Structure of the Phytoplanktonic Community in a ... acus Euglena oxyuris Euglena polymorpha Euglena...

Contemporary Engineering Sciences, Vol. 11, 2018, no. 10, 451 - 465

HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikari.com

https://doi.org/10.12988/ces.2018.8233

Structure of the Phytoplanktonic Community in

a Neotropical Dam with Environmental Tension

Paula Martınez Silva1, Jorge Leonardo Munoz Yustres2,

Luis Alexander Carvajal Pinilla1 and Ruthber Rodriguez Serrezuela3

1 Environmental Engineering

University Corporation of Huila - Corhuila

Neiva, Republic of Colombia

2 Environmental Management

Antioquia University, Medellın, Colombia

3 Industrial Engineering, University Corporation of Huila - Corhuila

Neiva, Republic of Colombia

Copyright c© 2018 Paula Martınez Silva, Jorge Leonardo Munoz Yustres, Luis Alexander

Carvajal Pinilla and Ruthber Rodriguez Serrezuela. This article is distributed under the

Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and

reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Phytoplankton studies in the Betania Dam (Huila, Colombia) are

scarce, there are only three published articles about it, and only one

focused on the structure of the community, published 30 years ago,

reporting 10 classes, 55 genera and 88 phytoplankton species as well as

a deterioration in the water quality due to the contribution of fertilizers

and biocides to the Dam. Likewise, the geomorphological characteristics

of the Dam contributed to eutrophication, which needs to be focused

on since Betania Dam is a very important source of economic income

for the region, due to the generation of hydroelectric energy, traditional

fishing, fish farming, tourism, and sports.

Our objective was to analyze the composition of the current phy-

toplankton community in Betania Dam, highlighting the differences

regards the initial filling conditions. We collected water samples bi-

monthly in 10 sampling stations distributed throughout the Dam over

452 Paula Martınez Silva et al.

a period of two years, additionally in 3 stations dissolved oxygen was

recorded at six different depths; subsequently, in the laboratory, taxo-

nomic identifications were made to the minimum possible taxon and the

Margalef, Shannon Winner and Equity indexes were obtained. During

the sampling period, 13 classes, 87 genera and 137 species were recorded;

52 new species with respect to the study carried out 30 years ago, of

which 19 species had not been reported for Colombia. The most abun-

dant classes were Cyanophiceae and Dinophyceae, the genus Mycrocistis

was dominant in several samplings and recorded marked blooms in the

Dam. Diversity indexes showed medium to low diversity and domi-

nance of few species, and conditions of anoxia were recorded at the

greater depth sampled. Phenomena such as the Paez River avalanche,

the construction of El Quimbo Dam upstream from Betania and the

transport of fingerlings to the Dam potentiate the presence of the new

species recorded in the present study with respect to the phytoplank-

ton study 30 years ago. The conditions of anoxia, periods of drought,

the Nino southern oscillation and the strong fishing activity promote

algal blooms in the Dam, increasing the dominance of a few species,

characterizing the Betania Dam as an aquatic ecosystem with high en-

vironmental stress.

Keywords: Diversity Algae, Anthropogenic Activities, Climate Change,

Aquiculture

1 Introduction

There are few studies about phytoplankton in the upper part of the Magdalena

river basin in Colombia, specifically for Betania Dam, which is located at the

mouth of the Yaguara river on the Magdalena river, in the municipalities of

Campoalegre, Hobo and Yaguara. The Dam has a branch of the Yaguara

river and a branch of the Magdalena River, an area of 7400ha, an average

temperature of 28◦C, a volume of 1,971 million cubic meters and an stimated

useful life of 50 years calculated from moment of filling [1][2][3][4]. This Dam

represents an important source of economic income for the Department of Huila

due to the production activities that take place there, namely, generation of

hydroelectric energy (540 MW), sport and artisanal fishing, fish farming (from

which the 52.2% of the production of red tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus in

the National market) and tourism [5][6].

