Structure Protection Strategies for Fire Dept SPU’s & SPC’s

Structure Protection Strategies for Fire Dept SPU’s & SPC’s

In the Wildland Urban Environment

BCWS WSPP-115 Training Manual

WSPP-115 Structure Protection – Fire Dept Training Manual

Rev.2020 April Page 1

CONTENTS PAGE #

Welcome Letter 2 Situational Awareness / Pre-Incident Planning 3 Tactical Structure Defense Planning / Structure Defense (VIDEO) 4 IRPG / Leadership 5 Communications The 4 C’s / Safety Check-ins/ Resource Roads 5-6 Interface / Intermix 7 Tactical Response 7-8 IAP / Accountability 9 Structure Size Up 9-10 Common Denominators of Fire Behaviour on Tragedy Fire 10 Emergency Signals / PAR 10 Review Questions 11 Dangerous Goods / Pets and Livestock 12 Power Line Safety 13 LACES 14 Structure Triage Guidelines / Structure Triage 15-16 Night Operations 17 BCWS Structure Triage Report 17-20 Structure Protection Tactics (VIDEO) 21 Structure Triage Categories 22 Crew Briefings / Briefing Checklist 23-24 Structure Defense Guidelines (VIDEO) 24 Flagging Conventions / Hazards 25 Structure Protection General Guidelines 26-28 Review Questions 29 Water Supply 30-31 Pumps and Pumping (5- Mark 3 VIDEOS) 1-SPS Video 32-36 Water Supply, and Delivery Systems 36-37 Structure Protection Sprinkler Systems SPS Video 37-42 Property Conservation Considerations 2-SPS Videos 42-44 Safety Zones / Escape Routes (VIDEO) 44-45 Wildland Fire Management Guiding Principles 46 Risk Management Process 47 Structure Assessment Checklist 48-49 Initial Fire Report 50 Daily Time Report (DTR) Information example 51-52 Fire Smart Information (VIDEO) 53-54 Review Questions 55 BC Fire Weather Codes/Fire Weather Indices 56-57 Rain Bird Sprinkler Info 58-59 Pump Performance and Graphs SPS Video 60 Conversion Tables 61 Type 1/Type 2 SPU Inventory Lists 2-SPS Videos 62-74 Closed Loop System example 75 References 76



Thank you for enrolling in the WSPP-115 Fire Department Training Program, as we continue to embrace

positive changes in the Wildfire Structure Protection Programs, we value your support through continued

education, community, and provincial response. The 2020 Fire Season will be extremely challenging, not

only due to the continuing threat of the Coronavirus (COVID-19), but global warming, climate change,

accompanied by the increase of constructed fuels in and around our forested lands, will make this season

very challenging. Adding structures and other improvements into the equation greatly increases the

complexity. Over the last several decades an expansion of communities, homes and other improvements

into wildland areas has created a significant challenge for the fire service agencies responsible for

providing fire protection in those areas.

Fire Departments, managers, team leaders and firefighters can prepare themselves for structure defense

activities by developing a sound understanding of the wildland structure environment, fire behavior and

forecasting, the Risk Management process, tactical terms and associated tactical actions. An

understanding of all these components will allow firefighters to safely mitigate the fires impact upon the

values they are charged with protecting.

Because of the legalities of social spacing due to the Coronavirus, delivering the required WSPP-115

program cannot be accomplished until further notice. To ensure fire dept crews, have a basic

understanding of Structure Protection Strategies this training manual has been revised to accommodate

the necessary basic training for crew members. You must also become familiar with all the equipment in

a type 2 SPU and know how and when it is used.

WUE fires often overtax the local fire departments resulting in the activation of mutual aid and automatic

aid agreements to augment jurisdictional resources. Nearly every WUE fire includes responses from a

variety of wildland, municipal and volunteer fire agencies resulting in the need for clear text and common

terminology among emergency responders. This program on Structure Protection Strategies in the

Wildland Urban Environment is designed to provide common terminology and operating principles for

province wide responders. It also includes guidelines and checklists to complement and enhance first

responders differing levels of training and experience.

Ron French

BCWS Fire Services Officer

https://www.google.ca/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwia0YrLqeHfAhVClFQKHVDCD-cQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://www.hummingbirddrones.ca/&psig=AOvVaw1qNxjI02Mdpxb9UP3Q-J1N&ust=1547144779296133



Situational Awareness:

Situational awareness is the ability to identify, process, and comprehend the critical elements of information about what is happening with regards to the mission, allowing organizations and individuals to anticipate requirements and to react effectively and safely. More simply, it is recognizing and reacting to what is going on around you. On incidents, situational awareness involves knowing objectives, communication paths, command structure, previous and current fire behaviour, weather, local factors, deployed and available resources, and evacuation needs. Situational awareness is a continuous cycle through four interrelated and overlapping processes:

• Observation: collecting data, Incident Action Plan (IAP). • Orientation: analyzing and organizing data. • Decision: determining a course of action based on the data. • Action: the physical playing-out of decisions.

Throughout this process, the situation may be changing. Sometimes leaders will need to cancel or change a planned action to meet the changes. The more quickly a leader can orient to an incident, the more successful future actions will be. Strong Situational Awareness within the fire dept crews is vital to the safety and well-being of all crews on the fire ground.

Pre-Incident Planning:

Pre-incident planning helps all Wildland Interface responders make prompt, critical decisions about a WUE incident. A pre-incident plan (pre-plan) created prior to need and validated through realistic training exercises is the foundation for a safe, organized incident response. A pre-plan prepares suppression resources at all levels to respond to an incident within the planning area.

Developing Pre-Plan Maps:

The comprehensive planning area map covers a wide range of features impacted by or utilized during a WUE incident, including:

• Structure locations. • Access routes and road systems. • Evacuation routes. • Special needs/concern areas. • Infrastructure. • Incident-specific information. • High hazard areas.



Tactical Structure Defense Planning:

Fire department structure protection crews must understand tactical structure defense planning. A tactical structure defense plan is incident driven and produced in response to an active WUE incident threatening a community, subdivision, or area of concentrated values at risk. The plan identifies the threat to a specific area, outlines the suppression efforts required to defend the values at risk while engaging in perimeter control, and helps maintain a tactical advantage during the chaos of a rapidly expanding incident. The target area map is the most critical component of a tactical structure protection plan.

The map should show:

• Current fire perimeter location, if known. • Identified decision points for plan activation, (evacuations or sprinkler start ups). • Structure locations. • Infrastructure. • Specials needs/concern areas. • High hazard areas. • Proposed perimeter control lines. • Access routes and road systems. • Safety zones and community safe refuge areas. • Traffic control points. • Evacuation zones (order or alert). • Evacuation routes. • Incident specific information.

Structure Defense:

Structure defense is wildland firefighting and involves the use of standard wildland strategy and tactics. It also may include exterior activities to prepare the area for structure defense such as removal of wildland fuels around structures and using water enhancers and/or foam on surrounding vegetation and on the structures themselves. Structural firefighting occurs when structure defense has failed, and the structure becomes involved in fire. The best form of structure defense is to suppress the wildland fire prior to structure ignition. Every effort should be taken to save property as long as these efforts DO NOT result in an undue safety risk for firefighters and the public we serve. Firefighters are taught that when engaged in indirect attack and there is unburned fuel between the firefighter and the fire, escape routes and safety zones must be established. The definition of a safety zone is a preplanned area of sufficient size and location which is expected to protect personnel and equipment from the fire without using a fire shelter. The size of the safety zone is determined by the observed maximum flame height.

Watch Video “How to Kill a Brush Fire” How to Kill a Brush Fire Video Link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4SHQOVRBPmY



IRPG: Safety Zone Definition

The Incident Response Pocket Guide (IRPG) states the separation distance between firefighters and the flames should be a MINIMUM of four times the maximum continuous flame height. The IRPG states the use of Safety Zones does not apply in the Wildland Interface environment. Many times, in the WUE Safety Zones do not exist as defined above. Housing density and small parcel size preclude the existence of large open areas and the ability to construct safety zones is often not practical without destroying residential improvements.

Resources:

In many instances there are not enough firefighting resources to defend all structures immediately threatened. Save the structures that are most easily defended first before putting effort into those that will need further preparation to defend.

Leadership:

Leader’s Intent is a clear, concise statement about what people must do to succeed:

Task- What is the objective or goal of the assignment.

Purpose- Why does the assignment need to be done.

End State- How should the situation look when the assignment is successfully completed?

Emergency operations in the wildland urban interface environment requires continuous situational awareness based upon the fire environment, observed fire behaviour, hazards and incident objectives. Firefighter and public safety is paramount and must be the number one tactical consideration when engaged in the defense of infrastructure and other valuable assets. It is understood that the defense of these assets shall not compromise firefighter and public safety and are initiated when safe and prudent to do so realizing the threat to life and property.

Communications:

It’s imperative that all fire department structure protection unit members know how to use their radios. To ensure the safety and effectiveness of all crew members during wildfire operations every member must understand radio operations and communication protocols, each crew member has five communication responsibilities:

1 Brief others as needed. 2 Debrief your actions. 3 Communicate hazards to others. 4 Acknowledge messages. 5 Ask if you don’t know.



Communications The 4 C’s:

• Connect: “Hey you it’s me”

• Convey: Deliver message

• Clarify: Reply

• Confirm: Reply

OFC Frequencies:

The OFC has two frequencies for use when the OFC or BCWS incident commanders are working with local fire departments or fire department SPU’s in response to an interface fire.

