Structural Inequality In Education

Structural inequality in Structural inequality in educationeducation

By Paul Chan, Samuel Ko, Edmund LoBy Paul Chan, Samuel Ko, Edmund Lo

Social StratificationSocial Stratification

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWfLh6_RAEc







Social stratificationSocial stratification refers to the refers to the hierarchicalhierarchical arrangement of individuals into divisions of arrangement of individuals into divisions of power and wealth within a power and wealth within a societysociety

monthly income, work occupation, housing accommodation (size, owned or rented, government or private), oversea passport, investments, language speaking ability, alumni, status in the community, friends and family...etc

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society


““classificationclassification of persons into groups based on shared of persons into groups based on shared socio-economic conditions” socio-economic conditions”

Social stratification has been shown to cause many Social stratification has been shown to cause many social problems social problems

A comprehensive study of major world economies A comprehensive study of major world economies revealed that homicide, infant mortality, obesity, revealed that homicide, infant mortality, obesity, teenage pregnancies, emotional depression and prison teenage pregnancies, emotional depression and prison population all correlate with higher social inequality population all correlate with higher social inequality

How about How about Educational EqualityEducational Equality??


Some interesting social Some interesting social phenomenonphenomenon ……

Men dominate the powerful positions in business and Men dominate the powerful positions in business and politics, this is reflected in education opportunities.politics, this is reflected in education opportunities.

When girls failed science subjects, the blame is often When girls failed science subjects, the blame is often placed on gender factor - 'that girls are not suited to be placed on gender factor - 'that girls are not suited to be scientists'scientists'

When boys fail science subjects that situation is taken When boys fail science subjects that situation is taken more seriously.more seriously.

This is reflected in the subjects that women study in This is reflected in the subjects that women study in University.University.


In a In a capitalist societycapitalist society, the role of education is , the role of education is to prepare workers with labour skills who will to prepare workers with labour skills who will accept their subordinate position without accept their subordinate position without questioning it.questioning it.

Hong KongHong Kong is a capitalist society is a capitalist society People in Hong Kong are divided into classesPeople in Hong Kong are divided into classes i.e. Lower class, Middle class, Upper classi.e. Lower class, Middle class, Upper class


Lower classLower class- mainly composed of elderly and unskilled workers - mainly composed of elderly and unskilled workers - suffering from low and decreasing income- suffering from low and decreasing income- barely maintain their living- barely maintain their living

Middle classMiddle class- mainly composed of professionals and managers- mainly composed of professionals and managers- discrimination against the lower class- discrimination against the lower class- 1997 economic depression led to increased tension - 1997 economic depression led to increased tension between 2 classesbetween 2 classes

Upper classUpper class

Education Problems caused by Education Problems caused by Social StratificationSocial Stratification

““In teaching, there should be In teaching, there should be no distinction of classesno distinction of classes” ”

(Confucius)(Confucius)


Did education provides equalDid education provides equal opportunities to all membersopportunities to all members of society?of society?

The answer is…… The answer is…… NO!!!NO!!!


In modern stratified societyIn modern stratified societySchool School == a means of passing on social a means of passing on social status from one generation to anotherstatus from one generation to another

Parents want their children to get a good Parents want their children to get a good educationeducation

upper Strata will naturally use their power and upper Strata will naturally use their power and influence to ensure the best education for their influence to ensure the best education for their childrenchildren


The fact….The fact….

Poor children Poor children == less represented in famous schools and less represented in famous schools and upper academic bandsupper academic bands

Girls Girls == less represented than boys in secondary school less represented than boys in secondary school science streamsscience streams

Newcomer children from mainland Newcomer children from mainland == fall behind and may fall behind and may have to repeat a year of schoolhave to repeat a year of school


The fact….The fact….

Children from high social status families have Children from high social status families have more computers and better software at home more computers and better software at home than other children.than other children.

HK wealthiest families have less difficulty paying HK wealthiest families have less difficulty paying fees for international schools, and study fees for international schools, and study overseas.overseas.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEczvyM3Boc






School Fees of a DSS school School Fees of a DSS school (St.Paul’s co-ed)(St.Paul’s co-ed)

With effect from September 2009, all Primary With effect from September 2009, all Primary One students are enrolled under DSS and the One students are enrolled under DSS and the school fee is HK$60,000 per student per year.school fee is HK$60,000 per student per year.

2009-2010 School Fees for Secondary School2009-2010 School Fees for Secondary School

Class Tuition fee per annum (HK$) Class Tuition fee per annum (HK$) S1 (DSS) 52,000 S1 (DSS) 52,000 S2 (DSS) 52,000 S2 (DSS) 52,000 S3 (DSS) 52,000 S3 (DSS) 52,000 S4 (DSS) 52,000 S4 (DSS) 52,000 S5 (DSS) 52,000 S5 (DSS) 52,000 S6 (DSS) 52,000 S6 (DSS) 52,000 S7 (DSS) 52,000S7 (DSS) 52,000

How much we need to pay to complete How much we need to pay to complete both primary and secondary in DSS both primary and secondary in DSS

school school

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Let us calculate together!!!! Let us calculate together!!!!

Five Categories of Fee Remission Five Categories of Fee Remission The Fee Remission Scheme is a means tested-scheme.The Fee Remission Scheme is a means tested-scheme. Benchmark disposable income $360,000 per year. Benchmark disposable income $360,000 per year. Family disposable income < $360,000 qualify for 100% fee Family disposable income < $360,000 qualify for 100% fee

remission.remission. Family disposable income exceeds the benchmark disposable Family disposable income exceeds the benchmark disposable

income by no more than HK$90,000 would qualify for a fee income by no more than HK$90,000 would qualify for a fee remission of HK$40,000 (for Secondary School) or HK$48,000 remission of HK$40,000 (for Secondary School) or HK$48,000 (for Primary School), and the fee payable per year would be (for Primary School), and the fee payable per year would be HK$12,000. HK$12,000.

