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Transcript of Structure and Construction Materials
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Intro to Structures
Lecture 1Intro to StructuresBuilding Construction and Technology 2
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Intro to Structures
Structures in Nature
Manmade Structures
Industrialized Structures
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Structures in Nature
Natural structures can be divided into
three categories:-
Structure in Plants
Structure of Animals
Structures that Animals Build
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If you look closely at a leaf you can see how the main rib tapers from
the base, the point where the whole weight of the leaf is borne from.The other ribs spring from the centre rib in a regular pattern and taper
from the centre to the edge. The whole leaf can be looked at as the
way nature has evolved a mechanically sound structure that elegantly
performs its desired functions in the conditions in which it grows. A
leaf is a perfect example of a lightweight structure in nature.
Structure in Plants
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If you look closely at the head of the
sunflower you will see that the seeds are
arranged so that a pattern is formed by
spirals winding out from the centre.
If you examine the head in greater detail
you will notice double spiraling. This is
where two opposite sets of rotating spirals
are formed by the arrangement of the
individual florets in the head of the flower.
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Structure of Animals.The image opposite illustrates the structure of an insects eye, which is
composed of many parts and all these parts have to be held together
and supported. This is done by a geodesic dome grid on the outside
surface of the eye which by its nature takes the shape of a hemisphere.
The whole structural framework of the domed grid is held firmly in
position and this in turn provides a stiff and strong support for the
cornea. This enables the insects eye to function efficiently. The concept
behind the geodesic domes which Buckminster Fuller designed are the
very same as the structure of an insects eye.
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The body structure of animals is a system of balancedbeams and masses. Animals bodies therefore must be
balanced otherwise they would fall over due to the pull of
gravity.
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Structures that Animals BuildInsects and animals play a more active role in thebuilding of their homes. The web of the spider, the dam
or lodge of a beaver or the structure of the termite are
designed in such a manner so as to support the
creatures activities.
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Magnetic Termite Mound in Australia
These termite mounds in Australia are aligned north-to-south as
a means of temperature control.
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Spider web
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The spiders web is one of the
most fascinating and interesting of
structures constructed by animals.Although it may appear at a
glance to be randomly
constructed it follows a basic
pattern.
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Spiders webs have been proven to be so resilientthat in tests the web of the Nephila spider wascapable of repelling a moving bullet.
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By examining structures in nature we can
see where the principle exists and see
how these principles are incorporated in
structures today.
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Manmade Structures
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Structures have developed gradually over time but
there were two main factors that affected thedevelopment of structures:-
The availability of tools for cutting and shaping.
During the stone age stone axes and flints were used to cut the wood
but due to the nature of the tools methods of jointing were limited.
With the advent of the Bronze and the Iron Age new materials were
available and therefore improved tools.
Methods of construction and building techniques.
As peoples needs changed so to did their building techniques. With the
improvement in the different types of tools that were available they
was also a development in the methods of construction, such as
improved jointing techniques.
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As these two factors changed over time,
so to did the type of structure that were
being constructed. We will take the
example of timber and trace its
development in the use of construction.
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Early structures such as this circular hut wereconstructed form branches and stakes and they
were jointed at the apex using strips of bark. No
tool were required in the construction of such a
hut.
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With the development of tools such asstone flints, basic jointing started to occur.
It evolved from being tied as above to the
use of natural forks and finally basic
shaping and jointing.
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Frames started to change shape and
developments started to occur not only in
the jointing but also in the foundations.
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Structural members started to become more
square in section and more elaborate
jointing such as halving and mortise and
tenon joints were developed.
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Lecture 1Intro to StructuresBuilding Construction and Technology 2
Colosseum
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One thing we have to keep in mind when comparing natural and manmade
structures is that nature uses live materials while man uses passive ones andthe two do not always behave in the same manner.
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Industrialized Structures
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Northern Pacific Railroad Bridge, 1872
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Construction and Materials
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Construction and Materials
Major Types of Materials for Building
Construction
Criteria for Selecting and Using a Building
Material
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Major Types of Materials for
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Major Types of Materials for
Building ConstructionEarth Plants Metal Composite
Raw Materials Mud
Stone
Lime
Trees/Woods
Straw
IndustrialMaterials
BrickCement
Block
Glass
LumberBoard
Laminated
Wood
Plywood
Board
IronSteel
Aluminium
ReinforcedConcrete
Fabric
Structures
Membrane
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Timber
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B d
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Boards
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St l
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Steel
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St
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Stones
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Bricks
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Bricks
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Concrete
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Concrete
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Criteria for Selecting and Using aBuilding Material
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Building Material
Material for Structural Purposes Elasticity and Stiffness
Dimensional Stability
Material for Partitioning or Finishing
Water Resistance Thermal Conductivity
Transmission, Reflection or Absorption
Density
Combustion
Design Scheme
Standard Shapes and Sizes
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Material for structural purposes
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Material for structural purposes
Each Material has different properties ofstrength, elasticity, and stiffness. The most
effective structural materials are those that
combine elasticity with stiffness.
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Elasticity
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Elasticity
Elasticity is the ability of amaterial to deform under
stress bend, stretch or
compress and return to
its original shape whenthe applied stress is
removed. Every material
has its elastic limit
beyond which it will
permanently deform orbreak.
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Termed Ductile
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Termed Ductile
Materials thatundergo plastic
deformation before
actually breaking are
termed ductile.
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Brittle materials
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Brittle materials
Brittle materials, on theother hand, have low
elastic limits and rupture
under loads with little
visible deformation.Because brittle materials
have less reserve
strength that ductile
materials, the are not as
suitable for structuralpurposes.
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Stiffness
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Stiffness
Stiffness is a measure of the forcerequired to push or pull a material to its
elastic limit. A materials stiffness, along
with the stiffness of its cross-sectionalshape, are important factors when
considering the relationship between span
and deflection under loading.
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Dimensional Stability
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Dimensional Stability
The dimensionalstability of a material as
it responds to changes
in temperature andmoisture content affects
the manner in which it
is detailed andconstructed to join with
other materials.
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Water Resistance
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Water Resistance
The resistance of a material to water andwater vapor is an important consideration
when it is exposed to weather or used in
moist environments.
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Thermal Conductivity
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Thermal Conductivity
The thermal conductivity or resistance of amaterial must be assessed when it is used
in constructing the exterior envelope of a
building.
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Transmission, Reflection or
Ab i
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Absorption
A materials transmission, reflection, orabsorption of visible light and radiant heat
should be evaluated when the material is
used to finish the surfaces of a room.
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Density
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Density
The density or hardness ofa material determines its
resistance to wear and
abrasion, its durability inuse, and the costs
required to maintain it.
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Combustion
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Combustion
The ability of a material to resistcombustion, withstand exposure to fire,
and not produce smoke and toxic gases,
must be evaluated before using it as astructural member or an interior finish.
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Standard Shapes and Sizes
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Standard Shapes and Sizes
Many building materials are manufacturedin standard shapes and sizes, These stock
dimensions, however, may vary slightly
from one manufacture to the next. Theyshould be verified in the planning and
design phases of a building so that
unnecessary cutting or wasting of material
can be minimized during construction.
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