OFC-1 155.460 MHz – Coordination and Control. This is the initial contact frequency for inbound resources responding to an event allowing them to contact SPS or BCWS IC.

OFC-2 150.350 MHz – Command and Control. This is the working Command Frequency once initial contact has been made. Also used to establish a common frequency when multiple FD’s are Involved.

Silver- If no contact can be made on OFC-1 or OFC-2

BCWS: Safety Check –ins: Safety check-ins are mandatory for all operations:

• Must be established with Ops/Safety rep or designate.

• Who are you checking in with, Division, Medic, Ops, Fire Center?

• Confirm time intervals i.e. 2-hour day/1-hour night.

• Establish channel and contact call sign.

• If using a medic, attempt a face to face meeting.

• When working in areas serviced by FSR’s, you must check in prior to leaving and check back once on good roads.

Resource Road Communications:

In fire situations forestry companies are evacuating resources out of the areas to protect machinery and other assets. It’s not uncommon for accidents or near misses to be recorded due to lack of communications with Structure Protection Crews (SPC) responding to deployments.

• Many vehicles on these roads utilize VHF mobile 2-way radio communications.

• If radio calling procedures are posted on the road being travelled, the posted procedures shall be followed.

• In the absence of posted procedures, follow the resource road calling procedures which specify calling road name, location, and direction of travel



Interface:

A condition where structures abut the wildland:

• There is a clear line of demarcation between the structures and the wildland fuels along roads or back fences. • Usually identified as housing tracts or developments adjacent to a wildland area. • There is a greater potential for house to house ignition.

Intermix:

A condition where structures are scattered throughout a wildland area:

• There is no clear line of demarcation; the wildland fuels are continuous outside of and within the developed area. • Each structure must be assessed independently. • Usually more complex to triage than an interface condition. • Usually more complex to defend than an interface condition. • Usually requires a higher ratio of engines to structures than an interface condition.

Fuel, Weather, and Topography:

The fire environment includes the materials fueling the fire, weather, and topography that influence its rate and direction of spread. Command officers should use every available tool to generate fire behaviour forecasts including fire history, current and forecasted weather, and local geography.

Tactical Response:

Pre-Arrival Information:

Anyone responding to an incident should begin to gather information about available resources and fire behaviour on route to the incident. Resource considerations:

• Where is the fire burning and are pre-plans available for the area? • What resources are available in the initial protection area mutual or automatic aid? • What resources will likely arrive at the incident first, daytime mid week vs weekend? • Are other incidents influencing resource availability, other fires in the area? • Are specific resources at critical draw down levels? • Will reflex time be an adverse factor affecting initial attack success, when will help show up? • Will the topography require specialized resources, air attack? • Have air resources arrived on scene before ground resources, communicate with Wildfire? • Have IA crews started, confirm on route.



On Route:

• Start Observing the weather factors, such as wind direction and speed. • A critical observation while on route to the incident is the condition of the smoke column. • Observe smoke column when you get closer to the fire. • Smoke column will give you some good information about current fire behavior.

Size Up Nearing the Fire:

• Observe the fuel characteristic present in the interface, including wildland and ornamental fuels.

• Consider the weather factors you are observing and those that are predicted. • Observe the topography and lay of the land and the location of any structures that are present. • Evaluate the type of construction materials used in the area. • Are homes occupied or vacant? Will evacuation be necessary?

• Evaluate water sources. • Note locations of Safety Zones and Escape Routes.

Arrival on Scene:

The initial Officer or FF plays a pivotal role in establishing the incident’s plan and organizational structure. The Officers (IC) plan should include objectives, strategy and tactics that may remain in place throughout the duration of the incident. The organizational structure established by the initial IC sets the stage for expanding the incident organization if the incident escalates.

• If a Fire Front is imminent or highly likely the goal is to defend what can be saved and accomplish as much of the Structure Prep Priorities as feasibly possible.

• Prioritize Structural Prep Actions based on the greatest chance of salvage • The goal with any prep work is to minimize and/or eliminate the direct flame contact to

the edge of a combustible building material.

Size Up on Scene:

The same as arriving on scene to a structure fire, completing an accurate size up is critical for initial structure protection success. Size up includes evaluating fire behaviour and identifying evacuation needs, area closures, ground and air hazards, and values at risk including residential structures, out buildings, commercial buildings, historical sites, threatened and endangered habitat, and other exposures. When structures are threatened, the initial IC must decide if the threat demands immediate intervention or if a structure defense strategy should be utilized to stop the fire spread eliminating the threat to structures. The IC must take decisive action in either situation. It is unsafe and unacceptable to take a stand at a structure, or group of structures, and let the fire front advance to that position when there is ample time to initiate perimeter control action.



Understanding an Incident Action Plan (IAP)

An incident action plan (IAP) formally documents incident goals, known as control objectives, operational period objectives, and the response strategy defined by incident command during response planning. It contains general tactics to achieve goals and objectives within the overall strategy, while providing important information on event and response parameters. Equally important, the IAP facilitates dissemination of critical information about the status of response assets themselves. Because incident parameters evolve, action plans must be revised on a regular basis (at least once per operational period) to maintain consistent, up-to-date guidance across the system

• Informal/Formal IAP (IMT not in place, IMT in Place). • Used to Develop Crew Briefing. • Critical Information Extracted.

Organizational Chart (how do you fit in) General Overall Strategy (Operational Period) Safety Plan/Specific Messages QR Codes Medical Plan Communications Plan Weather/Fire Behavior Forecast Contact phone numbers and email addresses

Accountability:

Supervisors at every level need to know the location and assignment of all resources under their supervision. Maintaining this type of personnel, resource, and functional accountability on a WUE incident can present a challenge for fire line supervisors. Accountability systems vary and there is no universal standard within the fire service. Each firefighting resource (SPU, SPC, Engines, Dozers, Aircraft, Crews, etc.) must maintain an accountability system commensurate with its departmental policy. Supervisors need to maintain accurate personnel rosters and document resource assignments and status on the Tactical Worksheet. Use an accountability system to track personnel and resources such as T-cards, a name tag system, or roll call. Everyone should provide information updates on their location and status at regular intervals.

Structure Size Up:

Site Considerations • Adequate safety zone based on fire behaviour prediction. • Adequate lookout and communication capability. • Adequate defensible space based on surrounding wildland vegetation. • Avoid narrow canyon bottoms, mid-slope with fire below, and narrow ridges near chimneys

and saddles.



Tactical Challenges and Hazards:

(Firefighters with a safety zone can safely defend structures with some challenges).

• Narrow roads, unknown bridge limits, and septic tank locations. • Ornamental plants and combustible debris within 0-10 m of structure. • Wooden siding and/or wooden roof materials. • Open vents, eaves, decks, and other ember traps. • Fuel tanks and hazardous materials. • Power lines or underground utilities. • Limited water sources. • Prevailing sense of urgency. • Property owners remaining on-site or evacuations, which may cause panic. Smoke by products are often laced with chemical compounds not found in pure wildland fires.

Common Denominators of Fire Behaviour on Tragedy Fires:

There are five major common denominators of fire behaviour on fatal and near-fatal fires. Such fires often occur: 1. On relatively small fires or deceptively quiet areas of large fires. 2. In relatively light fuels, such as grass, herbs, and light brush. 3. When there is an unexpected shift in wind direction or in wind speed. 4. When fire responds to topographic conditions and runs uphill. 5. Critical burn period between 1400 and 1700. Alignment of topography and wind during the critical burning period should be considered a trigger point to re-evaluate tactics. Blow-up to burn over conditions generally occur in less than 60 minutes and can be as little as 5 minutes. A tactical pause may be prudent around 1400 for re-evaluating your situational awareness of topography, weather, and fuel. It’s also a good time to check in with your team members and address any needs.

Emergency Signals:

An emergency signal of constant horn blasts allows an officer to signal a crew to immediately return to its vehicle in case of an emergency or withdrawal from the fire ground. At the engine company or fire crew level, supervisors should discuss the emergency signal, focus training on the signaling procedure, and practice it regularly.

Personnel Accountability Report:

A PAR is a report verifying the status of personnel assigned to the incident. After a PAR is requested, all resources must report directly to their supervisor reporting back any needs or changing conditions. If nothing has changed or is required, the report back would be “all ops normal”.



Fire Dept Training Manual Review Questions (Part 1)

1) In your own words please describe what Situational Awareness means to you; ___________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2) What is Structure Defense? _____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3) What is Leader’s Intent? ________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

What are the 4c’s of Communication? 1__________2___________3___________4___________

4) Describe the meaning of Interface; _______________________________________________

5) Describe the meaning of Intermix; ________________________________________________

6) What is an Incident Action Plan? _________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7) What does a signal of constant horn blasts mean? ___________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8) What is a PAR Report? _________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________



Dangerous Goods:

Propane tanks, if they are small, label and move to safe location. If they are large and unmovable document and reduce fuel around tank. Sheds/Garages, close doors/windows without entering structure unless approved, reduce Zone 1a and 1 fuels, pre wet, sprinkle or use foam if necessary. Remove any types of petroleum or other combustible containers to a safe location outside of Zone 1, sprinkler if necessary.

Pets & Livestock Tactics

FF Safety is the First Priority.

Have landowner remove. If that’s not possible, SPS will document through operations or the EOC as applicable. In times of panic livestock owners will open gates and take down fences so animals can run freely. Exercise caution when livestock are roaming on travel/egress routes. In Smokey or darkened conditions animals are hard to see and can cause serious injuries.



