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Structural Models in Cartography

Alexander WOLODTSCHENKO

Institute for Cartography, Dresden University of Technology, Germanye-mail:Alexander.Wolodtschenko@mailbox.tu-dresden-de

1. Preamble

It is a fact that the cartography is for many sciences of the Earth a sciencewith service functions. But in the "family" of sciences of the Earth, cartographyis an independent science like geography, geodesy, geology etc. On the otherhand it is well-known that modern cartography has technological trends andinteracts with Geographic Information Science. From this angle, the questionof the structure of cartography, its structural models etc. is of specialimportance.

Structural-conceptional models make possible to understand and to interpretthe tendencies in modern cartography from theoretical and technological pointof view. With structural models one can present the diverse potential ofcartography – not only its past and state, but also its progress (or stagnation)and future.

2. Cartography as a dual system

Structural models of cartography were important problem subjects oftheoretical cartography in the 1970s and 1980s. The analytical investigationsto the given problems with different approachs were summarized anddescribed in the works /SALISCHEV 1982, OGRISSEK 1988,WOLODTSCHENKO 1993, 1999 ect. /.

In general cartography as a scientific discipline includes two (sometimesthree) dominant parts with its activities in map making and map using.Science and production or theory and technology present these dominantparts. Figures 1, 2, and 3 show a some selected models of cartography as adual system.

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Fig. 1 Arnberger's model of cartography(1970)

Fig. 2 Ratajski's model of cartography (1971)

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Fig. 3 Ogrissek's model of cartography (1987)

3. Cartography as a system of manifestation forms and its potential

3.1. Orbit model of cartography

For the questionnaire prepared by Takashi Morita at the ICC 2001 in Beijing, Ihave proposed the following definition of cartography: „Cartography in thecontemporary society is a system of diverse manifestation forms withdomination of making and using of traditional and virtual cartosemiotic modelsof the reality and fiction “ and a graphic orbit model of cartography as asystem of manifestations (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Cartography and its manifestation forms /Wolodtschenko 2002/

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3.2. Pentagram as structural model of cartography

The ICA Commission on Theoretical Cartography held its seminar „TheSelected Problems of Theoretical Cartography 2002“ in Gdansk University(Cartographic Laboratory) from the 20th to the 21th July 2002. In this seminarI have presented my new structural model of cartography (Fig. 5). I call thismodel „Pentagram of Cartography“ (or "Pentagram" of Cartography Potential).The model can have three (Fig. 6) or five (Fig. 7) structural levels ofcartography potential. Figure 8 shows five structural potentials for cartographyof the 20th century.

Fig. 5 Pentagram of Cartography /WOLODTSCHENKO 2002a/

Three structural levels of cartography potential science- technology-production

human-society

multimedia – multiculture

Fig. 6 Three structural levels of cartography potential

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Five structural levels of cartography potential scientific - technological potential

human-society potential

profession potential

cultural-historical potential

multimedia – communication potential

Fig. 7 Five structural levels of cartography potential

Potentials of cartography of the 20th centure

scientific-technological potential

human-societypotential

professionalpotential

cultural-historicalpotential

multimedia–communication

potential1.Universities2. Science centers3.Publishing housesetc.

1.Personalities-Prof.E.Imhof-Prof. E.Arnberger-Prof. K.A.Salis-chev-Prof. L.Ratajski-etc.

2. Associations/Societies-ICA/ACI-DGfK-NVKetc.

1.Education-Dipl.Ing. orMaster-Bachaloretc.

2.Qualification-Dr.habil.-Dr.ing. orPh.D.etc.

1.Cultural heritage (in)-Museums-Libraries-Archives-etc.

2.Art(as artefacts of)-Prehistoric time-Ancient world-Middle ages-18th century-19th century-20th century

-Printmedia-TV-PC-Internet-Mobile phone-etc.

Fig. 8 Example of potentials for cartography of the 20th century

4. Other structural models

From a variety of examples of other structural models, I have chosen thefollowing ones, which were considered in the work /WOLODTSCHENKO1999/ and which define the extended field of application and expression ofcartography:

- Curriculum cartography in the TU Dresden (Fig. 9)- Structural model of textbook by Hake/Grünreich/Meng/2002/ (Fig. 10)- Structural model of Lexicon by WITT /1979/ (Fig. 11)- Structural models of cartographic-bilbliographic Dokumentation (Fig.12)- Structural model of the ICA Commissions 1999-2003 (Fig. 13)

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Fig. 9 Curriculum cartography in the TU Dresden

