-$ +)'$ !&r+6'r'$ / 56-,+$#" '76 5)5,)),* $+' 56-,+ 7 $'$ 7$,6 &r+*r7,* 6+$-r6-$ $'8'6'" $')'6-,+ 7 ,-'r7-,+.

T' +$- 6++ -'6,8'$ $' , $-r6-r' &r+*r7,* -+ $+)?' 7)) &r+)'$ 7r'67))' 6+$-r6-$. T'$' 6+$-r6-$ 7r' 7)$+ 67))' control structures. U$,* -r'' 7$,6

6+-r+) $-r6-r'$" ,- ,$ &+$$,)' -+ r,-' $-77r,(' &r+*r7$" ,6 7r' '7$ -+ r'7 7'r$-7.

S-r6-r' Pr+*r7,* C+$-r6-$

• !e2uence !tructure: S'8'6' r'5'r$ -+ 7 ,$-r6-,+ +r 7 $'r,'$ +5 ,$-r6-,+$ -7-

&'r5+r 7 r'8,r' 67)6)7-,+ +r 7))+ ,&- +r +-&- +5 7-7. S,6' -'$' $-'&$ 7r''9'6-' +' 75-'r -' +-'r" -'r' ,$ + 67*' , -' 5)+ )+*,6. F,*r' !7# ,))$-r7-'$-7- &r+*r7 $-7-''-$ , 56-,+ A ,)) ' '9'6-' '5+r' -+$' 5+r 56-,+ B. I

+-'r +r$" ' $7 -7- 6+-r+) 5)+$ 5r+ 56-,+ A -+ 56-,+ B.

• !election !tructure: S')'6-,+ r'5'r$ -+ -'$-,* 5+r 7 6'r-7, 6+,-,+ 5+r 7-7. T'r'

7r' +) -+ &+$$,)' 7$'r$ -+ 8'$-,+$ r'*7r,* 7-7 -r' !'$# +r 57)$' !+#.O' $')'6-,+-'6,8' ?7r,7-,+ ,$ %+ 7$ -' IFTHENELSE. T' ,$-r6-,+$-7- 7r' -+ ' '9'6-' ' -' 6+,-,+ ,$ -r' 5+))+ -' IFTHEN 7)-'r7-,?'. T',$-r6-,+$ 5+))+' -' ELSE 7)-'r7-,?' r'&r'$'- 7- ,$ -+ ' '9'6-' '-' 6+,-,+ ,$ 57)$'. F,*r' !# $+$ -7- ,5 -' 6+,-,+ ,$ -r'" -' 6+-r+) ,))5)+ -+ 56-,+ B 7 ,-$ $-7-''-$ ,)) ' '9'6-' ,5 ,- ,$ 57)$'" 56-,+ A ,$'9'6-'. A+-'r $')'6-,+ ?7r,7-,+ ,$ -' IFTHEN. I- ,$ $' ' $+' +&'r7-,+

,$ -+ ' +' +) ' -' 6+,-,+ ,$ -r'.

• 'epetition !tructure: R'&'-,-,+ ,?+)?'$ -' $' +5 7 $'r,'$ +5 ,$-r6-,+$ -7- 7r'

r'&'7-' -,) 7 6'r-7, 6+,-,+ ,$ '-. R'&'-,-,+ ,?+)?'$ -' $' +5 -+ ?7r,7-,+$ -' while 7 -' "o/while. T' while &'r5+r$ 7 56-,+ 7$ )+* 7$ 7 6+,-,+ ,$-r'. O -' +-'r 7" "o/while 7))+$ 7 56-,+ -+ ' '9'6-' -,) -' *,?'6+,-,+ ,$ 57)$'. A+-'r 7r%' ,55'r'6' ,$ -7- -' while 5,r$- -'$-$ -' *,?'6+,-,+ 7 -' '9'6-'$ -' 56-,+" 'r'7$ "o/while &r+6'$$'$ -' 56-,+

'5+r' 6'6%,* -' 6+,-,+. T'$' 7r' ,))$-r7-' , F,*r' 1.3.

1.. P$'+ C+'

P$'+ 6+' ,$ +' +5 -' -++)$ -7- 67 ' $' -+ r,-' 7 &r'),,7r &)7 -7- 67 ''?')+&' ,-+ 7 6+&-'r &r+*r7. P$'+ 6+' ,$ 7 *''r,6 7 +5 '$6r,,* 7 7)*+r,-,-+- -' $' +5 7 $&'6,5,6 &r+*r7,* )7*7*' $-79.

How to write

A 7)*+r,- 67 ' r,--' , &$'+ 6+' $,* $,9 !


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1. 2. A computer can output (print information.

T&,67) &$'+ 6+' ,$-r6-,+$ 7r':

Pr,- 7'

Wr,-' T' 7?'r7*' ,$" 7?'

1. . A computer can perform arithmetic operation

T&,67) &$'+ 6+' ,$-r6-,+$:

A 'r -+ -+-7)" +r

T+-7) K T+-7) > N'r

A?' K $/-+-7)

1. ". A computer can a##ign a value to a piece of data$

'.*. T+ 7$$,*/*,?' 7-7 7 ,,-,7) ?7)':

I,-,7),(' -+-7) -+ ('r+

S'- 6+- -+ 0

T+ 7$$,* 7 6+&-' ?7)':

T+-7) K Pr,6' > T79

1. A computer can compare two (2 piece# of information and #elect one of two 7)-'r7-,?' 76-,+$.

T&,67) &$'+ 6+' '.*.

I5 'r Q 0 -'

7 1 -+ '*'r

')$'

7 +' -+ &+$,-,?' 'r

',5

1. %. A computer can repeat a group of action#.

T&,67) &$'+ 6+' '.*.

R'&'7- -,) -+-7) K 0


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r'7 'r

r,-' 'r

7 1 -+ -+-7)

'r'&'7-

OR

,)' -+-7) Q K 0 +:

r'7 'r

r,-' 'r

',)'

Algorithm Average

T,$ 7)*+r,- r'7$ 7 ),$- +5 'r$ 7 6+&-'$ -',r 7?'r7*'.

