Structure of Organic Compounds.ppt

8/17/2019 Structure of Organic Compounds.ppt

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Biochemistry• Study of chemical composition and

reactions occurring in living matter

• Inorganic Compounds• Do not contain carbon• Exceptions - CO2 CO bicarbonates

• !ater is the most abundant and importantinorganic material ma"ing up #$% - &$% of all

cells and 2'( of body )eight



Organic Compounds

• Contain the elementcarbon hydrogen andoxygen*

• Carbon is found inthings that are or once)ere li+ing*

• Carbon atoms shareelectrons to formco+alent bonds*



Organic Compounds

• Organic compounds are composed of

hundreds to thousands of indi+idual

molecules*

, he single molecules in a polymer are called

monomers*



Organic Compounds

• he long molecules formed by repeating

patterns of monomers are called

polymers*



Functional Groups

• . functional group is a group of atoms that

characteri/e the structure of a family of

organic compounds*

• 0unctional groups determine many of the

properties of organic compounds*

• ( ypes to 1no) Amine 34526 Carboxyl

3COO56 Hydroxyl 3O56*



Amine Group

N-H2

0unctional 7roups



Carboxyl Group

COOH

0unctional 7roups



Hydroxyl Group

OH

0unctional 7roups



Macromolecules

• 8 ypes of Organic Compounds or

macromolecules carbohydrates lipids

proteins and nucleic acids*

, Essential to maintaining life processes cell

function storage energy homeostasis and

genetic information*



Carbohydrates

• 9a"e up sugars andstarches

• Contain a hydroxyl

3O56 group• Contain atoms of

carbon hydrogenand oxygen*

• he ratio of the atoms

is : C 2 5 : O

• ;ro+ide energy to the

cells*• Dissol+e in )ater

3hydrophilic6



ypes of Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are classified according

to si/e*

• One sugar is a monosaccharide

3monomer6*

• )o sugars ma"e a disaccharide*

• 9any sugar molecules lin"ed together form

a polysaccharide 3polymer6*



9onosaccharide

9il" Sugar 0ruit Sugar

ypes of Carbs



isaccharide

Maltose is t)o glucose molecules< forms in digesti+e tract of

humans during starch digestion*

ypes of Carbs



!olysaccharide

"tarch is straight chain of glucose molecules )ith fe) side

branches*

ypes of Carbs



#ipids

• he three types of

lipids are fats oils

and )axes*

• Contain carbonhydrogen and

oxygen

• ypically contain t)o

monomers ,

glycerol and fatty acid

s

• 7lycerol contains the

hydroxyl 3O56 group*

• 0atty acids contain

the carboxyl 3COO56group*



Monomers in #ipids

=ipids



Functions o$ #ipids

• =ipids store energy

for later use by the

body*

• =ipids also ser+e

as padding and

protection for the

body*

• =ipids do not

dissol+e in )ater

3hydrophobic6 but

may contain partsthat can dissol+e in

)ater*

•he 5 O ratio ishigher in lipids than it

is in carbohydrates*



"tructure o$ a #ipid

• Dissol+es in

)ater 3

hydrophilic%

• Does not

dissol+e in)ater

3hydrophobic6



;hospholipid

• 0ound in cellmembranes , 5ead is the

phosphategroup*

• 5ydrophilic

, ails are thefatty acids*

• 5ydrophobic



Fatty Acids

• =ong chains of carbon atoms )ithattached hydrogen atoms 3hydrocarbons6

• Saturated fats contain only single bonds

bet)een the carbon atoms*• >nsaturated fats contain one or more

double or triple bonds bet)een the carbon

atoms*



"aturated & 'nsaturated Fats



!roteins

• ;roteins are the building materials for thebody* , 5air s"in muscles and organs are made

mostly of proteins*• Composed of carbon hydrogen nitrogen

and oxygen

• Contain amine 34526 and carboxyl3COO56 groups



Function o$ !roteins

• he building bloc"s of

proteins are amino acids

3monomers6*

• Ser+e as en/ymes )hich

control rate of reactions

and regulate cell

processes*

• .mino acids are

connected by a specialtype of bond called a

peptide bond*

• .mino acid chains are

called polypeptides*

• . protein contains one or

more polypeptide chains*



Amino Acids

0unction of ;roteins



(ypes o$ !roteins

• here are t)o types of proteins ,

fibrous and globular*

• 0ibrous protein 3found in s"in tendonsbones and muscles6 does not dissol+e

in )ater 3hydrophobic6*

• 7lobular protein 3found in en/ymessome hormones and hemoglobin6 can

dissol+e in )ater 3hydrophilic6*



0ibrous ;roteins

• )eratins are a family

of

fibrous structural prot

eins< tough and insoluble

they form the hard but

nonminerali/ed

structures found inreptiles birds

amphibians and

mammals*

ypes of ;roteins

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrous_protein


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:KeratinF9.png

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral





Globular !roteins

• *n+ymes are

proteins that cataly/e

3i.e. accelerate6

chemical reactions*• .lmost all processes

in a biological cell

need en/ymes in

order to occur atsignificant rates*

ypes of ;roteins

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_rate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:TPI1_structure.png

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_rate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein

Structure of Organic Compounds.ppt

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