Four levels of protein structure Linear Sub-Structure 3D Structure Complex Structure.
STRUCTURE
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Transcript of STRUCTURE
A. CELL THEORY
1) All living things are made of one or more cells.2) Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.3) Living cells come only from other living cells.
• These cells have a nucleus.• Nucleus is a membrane covered organelle
that holds the DNA.• Examples are plant and animal cells.
B) Two Types of Cells:
• These cells DO NOT have a nucleus.• DNA exists in loops that floats freely in the
cell.• An example is bacteria
C) ANIMAL VS. PLANT CELLS:
Large
No Cell wall
Small Vacuoles
No Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Large Vacuoles
Chloroplasts
1) ORGANELLES:• tiny organs in the cell.
2) CYTOPLASM:• fluid filling inside the cell
membrane.• makes up the majority of cell’s
mass.
D) SOME CELL TERMS & STRUCTURES:
3) CELL MEMBRANE
• controls movement of materials into and out of the cell
• holds cell together
Cell membrane
Animal Cell
• found in plant cells not animal cells
• provides strength and support for plant cells.
• made of cellulose (long chains of sugar molecules)
4) CELL WALL
1) Nucleus:
• the control center of the cell
• stores DNA
(a) nucleolus - dark spot inside the nucleus, which makes ribosomes.
E) ORGANELLES OF CELLS:
(b) nuclear membrane - controls movement of materials
in and out of nucleus.
(c) DNA - stores information for making proteins
2) RIBOSOME• tiny grain like
particles usually found along the E.R.
• proteins are made here Ribosome Proteins
Amino acids
3) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):• makes lipids
• the delivery system of the cell for compounds such as proteins through its tubular connections.
4) Mitochondria:
• the “Power House” of the cell
• releases energy packets of ATP for use in the cell.
Mitochondria Outer membrane
Inner membrane
5) Chloroplast:
• “Solar Panels” for capturing energy
• they use energy from sunlight to make food in plant cells (i.e. glucose).
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Chloroplast
This is an example of a mesomorphic dicotyledonous foliage leaf.The midrib contains a single, large collateral vein. Here and on the lamina the upper epidermis (ADE) has a thick cuticle, the lower epidermis (LE) has a much thinner one - why do you think this is so? Note the mesophyll which is organized into a palisade (upper) and a spongy (lower) mesophyll. Palisade cells are arranged vertically, standing on their end walls, whilst spongy mesophyll is much more loosely and randomly arranged in this leaf. Note the large intercellular spaces (IS) between these cells and above the stomata. The vertical arrangement of the palisade cells means that many of the chloroplasts within the mesophyll cells are shaded from direct sunlight - thus reducing the number of mole quanta of light reaching them, and thus limiting light damage to the sensitive photosynthetic machinery within the chloroplasts themselves The two veins that you can see in this micrograph are embedded between the palisade and spongy mesophyll. They are therefore classified as minor veins. The vein on the left (inside the red ellipse) has been cut obliquely, and will join the one on the right at some point. Click here to see an image of guard cells as seen with the transmission electron microscope.
Vacuole
6) Vacuole:
• “Storage Tanks” of the cell
• store water, food and waste.
Animal CellPlant Cell
8) Lysosome:
• “Clean-up and Recycling Crew”
• digest food particles, wastes, cell parts, and foreign invaders.
Lysosome
Vesicle with food
Animal Cell