L'-: SUM ' -' -+-7) +5 -' 'r$ r'7

COUNTER ' -' 'r +5 ,-'$ , -' ),$-

AVE ' -' 7?'r7*' +5 7)) -' 'r$

S'- SUM -+ 0"

COUNTER -+ 0"

AVE -+ 0 !,.'. ,,-,7),(' ?7r,7)'$#

W,)' -'r' ,$ 7-7 +:

R'7 'r

COUNTER K COUNTER > 1

!,.'. 7 1 -+ COUNTER" $-+r,* r'$)- , COUNTER#

SUM K SUM > 'r

!,.'. 7 'r -+ SUM" $-+r,* r'$)- , SUM#

',)'


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,5 COUNTER K 0 -'

AVE K 0

')$'

AVE K SUM/ COUNTER

S-+&.

1. S-7-' D,7*r7A $-7-' ,7*r7 ,$ 7 -&' +5 ,7*r7 $' -+ '$6r,' -' '7?,+r +5 $$-'$. T,$

'7?,+r ,$ 77)$' 7 r'&r'$'-' , $'r,'$ +5 '?'-$" -7- 6+) +66r , +' +r +r' &+$$,)' $-7-'$. S-7-' ,7*r7$ r'8,r' -7- -' $$-' '$6r,' ,$ 6+&+$' +5 7 5,,-'

'r +5 $-7-'$.

State &iagram Algorithm

Dr7 6,r6)'$ -+ r'&r'$'- -' $-7-'$ *,?'.

F+r '76 +5 -' $-7-'$" $67 76r+$$ -' 6+rr'$&+,* r+ 7 r7 7 7rr+ -+ -''$-,7-,+ $-7-'!$#. T'r' 67 ' )-,&)' 7rr+$ 5+r 7 ,&- 67r76-'r.

D'$,*7-' 7 $-7-' 7$ -' START STATE.

D'$,*7-' +' +r +r' $-7-'$ 7$ ACCEPT STATE. T,$ ,$ 7)$+ *,?' , -' 5+r7) '5,,-,+.

S-7-' Tr7$,-,+ T7)'

I&- 1 0

S1 S1 S2

S2 S2 S1

Explanation

Fr+ -' $-7-' -r7$,-,+ -7)' *,?' 7+?'" ,- ,$ '7$ -+ $'' -7- ,5 -' 76,' ,$ , S1 7-' '9- ,&- ,$ 67r76-'r 1" -' 76,' ,)) $-7 , S1. I5 7 67r76-'r ' 7rr,?'$" -' 76,'


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,)) -r7$,-,+ -+ S2 7$ 67 ' $'' 5r+ -' $'6+ 6+). I -' ,7*r7 -,$ ,$ '+-' -' 7rr+ 5r+ S1 -+ S2 )7')' ,- 7 '.

S-7-' ,7*r7$ ?'r$$ 5)+67r-$

A $-7-' 76,' &'r5+r$ 76-,+$ , r'$&+$' -+ '9&),6,- '?'-$. I 6+-r7$-" -' 5)+67r-+'$ +- '' '9&),6,- '?'-$ - r7-'r -r7$,-,+$ 5r+ +' -+ +' , ,-$ *r7&7-+7-,67)) &+ 6+&)'-,+ +5 76-,?,-,'$

A $-7-' 76,' ,$ ,)' ' ,- $,-$ , 7 $-7-' 7,-,* 5+r 7 '?'- -+ +66r. A 5)+67r- ,$ $ '9'6-,* 76-,?,-,'$ ' ,- $,-$ , 7 +'.

A 5)+67r- '$6r,'$ -' &r+*r'$$,+ +5 $+' -7$% 5r+ '*,,* -+ ' !'.*."-r7$5+r,* $+r6' 6+' ,&- ,-+ +;'6- 6+' +-&- 7 6+&,)'r#. A $-7-' 76,'

*''r7)) 7$ + +-,+ +5 $6 7 &r+*r'$$,+ - $&'6,5,'$ 7 &7r-,6)7r '7?,+r" r7-'r -77 $-7*' +5 &r+6'$$,*.

• T'r,+)+* C'6%),$-

✓ Pr+*r7

✓ S+5-7r'

✓ A)*+r,-

✓ A$$') )7*7*'

✓ H,*)'?') L7*7*'

✓ F)+67r-

✓ D'**,*

✓ B+--+& '$,*

✓ T+&+ '$,*

✓ S-r6-r' &r+*r7,*

✓ M+)7r '$,*

✓ P$'+ C+'

✓ S-7-' D,7*r7


17/47

E9'r6,$'$

1.Wr,-' 7 7)*+r,- -+ 5, -' 79, +5 -r'' 'r$ a" b" 7 c. T' +-&-

$+) ' $-+r' , 79.

2.A +&'r7-,* $$-' '?'r -'r,7-'$ ,- ,$ ,5,,-'. B7$' + -,$ $-7-''-" ;$-,5 '-'r 7 +&'r7-,* $$-' ,$ 7 7)*+r,-.

3.Tr76' E6),$ 7)*+r,- 5+r GCD !, S'6-,+ 1.# 5+r ,&-$ !32" 14#" !12" #.

4.M+,5 E6),$ 7)*+r,- !, S'6-,+ 1.# -+ 766++7-' 7 6'6% +5 -' ,&-?7r,7)'$ $+ -7- -' 7)*+r,- '9'6-'$ +) + &+$,-,?' ,-'*'r ,&-$ 7 -',?,' ('r+ 'rr+r ,$ '-'6-'.

.Wr,-' 7 7)*+r,- -7- 766'&-$ 7 &+$,-,?' ,-'*'r 'r" n" 7 67)6)7-' -'576-+r,7) +5 -' 'r. R';'6- ,&-$ )'$$ -7 1 +r *r'7-'r -7 1.


18/47

• C ,$ 7 $,&)' 7 7 $-r7,*-5+r7r )7*7*'" &r+?,,* +) )+)'?') +&'r7-,+$.

• I-$ versatility '7)'$ ,- -+ ' $' -+ $+)?' &r+)'$ , '?'r 7&&),67-,+ 7r'7.

• o"ularity 7))+$ C -+ ' ,'7) 5+r )7r*' &r+;'6-$ ,?+)?,* $'?'r7) &r+*r7'r$. I-

)'-$ $ r'7% 7 )7r*' &r+*r7 ,-+ $7)) 77*'7)' &,'6'$" ,6 67 ' r'$' ,+-'r &r+*r7$.

C ,$ +- 7 )+ 7 7 ,*)'?') )7*7*'.

I- $&&+r-$ -' )+)'?') 5'7-r'$ !,.'." -' ,-7,&)7-,+ 576,),-,'$ +5 7$$')# ''' -' +&'r7-,*$$-' ,&)''-'r$ 7 -' 6+&,)'r r,-'r$.