Power Line Safety:

If there is a downed conductor on the vehicle, stay in vehicle until the power company arrives. If the vehicle is on fire or fire is near, jump clear, keep feet together and don’t hang on to the vehicle.

• Smoke, water, and retardant are all good conductors and can cause power line-to-ground arc.

• Do not operate heavy equipment under power lines.

• Do not use right-of-way’s as a jump or cargo drop spot.

• Do not drive with long antennas under power lines.

• Do not fuel vehicles under power lines.

• Do not stand near power lines during retardant drops.

• Do not park under power lines.

• Do not apply straight stream to power lines.

• Maintain a 12m distance from transmission lines.

• Spot fires or low ground fires can be fought with hose lines if heavy smoke or flame is not within 30m of the power lines.

• If safe, extinguish wood poles burning at the base to prevent downed wire hazards later.



LACES:

Must be established and known to ALL firefighters BEFORE it is needed.

Lookout(s)

• Experienced, competent, trusted • Enough lookouts at good vantage points • Knowledge of crew locations • Knowledge of escape and safety locations • Knowledge of trigger points • Map, weather kit “if available”, watch, IAP Anchor Points(s)

• An advantageous location, usually a barrier to fire spread, from which to start or finish construction of a control line.

Communication(s) • Radio frequencies confirmed • Backup procedures and check-in times established • Provide updates on any situation change • Sound alarm early, not late Escape Route(s) • More than one escape route • Avoid steep uphill escape routes • Scouted for loose soils, rocks, vegetation • Timed considering slowest person, fatigue, and temperature factors • Marked for day or night • Evaluate escape time vs. rate of spread • Vehicles parked for escape Safety Zone(s) • Survivable without a fire shelter • Back into clean burn • Natural features (rock areas, water, meadows) • Constructed sites (clear-cuts, roads, helispots) • Scouted for size and hazards • Upslope? Downwind? Heavy Fuels? Each means more heat impact requiring a larger safety zone. Time available to use escape routes will decrease and safety zone size will increase (possibly by more than double) as wind exceeds 10 kph and/or slope exceeds 20%!



Structure Triage Guidelines:

Triage efforts should focus on the fire impact zone with the goal of mitigating radiant and convective heat, as well as reducing ember production. Consider the following factors during structure triage:

• Forecasted fire behaviour and intensity - the greater the intensity, the greater the defensible space required.

• Safety Zones should be identified and designated based upon forecasted fire behaviour.

• Is there adequate space to park your apparatus safely based upon forecasted fire behaviour?

• Do you have adequate lookout and communication capability?

• Evaluate the proximity of the fuels and forecasted flame length in relation to the structure; is there defensible space?

➢ What is the position of the structure on the slope relative to fire spread? ➢ Avoid narrow canyon bottoms, mid-slopes with fire below, or narrow

ridges near chimneys and saddles. ➢ Can defensible space problems be mitigated quickly?

• Are there narrow roads, unknown bridge limits, and septic tank hazards?

• Are there ornamental plants and combustible debris next to the structure?

• Does the structure have open vents, eaves, decks, and other ember traps?

• Are there power lines adjacent to the structure?

• Is there an adequate water supply to support the necessary flow rates and GPM output?

• Did the property owners remain onsite?

• Does the structure have a flammable roof and/or siding (wood roof and siding and/or vinyl siding, along with inadequate defensible space, may make the structure impossible to protect)?

• Is there adequate time and available resources to protect the structure (if you do not have time to position resources or there is a lack of resources, then it may be impractical to protect the structure).

• Does yard clutter or the contents of the garage or outbuildings compromise safety? Outbuildings may contain hazardous materials.

• Are there hazardous materials present? Should you write them off or protect them?

• Do propane tanks, fuel tanks, or power lines have adequate clearance?

• Is the structure surrounded by non-native or ornamental vegetation? It may be just as flammable as native vegetation and should be sprinklered if it presents a defensible space problem.



Structure Triage:

Structure triage is the process of inspecting and classifying structures according to their defensibility or non-defensibility, based on fire behaviour, location, construction, and adjacent fuels. The decision to engage in structure protection should always be based on a determination that the structure is in fact defensible and that any risks to firefighters can be safely mitigated. Therefore, structure triage decisions must be based on current and forecasted fire behaviour. Any change in fire behaviour can quickly change the defensibility status of a structure.

When deciding to defend a structure, firefighters must continually assess the fire environment as well as the physical features of the structure and its surroundings and make a reasonable forecast of what will happen when the fire impacts the location. Accurate fire behaviour forecasting is essential to effective structure triage and conducting safe structure defense operations. Firefighters have been injured and killed during structure protection operations when fire behaviour was underestimated.

Triage Size Up:

Once arrived at designated area the Team Leader has a multitude of tasks that need to be

completed.

• Ensure LACES in place and crews are aware of fire conditions. • Area familiarization and crew briefing once on site. • Assess structure(s) to be triaged, fills out triage report forms, takes pictures/video. • Organizes crew and provides clear objectives on set up. • Establishes equipment needs and plans accordingly.

Assuming that firefighter safety considerations have already been analyzed and sufficient escape routes, safety zones or temporary refuge areas are readily available, the triage process can begin.

Top-down triage is the systematic analysis of all factors in a WUE fire that contribute to the potential threat to a structure visualized and processed from the sky down to the ground. This approach ties together numerous concepts and provides a systematic analysis of the structure and the surrounding ignition zone to aid in the rapid sorting of structures. Triage must be completed without hesitation, as fire progression in the WUE does not often afford us the luxury of time. This triage method brings focus and confidence that all structures are analyzed with specific criteria and in a consistent manner.

All forms are accessible to Freedom of Information



Night Operations:

Night Ops can be hazardous, extreme caution must be used; situational awareness must be on full alert.

Crews do not go into burnt areas to suppress hot spots or small fires unless approved by SPS, Ops or team leader. When responding to a WUE incident and you are either arriving at night in the dark or being deployed in the dark, you must be aware of different challenges and hazards that do not exist in the light of day. During the night, it may be difficult to maintain your bearings and locate landmarks that are available to you during the day. This is especially important to have current and up to date maps of the general area as well as the specific location that you have been assigned. This should happen during all deployments and is even more important when you don’t have the light of day to assist you.

When working in the dark you will need to have good lighting when conducting Structure Triage to enable you to identify all the points of potential ignition during a WUE incident. This may mean head lamps with enough batteries to get you through a long night or even lighting up the location with the work lights operating form the structures power source or generator. Areas must be toured during daylight hours to ensure safety zones and escape routes have been identified. One-hour safety check ins must be established, confirm to whom you will be reporting to and test communication needs i.e. cell phone, sat phone, radios to ensure you are heard.

BCWS Structure Triage Report Form:

A BCWS Structure Triage Report must be completed for each structure that is being assessed, it is vital that these report forms are filled out and supported by pictures that are time and date stamped. Pictures must be inserted into the form and handed into the SPS daily, include status of occupants. Triage Reports can be filled in by hand or with Form Connect on a tablet or iPad.

1. Triaged: SPS/SPC crews have determined the structure has a greater probability of surviving a wildland urban environment fire due to construction features, terrain, and fuel proximity. Crews have performed and completed a Structure Triage Report and have requested the equipment and resources necessary to aid in protection.

2. Non-Triaged: SPS/SPC have not yet assessed the structure and surroundings to determine if there is opportunity to fortify the structure’s resilience with sprinkler equipment as noted above in the Triaged category.

3. Protected – Sprinklers are placed, and fire smart principles are applied. 4. Unprotected- After triaging is completed, it has been determined that: a) Sprinklers will not be installed, this could be due to building characteristics, location

of structure, fire behavior or surrounding fuels. b) Sprinklers and/or Resources are not available. c) The structure is of lower priority as it is not a primary living space.



Example Structure Protection Triage Report



Structure Protection Tactics:

How much time before the fire front arrives and how many resources are available?

• Based on your safety and the defensibility of structures, make the best decision about what to do, with the time you have available for preparation.

• Determine and create defensible space required based on current and expected fire behaviour.

• Consider combustibles adjacent to structures and disrupt paths of least resistance between the fire and the structure.

• Prepare the structure as best as possible.

Rapid mitigation measures.

• Remove small combustibles immediately next to structure. • Close windows and doors, including garage (leave unlocked). • Clean area around fuel tank. • Charge garden hoses. • Apply Class A foam if available. Equipment and water use.

• Mark entrance to indicate a staffed location if it is not obvious. • Charge hose lines. • Long hose lays are not recommended. • Identify a backup water source. • Identify powerlines for aerial resources. • Never rely on water for firefighter safety. Patrol following the fire front.

• Many structures do not burn until after the fire front has passed. • Be aware of the structural collapse zone when structures are exposed to fire. • Move to closest safety zone and let fire front go through. • Return as soon as conditions allow safe access to structures. • Secondary ignition is usually due to residual spot fires or creeping ground fire. • Take suppression actions within your capability. • Call for assistance if needed.

Review “IBHS Ember Storm” video before moving on.

Ember Storm Video Link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvbNOPSYyss



STRUCTURE TRIAGE CATAGORIES

1. Defensible – Prep and Hold

• Determining factor: Safety Zone present.

• Size up: Structure has some tactical challenges.

• Tactics: Firefighters needed onsite to implement structure protection tactics during

fire front contact.

2. Defensible – Standalone

• Determining factor: Safety Zone present.

• Size up: Structure has very few tactical challenges.

• Tactics: Firefighters may not need to be directly assigned to protect structure as it is

not likely to ignite during initial fire front contact. However, no structure in the path

of a wildfire is completely without need of protection. Patrol following the passage of

the fire front will be needed to protect the structure.

