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STRUCTURE & BONDING A guide for GCSE students 2010 SPECIFICATIONS KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING.
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Transcript of STRUCTURE & BONDING A guide for GCSE students 2010 SPECIFICATIONS KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING.
STRUCTURESTRUCTURE& BONDING& BONDINGA guide for GCSE studentsA guide for GCSE students
2010 2010 SPECIFICATIONSSPECIFICATIONSKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHINGKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
STRUCTURE & BONDINGSTRUCTURE & BONDING
INTRODUCTION
This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards.
Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white board.
Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at...
www.knockhardy.org.uk
All diagrams and animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any commercial work.
All diagrams and animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any commercial work.
STRUCTURE & BONDINGSTRUCTURE & BONDING
OVERVIEWOVERVIEW
The following slides illustrate how the type of chemical bonding affects the physical properties of elements and compounds.
To understand how the three main chemical bonds types are formed, view the powerpoint ‘CHEMICAL BONDING’ available from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE GCSE WEBSITE at...
www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm
IONIC IONIC BONDINGBONDING
IONIC BONDING
IONIC BONDING RESULTS FROM THE ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION BETWEEN IONS OF OPPOSITE CHARGE.
IONIC BONDING
IONIC BONDING RESULTS FROM THE ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION BETWEEN IONS OF OPPOSITE CHARGE.
IONS ARE FORMED WHEN SPECIES GAIN ELECTRONS TO FORMNEGATIVE IONS (ANIONS)
IONIC BONDING
IONIC BONDING RESULTS FROM THE ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION BETWEEN IONS OF OPPOSITE CHARGE.
IONS ARE FORMED WHEN SPECIES GAIN ELECTRONS TO FORMNEGATIVE IONS (ANIONS)
or ‘LOSE’ ELECTRONS TO FORMPOSITIVE IONS (CATIONS)
IONIC BONDING
IONIC BONDING RESULTS FROM THE ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION BETWEEN IONS OF OPPOSITE CHARGE.
IONS ARE FORMED WHEN SPECIES GAIN ELECTRONS TO FORMNEGATIVE IONS (ANIONS)
or ‘LOSE’ ELECTRONS TO FORMPOSITIVE IONS (CATIONS)
NOTE: THE ELECTRONS ARE NOT REALLY ‘LOST’ BUT MOVE AWAY
IONIC BONDING
IONIC BONDING RESULTS FROM THE ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION BETWEEN IONS OF OPPOSITE CHARGE.
IONS ARE FORMED WHEN SPECIES GAIN ELECTRONS TO FORMNEGATIVE IONS (ANIONS)
or ‘LOSE’ ELECTRONS TO FORMPOSITIVE IONS (CATIONS)
NOTE: THE ELECTRONS ARE NOT REALLY ‘LOST’ BUT MOVE AWAY
WHEN METALS IN GROUPS I and II REACT WITH NON-METALS IN GROUPS VI and VII, IONIC COMPOUNDS ARE FORMED; SODIUM CHLORIDE IS THE BEST KNOWN EXAMPLE.