I- 7)$+ $&&+r-$ -' ,*)'?') 5'7-r'$ +5 6+-r+) 7 7-7 $-r6-r'$ 67r76-'r,$-,6 +5 7 &r+6'r7) )7*7*'. C ,$ 7$ 5)'9,)' 7$ 7 )+)'?') )7*7*'. O -' +-'r 7" C &r+?,'$-' -++)$ 5+r 7 $-r6-r' &r+*r7" 7$ 7 ,*)'?') )7*7*' +'$.

2.3 I$-7)),* 7 6+&,),* +r F,r$- Pr+*r7Pr76-,67) $'$$,+: r'5'r -+ -' H'))+ +r) '9'r6,$'

,6)' Q$-,+.X

,- 7,!#

&r,-5!H'))+ S-'-" Z[#

r'-r!0#

\

2.4 H'))+ S-'- Pr+*r7 D'$6r,&-,+

1. include ,$ %+ 7$ 7 &r'&r+6'$$+r ,r'6-,?'. W7- ,- +'$ ,$ -')) -' 6+&,)'r -+,6)' -'9- 5r+ 7+-'r 5,)'" 7,* ,- r,*- ,-+ +r $+r6' 6+'. D+,* -,$7?+,$ )+-$ +5 ),--)'" 7+,* 'rr+r$ -7- +) +-'r,$' +66r.

2. 2. )#tdio.h* T' STDIO.H 5,)' 6+-7,$ ,5+r7-,+ 7+- -' S-77rI&-/O-&- 56-,+$ r'8,r' +$- C &r+*r7$. T' H '7$ '7'r.T'+)' $-7-''- ,6)' Q$-,+.X -'))$ -' 6+&,)'r -+ -7%' -'9- 5r+ -' 5,)'STDIO.H 7 $-,6% ,- ,-+ +r $+r6' 6+' '5+r' -' $+r6' 6+' ,$ 6+&,)'.

3. . int main +'$ -+ -,*$. F,r$-" -' ,- ,'-,5,'$ -' 56-,+ 7, 7$ 7 ,-'*'r

56-,+" '7,* -7- main34 $- r'-r 7 ,-'*'r ?7)' ' ,-$ +'. S'6+"


19/47

-7- ),' 7'$ -' 56-,+ 7," ,6 7)$+ ,'-,5,'$ -' 5,r$- 7 &r,7r 56-,+,$,' -' &r+*r7.

4. T+ '&- &7r'-'$'$ 5+))+ -' 56-,+ 7'. S+'-,'$" ,-'$ 7 ' , -'$' &7r'-'$'$.

. +, A)) 56-,+$ , C 7?' -',r 6+-'-$ '67$' 6r) r76'$ !+,#. S+" -' 56-,+7' 6+'$ 5,r$- !7, , I-' 3#" 7 -' ,-$ 6+-'-$ ] +r -' 76,' -7-

&'r5+r$ -' 56-,+$ ;+ ] ,$ **' -' 6r) r76'$.


20/47

&r,-5!S +5 $-'- $6+r' ,$ @ [" < > 14 >10 > 13 > 30#

r'-r!0#

\

T,$ $-7-''- &7$$'$ -+ 7r*'-$ -+ -' &r,-5 !# 56-,+.

T' 5,r$- 7r*'- ,$ -' '$$7*' S +5 $-'- $6+r' ,$ @ [.T' $'6+ 7r*'- ,$ -'?7)' +5 -' '9&r'$$,+ < > 14 >10 > 13 > 30.

T' 5,r$- 7r*'- &7$$' -+ &r,-5 ! # $- 7)7$ ' 7 '$$7*'. A '$$7*' -7- 7)$+,6)'$ 7 conver#ion control #euence" $6 7$ @. C+?'r$,+ 6+-r+) $'8'6'$ 7?' 7$&'6,7) '7,* -+ -' &r,-5 ! # 56-,+. T' -')) -' 56-,+ 7- -&' +5 ?7)' ,$ -+ '

,$&)7' 7 'r' -+ ,$&)7 ,-. A 6+?'r$,+ 6+-r+) $'8'6' 7)7$ '*,$ ,- 7 @$+) 7 '$ ,- 7 6+?'r$,+ 67r76-'r !6" " 5" '-6.#.

E97&)' A?'r7*'

,6)' Q$-,+.X

,- 7,!#

&r,-5!A?'r7*' +5 $-'- $6+r' ,$ @ [" !< > 14 >10 > 13 > 30#/#

r'-r !0#

\

2.< V7r,7)'$A ?7r,7)' ,$ 7 $+),6 7' 5+r 7 '+r )+67-,+ , ,6 7-7 67 ' $-+r' 7$$'8'-) r'67))'. V7r,7)'$ 7r' $' 5+r +),* 7-7 ?7)'$ $+ -7- -' 67 ' -,),(', ?7r,+$ 6+&-7-,+$ , 7 &r+*r7.

,- V7)' // ,-'*'r K4 -'

67r r'$&+$' // C7r76-'r K 1 -'

$-r,* 7' //

+)' C++r // D+)' K -'

E97&)'


21/47

C7)6)7-' 7r'7 7 6,r65'r'6' +5 7 6,r6)'

include)#tdio.h*

int main(

+

dou/le 0 .1"1345

dou/le radiu#6 area6 circumference5

printf(7Enter the radiu# in cm$ 75

#canf8#(79d76 :radiu#5

area 0;radiu#;radiu#5

circumference 2.';0;radiu#5

printf(7


22/47

&r,-5!W7- ,$ +r $r7'J#

$675$!@$" $7'#

&r,-5!W7- ,$ +r 5,r$-7'J#

$675$!@$" 57'#

&r,-5!W7- ,$ +r 7-r,6 +J#

$675$!@$" 7-r,6#

&r,-5!M 7' ,$ @$" $r7' ,$ @$ 7 7-r,6 'r @$"$7'"57'"7-r,6#

r'-r 0

\

@$ ,$ -' $-r,* &)76'+)'r

@, 5+r ,-'*'r$ &)76'+)'r

@5 5+r +)' &)76'+)'r

2. Pr+*r7 D'?')+&'-


23/47

@inker ),%$ $'?'r7) +;'6- !7 ),r7r# 5,)'$ -+ *''r7-' 7 '9'6-7)' 5,)'. L,%$ ,$ 76+&-'r &r+*r7 -7- -7%'$ +' +r +r' +;'6- 5,)'$ *''r7-' 7 6+&,)'r 7 6+,'$-' ,-+ 7 $,*)' '9'6-7)' &r+*r7.