In 1988, Duque and Donato conducted samplings during the four months

of the Dam filling stage to characterize the phytoplankton communities and

the physicochemical conditions of the water body during that period [2]. They

Structure of the phytoplanktonic community 453

found 10 classes, 55 genera and 88 species of phytoplankton and determined

that the physicochemical characteristics of the Dam clearly reflected defor-

estation processes, especially on the banks of the Magdalena River, for the

establishment of crops that brought high concentrations of fertilizers and bio-

cides to the Dam, producing deterioration in water quality. This, added to

the geomorphological characteristics of the Dam, contributed to a process of

eutrophication of the Dam’s waters [2]. Almost thirty years after the Dam

has been filled, the body of water presents changes in the physicochemical and

hydrobiological conditions due to the increase in the concentration and entry

of dissolved and suspended solids as a result of agricultural, agroindustrial

and domestic activities that develop from the upper basins of the Magdalena

and Yaguara rivers and in the same Dam [3][4], the construction of a new

Dam on the Magdalena river upstream, the Quimbo Hydroelectric Plant and

an avalanche in the Paez River in the year of 1994 that affected the Yaguara

River and the Dam [7].

The objective of this study is to analyze the composition of the current

phytoplankton community in Betania Dam, in order to highlight the differ-

ences regarding to what Duque and Donato found thirty years ago, to serve

as a baseline for other investigations, to analyze the current diversity indexes

and provide new records not only for the Huila region but also for the country,

taking into account that the changes in the climatic factors and in the physic-

ochemical conditions of the body of water must be reflected in the structure

of this constituted community for a variety of species that are differentially

tolerant to variations in the environment [2][8].

2 Methodology

The study was conducted in ten stations distributed in the Dam, located with

the objective of faithfully representing the behavior of the entire system (Fig-

ure 1). The samplings were carried out bimonthly between March 2015 to

December 2016.

Collection of samples. The samples were collected using a conical network

with a 20 micron mesh eye, with which 100 liters of water were filtered in each

station to obtain samples of 600ml and fix them in the field with Transeau

solution in a 1:1 ratio for subsequent cooling in the laboratory. In addition, in

the stations of Proceal, New York, Yaguara and Main Dam, dissolved oxygen

data were taken at six different depths (0m , 2m, 5m, 10m, 15m, 20m and

25m), in order to perform oxygen profiles to analyze anoxic conditions [2].

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the samples. In the laboratory,

the samples were analyzed following the methodology of Utermohl (1958).


Figure 1: Map of the sampling stations in Betania’s dam.

We worked with an inverted microscope (Olympus CKX31), a sedimentation

chamber of 50 milliliters, forms to record the count of the species with the help

of the taxonomic keys of aquatic microalgae [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. The

samples were first acclimated for a period of 12 hours prior to their analysis, to

limit currents of convection and favor the random distribution of phytoplank-

ton sedimented in the sample. In addition, each sample was homogenized

manually by a single person over a period of three minutes, combining hori-

zontal and vertical turns.

The qualitative phytoplankton analysis consisted in carrying out an inven-

tory of taxa, generating a list of species; then, we proceeded to a quantitative

analysis of the number of individuals by gender through the methodology of

counting the entire sedimentation basin, due to the presence of several poorly

represented genres; As there were no cases with few organisms, it was not

necessary to increase the volume of sedimentation [17]. The taxonomic iden-

tification was made to the minimum possible taxon.


Table 1: Algal species found in the Betania Dam during the period of March

2015 - December 2016.

CLASS SPECIES

Bacillariophyceae

Amphipleura sp Asterionella formosa Ceratoneis sp. Cocconeis sp. Cymbella ventrıcosaDiatomea sp. 1 Diatomea sp. 2 Eunotia sp Fragilaria sp. Gomphoneis sp.

Gomphonema sp Navicula sp. 1 Navicula sp. 2 Nitzschia sp. Pinnularia sp.Pinnularia major Pleurosigma sp. Surirella sp. Surirella robusta Synedra ulna

Chlorophyceae

Ankistrodesmus sp. Chlamydomonas sp. Coelastrum reticulatum Eudorina elegans Golenkinia sp.Pandorina morum Pediasitrum simplex Pediastrum clathratum Pediastrum duplex Pediastrum tetras

Scenedesmus acuminatus Scenedesmus ecornis Scenedesmus quadricauda Sphaerocystis sp. Stigeoclonium helveticumTetraedron sp. — — — —

ConjugatophyceaeArthrodesmus octocornis Closterium sp. Closterium acutum Closterium moniliferum Cosmarium sp.