FORMATION OF SODIUM CHLORIDEFORMATION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE
Cl
SODIUM ATOM2,8,1
Na
CHLORINE ATOM2,8,7
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
Cl
SODIUM ION2,8
Na
CHLORIDE ION2,8,8
both species now have ‘full’ outer shells; ie they have the electronic configuration of a noble gas
+
FORMATION OF SODIUM CHLORIDEFORMATION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE
Cl
SODIUM ION2,8
Na
CHLORIDE ION2,8,8
Na Na+ + e¯2,8,1 2,8
ELECTRON TRANSFERRED
Cl + e¯ Cl¯2,8,7 2,8,8
+
FORMATION OF SODIUM CHLORIDEFORMATION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE
IONIC BONDING IN SODIUM CHLORIDEIONIC BONDING IN SODIUM CHLORIDE
Cl- chloride ion
Na+ sodium ion
IONIC BONDING IN SODIUM CHLORIDEIONIC BONDING IN SODIUM CHLORIDE
Cl- chloride ion
Na+ sodium ion
SODIUM CHLORIDE HAS A REGULAR STRUCTURE - A GIANT IONIC LATTICE
IONIC BONDING IN SODIUM CHLORIDEIONIC BONDING IN SODIUM CHLORIDE
Cl- chloride ion
Na+ sodium ion
SODIUM CHLORIDE HAS A REGULAR STRUCTURE - A GIANT IONIC LATTICE
OPPOSITELY CHARGED IONS ARE HELD TOGETHER BY STRONG ELECTROSTATIC FORCES ACTING IN ALL DIRECTIONS
IONIC BONDING IN SODIUM CHLORIDEIONIC BONDING IN SODIUM CHLORIDE
Cl- chloride ion
Na+ sodium ion
SODIUM CHLORIDE HAS A REGULAR STRUCTURE - A GIANT IONIC LATTICE
OPPOSITELY CHARGED IONS ARE HELD TOGETHER BY STRONG ELECTROSTATIC FORCES ACTING IN ALL DIRECTIONS
THERE IS NO SINGLE NaCl , JUST (EQUAL) VAST NUMBERS OF IONS
IONIC BONDING IN SODIUM CHLORIDEIONIC BONDING IN SODIUM CHLORIDE
Cl- chloride ion
Na+ sodium ion
SODIUM CHLORIDE HAS A REGULAR STRUCTURE - A GIANT IONIC LATTICE
OPPOSITELY CHARGED IONS ARE HELD TOGETHER BY STRONG ELECTROSTATIC FORCES ACTING IN ALL DIRECTIONS
THERE IS NO SINGLE NaCl , JUST (EQUAL) VAST NUMBERS OF IONS
YOU DO NOT GET MOLECULES OF SODIUM CHLORIDEYOU DO NOT GET MOLECULES OF SODIUM CHLORIDE
EACH SODIUM ION IS SURROUNDED BY SIX CHLORIDE IONS
EACH CHLORIDE ION IS SURROUNDED BY SIX SODIUM IONS
Cl- Chloride ion Na+ Sodium ion
IONIC BONDING IN SODIUM CHLORIDEIONIC BONDING IN SODIUM CHLORIDE
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
VERY HIGH MELTING POINTSVERY HIGH MELTING POINTS
Na+Cl- Na+Cl-
Na+Cl-Na+ Cl-
Na+Cl- Na+Cl-
IONS ARE HELD IN THE LATTICE BY THE STRONG ELECTROSTATIC FORCES
A LOT OF ENERGY IS NEEDED TO SEPARATE THE IONS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
VERY HIGH MELTING POINTSVERY HIGH MELTING POINTS
Na+Cl- Na+Cl-
Na+Cl-Na+ Cl-
Na+Cl- Na+Cl-
IONS ARE HELD IN THE LATTICE BY THE STRONG ELECTROSTATIC FORCES
A LOT OF ENERGY IS NEEDED TO SEPARATE THE IONS
Na+ Cl-
Na+
Cl-
Na+
Cl-
Na+
Cl-
THE IONS HAVE MORE FREEDOM AND THE SODIUM CHLORIDE BECOMES LIQUID
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
SOLUBILITY IN WATERSOLUBILITY IN WATERIONIC COMPOUNDS ARE USUALLY SOLUBLE IN WATER
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
SOLUBILITY IN WATERSOLUBILITY IN WATER
Na+Cl- Na+Cl-
Na+Cl-Na+ Cl-
Na+Cl- Na+Cl-
IONIC COMPOUNDS ARE USUALLY SOLUBLE IN WATER
Na+Cl-
WATER IS A ‘POLAR’ SOLVENT. THE HYDROGEN END IS SLIGHTLY POSITIVE AND THE OXYGEN END SLIGHTLY NEGATIVE.