@i/rar ,$ 7 6+))'6-,+ +5 ,&)''-7-,+$ +5 '7?,+r" r,--' , -'r$ +5 7 &r+*r7,*

)7*7*'" -7- 7$ 7 '))'5,' ,-'r576' ,6 -' '7?,+r ,$ ,?+%'.

Executa/le file 67$'$ 7 6+&-'r -+ &'r5+r ,,67-' -7$%$ 766+r,* -+ '6+',$-r6-,+$.

2. D7-7 T&'$ 7 O&'r7-,+$dentifier# 7r' 7 7' $' -+ ,'-,5 7 ?7r,7)'" 56-,+" +r 7 +-'r $'r'5,' ,-'.A ,'-,5,'r $-7r-$ ,- 7 )'--'r A -+ +r 7 -+ ( +r 7 'r$6+r' 5+))+' ('r+ +r +r')'--'r$" 'r$6+r'$" 7 ,*,-$ !0 -+ #. C +'$ +- 7))+ &6-7-,+ 67r76-'r$ $6 7$ b" c"7 @ ,-, ,'-,5,'r$. C ,$ 7 67$' $'$,-,?' &r+*r7,* )7*7*'. T$" ABUAD 777 7r' -+ ,55'r'- ,'-,5,'r$.

E97&)'

+ (7r7 76 +?'7' 7123 7'0 -'& ; 723 r'-V7)

eword# T'$' 7r' r'$'r?' +r$ 7 7 +- ' $' 7$ 6+$-7- +r ?7r,7)' +r 7 +-'r ,'-,5,'r 7'$.

A-+ E)$' )+* $,-6

Br'7% ' r'*,$-'r -&''5 C7$' '9-'r r'-r ,+

C7r F)+7- $+r- $,*'

C+$- F+r $,*' ?+,

6+-,' G+-+ $,('+5 ?+)7-,)'

D'57)- I5 $-7-,6 ,)'

D+ I- $-r6- P76%'

D+)'

2..1 D7-7 T&'$D7-7 -&'$ r'5'r -+ 7 '9-'$,?' $$-' $' 5+r '6)7r,* ?7r,7)'$ +r 56-,+$ +5 ,55'r'--&'$.

I-'*'r T&'$F+))+,* -7)' *,?'$ + '-7,)$ 7+- $-77r ,-'*'r -&'$ ,- ,-$ $-+r7*' $,('$ 7 ?7)'r7*'$:


24/47

C7r 1 -' 12 -+ 12 +r 0 -+ 2

$,*' 67r 1 -' 0 -+ 2

$,*' 67r 1 -' 12 -+ 12

I- 2 +r 4 -'$ 32"


25/47

int a6 /5

int c5

float f5

; actual initialiCation ;

a 1'5

/ 2'5

c a F /5

printf(7value of c $ 9d =n76 c5

f G'.' .'5

printf(7value of f $ 9f =n76 f5

ge'tchar(5

return '5

,

2..2 L?7)'$ 7 R?7)'$T'r' 7r' -+ %,$ +5 '9&r'$$,+$ , C. A '9&r'$$,+ -7- ,$ 7 )?7)' 7 7&&'7r 7$ ',-'r-' )'5-7 +r r,*-7 $,' +5 7 7$$,*'-. A '9&r'$$,+ -7- ,$ 7 r?7)' 7 7&&'7r+ -' r,*- - +- )'5-7 $,' +5 7 7$$,*'-.

V7r,7)'$ 7r' )?7)'$ 7 $+ 7 7&&'7r + -' )'5-7 $,' +5 7 7$$,*'-. N'r,6),-'r7)$ 7r' r?7)'$ 7 $+ 7 +- ' 7$$,*' 7 67+- 7&&'7r + -' )'5-7 $,'.F+))+,* ,$ 7 ?7), $-7-''-:

E97&)'

a 1'5 Dalid

1' 2'5 ot Dalid

2..3 C+$-7-$ 7 L,-'r7)$

T' 6+$-7-$ r'5'r -+ 5,9' ?7)'$ -7- -' &r+*r7 7 +- 7)-'r r,* ,-$ '9'6-,+. T'$'5,9' ?7)'$ 7r' 7)$+ 67))' literal#.


26/47

C+$-7-$ 67 ' +5 7 +5 -' 7$,6 7-7 -&'$ ),%' an integer constant# a floating constant# acharacter constant# or a string literal .

I-'*'r ),-'r7)$

A ,-'*'r ),-'r7) 67 ' 7 '6,7)" +6-7)" +r '97'6,7) 6+$-7-. A &r'5,9 $&'6,5,'$ -' 7$'+r r7,9: 09 +r 0 5+r '97'6,7)" 0 5+r +6-7)" 7 +-,* 5+r '6,7).

A ,-'*'r ),-'r7) 67 7)$+ 7?' 7 $55,9 -7- ,$ 7 6+,7-,+ +5 U 7 L" 5+r $,*' 7)+*" r'$&'6-,?'). T' $55,9 67 ' &&'r67$' +r )+'r67$' 7 67 ' , 7 +r'r.

E97&)'$

212 /^ L'*7) ^/

21 /^ L'*7) ^/

09F''L /^ L'*7) ^/

0 /^ I))'*7): ,$ +- 7 +6-7) ,*,- ^/

032UU /^ I))'*7): 67+- r'&'7- 7 $55,9 ^/

F+))+,* 7r' +-'r '97&)'$ +5 ?7r,+$ -&' +5 I-'*'r ),-'r7)$:

/^ '6,7) ^/

0213 /^ +6-7) ̂ /

094 /^ '97'6,7) ^/

30 /^ ,- ^/

30 /^ $,*' ,- ^/

30) /^ )+* ^/

30) /^ $,*' )+* ^/

F)+7-,*&+,- ),-'r7)$A 5)+7-,*&+,- ),-'r7) 7$ 7 ,-'*'r &7r-" 7 '6,7) &+,-" 7 5r76-,+7) &7r-" 7 7 '9&+'-

&7r-. Y+ 67 r'&r'$'- 5)+7-,* &+,- ),-'r7)$ ',-'r , '6,7) 5+r +r '9&+'-,7) 5+r.


27/47

W,)' r'&r'$'-,* $,* '6,7) 5+r" + $- ,6)' -' '6,7) &+,-" -' '9&+'-" +r +- 7 ,)' r'&r'$'-,* $,* '9&+'-,7) 5+r" + $- ,6)' -' ,-'*'r &7r-" -'5r76-,+7) &7r-" +r +-. T' $,*' '9&+'- ,$ ,-r+6' ' +r E.