Family disposable income exceeds the benchmark disposable Family disposable income exceeds the benchmark disposable income by no more than HK$180,000 would qualify for a fee income by no more than HK$180,000 would qualify for a fee remission of HK$28,000 (for Secondary School) or HK$36,000 remission of HK$28,000 (for Secondary School) or HK$36,000 (for Primary School), and the fee payable per year would be (for Primary School), and the fee payable per year would be HK$24,000. HK$24,000.

Five Categories of Fee RemissionFive Categories of Fee Remission

Family disposable income exceeds the benchmark Family disposable income exceeds the benchmark disposable income by no more than HK$270,000 disposable income by no more than HK$270,000 would qualify for a fee remission of HK$16,000 (for would qualify for a fee remission of HK$16,000 (for Secondary School) or HK$24,000 (for Primary School), Secondary School) or HK$24,000 (for Primary School), and the fee payable per year would be HK$36,000. and the fee payable per year would be HK$36,000.

Family disposable income exceeds the benchmark Family disposable income exceeds the benchmark disposable income by no more than HK$360,000 disposable income by no more than HK$360,000 would qualify for a fee remission of HK$4,000 (for would qualify for a fee remission of HK$4,000 (for Secondary School) or HK$12,000 (for Primary School), Secondary School) or HK$12,000 (for Primary School), and the fee payable per year would be HK$48,000. and the fee payable per year would be HK$48,000.

Canadian International SchoolCanadian International School

ANNUAL CAPITAL LEVYANNUAL CAPITAL LEVY (payable by non- (payable by non-debenture holders) Pre-Reception to Grade 12 debenture holders) Pre-Reception to Grade 12 $21,500 $21,500

TUITION FEES **TUITION FEES ** Pre-Reception, Reception $68,500 Pre-Reception, Reception $68,500 Prep to Grade 4 $92,000 Prep to Grade 4 $92,000 Grade 5 to Grade 8 $94,700 Grade 5 to Grade 8 $94,700 Grade 9 to Grade 12 $102,800Grade 9 to Grade 12 $102,800

How much we need to pay to complete How much we need to pay to complete both primary and secondary in both primary and secondary in

International school International school

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Let us calculate together Let us calculate together one more time !!!! one more time !!!!

Videos for child educationVideos for child education

http://http://www.youtube.com/watch?vwww.youtube.com/watch?v==nwWSQdQOQLQnwWSQdQOQLQ

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwWSQdQOQLQ




Raw Data

Some Surveys

Do you support the continuation of educational ability tests?

Yes: 90%

No: 10%(Sample size: 1075, 20 or older)

2008, goo Research (Japanese Research group)

http://whatjapanthinks.com/2008/11/11/national-tests-league-tables-widely-favoured-in-japan/


Some Surveys

Why do you think the result of educational ability test should not be published?

Possibility of increasing educational disparity between schools. 39%

Will escalate competition between local authorities. 33%

Possibility of discrimination against pupils with poor results. 24%

Worry that budgets for poorly-performing schools will be cut. 4%

(Sample size: 226, 20 or older)




Some Surveys

Do you think it would be good to have more English ability?

Yes 86%

No 14%

(Sample size: 549, teens to 30s, 1:1 male to female ratio)


http://whatjapanthinks.com/2008/02/02/young-japanese-desire-english/


Some Surveys

How satisfied were you (or are you) with your English education at middle and high

school? Satisfied 3%Satisfied to some extent 23%Dissatisfied to some extent 49%Dissatisfied 25%

(Sample size: 549, teens to 30s, 1:1 male to female ratio)




Hong Kong Genders

Age 15 – 64

Male 2,551,256

Female 2,713,532

2009, cia.gov

Hong Kong Languages

Cantonese 89.2%

Other Chinese 6.4%

English 3.2%

2001, cia.gov

Hong Kong Languages

English 3.2%

Cantonese 89.2%

Other Chinese 6.4%

School Life Expectancy (primary to tertiary)

Male: 20 yearsFemale: 21 years (2006)




cia.gov

Access to high quality and innovate designs often becomes privileged and adopted early only by the elites. But asinnovation matures, mainstream audiences begin to have access.

Eventually, innovation will be embedded almost in every household and people will figure ways to produce productivity and efficiency with it.

Something About Technology

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http://blog.lib.umn.edu/lecy0013/architecture/old-computer-thumb.jpg

Access to high quality and innovate education often becomes privileged and adopted early only by the elites. But as educationmatures, mainstream audiences begin to have access.

Eventually, education will be embedded almost in every household and people will figure ways to produce productivity and efficiency with it.

Something About Education

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jeep.com

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http://bp1.blogger.com/_AoiAVKCipPk/RrfVoBg4YBI/AAAAAAAAAPQ/BQc5qtx4mZQ/s1600-h/class6.jpg

• Government Schools

• Subsidized Schools

• Direct Subsidy Scheme Schools

• Private Schools

• Private International Schools

• English Schools Foundation

• Exams

• Competitions for Tertiary Education

• Curriculum

• Subjects

• Stakeholders

• Career

• Status (Class)

• Location

• Background

• Faith

•

Structural Inequality In Education

Economy & Finance

Transcript of Structural Inequality In Education