OH
H
OH H
OH
H
OH H
O H
H
OH
H
OH H
OH H
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
SOLUBILITY IN WATERSOLUBILITY IN WATER
Na+Cl- Na+Cl-
Na+Cl-Na+ Cl-
Na+Cl- Na+Cl-
IONIC COMPOUNDS ARE USUALLY SOLUBLE IN WATER
Na+Cl-
WATER IS A ‘POLAR’ SOLVENT. THE HYDROGEN END IS SLIGHTLY POSITIVE AND THE OXYGEN END SLIGHTLY NEGATIVE.
ALTHOUGH IT REQUIRES A LOT OF ENERGY TO SEPARATE THE IONS, THIS IS MORE THAN COMPENSATED FOR BY THE STABILISING EFFECT OF THE WATER SURROUNDING EACH ION
OH
H
OH H
OH
H
OH H
O H
H
OH
H
OH H
OH H
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIESELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
Na+Cl- Na+Cl-
Na+Cl-Na+ Cl-
Na+Cl- Na+Cl-
WHEN SOLID, THE IONS ARE NOT FREE TO MOVE
NO CONDUCTIONOF ELECTRICITY
SOLID
SOLID IONIC COMPOUNDS DO NOT CONDUCT ELECTRICITYSOLID IONIC COMPOUNDS DO NOT CONDUCT ELECTRICITY
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIESELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
Na+Cl- Na+Cl-
Na+Cl-Na+ Cl-
Na+Cl- Na+Cl-
WHEN SOLID, THE IONS ARE NOT FREE TO MOVE
NO CONDUCTIONOF ELECTRICITY
Na+ Cl-
Na+
Cl-
Na+
Cl-
Na+Cl-
SOLID MOLTEN
WHEN MOLTEN, THE IONS ARE FREE TO MOVE
ELECTRICITY IS CONDUCTED
MOLTEN IONIC COMPOUNDS DO CONDUCT ELECTRICITYMOLTEN IONIC COMPOUNDS DO CONDUCT ELECTRICITY
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
IONIC SOLIDS ARE BRITTLEIONIC SOLIDS ARE BRITTLE
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
IONIC SOLIDS ARE BRITTLEIONIC SOLIDS ARE BRITTLE
IF YOU HIT A CRYSTAL OF SODIUM CHLORIDE WITH A HAMMER, THE CRYSTAL BREAKS INTO PIECES.
+ +
+ ++ +
+ +- -- -
- -
- -
+ +
+ +
IF YOU MOVE A LAYER OF IONS, IONS OF THE SAME CHARGE END UP NEXT TO EACH OTHER.
THE LAYERS REPEL EACH OTHER AND THE CRYSTAL BREAKS UP.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
IONIC SOLIDS ARE BRITTLEIONIC SOLIDS ARE BRITTLE
IF YOU HIT A CRYSTAL OF SODIUM CHLORIDE WITH A HAMMER, THE CRYSTAL BREAKS INTO PIECES.
METALLIC METALLIC BONDINGBONDING
METALLIC BONDINGMETALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES OF REPEATING IONS ARRANGED IN A REGULAR CRYSTAL LATTICE AND HELD TOGETHER BY A MOBILE ‘CLOUD’ OR ‘SEA’ OF ELECTRONS.
Atoms arrangedin a regular lattice
METALLIC BONDINGMETALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES OF REPEATING IONS ARRANGED IN A REGULAR CRYSTAL LATTICE AND HELD TOGETHER BY A MOBILE ‘CLOUD’ OR ‘SEA’ OF ELECTRONS.
Atoms arrangedin a regular lattice
The outer shell electrons of each atom leave to join a
mobile ‘cloud’ of electrons which holds the positive
ions together.
METALLIC BONDINGMETALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES OF REPEATING IONS ARRANGED IN A REGULAR CRYSTAL LATTICE AND HELD TOGETHER BY A MOBILE ‘CLOUD’ OR ‘SEA’ OF ELECTRONS.
Atoms arrangedin a regular lattice
The outer shell electrons of each atom leave to join a
mobile ‘cloud’ of electrons which holds the positive
ions together.