H'r' 7r' $+' '97&)'$ +5 5)+7-,*&+,- ),-'r7)$:

3.141 /^ L'*7) ^/

3141EL /^ L'*7) ^/

10E /^ I))'*7): ,6+&)'-' '9&+'- ^/

2105 /^ I))'*7): + '6,7) +r '9&+'- ^/

.' /^ I))'*7): ,$$,* ,-'*'r +r 5r76-,+ ^/

2.. O&'r7-+r$Ar,-'-,6 O&'r7-+r$F+))+,* -7)' $+$ 7)) -' 7r,-'-,6 +&'r7-+r$ $&&+r-' C )7*7*'. A$$'?7r,7)' A +)$ 10 7 ?7r,7)' B +)$ 20 -':

E97&)'$

>perator

&e#cription Example

> A$ -+ +&'r7$A > B ,)) *,?'30

S-r76-$ $'6+ +&'r7 5r+ -' 5,r$-A B ,)) *,?'10

^ M)-,&)'$ +- +&'r7$A ^ B ,)) *,?'200

/ D,?,'$ 'r7-+r ''r7-+r B / A ,)) *,?'2

@M+)$ O&'r7-+r 7 r'7,'r +5 75-'r 7 ,-'*'r,?,$,+

B @ A ,)) *,?'0

>> I6r''-$ +&'r7-+r ,6r'7$'$ ,-'*'r ?7)' +'A>> ,)) *,?'11

D'6r''-$ +&'r7-+r '6r'7$'$ ,-'*'r ?7)' +' A ,)) *,?'

include)#tdio.h*

main(


28/47

+

int a 1'5

int / 2'5

int c5

c a F /5

printf(7@ine 1 I Dalue of c i# 9d=n76 c5

c a I /5


c a ; /5

printf(7@ine I Dalue of c i# 9d=n76 c5

c a /5

printf(7@ine " I Dalue of c i# 9d=n76 c5

c a 9 /5


c aFF5

printf(7@ine % I Dalue of c i# 9d=n76 c5

c aII5

printf(7@ine G I Dalue of c i# 9d=n76 c5

\

B,-,$' O&'r7-+r$T' B,-,$' +&'r7-+r$ $&&+r-' C )7*7*' 7r' ),$-' , -' 5+))+,* -7)'. A$$'?7r,7)' A +)$


29/47

dB,7r OR O&'r7-+r 6+&,'$ 7 ,- ,5 ,- '9,$-$ , ',-'r+&'r7.

!A d B# ,)) *,?'


30/47

printf(7@ine % I Dalue of c i# 9d=n76 c5

\A$$,*'- O&'r7-+r$T'r' 7r' 5+))+,* 7$$,*'- +&'r7-+r$ $&&+r-' C )7*7*':

E97&)'$

>perato

r&e#cription Example

KS,&)' 7$$,*'- +&'r7-+r" A$$,*$ ?7)'$ 5r+ r,*-$,' +&'r7$ -+ )'5- $,' +&'r7

C K A > B ,)) 7$$,* ?7)' +5 A >B ,-+ C

>K A AND 7$$,*'- +&'r7-+r" I- 7$ r,*- +&'r7 -+-' )'5- +&'r7 7 7$$,* -' r'$)- -+ )'5- +&'r7 C >K A ,$ '8,?7)'- -+ C K C > A

KS-r76- AND 7$$,*'- +&'r7-+r" I- $-r76-$ r,*-+&'r7 5r+ -' )'5- +&'r7 7 7$$,* -' r'$)- -+)'5- +&'r7

C K A ,$ '8,?7)'- -+ C K C A

^KM)-,&) AND 7$$,*'- +&'r7-+r" I- )-,&),'$ r,*-+&'r7 ,- -' )'5- +&'r7 7 7$$,* -' r'$)- -+ )'5-+&'r7

C ^K A ,$ '8,?7)'- -+ C K C ^ A

/K

D,?,' AND 7$$,*'- +&'r7-+r" I- ,?,'$ )'5- +&'r7

,- -' r,*- +&'r7 7 7$$,* -' r'$)- -+ )'5-+&'r7 C /K A ,$ '8,?7)'- -+ C K C / A

@KM+)$ AND 7$$,*'- +&'r7-+r" I- -7%'$ +)$$,* -+ +&'r7$ 7 7$$,* -' r'$)- -+ )'5- +&'r7

C @K A ,$ '8,?7)'- -+ C K C @ A

QQK L'5- $,5- AND 7$$,*'- +&'r7-+r C QQK 2 ,$ $7' 7$ C K C QQ 2

XXK R,*- $,5- AND 7$$,*'- +&'r7-+r C XXK 2 ,$ $7' 7$ C K C XX 2

K B,-,$' AND 7$$,*'- +&'r7-+r C K 2 ,$ $7' 7$ C K C 2

eK ,-,$' '96)$,?' OR 7 7$$,*'- +&'r7-+r C eK 2 ,$ $7' 7$ C K C e 2

dK ,-,$' ,6)$,?' OR 7 7$$,*'- +&'r7-+r C dK 2 ,$ $7' 7$ C K C d 2

include)#tdio.h*

main(

+

int a 215

int c5

c a5


31/47

printf(7@ine 1 I >perator Example6 Dalue of c 9d=n76 c5

c F a5

printf(7@ine 2 I F >perator Example6 Dalue of c 9d=n76 c5

c I a5

printf(7@ine I I >perator Example6 Dalue of c 9d=n76 c5

c ; a5

printf(7@ine " I ; >perator Example6 Dalue of c 9d=n76 c5

c a5

printf(7@ine 3 I >perator Example6 Dalue of c 9d=n76 c5

c 2''5

c 9 a5

printf(7@ine % I 9 >perator Example6 Dalue of c 9d=n76 c5

c )) 25

printf(7@ine G I )) >perator Example6 Dalue of c 9d=n76 c5

c ** 25

printf(7@ine M I ** >perator Example6 Dalue of c 9d=n76 c5

c : 25

printf(7@ine 4 I : >perator Example6 Dalue of c 9d=n76 c5

c K 25

printf(7@ine 1' I K >perator Example6 Dalue of c 9d=n76 c5

c J 25

printf(7@ine 11 I J >perator Example6 Dalue of c 9d=n76 c5

\M,$6 O&'r7-+r$ K $,('+5 -'r7rT'r' 7r' 5' +-'r ,&+r-7- +&'r7-+r$ ,6),* $,('+5 7 J : $&&+r-' C L7*7*'.