3. Non-Defensible – Prep and Go

• Determining Factor: NO Safety Zone present.

• Size up: Structure has some tactical challenges.

• Tactics: Firefighters not able to commit to stay and protect structure. If time allows,

rapid mitigation measures may be performed. Set trigger points for safe retreat.

Remember, pre-incident preparation is the responsibility of the homeowner. Patrol

following the passage of the fire front will be needed to protect the structure.

4. Non-Defensible – Rescue Drive-by

• Determining factor: NO Safety Zone present.

• Size up: Structure has significant tactical challenges.

• Tactics: Firefighters not able to commit to stay and protect structure. If time allows,

ensure people are not present in the threatened structure (especially children,

elderly, and invalid). Set trigger point for safe retreat. Patrol following the passage of

the fire front will be needed to protect the structure.



Crew Briefings:

Fire department structure protection crew leaders must learn how to prepare and deliver a crew briefing. Understanding and being able to develop an incident action plan (IAP) is the first step in requiring the critical information needed to deliver a briefing. A different safety message should be discussed prior to crew(s) being deployed each day. Safety messages can be found in an IAP, if no IAP has been developed, the team leader needs to make sure he or she writes an informal incident action plan. Use the checklist below as a guide, add other information in as required.

A crew briefing is the best way to ensure that all structure protection resources understand the incident objectives, strategies, and tactics. The briefing is especially important when new resources arrive at the incident and when resources move from one area of the incident to another. Use the Incident Response Pocket Guide (IRPG) briefing checklist to ensure the briefing is as complete as possible. Crew briefings should cover:

• Situation- Fire name, location, map orientation, other incidents in the area. • Mission/Execution- Incident Commander/Immediate supervisor. • Communications- Communications plan, Operational frequencies in Use Simplex or

repeater, cell phone numbers, Tactical, Command, Air to ground frequencies. • Support, additional resources required, now, 24hrs, other. • Risk Management- Identify control measures to mitigate hazards and control risk.

BRIEFING CHECKLIST Situation □ Fire name, location, map orientation, other incidents in area

□ Terrain influences □ Fuel type and conditions □ Fire weather (previous, current, and expected) □ Winds, RH, temperature, etc. □ Fire behaviour (previous, current, and expected) Time of day, alignment of slope and wind, etc.

Mission/Execution □ Incident Commander/immediate supervisor □ Leader’s intent, Overall objectives/strategy □ Specific tactical assignments □ Contingency plans □ Medevac plan: Personnel, equipment, transport options, contingency plans.

Communications □ Communication Plan, Tactical, Command, Air-to-Ground Frequencies, Cell phone numbers



Service/Support □ Other resources working adjacent and those available to order aviation operations. □ Logistics, transportation supplies, and equipment.

Risk Management □ Identify known hazards and risks. □ Identify control measures to mitigate hazards/reduce risk, Include LACES. □ Identify trigger points for re-evaluating operations, questions, or concerns?

Review “Black Forest Fire” Video before moving on.

Black Forest Fire Video Link

Structure Defense Guidelines:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

• Structure defense tactics can be undertaken utilizing standard wildland PPE.

• If the fire involves the structure notify SPS immediately, if safe to do so determine if

structure is occupied, remove crew and stage in safe location.

Equipment Placement:

• Identify Escape Routes, Safety Zones and make them known to all personnel, STAY MOBILE and wear all your PPE.

• Back equipment in for a quick escape.

• Park in a cleared area (watch for overhead hazards).

• Protect your equipment (park behind the structure, placing the structure between equipment and fire front; be aware of spot fires occurring behind you).

• Watch for hazards (drop-offs, potholes, above-ground fuel storage, chemicals, septic tanks, garbage pits, storm or root cellars, vehicle pits).

• Keep egress routes clear, especially if smoke conditions are an added hazard.

• Avoid long hose lays.

• Try to keep sight contact with all personnel.

• SPC trucks must be positioned for ease of access and egress options.

Defend implies that personnel will likely remain.

• Fuel Break or Fire Line used for structure protection.

• Should be constructed close to the structure or along the outside edge of any non-flammable zone (e.g. watered lawn or gravel pad) beside the structure.

• You may need to construct a fuel break some distance from the structure to stop an advancing fire.

• Fire Line width will depend on the fuel, slope, and wind influences.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wypQc57kacg



• Prep & Hold – A tactic used when adequate time exists to safely prepare the structure for defense before the arrival of the fire front.

• Bump and Run- Resources move with the fire front or ahead of the fire front, “Spotting Zone” to extinguish spot fires and hot spots.

• Anchor and Hold- This tactic is used when the primary mechanism of fire spread is house to house. Goal is to protect exposures, reduce ember production and extinguish structure fires.

• Estimate distance to make a stand, examine and determine Rate of Spread (ROS).

Flagging: BCWS Flagging Convention

Hazards:

On a WUE incident, firefighters may encounter:

• Panicked, angry, or trapped civilians. • Civilians who refuse to evacuate structures. • Civilians creating additional hazards on roadways during an evacuation. • Animal evacuations requiring additional vehicles. • Poor ingress/egress or road grades and surfaces not designed for large fire equipment. • Hazardous materials. • Downed power lines, fuel storage tanks, propane tanks, explosives, and other hazards. • Structures as part of the fuel load, (constructed fuels). • Little or no defensible space around structures. • Inadequate water supply. • Increased smoke exposure (poor visibility, carbon monoxide effects, breathing difficulties). • Extreme fire behaviour.



• Concurrent structure defense and perimeter control operations. • Conflicting orders, or instructions from individuals not in the incident chain of command. • Limited options for shelter in place, escape routes, and safety zones. • Increased political pressure and media interest.

Structure Protection General Guidelines:

Position terminology:

• A structure protection crew normally consists of 1 crew leader/officer and 4 crew members/firefighters.

• Senior or more experienced fire department SPU crew members may be elevated to assist the SPS.

The decision to commit resources to structure and/or site preparation will be based on your

assessment of:

• Amount of fire hazard (or fuels) existing on the property.

• The time required to reduce the existing fire hazard to an acceptable level.

• The time available until the fire is expected to arrive at the property.

• What available resources do you have on site or en route?

Intelligence gathering:

The Fire Behaviour Analyst (FBAN on a large fire) will be able to provide information on Fire Behaviour and Fire Spread Rates to help determine which areas will be at risk and when. The FBAN will also be able to help determine trigger points to identify when it is appropriate to commence structure protection on different areas. If an FBAN is not on site, the BCWS I/C or Ops will be able to get a Fire Behaviour Forecast from the Fire Centre. If available request and review the Incident Action Plan, this will assist you in determining critical incident information.

Your Triage decisions for an area or a structure need to consider:

- Firefighter safety (LACES) - Structure characteristics - Surrounding fuels - Fire behaviour Available resources

Your objectives (for individual structures):

• Keep the radiant heat and convective heating of the structure below that required for ignition. (Primarily from Home Ignition Zone 1/ 0-10 m).



• Eliminate the “ember traps” (By closing in to prevent entry or by wetting with sprinklers or foam).

• Create a “humidity bubble” around the structure with the use of sprinklers. Removal of trees or other live fuels: Removal of any trees, shrubs, plants, etc. can only be done with the owners written approval or if the “Emergency Powers” are in place within the “Declaration of a State of Local Emergency” by the local authority as follows:

“Cause the demolition or removal of any trees, structures, or crops if the demolition or

removal is considered by the local authority to be necessary or appropriate in order to

prevent, respond to or alleviate the effects of an emergency or disaster.”

These powers are not automatically approved, and approval must be confirmed before removing any trees, shrubs, or plants. Reference: Emergency Management BC (EMBC) website: http://www.gov.bc.ca/embc Only a certified faller may fall any trees over 15 cm. (6 inches) in diameter. Even with approval in place, consider owners reaction when they return to find “damage” to their property. People are usually very supportive while the smoke is in the air – not so, after the smoke has cleared.

Retreat and return (Prep and leave)

This will be your most common strategy.

Use structure suppression crews only to suppress any structure fires (Normally not done outside of Fire Protection Areas). Use structure protection or structure suppression crews (fire departments) to mop-up the areas close to structures that threaten any structures or that may be close to any hazardous materials, using appropriate agency procedures; use BCWS crews to mop-up any forest fuels around the structures safe from any hazardous materials.

Water delivery:

Structure protection crews may use a variety of water delivery methods to conduct mop-up around structures. They may have portable tanks and pumps, or water tenders that could be in a variety of configurations, or they may only have the systems that were in place for structure protection (in this case it would be useful to carry extra lengths of hose and nozzles in their vehicles).

The use of gel products:

BCWS structure protection crews will not be using gel. The use of gel by other agencies is subject to the approval of the local jurisdiction.

Structure suppression:

http://www.gov.bc.ca/embc



BCWS crews do not do structure suppression. OFC - structure protection crews (unless given specific approval by SPS and the I/C) do not do structure suppression. Structure suppression is normally carried out by structural firefighters only inside Fire Protection areas.

Chainsaw use:

Personnel must be trained prior to operating chainsaws.

Burning out:

BCWS structure protection crews are not authorized to conduct burn outs. Inside a FPA – is at the discretion of the Local Authority. BCWS crews would normally conduct any burning out outside of an FPA.

Ladders and roof access:

BCWS crews do not use ladders or access roofs; BCWS - structure protection crews only access roofs when specifically approved by the structure protection specialist (SPS).