THE ELECTRONS ARE SAID TO BE ‘DELOCALISED’
(not confined to any one place)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
VERY GOOD CONDUCTORS OF ELECTRICITYVERY GOOD CONDUCTORS OF ELECTRICITY
For a substance to conduct electricityit must have mobile ions or electrons.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
VERY GOOD CONDUCTORS OF ELECTRICITYVERY GOOD CONDUCTORS OF ELECTRICITY
For a substance to conduct electricityit must have mobile ions or electrons.
ELECTRONS CAN MOVE THROUGH
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
VERY GOOD CONDUCTORS OF ELECTRICITYVERY GOOD CONDUCTORS OF ELECTRICITY
THE MOBILE ELECTRON CLOUD IN METALSPERMITS THE CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICITY
For a substance to conduct electricityit must have mobile ions or electrons.
ELECTRONS CAN MOVE THROUGH
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
VERY GOOD CONDUCTORS OF HEATVERY GOOD CONDUCTORS OF HEAT
THE MOBILE ELECTRON CLOUD IN METALSPERMITS THE CONDUCTION OF HEAT
For a substance to conduct heatit must have mobile electrons.
ELECTRONS CAN MOVE
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
CAN BE BENT AND SHAPEDCAN BE BENT AND SHAPED
Metals can have their shapes changed relatively easily
MALLEABLE CAN BE HAMMERED INTO SHEETS
DUCTILE CAN BE DRAWN INTO RODS AND WIRES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
CAN BE BENT AND SHAPEDCAN BE BENT AND SHAPED
Metals can have their shapes changed relatively easily
MALLEABLE CAN BE HAMMERED INTO SHEETS
DUCTILE CAN BE DRAWN INTO RODS AND WIRES
As the metal is beaten into another shape the mobile electrons in the cloud continue to hold the positive ions together.
Some metals, such as gold, can be hammeredinto sheets thin enough to be translucent.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
CAN BE BENT AND SHAPEDCAN BE BENT AND SHAPED
Metals can have their shapes changed relatively easily
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
ALLOYSALLOYS
Alloys are usually made from two or more different metals.
Why use To improve the properties of metals;alloys? it usually makes them stronger
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
ALLOYSALLOYS
Alloys are usually made from two or more different metals.
Why use To improve the properties of metals;alloys? it usually makes them stronger
How do The different sized atoms of the metals distort they work? the layers in the structure , making it more
difficult for them to slide over each other and so make alloys harder than pure metals.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
ALLOYSALLOYS
Alloys are usually made from two or more different metals.
Steel an alloy of IRON and CARBON (a non-metal!)- low-carbon steels are easily shaped- high-carbon steels are hard
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
ALLOYS - ExamplesALLOYS - Examples
Alloys are usually made from two or more different metals.
Steel an alloy of IRON and CARBON (a non-metal!)- low-carbon steels are easily shaped- high-carbon steels are hard
- some steels contain other metals chromium / nickel stainless steel manganese very hard for railway points
tungsten very hard for drill tips
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
ALLOYS - ExamplesALLOYS - Examples
Alloys are usually made from two or more different metals.
Steel an alloy of IRON and CARBON (a non-metal!)- low-carbon steels are easily shaped- high-carbon steels are hard
- some steels contain other metals chromium / nickel stainless steel manganese very hard for railway points
tungsten very hard for drill tips
Copper Pure copper, like gold and aluminium, is too softfor many uses. It is mixed with similar metals.
Brass copper / zincBronze copper / tinCoinage metal copper /nickel
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
ALLOYS - ExamplesALLOYS - Examples
Alloys are usually made from two or more different metals.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYSSHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS
Shape memory alloys can return to their original shape after being deformed
Shape memory alloy (SMA) can be deformed, and then returned to their original shape by the application of heat.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYSSHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS
Shape memory alloys can return to their original shape after being deformed
Shape memory alloy (SMA) can be deformed, and then returned to their original shape by the application of heat.
They are made of a NICKLEL-TITANIUM alloy - ‘NITINOL’
Small amounts of other metals can be added to alter properties
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYSSHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS
Shape memory alloys can return to their original shape after being deformed
Shape memory alloy (SMA) can be deformed, and then returned to their original shape by the application of heat.