Cosmarium botrytis Cosmarium lundelli Euastrum ansatum Staurastrum chaetoceras Staurastrum sp.Staurastrum teliferum Staurastrum wolleanum Staurodesmus cuspidatus — —

Coscinodiscophyceae Coscinodiscus sp. Melosıra crenulata Melosıra granulata Melosıra ıtalica —

CyanophyceaeAnabaena circinalis Anabaena sp. Anacystis sp. Aphanizomenon sp. Aphanocapsa sp.

Chroococcus turgidus Gloeocapsa sp. Lyngbya sp. Microcystis aeruginosa Oscillatoria sp.Gymnodinium excavatum Peridinium cinctum Peridinium cunningtonii — —

EuglenophyceaeEuglena acus Euglena oxyuris Euglena polymorpha Euglena sp Peranema sp.

Phacus longicauda Phacus pleuronectes Phacus triqueter Thachelomonas hispida Trachelomonas acanthophoraTrachelomonas acanthostoma Trachelomonas armata Trachelomonas volvocina — —

Mediophyceae Cyclotella sp. — — — —

Synurophyceae Mallomonas sp — — — —

Trebouxiophyceae Actinastrum sp. Botryococcus braunii Dictyosphaerium ehrenbergianum Dictyosphaerium pulchellum —

Diversity Analysis. The ecological indices of Margalef and Shannon Wiener

were applied to estimate diversity and the Equity Index J to estimate the

dominance of genres in a sample [18]. These indices were applied at the gender

level, since it was the same level used for quantitative analyzes.

With the dissolved oxygen data, profiles of oxygen were graphed and to

complement our analysis.

3 Results

During the period of March 2015 - December 2016, a total of 13 classes, 87

genera and 137 species were identified for the Betania Dam (Table 1). There

were 52 new species registered with respect to the study carried out in 1988, of

which 19 are not reported for Colombia in scientific articles or in the algaebase

database, although they are reported in other countries such as Argentina,

Brazil and/or Bolivia (Table 2).

The classes with the highest number of species were in descending order

Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Conjugatophyceae and Cyanophyceae. The

most abundant species were Ceratium hirudinella (Dinophyceae) and Micro-

cystis aeruginosa (Cyanophyceae) and the most abundant genera were Stauras-

trum (Conjugatophyceae), Eudorina (Chlorophyceae), Melosira (Coscinodisco-

phyceae), Fragilaria (Bacillarophyceae) and Peridinium (Dinophyceae).

In figure 2 you can see the abundance percentages of each kind of al-

gae in the samplings. The class with the highest abundance of individuals

is Cyanophyceae, followed by Dinophyceae, Conjugatophyceae and Chloro-

phyceae.

Figure 3 shows the variations in the abundance of individuals (ind/L) by

sampling of the predominant genera; it can be observed that all present blooms

in different months, Microcystis being the predominant genus in all the sam-


Table 2: New Algal species found in the Betania Dam with respect to the

Duque and Donato study in 1988 and new records of species for Colombia

during the period of March 2015 - December 2016.

CLASS NEW SPECIES IN STUDY AREA NEW SPECIES IN COLOMBIA

Bacillariophyceae

Coconeis placentula Fragilaria capucina — —Gomphonema parvulum Gyrosigma acuminatum — —

Nitzschia nana Pinnularia bıceps — —Tabellaria fenestrata Urosolenia sp — —

Chlorophyceae

Kirchneriella lunaris Kirchneriella obsea Queadrigula closterioides Scenedesmus abundansKirchneriella sp Scenedesmus bijuga Scenedesmus longispina Selenastrum gracile

Scenedesmus dimorphus Scenedesmus maximus Tetraedron trigonum Volvox aureusTetraedron minimun — Volvox globator —

Chrysophyceae Dinobryon divergens — Diceras sp —

ConjugatophyceaeBambusina brebissonii Spirogyra sp Cosmocladium sp Gonatozygon kinahani

Staurastrum gracile Staurastrum leptocladum Onychonema filiforme Staurastrum anatinum— — Xanthidium octocorne —

Cyanophyceae

Anabaena sphaerica Anabaenopsis sp. Microcystis wesenbergii Nostoc spAphanothece sp. Coelosphaerium sp. — —

Dactylococcopsis sp. Fischerella sp. — —Merismopedia convoluta Pseudanabaena sp. — —

Spirulina platensis Ceratium hirudinella — —

Florideophyceae Batrachospermum sp — — —

Klebsormidiophyceae — — Elakatothrix viridis —

Trebouxiophyceae Crucigenia tetrapedia Oocystis lacustris Closteriopsis acicularis Micractinium bornhemiense

Xantophyceae — — Ophiocytium sp —

Figure 2: Percentage of abundance of algae classes in each sampling month.

plings, although peaks of abundance can also be observed in the other genera.