E97&)'$


32/47

>perato


$,('+5!# R'-r$ -' $,(' +5 7 ?7r,7)'.$,('+5!7#" 'r' 7 ,$ ,-'r*'r" ,)) r'-r4.

R'-r$ -' 7r'$$ +5 7 ?7r,7)'.7 ,)) *,?' 76-7) 7r'$$ +5 -'?7r,7)'.

^ P+,-'r -+ 7 ?7r,7)'. ^7 ,)) &+,-'r -+ 7 ?7r,7)'.

J : C+,-,+7) E9&r'$$,+I5 C+,-,+ ,$ -r' J T' ?7)' :O-'r,$' ?7)' Y

include)#tdio.h*

main(

+

int a "5

#hort /5

dou/le c5

int; ptr5

; example of #iCeof operator ;

printf(7@ine 1 I SiCe of varia/le a 9d=n76 #iCeof(a5

printf(7@ine 2 I SiCe of varia/le / 9d=n76 #iCeof(/5

printf(7@ine I SiCe of varia/le c 9d=n76 #iCeof(c5

; example of : and ; operator# ;

ptr :a5 ; NptrN now contain# the addre## of NaN;

printf(7value of a i# 9d=n76 a5

printf(7;ptr i# 9d.=n76 ;ptr5

; example of ternar operator ;

a 1'5

/ (a 1 O 2' $ '5

printf(7Dalue of / i# 9d=n76 /5


33/47

/ (a 1' O 2' $ '5

printf(7Dalue of / i# 9d=n76 /5

\

R')7-,+7) O&'r7-+r$F+))+,* -7)' $+$ 7)) -' r')7-,+7) +&'r7-+r$ $&&+r-' C )7*7*'. A$$'?7r,7)' A +)$ 10 7 ?7r,7)' B +)$ 20" -':

E97&)'$

>perato


KKC'6%$ ,5 -' ?7)'$ +5 -+ +&'r7$ 7r' '87) +r +-" ,5 '$ -'6+,-,+ '6+'$ -r'.

!A KK B# ,$ +- -r'.

ZKC'6%$ ,5 -' ?7)'$ +5 -+ +&'r7$ 7r' '87) +r +-" ,5 ?7)'$7r' +- '87) -' 6+,-,+ '6+'$ -r'.

!A ZK B# ,$ -r'.

XC'6%$ ,5 -' ?7)' +5 )'5- +&'r7 ,$ *r'7-'r -7 -' ?7)' +5r,*- +&'r7" ,5 '$ -' 6+,-,+ '6+'$ -r'.

!A X B# ,$ +- -r'.

QC'6%$ ,5 -' ?7)' +5 )'5- +&'r7 ,$ )'$$ -7 -' ?7)' +5 r,*-+&'r7" ,5 '$ -' 6+,-,+ '6+'$ -r'.

!A Q B# ,$ -r'.

XKC'6%$ ,5 -' ?7)' +5 )'5- +&'r7 ,$ *r'7-'r -7 +r '87) -+ -'?7)' +5 r,*- +&'r7" ,5 '$ -' 6+,-,+ '6+'$ -r'.

!A XK B# ,$ +- -r'.

QK C'6%$ ,5 -' ?7)' +5 )'5- +&'r7 ,$ )'$$ -7 +r '87) -+ -'?7)' +5 r,*- +&'r7" ,5 '$ -' 6+,-,+ '6+'$ -r'.

!A QK B# ,$ -r'.

include)#tdio.h*

main(

+

int a 1'5

int / 2'5

int c5

if (a /

+

printf(7@ine 1 I a i# eual to /=n75

,

el#e


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+

printf(7@ine 1 I a i# not eual to /=n75

,

if (a ) /

+

printf(7@ine 2 I a i# le## than /=n75

,

el#e

+

printf(7@ine 2 I a i# not le## than /=n75

,

if (a * /

+

printf(7@ine I a i# greater than /=n75

,

el#e

+

printf(7@ine I a i# not greater than /=n75

,

; @et# change value of a and / ;

a 35

/ 2'5

if (a ) /

+

printf(7@ine " I a i# either le## than or eual to /=n75


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,

if (/ * a

+

printf(7@ine 3 I / i# either greater than or eual to /=n75

,

\ O&'r7-+r$ Pr'6''6'H'r' +&'r7-+r$ ,- -' ,*'$- &r'6''6' 7&&'7r 7- -' -+& +5 -' -7)'" -+$' ,- -')+'$- 7&&'7r 7- -' +--+. W,-, 7 '9&r'$$,+" ,*'r &r'6''6' +&'r7-+r$ ,)) ''?7)7-' 5,r$-.

E97&)'$

-ategor >perator A##ociativit

P+$-5,9 !# _` X . >> L'5- -+ r,*-

U7r > Z f >> !-&'#^ $,('+5 R,*- -+ )'5-

M)-,&),67-,?' ^ / @ L'5- -+ r,*-

A,-,?' > L'5- -+ r,*-

S,5- QQ XX L'5- -+ r,*-

R')7-,+7) Q QK X XK L'5- -+ r,*-

E87),- KK ZK L'5- -+ r,*-

B,-,$' AND L'5- -+ r,*-

B,-,$' OR e L'5- -+ r,*-

B,-,$' OR d L'5- -+ r,*-

L+*,67) AND L'5- -+ r,*-

L+*,67) OR dd L'5- -+ r,*-

C+,-,+7) J: R,*- -+ )'5-

A$$,*'- K >K K ^K /K @KXXK QQK K eK dK R,*- -+ )'5-

C+7 " L'5- -+ r,*-

include)#tdio.h*


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main(

+

int a 2'5

int / 1'5

int c 135

int d 35

int e5

e (a F / ; c d5 ( ' ; 13 3

printf(7Dalue of (a F / ; c d i# $ 9d=n76 e5

e ((a F / ; c d5 (' ; 13 3

printf(7Dalue of ((a F / ; c d i# $ 9d=n76 e5

e (a F / ; (c d5 (' ; (133

printf(7Dalue of (a F / ; (c d i# $ 9d=n76 e5

e a F (/ ; c d5 2' F (13'3

printf(7Dalue of a F (/ ; c d i# $ 9d=n76 e5

return '5

,

L+*,67) O&'r7-+r$F+))+,* -7)' $+$ 7)) -' )+*,67) +&'r7-+r$ $&&+r-' C )7*7*'. A$$'?7r,7)' A +)$ 1 7 ?7r,7)' B +)$ 0" -':

E97&)'$

>perator &e#cription Example

C7))' L+*,67) AND +&'r7-+r. I5 +- -' +&'r7$ 7r' +('r+"-' 6+,-,+ '6+'$ -r'.