They are made of a NICKLEL-TITANIUM alloy - ‘NITINOL’
Small amounts of other metals can be added to alter properties
Examples Key-hole surgery instrumentsSpectacle framesThermostatsDental braces
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYSSHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS
Shape memory alloys can return to their original shape after being deformed
COVALENT COVALENT BONDINGBONDING
COVALENT BONDINGCOVALENT BONDING
A covalent bond consists of…
a shared pair of electrons with one electron beingsupplied by each atom either side of the bond.
COVALENT BONDS ARE STRONGCOVALENT BONDS ARE STRONG
COVALENT BONDINGCOVALENT BONDING
A covalent bond consists of…
a shared pair of electrons with one electron beingsupplied by each atom either side of the bond.
COVALENT BONDS ARE STRONGCOVALENT BONDS ARE STRONG
Covalent bond are found between the atoms in molecules.
Molecules can be SIMPLE MOLECULES H2, CO2, CH4
or GIANT MOLECULES diamond, graphite, silica
SIMPLE COVALENT MOLECULESSIMPLE COVALENT MOLECULES
Covalent bonding between the atoms in each molecule is STRONG
Bonding between individual molecules is not covalent and is WEAK
STRONGCOVALENT
BONDS
(hard to break)
VERY WEAK ATTRACTIONBETWEEN MOLECULES
(easy to break)
Because the attractions between molecules are very
weak, simple covalent molecules usually have low melting and boiling points
because it is easy to separate the molecules
Because the attractions between molecules are very
weak, simple covalent molecules usually have low melting and boiling points
because it is easy to separate the molecules
SIMPLE COVALENT MOLECULESSIMPLE COVALENT MOLECULES
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF SIMPLE MOLECULESGENERAL PROPERTIES OF SIMPLE MOLECULES
APPEARANCE gases, liquids or solids with low melting and boiling points
MELTING POINT Very lowWeak attractive forces between molecules means that verylittle energy is needed to move them apart
ELECTRICAL Don’t conduct electricity - have no mobile ions or electrons
Covalent bonding between the atoms in each molecule is STRONG
Bonding between individual molecules is not covalent and is WEAK
GIANT COVALENT MOLECULESGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES
In giant covalent molecules there are many atoms joined together in a regular arrangement by a very large number of covalent bonds.
GIANT COVALENT MOLECULESGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES
In giant covalent molecules there are many atoms joined together in a regular arrangement by a very large number of covalent bonds.
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF GIANT MOLECULESGENERAL PROPERTIES OF GIANT MOLECULES
MELTING POINT Very highstructure is made up of a large number of covalent bonds,all of which need to be broken if atoms are to be separated
GIANT COVALENT MOLECULESGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES
In giant covalent molecules there are many atoms joined together in a regular arrangement by a very large number of covalent bonds.
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF GIANT MOLECULESGENERAL PROPERTIES OF GIANT MOLECULES
MELTING POINT Very highstructure is made up of a large number of covalent bonds,all of which need to be broken if atoms are to be separated
ELECTRICAL Don’t conduct electricity - have no mobile ions or electronsBUT... Graphite conducts electricity
GIANT MOLECULES = MACROMOLECULES = COVALENT NETWORKSGIANT MOLECULES = MACROMOLECULES = COVALENT NETWORKS
They all mean the same!
GIANT MOLECULES = MACROMOLECULES = COVALENT NETWORKSGIANT MOLECULES = MACROMOLECULES = COVALENT NETWORKS
They all mean the same!
GIANT COVALENT MOLECULESGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES
In giant covalent molecules there are many atoms joined together in a regular arrangement by a very large number of covalent bonds.
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF GIANT MOLECULESGENERAL PROPERTIES OF GIANT MOLECULES
MELTING POINT Very highstructure is made up of a large number of covalent bonds,all of which need to be broken if atoms are to be separated
ELECTRICAL Don’t conduct electricity - have no mobile ions or electronsBUT... Graphite conducts electricity
STRENGTH Hard - exist in a rigid tetrahedral structureDiamond and silica (SiO2)... but
Graphite is soft
GIANT COVALENT MOLECULESGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES
In giant covalent molecules there are many atoms joined together in a regular arrangement by a very large number of covalent bonds.