Figure 3: Temporal variation of the predominant genera of microalgae (Ind /

L) in the Betania Dam.


Table 3: Biological diversity indexes for the sampling months.

mar-15 may-15 ago-15 nov-15 mar-16 abr-16 jun-16 oct-16 dic-16

Margalef 3,43 4,03 4,03 3,67 4,3 3,94 3,94 3,17 3,26

Shannon Wiener 0,82 2,23 1,51 2,11 1,87 1,6 1,63 0,99 1,56

Equitatividad J 0,22 0,57 0,38 0,55 0,47 0,4 0,41 0,26 0,41

The most abundant genera in all the quantitative analyzes were in ascend-

ing order Fragilaria, Peridinium, Melosira, Ceratium, Eudorina, Staurastrum

and Microcystis. Figure 4 shows a graph of percentages of abundance of these

genera with respect to the others, taking into account the total number of

individuals counted in all the samplings.

Figure 4: Percentage of abundance of the predominant algae genera in the

Betania Dam.

Several blooming events, especially of Microcystis algae, could be observed

in several months of sampling. Figure 5 shows one of these events in the

Dam during November 2016, month in which the predominant genera were

Microcystis and Ceratium.

The Margalef index was always between 3 and 5 indicating values of medium

diversity, showing a slightly higher diversity in March 2016. The Shannon

Wiener index presented values between 0.8 and 2.2 which shows diversity be-

tween low and medium. The Equity J index presents the lowest values in

March 2015 and October 2016, clearly showing the predominance of a few

species [18].

In Figure 4 a decrease in dissolved oxygen can be observed as it descends

in depth. This situation occurs in all seasons and in all sampling months;

this shows that the deepest part of the Dam is presenting hypoxic or anoxic


Figure 5: Phytoplankton blooms in the Betania Dam.

conditions, which agrees with what Duque and Donato had reported in 1988.

Figure 6: Dissolved Oxygen Profiles for four sampling stations at six different

depths.

4 Discussion

This research allowed us to register 14 classes, 90 genera and 143 species of

which 4 classes, 35 genera and 55 species were not found in the study of Duque

and Donato (1988), corresponding to the filling period of the Dam [2]. The

increase in taxa is due to several factors such as the avalanche of the Paez river

in 1994 as a result of an earthquake in the Departments of Cauca and Huila,

bringing with it new planktonic material; nonetheless, the main cause is the

fish farming activity, thanks to which new species of zooplankton and phy-

toplankton arrive during the sowing of fingerlings coming from other regions


[19], additionally, the construction of El Quimbo Dam contributes enormously

with decaying organic matter favoring algal blooms in some periods [20].

Of the species reported, the most abundant were Ceratium hirudinella and

Staurastrum chaetoceras each with a percentage of 15% of the total phyto-

plankton sampled, followed by Eudorina sp. (10%), Microcystis aeruginosa

(8%), Melosira crenulata and Melosira italica (7%), Peridinium cinctum (7%)

and Fragilaria sp. (5%). These algae species are resistant to high concentra-

tions of organic matter, varying dissolved oxygen and temperature conditions,

and in general, eutrophic conditions [21][22][23]. All these species had blooms

times in the Dam in different months, especially Ceratium hirudinella; Di-

noflagellate blooms have been related to drought seasons, without presenting

anoxia conditions, which is what happened during 2015, as a consequence

of the Nino southern oscillation [24]. The dissolved oxygen data at different

depths show that there are no anoxic conditions which also coincide with an

increase in the abundance of green algae such as Eudorina sp [2]. It is interest-

ing to note that the dinoflagellate blooms events have not been widely studied

in freshwater environments, but in saltwater environments, so it is a valuable

contribution to the study of this species [25], in addition, it has been demon-

strated in other investigations, that the fish activities favor the blooms of toxic

dinoflagellate algae, due to the excessive contribution of nutrients to the water,

especially in conditions in which the water does not move continuously [26].