!A B# ,$57)$'.

ddC7))' L+*,67) OR O&'r7-+r. I5 7 +5 -' -+ +&'r7$ ,$ +('r+"

-' 6+,-,+ '6+'$ -r'.

!A dd B# ,$ -r'.


37/47


38/47

+

printf(7@ine I -ondition i# not true=n75

,

if (!(a :: /

+

printf(7@ine " I -ondition i# true=n75

,

\2..1 D'6,$,+ M7%,*

D'6,$,+ 7%,* $-r6-r'$ r'8,r' -7- -' &r+*r7'r $&'6,5 +' +r +r' 6+,-,+$ -+ ''?7)7-' +r -'$-' -' &r+*r7" 7)+* ,- 7 $-7-''- +r $-7-''-$ -+ ' '9'6-' ,5 -'6+,-,+ ,$ '-'r,' -+ ' -r'" 7 +&-,+7))" +-'r $-7-''-$ -+ ' '9'6-' ,5 -'6+,-,+ ,$ '-'r,' -+ ' 57)$'.

Statement &e#cription

,5 $-7-''-A if #tatement 6+$,$-$ +5 7 ++)'7 '9&r'$$,+5+))+' +' +r +r' $-7-''-$.

,5...')$' $-7-''-A if #tatement 67 ' 5+))+' 7 +&-,+7) el#e#tatement" ,6 '9'6-'$ ' -' ++)'7 '9&r'$$,+,$ 57)$'.

$,-6 $-7-''-A #witch $-7-''- 7))+$ 7 ?7r,7)' -+ ' -'$-' 5+r'87),- 7*7,$- 7 ),$- +5 ?7)'$.

,5 $-7-''- E97&)' ; local varia/le definition ;

int a 1'5

; check the /oolean condition u#ing if #tatement ;

if (a ) 2'

+

; if condition i# true then print the following ;

printf(7a i# le## than 2'=n75

,

printf(7value of a i# $ 9d=n76 a5


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,5...')$' $-7-''- E97&)' S,-6 $-7-''- E97&)'

2..2 L++&$A )++& $-7-''- 7))+$ $ -+ '9'6-' 7 $-7-''- +r *r+& +5 $-7-''-$ )-,&)' -,'$ 75+))+,* ,$ -' *''r7) 5r+ +5 7 )++& $-7-''- , +$- +5 -' &r+*r7,* )7*7*'$:

@oop > \ r'-r 0 \ ?:$7&'$KT'9-90020B+99002024X 5+r )++& '97&)',- 7,!# /^ 5+r )++& '9'6-,+ ^/ 5+r !,- 7 K 2 7 Q 10 7>># &r,-5!?7)' +5 7: @[" 7#\ r'-r 0 \ ?:$7&'$KT'9-90020B+9900202


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,- 7,!# /^ )+67) ?7r,7)' '5,,-,+ ^/ ,- 7 K 10 /^ + )++& '9'6-,+ ^/ + ,5 !7 KK 1# /^ $%,& -' ,-'r7-,+ ^/ 7 K 7 > 1 6+-,' \ &r,-5!?7)' +5 7: @[" 7# 7>> \ ,)' !7 Q20# r'-r 0 ?:$7&'$KT'9-90020B+99002033X6+-,' $-7-''- '97&)'

2.10.1 F6-,+$A 56-,+ ,$ 7 *r+& +5 $-7-''-$ -7- -+*'-'r &'r5+r 7 -7$%. E?'r C &r+*r7 7$ 7- )'7$-+' 56-,+" ,6 ,$ main(" 7 7)) -' +$- -r,?,7) &r+*r7$ 67 '5,' 7,-,+7)56-,+$. F6-,+$ 67 ' )+*,67)) ,?,$,+ $+ '76 56-,+ &'r5+r$ 7 $&'6,5,6 -7$%.

A 56-,+ declaration -'))$ -' 6+&,)'r 7+- 7 56-,+a$ 7'" r'-r -&'" 7 &7r7'-'r$.

A 56-,+ definition &r+?,'$ -' 76-7) + +5 -' 56-,+. T' 56-,+ '5,,-,+

6+$,$-$ +5 7 function hea"er 7 7 function bo"y.

Peturn


41/47

ret max(a6 /5

printf(7Rax value i# $ 9d=n76 ret5

return '5

,

; function returning the max /etween two num/er# ;

int max(intnum16 intnum2

+

; local varia/le declaration ;

int re#ult5

if (num1 * num2

re#ult num15

el#e

re#ult num25

return re#ult5

,

M7- F6-,+$A)-+* 7,-,+" $-r76-,+" )-,&),67-,+" 7 ,?,$,+ 7r' '7$,) 766+&),$' $,* Ca$7r,-'-,6 +&'r7-+r$" + $6 +&'r7-+r$ '9,$- 5+r r7,$,* 7 'r -+ 7 &+'r" 5,,* -'$87r' r++- +5 7 'r" +r '-'r,,* -r,*++'-r,6 ?7)'$. T+ 576,),-7-' -' 67)6)7-,+ +5

&+'r$" $87r' r++-$" -r,*++'-r,6" )+*7r,-,6" 7 +-'r 7-'7-,67) 67)6)7-,+$

5r'8'-) r'8,r' , $6,'-,5,6 7 '*,''r,* &r+*r7$" C &r+?,'$ $-77r &r'&r+*r7' 56-,+$ -7- 67 ' ,6)' , 7 &r+*r7.

S'' -7)' 5+r +r' '-7,)$

S87r' r++- '97&)'3.0 ^ $8r- ! ^ 33 13. 1# /

S-'& R'$)-

1.P'r5+r )-,&),67-,+ , 7r*'- 3.0^ $8r-!1


42/47

3.R'-r 7 56-,+ ?7)' 3.0^ 12.300000/

4.P'r5+r -' )-,&),67-,+ 3


43/47

T,$ ,$ 67))' 7 single/"imensional 7rr7. T' arraSiCe $- ' 7 ,-'*'r 6+$-7- *r'7-'r-7 ('r+ 7 tpe 67 ' 7 ?7), C 7-7 -&'. F+r '97&)'" -+ '6)7r' 7 10')''- 7rr767))' /alance +5 -&' +)'" $' -,$ $-7-''-:

+)' 7)76'_10`

N+" balance ,$ 7 ?7r,7)' 7rr7 ,6 ,$ $55,6,'- -+ +) & -+ 10 +)' 'r$.