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF GIANT MOLECULESGENERAL PROPERTIES OF GIANT MOLECULES
MELTING POINT Very highstructure is made up of a large number of covalent bonds,all of which need to be broken if atoms are to be separated
ELECTRICAL Don’t conduct electricity - have no mobile ions or electronsBUT... Graphite conducts electricity
STRENGTH Hard - exist in a rigid tetrahedral structureDiamond and silica (SiO2)... but
Graphite is soft
GIANT MOLECULES = MACROMOLECULES = COVALENT NETWORKSGIANT MOLECULES = MACROMOLECULES = COVALENT NETWORKS
They all mean the same!
GIANT MOLECULES = MACROMOLECULES = COVALENT NETWORKSGIANT MOLECULES = MACROMOLECULES = COVALENT NETWORKS
They all mean the same!
GIANT COVALENT MOLECULESGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES
DIAMONDDIAMOND
MELTING POINT VERY HIGHmany covalent bonds must be broken to separate atoms
GIANT COVALENT MOLECULESGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES
DIAMONDDIAMOND
MELTING POINT VERY HIGHmany covalent bonds must be broken to separate atoms
STRENGTH STRONGeach carbon atom is joined to four others in a rigid structureCoordination Number = 4
GIANT COVALENT MOLECULESGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES
DIAMONDDIAMOND
MELTING POINT VERY HIGHmany covalent bonds must be broken to separate atoms
STRENGTH STRONGeach carbon atom is joined to four others in a rigid structureCoordination Number = 4
ELECTRICAL NON-CONDUCTORNo free electrons - all 4 carbon electrons used for bonding
GIANT COVALENT MOLECULESGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES
DIAMONDDIAMOND
MELTING POINT VERY HIGHmany covalent bonds must be broken to separate atoms
STRENGTH STRONGeach carbon atom is joined to four others in a rigid structureCoordination Number = 4
ELECTRICAL NON-CONDUCTORNo free electrons - all 4 carbon electrons used for bonding
GIANT COVALENT MOLECULESGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES
GRAPHITEGRAPHITE
MELTING POINT VERY HIGHmany covalent bonds must be broken to separate atoms
layers can slide over each other -used as a lubricant and in pencils
GIANT COVALENT MOLECULESGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES
GRAPHITEGRAPHITE
MELTING POINT VERY HIGHmany covalent bonds must be broken to separate atoms
STRENGTH SOFTeach carbon is joined to three others in a layered structureCoordination Number = 3layers are held by weak intermolecular forces
layers can slide over each other -used as a lubricant and in pencils
GIANT COVALENT MOLECULESGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES
GRAPHITEGRAPHITE
MELTING POINT VERY HIGHmany covalent bonds must be broken to separate atoms
STRENGTH SOFTeach carbon is joined to three others in a layered structureCoordination Number = 3layers are held by weak intermolecular forcescan slide over each other
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOROnly three carbon electrons are used for bonding whichleaves the fourth to move freely along layers
layers can slide over each other -used as a lubricant and in pencils
GIANT COVALENT MOLECULESGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES
GRAPHITEGRAPHITE
MELTING POINT VERY HIGHmany covalent bonds must be broken to separate atoms
STRENGTH SOFTeach carbon is joined to three others in a layered structureCoordination Number = 3layers are held by weak intermolecular forcescan slide over each other
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOROnly three carbon electrons are used for bonding whichleaves the fourth to move freely along layers
layers can slide over each other- used as a lubricant and in pencils
ANOTHER FORM OF CARBONANOTHER FORM OF CARBON
FULLERENESFULLERENES
Although not officially classed as giant molecules, fullerenes aremade from carbon atoms joined together to make tubes and cages.