Structure entry:

BCWS - structure protection crews will not enter structures if they are locked.

You must be knowledgeable of your own agency’s procedures, and those of the agency you are working for.




1) Name three good conductors that would cause a power line-to ground ARC? ____________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2) Fill in the Blanks L _________________________ A _________________________ C _________________________ E _________________________ S _________________________

3) Why are crew briefings important? _______________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4) Define structure triage; _______________________________________________________

5) Why can night operations be hazardous? __________________________________________

6) What are the 4 structure triage categories?

Defensible_____________________________________

Defensible_____________________________________

Non- Defensible________________________________

Non- Defensible________________________________

7) What are the main topics of a crew briefing? ___________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8) A structure protection crew normally consists of? ___________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Water Supply:



Water delivery systems for supplying water for sprinkler operations may be simple or complex, involve the use of a single pump, multiple pumps or a gravity system that may require no pump at all. Structure protection crews must assess each situation and develop an action plan to deliver water to support sprinkler operations in the most efficient and effective manner possible.

Hydrants

Hydrant 1.5” set - Procedure

1. Remove 2 ½” hydrant cap(s). 2. Attach 2 ½” hydrant gate valve(s) to both 2 ½. 3. Open hydrant with wrench. 4. Attach 2 ½” female. 1 ½” male hydrant adapter. 5. Attach inline pressure gauge 1 ½” Quick Couple (QC) 1 ½” QC. 6. Attach 1 ½” QC hose to 1 ½” x 3/4” Garden Hose Thread (GHT) water thief. 7. Attach econoflo hose GHT couplers to sprinkler (Large, Small or Butterfly type).

Hydrant 2.5” set – Procedure



For hydrant to 2 ½” sprinkler systems.

1. Remove 2 ½” hydrant cap(s).

2. Attach 2 ½” hydrant gate valve(s) to 2 ½”. 3. Open hydrant with wrench. 4. Attach 2 ½” hose to 2 ½” x 1 ½” water thief. 5. Attach 1 ½” QC hose to 1 ½” x 3/4” water thief. 6. Attach econoflo hose c/w 3/4” GHT couplers to sprinkler (Large, Small or Butterfly type).

Portable Hydrant set – Procedure

For hydrant Storz to 2 ½” manifold to 2 ½” or 1 ½” sprinkler systems:

1. Remove high volume 4” or 5” caps from hydrant. 2. Attach high volume Storz (or alternate) connected hose line from hydrant to multi-outlet gated manifold. 3. Open hydrant with wrench. 4. Attach 2 ½” hose lengths from manifold to 2 ½” x 1 ½” water thief. 5. Attach 1 ½” QC hose to 1 ½” x 3/4” water thief. 6. Attach econoflo hose c/w 3/4” GHT couplers to sprinkler (Large, Small or Butterfly type).

Hydrant Set – General Points

- 100 psi hydrant system (looped) can supply ½” sprinklers @ 50psi on a 1 ½” hose lay. - Boost lower pressure hydrants with in-line pumping. - Don’t pump into a fire hydrant hose lay, from a static source - water contamination issues.

Please review the five Mark 3 pump videos below before continuing.



Video 1 Pump Site Set Up

Video 2 Fuel Set Up

Video 3 Hose Connection and Priming

Video 4 Operating Procedures

Video 5 Troubleshooting

Pumps and Pumping: Please Watch Video; Video SPS Mark 3 Basic Operation Link

Common Pumps for Structure Protection- Mark 3 Applications:

Mark 3

• High pressure / Medium Volume Pump

• Ideal for multi pump water delivery systems

• Ideal for long hose lays and elevation gains

• The most common pump on the fire ground

Two-cycle engines require ‘mixed-gas’ – the pump engine is fueled and lubricated by a gas/oil mixture. BCWS two-cycle pump engines using synthetic oil requires a 50:1 gas/oil mix ratio. Fire fighters should be sure that only properly mixed gas is used to fuel two-cycle pump engines – if a two-cycle engine is operated without mixing (shaking) oil in the gas, it could seize. The new pumps may show 50:1, this ratio is only when using synthetic oil. BCWS will be transitioning to Amsoil Synthetic 2-Stroke Oil in the 2020 fire season but will use existing stock of Castrol 2 cycle engine oil until supplies run out. If using Castrol 2-Stroke oil it must be mixed at 24:1.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VosB4XHfW7M

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rv2_NREBBo8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xL6zFrD_WmU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blMxEk3-3HU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4kkXSTOXV8M

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0aXmP8MYs4



Single Pump System: Standard Hose Lay

• Is the most used water system.

• Employs a single pump.

• Will support a dead end or looped supply line.

• Utilized for close in pumping.

• Utilized for long hose lays with minimal elevation.

Multiple Pump Systems:

Tandem Pump System • Is not that common in structure protection.

• Employs multiple pumps (one behind the other).

• Used when a single pump is no longer able to maintain the required water pressure to support effective sprinkler operations.

• Utilized to overcome the effects of elevation gain or friction loss due to the length of the hose lay.

Relay Pump System:

• Is not that common in structure protection.

• Employs multiple pumps.

• Incorporates a portable tank into the water delivery line (relay tank).

• Relay tank is placed between two pumps and serves as a reservoir in the relay of water from one pump to the other.

• Used when a single pump is no longer able to maintain the required water pressure to support effective sprinkler operations.

• Utilized to overcome the effects of elevation gain or friction loss due to the length of the hose lay.

• Eliminates water pressure strains on the hose that may be generated in a tandem pump system.

Parallel Pump System:

• A common pumping system when increased water volumes are required.

• Employs multiple pumps.

• Pumps are placed beside each other.

• The discharge water volume from each pump is channelled into a larger diameter hose line for distribution.

• Utilized when the water volume from a single pump is not adequate to support sprinkler operations and eliminates multiple supply lines from the pump site to the sprinkler site.



1.5” Pump set - Procedure

For single portable pump to 1 ½” sprinkler systems:

1. Set up pump at water source consider pumping from both ends or loop hose lay. 2. Use extended operation pump setup as required - secure pump; establish multiple fuel tanks at pump. 3. Use full flow gated Siamese, wye, or restricted flow three ways. 4. Attach 1 ½” Quick Connect hose from pump to 1 ½” x 3/4” water thief. 5. Attach 5/8” econoflo hose c/w 3/4” GHT couplers to sprinkler (Large, Small or Butterfly type).

2.5” Pump set – Procedure

For multiple portable pumps to 2 ½” sprinkler systems:

1. Set up pumps in parallel at water source consider pumping from both ends or loop hose lay. 2. Use extended operation pump setup as required - secure pumps, establish multiple fuel tanks at pump. 3. Use full flow gated siamese or wye upstream from check valve – restricted flow 3 ways are avoided if possible, in sprinkler operations. 4. Attach 2 ½” hose - pump to 2 ½” x 1 ½” water thief. 5. Attach 1 ½” QC hose – 2 ½” x 1 ½” water thief to 1 ½” x 3/4” water thief. 6. Attach 5/8” econoflo hose c/w 3/4” GHT couplers to sprinkler (L, S or B type).



No Pump System:

Gravity System:

• Is not that common in structure protection.

• Relies on gravity, to move water downhill.

• Water pressure increases ½ psi per foot of elevation loss when water moves down slope.

• Utilizes a gravity funnel securely placed in a stream.

• Provides a continuous water flow.

• Utilized when pumping resources are unavailable and or terrain is favorable for gravity

operations.

The 2½” hose advantage

- Will deliver pressure and volume to sprinklers at great distances. - Reduce the number of pumps required and simplify the system.

2 x Mark 3 pumps will supply:

20 sprinklers 7/32” over 4,800 feet of 2 ½” hose. 5 sprinklers 7/32” over 4,800 feet of 1 ½” hose.

4 x Mark-3 pumps will supply:

40 sprinklers 7/32” over 4,800 feet of 2½” hose.

Testing the Sprinkler System

- Charge sprinkler system to test / wet area - Check that:

• Heads rotate + nozzles flowing as required.

• All structural vulnerabilities wetted: - Combustible roofs. - Decks + under deck (unless tarped). - Untreated Home Ignition Zone 1A 1 + Home Ignition Zone 2 fuels.



• Streams overlap slightly - consider wind effect.

• Sprinkler system protection effective.

• Shutdown until re-wetting required.

Water Supply and Delivery Systems:

• Water for structure protection may be supplied from various sources.

o Natural Static Source (lake, river, creek).

o Man Made Static Source (swimming pool, portable water tank, cisterns).

o Domestic Water Systems (hydrants, standpipes, household hose bibs and

agricultural irrigation systems).

• When using a natural static source, it is important that the pumps foot-valve/strainer is

placed in a clean water area. The suction strainer must be protected from drawing in mud,

rocks and loose debris which can plug up the suction strainer and sprinkler systems.

• When using a private man-made static system (swimming pool) consider the impacts on the

system should the source be pumped dry. Consult with the homeowner first if possible before

using. When using a portable reservoir consider the location of the tank, make sure the

ground is stable, level and cleared of any sharp objects that may puncture the tank. Place the

tank to allow for easy and rapid tender refills. Allow for a safe pump site and place the drain

valves in a position that will not cause erosion or damage to the property when the tank is

drained.

• When using hydrants make sure to place a gate valve on each 2 ½” discharge port. Multiple

gate valves allow for a hose connection for structure protection or firefighting while

maintaining a connection for engine and tender filling. Utilizing domestic water systems will

require knowledge of the system, overall capacity, refill rates, reliance on electric pumps and

if a back up power supply is in place. It is a best practice to be in constant contact with a

utilities supervisor when using domestic water supplies. Multiple sprinkler systems operating

at the same time can drain a community reservoir. NEVER pump static source water into a

domestically supplied system, a serious risk to health may occur if contaminated water enters

the potable water supply.