I,-,7),(,* Arr7$Y+ 67 ,,-,7),(' 7rr7 , C ',-'r +' +' +r $,* 7 $,*)' $-7-''- 7$ 5+))+$:

+)' 7)76'_` K 1000.0" 2.0" 3.4" 1.0" 0.0\

T' 'r +5 ?7)'$ '-'' r76'$ \ 67+- ' )7r*'r -7 -' 'r +5 ')''-$ -7-' '6)7r' 5+r -' 7rr7 '-'' $87r' r76%'-$ _ `. F+))+,* ,$ 7 '97&)' -+ 7$$,* 7$,*)' ')''- +5 -' 7rr7:

I5 + +,- -' $,(' +5 -' 7rr7" 7 7rr7 ;$- ,* '+* -+ +) -' ,,-,7),(7-,+ ,$ 6r'7-'.T'r'5+r'" ,5 + r,-':

+)' 7)76'_` K 1000.0" 2.0" 3.4" 1.0" 0.0\

Y+ ,)) 6r'7-' '976-) -' $7' 7rr7 7$ + , , -' &r'?,+$ '97&)'.

7)76'_4` K 0.0

T' 7+?' $-7-''- 7$$,*$ ')''- 'r - , -' 7rr7 7 ?7)' +5 0.0. Arr7 ,- 4-,'9 ,)) ' - ,'. )7$- ')''- '67$' 7)) 7rr7$ 7?' 0 7$ -' ,'9 +5 -',r 5,r$- ')''-,6 ,$ 7)$+ 67))' 7$' ,'9. F+))+,* ,$ -' &,6-+r,7) r'&r'$'-7-,+ +5 -' $7' 7rr7 ',$6$$' 7+?':

A66'$$,* Arr7 E)''-$A ')''- ,$ 766'$$' ,'9,* -' 7rr7 7'. T,$ ,$ +' &)76,* -' ,'9 +5 -'')''- ,-, $87r' r76%'-$ 75-'r -' 7' +5 -' 7rr7. F+r '97&)':

+)' $7)7r K 7)76'_`

T' 7+?' $-7-''- ,)) -7%' 10- ')''- 5r+ -' 7rr7 7 7$$,* -' ?7)' -+ $7)7r?7r,7)'. F+))+,* ,$ 7 '97&)' ,6 ,)) $' 7)) -' 7+?' '-,+' -r'' 6+6'&-$ ?,(.'6)7r7-,+" 7$$,*'- 7 766'$$,* 7rr7$:

,6)' Q$-,+.X

,- 7,!#


44/47

,- _10` /^ ,$ 7 7rr7 +5 10 ,-'*'r$ ^/

,- ," ;

/^ ,,-,7),(' ')''-$ +5 7rr7 -+ 0 ^/

5+r !, K 0 , Q 10 ,>>#

_,` K , > 100 /^ $'- ')''- 7- )+67-,+ , -+ , > 100 ^/

\

/^ +-&- '76 7rr7 ')''-a$ ?7)' ^/

5+r !; K 0 ; Q 10 ;>>#

&r,-5!E)''-_@` K @[" ;" _;`#

\

r'-r 0

\

W' -' 7+?' 6+' ,$ 6+&,)' 7 '9'6-'" ,- &r+6'$ -' 5+))+,* r'$)-:

E)''-_0` K 100

E)''-_1` K 101

E)''-_2` K 102

E)''-_3` K 103

E)''-_4` K 104

E)''-_` K 10


45/47

E)''-_


46/47

,- ^,& /^ &+,-'r ?7r,7)' '6)7r7-,+ ^/

,& K ?7r /^ $-+r' 7r'$$ +5 ?7r , &+,-'r ?7r,7)'^/

&r,-5!Ar'$$ +5 ?7r ?7r,7)': @9[" ?7r#

/^ 7r'$$ $-+r' , &+,-'r ?7r,7)' ^/

&r,-5!Ar'$$ $-+r' , ,& ?7r,7)': @9[" ,

/^ 766'$$ -' ?7)' $,* -' &+,-'r ^/

&r,-5!V7)' +5 ^,& ?7r,7)': @[" ^,

r'-r 0

\

W' -' 7+?' 6+' ,$ 6+&,)' 7 '9'6-'" ,- &r+6'$ r'$)- $+'-,* 7$ 5+))+$:

Ar'$$ +5 ?7r ?7r,7)': 5536

Ar'$$ $-+r' , ,& ?7r,7)': 5536

V7)' +5 ^,& ?7r,7)': 20

2.10. S-r,*$T' $-r,* , C &r+*r7,* )7*7*' ,$ 76-7)) 7 +','$,+7) 7rr7 +5 67r76-'r$,6 ,$ -'r,7-' 7 null 67r76-'r a[0a. T$ 7 ))-'r,7-' $-r,* 6+-7,$ -'67r76-'r$ -7- 6+&r,$' -' $-r,* 5+))+' 7 null.

T' 5+))+,* '6)7r7-,+ 7 ,,-,7),(7-,+ 6r'7-' 7 $-r,* 6+$,$-,* +5 -' +r H'))+. T++) -' )) 67r76-'r 7- -' ' +5 -' 7rr7" -' $,(' +5 -' 67r76-'r 7rr7 6+-7,,* -'$-r,* ,$ +' +r' -7 -' 'r +5 67r76-'r$ , -' +r H'))+.

67r *r''-,*_


47/47

I5 + 5+))+ -' r)' +5 7rr7 ,,-,7),(7-,+ -' + 67 r,-' -' 7+?' $-7-''- 7$5+))+$:

67r *r''-,*_` K H'))+

F+))+,* ,$ -' '+r &r'$'-7-,+ +5 7+?''5,' $-r,* , C/C>>:

T' C 6+&,)'r 7-+7-,67)) &)76'$ -' a[0a 7- -' ' +5 -' $-r,* ' ,- ,,-,7),('$ -'7rr7. L'- $ -r -+ &r,- 7+?' '-,+' $-r,*:

,6)' Q$-,+.X

,- 7,!#

67r *r''-,*_

Structured Programming with C Language

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