Some authors have studied the behavior of Peridinium sp. with respect to

those of Microcystis sp. demonstrating in the laboratory what they call an

allelopathic inhibition of Peridinium by Microcystis [27], it is interesting to

note that the data of this study reinforce this research showing that the peaks

of abundance Microcystis coincide with abrupt decreases in the abundance

of Peridinium; On the other hand, peaks of abundance of Peridinium occur

during situations of high organic load, especially during November 2015, when

the start-up of El Quimbo Dam, upstream Magdalena River, increased the

concentrations of organic matter in Betania.

Microcystis bloom events respond to those times in which the Dam is un-

der greater environmental stress (higher temperature, lower vertical stratifica-

tion, less depth, less transparency and higher concentration of total suspended

solids), a situation that has been reported by other authors in other eutrophic

tropical Dams or with a tendency to eutrophication [28], which happened espe-

cially between April and November 2016 as a consequence of the Nino southern

oscillation and the closure of the flood gates of the Dam for prolonged periods

in order to prevent the decrease in water level. The increase in abundance

of blue-green algae occurs, among other things, as a response to the decrease

in the amount of oxygen dissolved in the system, so much so that in several


fish stations it was necessary to use ventilation systems to prevent a higher

mortality rate fish as a consequence of the generalized anoxia in the Dam. On

the other hand, cyanobacteria tend to be more abundant in periods of thermal

stratification [28, 29] which is precisely what happened during 2016 due to

prolonged periods of water retention in the Dam [30][31].

It is important to add that Microcystis and Ceratium bloom events coin-

cided with the increase in mortality of red tilapia, which in fact were studied

in a parallel investigation, finding for most individuals accumulation of Micro-

cystis in the gills [19]. Some authors have shown that these two genera can

coexist without competing since Microcystis remains floating and its concen-

tration decreases as depth increases, which does not happen with Ceratium

who can be on the surface and in the entire photic column and that can be

easily moved [32].

Staurastrum is usually from oligotrophic environments with low pH, how-

ever, it can be registered in eutrophic systems; no nutrient influenced the dy-

namics of the temporal densities of Staurastrum, on the contrary, it is believed

that they generate ecological strategies with other species of the same genus

for the dynamics of population growth [33], and other taxonomic species such

as an insects [34]. As for the other genera that have peaks of abundance, it

could only be observed that Melosira and Fragilaria decrease their abundance

when the water temperature increases [35].

Oxygen profiles at different depths show significant decreases in oxygen

concentrations as depth increases reaching anoxia conditions in most cases at

25 meters depth, which shows that from there to below there are permanent

conditions of anoxia. This, added to the enormous contributions of organic

matter that the Dam receives and its own dynamics, contribute enormously

to the eutrophication process that is occurring in this body of water that is

clearly reflected in the aforementioned algal blooming events [15][25][28].

Diversity indices reinforce the aforementioned, showing that in most sea-

sons diversity is in medium and low levels and a few species predominate,

reflecting the typical behavior of a body of water in a eutrophic state or with

high environmental stress [21][30], which is exactly what happens in Betania

Dam where sewage is discharged without any treatment, waters coming from

crops with a high N and P content and red tilapia is cultivated in cages whose

feeding increases the nutrient load of the water; all these activities generate an

increase in the concentration of nutrients, especially N and P, much higher than

the ecosystem can naturally recycle and degrade [3][4][26][36], which added to

the organic matter coming from the Quimbo Dam upstream and the little

movement of water from the Dam due to the high periods of water retention

[30] generates a scenario not only adequate but also in favor of the eutrophi-


cation process that initially it shows consequences in algal blooms but that if

not mitigated it could have disastrous consequences for the entire Magdalena

River ecosystem downstream of the Dam [21][24][26][29][37].

5 Conclusion

30 years after its filling, the Betania Dam presents eutrophic conditions given

by external and internal environmental factors that influence the ecosystem

dynamics, natural phenomena such as the Paez River avalanche, anoxia condi-

tions and El Nino events; and anthropic phenomena such as the construction of

the El Quimbo Dam, transport of fingerlings from other regions of the coun-

try and fish production make it a system of medium to low phytoplankton

diversity with dominant algal blooms constituting it in an aquatic ecosystem

of high environmental stress, which can eventually affect the environmental

goods and services it supplies to the region and the country.

Acknowledgments. The authors express their sincere gratitude to the

Limnology Laboratory of the University Corporation of Huila (Corhuila), for

the loan of the facilities and laboratory supplies necessary during this investi-

gation.

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Received: February 22, 2018; Published: March 15, 2018

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