Structural hierarchy in proteins

The reaction of dansyl chloride in end group analysis

The hypothetical rate of the carboxypeptidase-catalyzed release of amino acids: all bonds cleaved at the same rate

The hypothetical rate of the carboxypeptidase-catalyzed release of amino acids: Ser slow, Tyr fast, and Leu intermediate

Specificities of various exopeptidases

Specificities of various endopeptidases

Edman degradation

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain

Primary structure of bovine insulin

Flow diagram for polypeptide

synthesis by the solid phase method

Amino acids with benzyl-protected side chains and Boc-protected -amino groups

Connecting two peptides: native chemical ligation

END

Amino Acid Sequences of Cytochromes c from 38 species

Amino Acid Sequences of Cytochromes c from 38 Species

Amino Acid Difference Matrix for 26 Species of Cytochrome ca

The PAM-250 Log Odds Substitution Matrix

Flow diagram of the chain-terminator (dideoxy) method of DNA sequencing

Autoradiograph of

a sequencing gel

A portion of the output of a four reaction/one gel sequencing system

Genome sequencing strategies

Scanning electron microscope of human erythrocytes. (a) Normal human erythrocytes revealing their biconcave disklike shape

Scanning electron microscope of human erythrocytes. (b) Sickled erythrocytes from an individual with sickle-cell anemia

A map indicating the regions of the world where malaria caused by P. falciparum was prevalent before 1930

Phylogenic tree of cytochrome c

Rates of evolution of four unrelated proteins

A phylogenetic tree for cytochrome c

Phylogenetic tree of the globin family

Rate of sequence change in evolving proteins. (a) Protein evolving at random and that initially consists of 5% each of the 20 “standard” amino acid residues

Rate of sequence change in evolving proteins. (b) A protein of average amino acid composition evolving as is observed in nature

Sequence alignment with dot matrices

The optical alignments of human myoglobin (Mb, 153 residues) and the human hemoglobin chain (Hb, 141 residues)

A guide to the significance of normalized alignment scores (NAS) in the comparison of peptide sequences

Use of the Needleman-Wunsch alignment algorithm [alignment of 10-residue peptide (horizontal) with 11-residue peptide (vertical)]. (a) Comparison matrix

Use of the Needleman-Wunsch alignment algorithm [alignment of 10-residue peptide (horizontal) with 11-residue peptide (vertical)]. (b) Transforming the matrix

Use of the Needleman-Wunsch alignment algorithm [alignment of 10-residue peptide (horizontal) with 11-residue peptide (vertical)]. (c) Transformed matrix

Phylogenetic trees

An unrooted phylogenetic tree of the five HIPIP sequences that are aligned in Fig. 7-30c

Manipulations employed in the neighbor-joining method for the construction of a phylogenetic tree

A DNA chip

The photolithographic synthesis of a DNA chip

Variation in the expression of genes that encode proteins known as cyclins (Section 34-4C) in human tissues

Some Sequenced Genomes

Some Sequenced Genomes

Amino acid analysis via HPLC

The generation of the gas phase ions required for the mass spectrometric analysis of proteins: electrospray ionization (ESI)

The generation of the gas phase ions required for the mass spectrometric analysis of proteins: matrix-assisted laser

desorption/ionization (MALDI)

The generation of the gas phase ions required for the mass spectrometric analysis of proteins: fast atom bombardment (FAB)

The ESI-MS spectrum of the 17 kD horse heart protein apomyoglobin

The use of a tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS) in amino acid sequencing

Peptide mapping

The tandem mass spectrum of the doubly charged ion of the 14-residue human [Glu1]fibrinopeptide B (m/z = 786)

Peptide mapping

Sequence determination of an oligonucleotide by partial digestion with snake venom phosphodiesterase

Use of the Needleman-Wunsch alignment algorithm [alignment of 10-residue peptide (horizontal) with 11-residue peptide (vertical)].

(d) Alignment

Examples of peptide sequence alignments

Reaction cycle in the phosphoramidite method of oligonucleotide synthesis

World Wide Web Addresses for the Major Protein and DNA Sequence Data Banks