• Standpipe risers are usually fed by plastic water lines, water pressure may be adequate to

support sprinkler operations or pumping systems, but care must be taken that the pumping

system does not apply a negative pressure to the system. Collapse of the water pipe may

result.

• Agricultural irrigation systems are not usually connected to the domestic water system. These

systems can be supplied by electric or diesel-powered pumps or may be fed by a gravity

system from an elevated water source. Agricultural systems may supply large volumes of

water for firefighting, but the systems reliability must be considered before committing to its

use. Consult with the landowner if possible before utilizing these systems.



• Domestic hose bibs can provide a quick water supply for a basic sprinkler system especially

when the fires rate of spread will not allow time for a standard sprinkler set-up. Hose bibs

may be supplied from a domestic water supply or a well system. It is important to know what

type of system supplies the water before you connect sprinklers to the hose bibs. If working

from a well supplied system, the pump supplying water may sustain damage if the water

reservoir level falls below the pumps intake.

Structure Protection Sprinkler Systems:

Please watch video before moving on; Type 1 and 2 SPU Sprinkler Types Link

Sprinkler Deployment Procedures - Pre-impingement

• Crew briefing (usually performed by SPS or SPTL).

• Complete triage assessment form(s) for each property.

• Pump set up & deploys hose & sprinklers.

• Charge sprinkler system to test / wet area no more than 20 min unless otherwise directed.

• Shutdown until re-wetting required.

• Fuel mitigation as required in home ignition zone.

• Primary focus of sprinkler protection is to reduce the ignitability of the structure or value

by altering the moisture content of both the combustible structural and wildland fuels

located in the home ignition zone.

• Prevent structural ignition caused by ember transplant or direct flame contact.

• Provide moisture to combustible fuels in the Home Ignition Zone while preventing water

damage to protected values.

• Develop sprinkler systems that provide effective coverage and utilize efficient water

delivery systems.

• Sprinkler systems can be supplied by a “dead end” water system (water fed from one

direction) if water pressure is adequate and a moderate number of sprinklers are

required.

• Sprinkler systems can be supplied by a “looped” water system (water fed from both

directions) when a balanced water pressure and volume are required for the maximum

number of sprinklers being deployed.

• Attaching sprinklers to gable ends should create a rain down effect on a structure. The

streams should not directly impact the structure or components such as chimneys or vent

stacks.

• Sprinkler protection should focus on the areas that will be exposed greatest by ember

cast and ground fire.

• Sprinkler protection must consider available equipment, personnel, and water supply

resources.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAz-ys0tmPI



Basic Sprinkler Concepts:

- Sprinklers support structure protection operations; - Structure + Home Ignition Zone 1 site prep, retreat + return.

- Priority approach – ‘must do’ items only - Don’t waste limited resources or time.

- Conserve water. - Sprinkler sets – Rooftop, Home Ignition Zone 1, Home Ignition Zone 2 - Sprinklers supported by: - Portable Pump – 2 ½” or 1 ½” or econohose. - Hydrant – 2 ½” or 1 ½” hose. - Sprinklers are not supported by engines.

Basic Sprinkler Set-up

- Plan to wet all structure vulnerabilities: - Combustible roofs - Decks + under deck (unless tarped) - Untreated Home Ignition Zone 1a, Zone 1 + Home Ignition Zone 2 fuels - Beneficial wetting vs. structure damage; - The objective is to “rain down” on the structure and create a “humidity bubble”. - Avoid soaking walls that could lead to water damage. - Sprinkler system protection;

- Hose type, fuel bed.

Large impact sprinklers 1“full circle

Bearing: 1" Female NPT, Brass (70CH). Bearing: 1" Male NPT, Brass (70CHM). Trajectory Angle: 21°. Operating Range: 40-80 psi 2.8-5.5 bars. 1” x 7/32” Buckner flows 7.8 gpm’s @ 50 psi = 55’wetted radius. 1” x 3/16” Buckner flows 5.8 gpm’s @ 50 psi =>51’ wetted radius.



Medium Impact Heads ¾” full circle

Bearing: 3/4" Male NPT, Brass Trajectory Angle: 27 degrees Operating Range: 25-80 psi (1.7-5.5 bar) Flow Rate: 2.9-13.1 GPM (0.51-1.47 m 3 /h) 3/4” x 7/32” Buckner flows 4.2-23 gpm’s @ 50 psi = 55’wetted radius.

Small impact sprinklers 1/2'”:

Bearing: 1/2" Male NPT, Brass. Trajectory Angle: 23 degrees. Operating Range: 20-80 psi (1.4-5.5 bar). Flow Rate: 1.56-6.35 GPM (0.35-1.44 m 3 /h). ½” x 5/32” Buckner flows 4.3 gpm’s @ 50 psi => 41’ wetted radius. ½” x 7/64” Buckner flows 2.0 gpm’s @ 50 psi => 36’ wetted radius.



Rooftop sprinklers

Application:

- Small structure – 1 set - Average structure – 2 sets ½” Nelson butterfly heads flows 4.3 gpm’s @ 50 psi => 26’ wetted radius- - Rooftop sprinklers are set to wet combustible roof and Home Ignition Zone 1 fuels. - Agency ladder SOG’s followed. - Consider using property hose bibs as pressure source. - The size of sprinkler used may vary depending on objectives in Home Ignition Zone 1a and 1 as well as the structure itself. - The water supply available may dictate the size and number of sprinklers used.

Rotator Sprinkler Heads

Emit a water stream that is directed into an offset channel on the rotor plate, which creates a

reactionary drive force. A viscous silicone fluid in the rotor motor controls the rotation speed.

R2000LP/WF 5.0 Gpm. @50 psi. 42’-45’ radius. 25 degree trajectory. 5/32 nozzle.



R10T Rotator

27’-32’ Radius. 1.8 GPM @ 50 psi. 24-degree trajectory.

Butterfly Sprinkler Head

Water droplets 4.8 GPM @ 50psi.

Accessories

There is no one way to meet the objectives.

Incorporate any property owner’s sprinklers, hose, or pumps into your prescription to conserve

your equipment, ensure they can withstand pressures and are in good working order. Extreme

caution must be taken when utilizing homeowner’s equipment.

Sprinkler Performance Factors

- Pumps - number + condition. - Sprinklers – number, head + nozzle size. - Hose Lay - length, diameter + type (friction loss), leaks + kinks. - Sprinkler coverage increases with sprinkler head elevation above ground. - Pressure varies along the hose line. - Sprinklers work best at 40 – 70 psi.



- After 70 psi - increase in reach is marginal. - Ideal operating pressure is 50 psi. - Most sprinklers won’t work at < 12 psi. - Larger nozzle orifice = larger coverage. - Orifice size affects rotation. - Larger nozzle = slower rotation. - Keep sprinklers vertical for best results.

Looped System Advantage

Watch Video on Looped System Looped System Video Link

Watch Video on Dead End System Dead End System Video Link

Closed loop hose lay:

- Maintains constant pressure to all sprinklers. -20% increase in sprinklers supported.

Property Conservation Considerations:

Assess the structure thoroughly from the roof structure to the foundation.

Look for possible water entry points (damaged roofing material, loose roofing screws, damaged

chimney storm collars) document your findings.

Water stream should rain down on and around the structure.

Figure 3

Figure 4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vW9gCheD27c

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SLy2sIUNlHw



Water streams do not directly impact the structure.

Cover roof vents or chimneys with plastic if required.

Watch for seepage around doors and windows from drifting sprinkler spray. At no time should

sprinkler streams directly impact the structure.

Log structures can be vulnerable to water migration if the sprinkler stream directly impacts the

wall.

Ensure streams are not going to create water damage or erosion, such as the example below.

Extreme caution must be used when bagging or sealing off vents that are in use. Improper venting could produce Carbon Monoxide gasses within the structure.

Documentation:

- Complete documentation of structure protection operations are essential. - Ensure structure triage form with site map is completed – note all equipment left on site. - Possible that other crews will demobilize.

Demobilization / Retrieval:

- With removal of threat (Evac Alert) retrieval of all on-site equipment should begin promptly but only under the direction of the SPS.

- Note damaged or missing equipment – tag at SPU. - Pumps tagged ‘serviceable’ if running well. - Any equipment tagged U/S (with explanation if known) if not working.



Field Cheat Sheet:

- Optimum operating pressure for sprinklers is 50 psi. - Minimum operating pressure for sprinklers is 12 psi. - Large impact sprinklers cover 51 > 55 ft. wetted radius. - Small impact sprinklers cover 36 > 41 ft. wetted radius. - Butterfly heads cover +-26 ft. wetted radius. - Waterax Mark 3 Pump – tested to minimum of 170 psi with a 3/8” nozzle. - 1 ½ “forestry hose;

- Lined hose will lose 2 psi per 100 ft. length. - Unlined hose will lose 4 psi per 100 ft. length.

- Elevation loss of 1/2 psi per ft. - Each backcheck valve or 3-way valve will create a loss of 5 psi.