(The prefix NANO means that everything is on a very small scale)
ANOTHER FORM OF CARBONANOTHER FORM OF CARBON
NANOSCIENCENANOSCIENCE
Refers to the science of structures that are 1–100nm in size
Nanoparticles Show different properties to the same materials in bulk and have a high surface area to volume ratio
This can lead to the development of…
new computersnew catalystsnew coatingsstronger and lighter construction materialsnew cosmetics such as sun-tan creams and deodorants
Scientifically, NANO means one thousand millionth (10-9)
ANOTHER FORM OF CARBONANOTHER FORM OF CARBON
FULLERENESFULLERENES
Although not officially classed as giant molecules, fullerenes aremade from carbon atoms joined together to make tubes and cages.
NANOTUBES These are fullerenes where hexagonal sheets of carbon atomshave been rolled into a tube – a bit like ‘chicken wire’
ANOTHER FORM OF CARBONANOTHER FORM OF CARBON
FULLERENESFULLERENES
Although not officially classed as giant molecules, fullerenes aremade from carbon atoms joined together to make tubes and cages.
NANOTUBES These are fullerenes where hexagonal sheets of carbon atomshave been rolled into a tube – a bit like ‘chicken wire’
sheets can be ‘rolled’to form tubes
ANOTHER FORM OF CARBONANOTHER FORM OF CARBON
FULLERENESFULLERENES
Although not officially classed as giant molecules, fullerenes aremade from carbon atoms joined together to make tubes and cages.
NANOTUBES These are fullerenes where hexagonal sheets of carbon atomshave been rolled into a tube – a bit like ‘chicken wire’
very strong useful where lightness and strength are neededeg tennis racket frames
ANOTHER FORM OF CARBONANOTHER FORM OF CARBON
FULLERENESFULLERENES
Although not officially classed as giant molecules, fullerenes aremade from carbon atoms joined together to make tubes and cages.
NANOTUBES These are fullerenes where hexagonal sheets of carbon atomshave been rolled into a tube – a bit like ‘chicken wire’
very strong useful where lightness and strength are neededeg tennis racket frames
conductors of used as semiconductors in electronic circuitselectricity
ANOTHER FORM OF CARBONANOTHER FORM OF CARBON
FULLERENESFULLERENES
Although not officially classed as giant molecules, fullerenes aremade from carbon atoms joined together to make tubes and cages.
NANOTUBES These are fullerenes where hexagonal sheets of carbon atomshave been rolled into a tube – a bit like ‘chicken wire’
very strong useful where lightness and strength are neededeg tennis racket frames
conductors of used as semiconductors in electronic circuitselectricity
tubular can be used to transport a drug into the body structure
drug molecules can be put inside the nanotube whichholds the drug until it gets to where it is needed
ANOTHER FORM OF CARBONANOTHER FORM OF CARBON
FULLERENESFULLERENES
Although not officially classed as giant molecules, fullerenes aremade from carbon atoms joined together to make tubes and cages.
NANOTUBES These are fullerenes where hexagonal sheets of carbon atomshave been rolled into a tube – a bit like ‘chicken wire’
very strong useful where lightness and strength are neededeg tennis racket frames
conductors of used as semiconductors in electronic circuits.electricity
tubular can be used to transport a drug into the body structure
drug molecules can be put inside the nanotube whichholds the drug until it gets to where it is needed
ANOTHER FORM OF CARBONANOTHER FORM OF CARBON
BUCKMINSTERFULLERENEBUCKMINSTERFULLERENE
A fullerene where the carbon atoms are arranged in a ball shape molecule
C60 Sixty carbon atoms are arranged in a ball in rings of 5 and 6
It is a bit like the arrangement of panels in a football
GIANT COVALENT MOLECULESGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES
SILICASILICA
MELTING POINT VERY HIGHmany covalent bonds must be broken to separate atoms
STRENGTH STRONGeach silicon atom is joined to four oxygen atomseach oxygen atom is joined to two silicon atoms
ELECTRICAL NON-CONDUCTOR – no mobile electrons
silicon atoms
oxygen atoms
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STRUCTURESTRUCTURE& BONDING& BONDING
THE ENDTHE END