KARTOGRAPHIE Teil I : Allgemeine Kartographie

1.Einführung2. Raumbezug in der Kartographie3. Grundlagen der kartographischen Modellbildung4. Techniken für die kartographischen Visualisierung5. Projektplanung in der Kartographie6. Aufbau und Aktualisierung digitaler Modelle der Umwelt7. Herstellungsverfahren für kartographische Darstellungen8. Gewinnung raum-zeitlicher Informationen

Teil II: Angewandte Kartographie

9. Topographische Informationssysteme und topographische Karten10. Fachinformationssysteme unf thematische Karten11. Atlanten

Teil III : Gegenwart und Geschichte der Kartographie12. Gegenwart der Kartographie13. Überblick zur Geschichte der Kartographie

Fig.10 Structural model of textbook by HAKE/GRÜNREICH/MENG/2002/

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Fig. 11 Structural model of Lexicon by WITT /1979/

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Fig.12 Structural models of cartographic-bilbliographic Dokumentation

ICA Commissions 1999-2003Theoryoriented

Commissions

Theory -technologyoriented

Commissions

Technologyoriented

Commissions

-Theretical Cartography-Generalistion-History of Cartography-Census Cartography-Gender and Cartography

-Educatíon and Training-Visualisation and VirtualEnvironments-Mountain Cartography-Marine Cartography-Spatial Data Standards-Planetary Cartography-National and RegionalAtlases-Maps and Graphics forBlind and VisuallyImpaired People-WG IncrementalUpdating and Versioning

-Map Production-Maps and Internet-Mapping from SatelliteImagery

Fig.13 Structural model of the ICA Commissions 1999-2003

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5. Conclusion

In my article I have shown some selected structural models of cartography.There are diverse structural models of cartography. By means of the structuralmodels, one can determine the "degree of the theoretical and technologicalmaturity" of cartography at the concrete moment. Through the structuralmodels of cartography, also different approachs of authors to the definition ofthe task and the contents of cartography are to be compared and are to bedistinguished. The investigation of structural-conceptional aspects makespossible to understand better also the present tendencies in cartography fromtheoretical and technological point of view. With structural models one canpresent the diverse potential of cartography – not only its past and state, butalso its progress (or stagnation) and future.

References

ARNBERGER, E. (1970): Die Kartographie als Wissenschaft und ihreBeziehungen zur Geographie und Geodäsie. In: Grundsatzfragen derKartographie. Wien 1970, S.1-28.

HAKE, G.; GRÜNREICH,D.; MENG, L.(2002): Kartographie (Lehrbuch),Berlin/ New York 2002.

OGRISSEK, R. (1987): Theoretische Kartographie. Gotha 1987.OGRISSEK, R.(1988): Beiträge zut theoretischen Kartographie aus der

UdSSR und aus anderen sozialistischen Ländern Europas. In: KELNHOFER,F. /Ed./ Forschungen zur theoretischen Kartographie. Band 9. Wien 1988.

RATAJSKI, L. (1971): Kartologie - ein System der theoretischenKartographie. Vermessungstechnik, Berlin 19(1971) 9, S. 324-328.

RATAJSKI, L. (1973): The research structur of theoretical cartography.In: Intern. Yearb. of Cartography. XIII. Budapest 1973, S. 217-228.

SALISCHEV, K.A. (1982): Idei i teoreticheskie problemy v kartografii 80-hgodov. VINITI Moskva 1982. 154S.

WITT, W. (1979): Lexikon der Kartographie. Band B.ARNBERGER,E./Ed./ Die Kartographie und ihr Randgebiete. Wien 1979.

WOLODTSCHENKO, A.(1993): Kartoiazykovye problemy ikartosemiotika (Map language problems and cartosemiotics). Dresden 1993.102S.

WOLODTSCHENKO, A.(1999): Kartosemiotische und konzeptionelleAspekte der 90er Jahre. In: SCHLICHTMAN, H.; WOLODTSCHENKO, A./Ed./.Diskussionsbeträge zur Kartosemiotik und zur Theorie der Kartographie.Band 2. Dresden 1999. 192S.

WOLODTSCHENKO, A.(2002): Structural models in cartography. Paperfor ICA Seminar in Gdansk, July 21, 2002.

WOLODTSCHENKO, A.(2002a): Kartosemiotik in Europa. In:SCHLICHTMAN, H.; WOLODTSCHENKO, A. /Ed./ Diskussionsbeträge zurKartosemiotik und zur Theorie der Kartographie. Band 5. Dresden 2002. 82S.

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