Safety Zones: Adequate safety zones to accommodate both personnel and equipment can be

difficult to find in the WUE. As a result, firefighters should constantly look for large open areas

such as parking lots, athletic fields, and parks which may be suitable for safety zones. The

separation distance between firefighters and the flames should be a minimum of 4 (four) times

the maximum flame height. Additional space may be required if other resources are utilizing the

same safety zone, in addition consider increasing size if located on a slope. Escape time and safety

zone size requirements will change as fire behaviour changes. If the fire can burn completely

around the safety zone, this distance must be maintained on all sides of the safety zone, meaning

the diameter should be twice the value indicated above. Convective heat from wind or

topographic influences will increase this distance requirement. Firefighters should remember

that safety zones should be large enough to accommodate fire apparatus in addition to all

personnel.

Review “Safety Zone Research Video” before moving on.

Safety Zone Research Video Link

Escape Routes:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NW8AMbmifOA



Escape Routes:

An escape route is an identified route used to withdraw from a tactical work area to a pre-determined safety zone. When identifying escape routes, consider the distance between the tactical work area and the safety zone and the amount of time it will take to travel between the two. Base withdrawal times on the slowest person’s travel rate, fatigue, and the effects of high temperature.

Travel time should also be commensurate with the rate of fire spread. Firefighters must be able to reach the safety zone well in advance of the fire.

Ideally, firefighters should identify more than one escape route in the event that one becomes compromised. As resources move within their tactical work area, escape routes must be re-evaluated and re-established as needed.

Travel on Foot: The escape route should be clear of obstructions that could hinder a safe and

hasty withdrawal. Scout potential routes for loose soil, rocks, and heavy vegetation. Avoid steep uphill escape routes. Escape routes on foot could include driveways, roads, sidewalks, or walking paths. Escape routes might also follow the fire line, a dozer line, or a hose lay path. If no clear route exists, firefighters will need to cut a path through vegetated areas along the most direct route to the safety zone. Clearly mark all escape routes for daytime and nighttime visibility. When withdrawing along escape routes by foot, ensure that travel time and distance to the safety zone are realistic based on terrain, fire behaviour, environmental factors, and personnel capabilities.

Travel by Vehicle: In the WUE environment, firefighters often travel escape routes by vehicle.

Park vehicles faced toward the escape route; leave the engine running with the headlights on.

Do not park vehicles or plan escape routes under areas with power lines. When multiple engines

are working in the same tactical area, a Strike Team Leader or Division or Group Supervisor needs

to preplan emergency egress to coordinate all resources prior to withdrawal. Emergency egress

should be well-timed and orderly to avoid congestion and accidents. When withdrawing along

escape routes by vehicle, there is less emphasis on the proximity of the safety zone to the tactical

work area. Travel and time and distance should be based on road conditions, the number of

vehicles using the same escape route, and the potential for congestion or accidents along the

route.

SAFETY NOTE

One of the keys to safely operating in the WUE: mapping out each neighborhood in

your response area, identifying their escape routes and safety zones, and sharing

that information with all personnel/departments that will respond to WUE

incidents.



WILDLAND FIRE MANAGEMENT GUIDING PRINCIPLES 1. The first priority for all risk decisions is human survival, both firefighters and the public.

2. Incident containment strategies specifically address and integrate protection of defendable improved property and wildland values.

3. Direct protection of improved property is undertaken when it is safe to do so, when there is sufficient time and appropriate resources available, and when the action directly contributes to achieving the overall incident objectives. 4. The firefighter’s decision to accept direction to engage in structure defense actions is based on the determination that the property is defendable and the risk to firefighters can be safely mitigated under the current or potential fire conditions. 5. A decision to delay or withdraw from structure defense operations is the appropriate course of action when made in consideration of firefighter safety, current or potential fire behaviour, or lack of defensibility of the structure or groups of structures. 6. Firefighters at all levels are responsible for making risk decisions appropriate to their individual knowledge, experience, training, and situational awareness. 7. Every firefighter is responsible for awareness of the factors that affect their judgment and the decision-making process, including: a realistic perception of their own knowledge, skills, and abilities, the presence of life threat or structures, fire behaviour, availability of resources, social/political pressures, mission focus, and personal distractions such as home, work, health, and fatigue. 8. An individual’s ability to assimilate all available factors affecting situational awareness is limited in a dynamic wildland and urban interface environment. Every firefighter is responsible to understand and recognize these limitations, and to decide, and act in preparation for the “worst case.” 9. It is the responsibility of every firefighter to participate in the flow of information with supervisors, subordinates, and peers. Clear and concise communication is essential to overcome limitations in situational awareness.

DEMOBILIZATION

Fire dept crews must demobilize according to BCWS guidelines. Demobilize clean and inventory all equipment, list missing or damaged equipment and report to SPS, or Operations. Complete all forms ensuring they are legible and signed by the proper authority. Ensure all pictures/videos have been transferred to the SPS.



RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS: Step 1 Situation Awareness: Gather Information Objective(s) Previous Fire Behaviour Communication Weather Forecast Who’s in Charge? Local Factors Scout the Fire Step 2 Hazard Assessment: Estimate Potential Fire Behaviour Hazards Look Up/Down/Around Indicators Identify Tactical Hazards Watch Outs What other safety hazards exist? Consider severity vs. probability. Step 3 Hazard Control: Firefighting Orders LACES Checklist – MANDATORY Anchor Point Downhill Checklist (if applicable) What other controls are necessary? Step 4 Decision Point: Are controls in place for identified hazards? NO – Reassess situation YES – Next question Are selected tactics based on expected fire behaviour? NO – Reassess situation YES – Next question Have instructions been given and understood? NO – Reassess situation YES – Initiate action Step 5 Evaluate: Personnel: Low experience level with local factors? Distracted from primary tasks? Fatigue or stress reaction? Hazardous attitude? The Situation: What is changing? Are strategy and tactics working?



Structure Assessment Checklist: Address/Property Name:

• Numerical street address, ranch name, etc.

• Number of residents on site. • GPS coordinates taken and recorded from front door.

Road Access:

• Road surface (paved, gravel, unimproved, dirt).

• Adequate width, vegetation clearance and Safety Zones along road.

• Undercarriage problems (4x4 access only).

• Turnouts and turnarounds, bridges (load limits).

• Stream crossings (approach angle, crossing depth and surface).

• Terrain (road slope, location on slope-near chimneys, saddles, canyon bottom).

• Grade (greater than 15%). Structure/Building:

• Single residence or multi-complex, out-building (barn, storage).

• Does building have hazardous materials?

• Exterior walls (stucco or other non-combustible, wood frame, vinyl, wood shake).

• Large unprotected windows facing heat source.

• Proximity of any aboveground fuel tanks (LPG, propane, etc.)

• Roof material (wood shake, asphalt, non-combustible).

• Eaves (covered with little overhang, exposed with large overhang).

• Other features (wood deck, wood patio cover and furniture, wood fencing). Clearances/Exposures/Defensible Space:

• Structure location (narrow ridge, canyon, mid slope, chimney).

• Adequate clearance around structure-minimum of 100 feet (steeper the slope the more clearance required).

• Surrounding fuels (larger, denser the fuels, the more clearance required).

• Flammable fuels (trees, ladder fuel, shrubs) adjacent to structure (is there time for removing these fuels?)

• Other combustibles near structure (wood piles, furniture, fuel tanks).

• Is there adequate clearance around fuel tank?

• Power lines or transformers (DO NOT park under power lines). Hazardous Materials:

• Chemicals (Look for DOT/NFPA/UN symbols).

• Pesticides and herbicides.

• Petroleum products.

• Paint products.



Water Sources:

• Hydrant/Standpipe

• Storage tank

• Swimming pool

• Hot tub

• Fishpond

• Irrigation ditch

SAFETY NOTES Rolling debris can be hazardous to you and your crews, you must maintain Situational Awareness and implement your 5 Step Risk Management Process.

Helicopter bucketing operations above this structure caused a rock to roll several metres downhill towards crews working in the area.

Ash Pits are an inherent and hidden risk to Structure protection crews that can cause severe burns and injuries. Ash pits are created when a ground fire consumes underground fuels creating an empty space that is imperceptible from the surface.



https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwj2_ZekyrffAhWnGTQIHeB4CmwQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://docplayer.net/63831283-Bc-wildfire-service-pilot-information-guide-2017.html&psig=AOvVaw1qMBkmw8MoeyDqAru8Fjgy&ust=1545710447207111



DTR Questions to Consider

• Have you correctly identified the legal name of the company/Fire Dept./SPC/SPU?

• Is the incident/project number noted, fire or task number?

• Have you noted the correct date?

• Have you identified if the work was done during and evacuation alert/order?

• Are the names and Fireline positions noted for fire crews?

• Have the individuals signed their initials?

• Are start/stop times noted correctly in 24hr time?

• Have the total hours worked been recorded correctly with breaks noted?

• Are the hours and type of standby recorded correctly?

• Have you noted the make/type/model/size of equipment?

• Is the point of hire location noted?

• Did the ministry provide accommodations or meals?

• Has the fire dept or rep signed the DTR?

• Did the ministry qualified receiver sign, print name and note employee number?

• Structure Protection crews need to clearly print all team members names and fireline

positions. Add (SPCL) for Structure Protection Crew Leader and (SPCM) for Structure

Protection Crew Member

• Engine crews to add T/L for team leader and FF for Fire Fighter.

• Have you identified the designated first aid attendant?

• If entering and SPU, did you mark time and date open/closed?

• Comments recorded?

It is extremely important that all DTR forms be filled out correctly and legible.

Please review to ensure all information has been recorded, lack of information

could result in discrepancies which could delay payments.



Example DTR



Review “Your Home Can Survive a Wildfire” video before moving on.

Your Home Can Survive a Wildfire Link

BC FireSmart, Exterior Home Sprinklers and Structure Protection Units

When homeowners implement FireSmart building and landscaping guidelines, sprinkler technologies can increase a structure’s chance of withstanding a severe wildfire. Property Owner Exterior Home Sprinkler Systems • Garden sprinklers and roof-watering systems should not be considered an alternative to the

application of FireSmart principles and guidelines. Rather, it’s suggested that their use be a

supplement to already proven FireSmart strategies.

• The function of an exterior sprinkler system is to minimize the opportunity for ignition by

wetting the home and surrounding property. Exterior sprinkler systems should be able to protect

a structure against wind-blown embers, radiant heat, and direct flame contact.

• Exterior sprinkler systems can be mounted in one or more locations, including the roof, gable

end, under decks. They may also be installed to wet ground fuels in zone 1 and 2, without causing

damage to the structure.

• If you decide to use a sprinkler for protecting your property from an approaching wildfire, focus

on FireSmart Priority Zone 1a (the non-combustible zone 0 to 1.5 metres from a structure).

• Test the sprinkler set up well in advance if possible, to identify areas in Priority Zone 1a/1 that

the sprinklers may not cover.

• Keep in mind that exterior sprinkler systems may become unreliable or unserviceable during a

wildfire for several reasons:

➢ sprinklers may require a significant water supply and are subject to mechanical

failure.

➢ the soaking effect of sprinklers may be lost in high fire danger weather conditions

or when equipment failures occur.

➢ improper or prolonged use of exterior sprinklers may result in water damage to

the structure.

if hydroelectric supply is damaged or intentionally shut down during a wildfire,

exterior sprinklers may not function due to loss of power and/or water supply.

➢ getting to rooftops in the windy, smoky conditions that wildfires often produce

can be hazardous; and

➢ unnecessary use of water during interface fire incidents may reduce the

firefighting water supply where it is needed most.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vL_syp1ZScM



Learn more from the Exterior Sprinkler Systems research fact sheet from Fire Wise USA.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwizzIOay7ffAhVuGjQIHcSvDzEQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/safety/wildfire-status/prevention/for-your-home-community&psig=AOvVaw25APF2fd4fJWAO4mjymsPu&ust=1545710594665721

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwihto-UzLffAhVaIjQIHfAvBsoQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/safety/wildfire-status/prevention/for-your-home-community&psig=AOvVaw25APF2fd4fJWAO4mjymsPu&ust=1545710594665721




1) Name four factors that can reduce a sprinkler’s efficiency____________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2) What are the advantages of building a looped sprinkler system_________________________

______________________________________________________________________________ 3) How can you reduce property damage that can be caused by using sprinklers? ____________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4) Describe a Safety Zone; _______________________________________________________

5) Describe an Escape Route; ______________________________________________________

6) What are the five steps to the Risk Assessment Process? 1) ____________________________

2) _________________________ 3) _________________________4) ______________________

5) _________________________

7) How can Fire Smarting property reduce the potential of structure ignition? ______________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8) Please fill in the distances according to BC FireSmart

Priority Zone 1= _____m Priority Zone 2= _____ m Priority Zone 3= _____ m

The value of a HOME does not

match the value of a LIFE



BC Fire Weather Codes:

FFMC - Fine Fuel Moisture Code A numerical rating of the moisture content of litter and other cured fine fuels. This code is

an indicator of the relative ease of ignition and flammability of fine fuel.

DMC - Duff Moisture Code A numerical rating of the average moisture content of loosely compacted organic layers of moderate depth. This code gives an indication of fuel consumption in moderate duff layers and medium-size woody material.

DC - Drought Code

A numerical rating of the average moisture content of deep, compact, organic layers. This

code is a useful indicator of seasonal drought effects on forest fuels, and amount of smouldering in deep duff layers and large logs.

ISI - Initial Spread Index A numerical rating of the expected rate of fire spread. It combines the effects of wind and FFMC on rate of spread without the influence of variable quantities of fuel.

BUI - Build Up Index

A numerical rating of the total amount of fuel available for combustion that combines DMC and DC.

FWI - Fire Weather Index

A numerical rating of fire intensity that combines ISI and BUI. It is suitable as a general index of fire danger throughout forested and rural areas.

What the Danger Class Ratings mean:

Low

Fires may start easily and spread quickly but there will be minimal involvement of deeper fuel layers or larger fuels.

Moderate

Forest fuels are drying and there is an increased risk of surface fires starting. Carry out any forest activities with caution.

High

Forest fuels are very dry, and the fire risk is serious. New fires may start easily, burn vigorously, and challenge fire suppression efforts. Extreme caution must be used in any

forest activities. Open burning and industrial activities may be restricted.

Extreme

Extremely dry forest fuels and the fire risk is very serious. New fires will start easily, spread rapidly, and challenge fire suppression efforts. General forest activities may be restricted, including open burning, industrial activities, and campfires.



FIRE-WEATHER INDICES FIELD-GUIDE

1300 Daylight: TEMP Celsius/tenths temperature RH % Relative Humidity WD 8 points Wind

Direction FROM WS km/h Wind Speed 0=calm PREC mm/tenths 24-hour Precipitation

Figure 1 (Protection, 2014) (Resources, 2015)



Sprinkler

Nozzle tip

Size

Sprinklers

start 100’

from pump

Sprinklers

start 1000’

from pump

Sprinklers

start 2000’

from pump

Sprinklers

start 3000’

from pump

¼” tip large 7 4 3 – 4 2 – 3 7/32” tip med 9 5 4 3 3/16” tip small 14 7 6 4

Please watch video on Pillow Tanks; Pillow Tank Video Link

2 x Mark 3 pumps will supply: • 20 sprinklers 7/32” over 4,800 feet of 2 ½” hose.

• 5 sprinklers 7/32” over 4,800 feet of 1 ½” hose.

4 x Mark-3 pumps will supply:

40 sprinklers 7/32” over 4,800 feet of 2½” hose.

Conversion factors:

¼ “= 3 mm. 7/32” = 4 mm. 3/16” = 5 mm.

100’ = 30.4 m. 1,000’ = 305 m. 2,000’ = 610 m. 3,000’ = 915 m.

NOTES:

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cxhg0gU17sI



BCWS Type 1 Structure Protection Unit

There are six 48’ Type 1 Structure Protection Unit trailers (SPU) that are capable of defending 70-

80 structures each and they are staged in Chilliwack. During fire season these units are moved

around the province based on the areas most at risk. The availability of the SPU’s is coordinated

by BCWS and the Structure Protection Coordination Officer (SPCO). The SPUs are deployed and

operated by fire departments or contract crews, within the Ministry of Forests Lands Natural

Resources (FLNRO), British Columbia Wildfire Service (BCWS) Incident Command structure, and

under the direction of a Structure Protection Specialist.

Please watch the two videos on B2X and BB4 Pumps which are unique to BCWS Type 1 SPU’s;

B2X VIDEO BB4 VIDEO

B2X Pump Video BB4 Pump Video

Below you will find a current inventory list for the Type 1 SPU, please familiarize yourself with

the contents of the trailer.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MAVY4xKpm1Y

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQdakk4WLVM



Type 2 Structure Protection Unit

There are approximately 40 Type 2 SPU’s in the province owned by fire dept fire departments

and contractors. They are primarily 16-20-foot enclosed cargo trailers and can protect 25-40

structures depending on the circumstances. At the beginning of the year these fire departments

apply to the province to contract these units. Generally, but not in all cases, the SPU’s supplied

also come with a 5-person structure protection crew and are deployed in the same manner as

the Type 1’s.

BCWS also owns and operates a Type 2 SPU that is used for training throughout the province in

the off season and is also deployed to incidents during fire season.

Below you will find a current inventory list for the Type 2 SPU, please familiarize yourself with

the contents of the trailer.



Urban Structure Protection Unit

BCWS owns an Urban Structure Protection Unit that is stored in Kelowna year-round. It is 20-

foot enclosed cargo trailer with 1,250 gutter mount sprinklers along with 1,250 fifty-foot

lengths of econo hose. It also has four ground monitors in order to assist in constructing a wet

line to protect structures.



Basic Closed Loop System c/w Mark 3 Pump Set Up



REFERENCES

California, F. (2013, 10 21). Wildland Urban Interface Structure Defense.

Group, N. W. (2007, 01). Leading in the Wildland Fire Service. Wildland Fire Leadership Program PMS 494-2 NEFS

2889 .

Group, N. W. (2013, 06). Fire Operations in the Wildland Urban Interface. S-215.

group, N. W. (2014, 01). Wildland Fire Incident Managment Field Guide. PMS 210 NFES 002943.

Group, N. W. (2018, 04). Incident Response Pocket Guide. PMS 461 NFES 001077.

Inc, C. I. (2017, 10 16). Canadian Wildland Fire Management Glossary. CIFFC.

Protection, C. D. (2014). Wildland Urban Interface Operating Principles.

Resources, M. o. (2015). Basic Fire Suppression and Safety. S-100 BC.

Service, B. C. (2003, 03). Fire Operations in the Wildland Urban Interface. S-215.

NFPA, (2015). Dr Jack Cohen Your Home Can Survive a Wildfire

Colorado Springs Fire Dept, (2014) How Firefighters are Protecting Homes in the Black Forest Fire

SPS Videos (2020) Gord Parker, Tom Boechler

Structure Protection Strategies for Fire Dept SPU’s & SPC’s

Documents

Transcript of Structure Protection Strategies for Fire Dept SPU’s & SPC’s