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Stress & ResiliencyStress & Resiliency

StressStress

When  perceived demands

exceed

 perceived resources

StressStress

StressorsCatastrophes

Life changes

Hassles

InterveningfactorsAppraisal

Perceived control

Personality

Social support

Coping behaviors

StressreactionsPhysiological

Emotional

Behavioral

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StressorsStressors

• Frustration

• Change

• Pressure• Conflict

Cognitive AppraisalCognitive Appraisal

Stress:

Someone

stands you up

on a date you

were looking

forward to.

Irrational:I will never find

anyone. I am a

worthless person!

Rational:This is too bad. I’ll

find something elseto do this weekend.

 Annoyed but

remain hopeful

 Angry, anxious,

rejected

 A Activating Event B Belief System C Consequence

Common Irrational BeliefsCommon Irrational Beliefs

• All-Or-None Thinking

• Overgeneralizing

• Jumping to Conclusions

• Catastrophizing

• Should Statements

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Emotional RespondingEmotional Responding

• Emotional Responses

 – Annoyance, anger, rage

 – Apprehension, anxiety, fear 

 – Dejection, sadness, grief 

• Emotional response and performance

 – The inverted-U-hypothesis

Inverted U HypothesisInverted U Hypothesis

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Responding to StressResponding to Stress

PhysiologicallyPhysiologically

• Physiological

Responses – Nonspecific

reactions

• Selye’s General

 Adaptation

Syndrome

Stress

resistance

Phase 1Alarm

reaction(mobilize

resources)

Phase 2Resistance(cope withstressor)

Phase 3Exhaustion(reservesdepleted)

The body’s resistance to stress can only

Last so long before exhaustion sets in

Stressor 

occurs

Coping StylesCoping Styles

• Striking out at others

• Self-indulgent

• Defensive coping

• Constructive coping

• WOC-R

ResilienceResilience

• Manifested competence in the context of significant challenges to adaptation

• Successful adaptation following exposure

to biological and psychosocial risk factors

and/or stressful life events

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Werner studyWerner study

• High risk:

 – Poverty

 – Perinatal stress

 – Family discourd – Divorce

 – Parental alcoholism

 – Parental mental illness

• Results:

 – 1 out of 3 (n=72) grew

into competent adults

by 18 – Majority by 32

Risk FactorsRisk Factors

• Neonatal stress

• Poverty

• Neglect

• Abuse

• Physical handicaps

• War  

• Parental mental

illness

• Parental alcoholism

• Parental criminality

Attributes of ResilientAttributes of Resilient

ChildrenChildren

• Social competence

• Problem-solving skills

• Autonomy

• Sense of purpose and future

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Social Context of ResilienceSocial Context of Resilience

• Family

 – Caring, support

• Close bond with at least one person

 – High expectations

 – Participation in family life

 – Authoritative parenting

Social Context of ResilienceSocial Context of Resilience

• School

 – Foster social unity and support

 – Establish high academic standards

 – Responsibility

• Opportunity for participation

Social Context of ResilienceSocial Context of Resilience

• Community

 – Provision of services

 – Cohesive and organized social network

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Resilience ModelsResilience Models

• Compensatory

• Challenge

• Conditional

Assessing ResiliencyAssessing Resiliency

• Is the child meeting developmental

milestones?

• What factors place the child at risk?

• What protective factors exist for the child

as an individual?

 – Family protective factors

 – School protective factors – Community protective factors

RakRak & Patterson& Patterson

QuestionnaireQuestionnaire

• 25 questions

• Semi-structured interview

• 6 – 12 year olds

• Adolescents

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InterventionsInterventions

• Risk-focused strategies

• Resource-focused strategies

• Process-focused strategies – Solution-focused counseling

 – Parent training

 – Counseling

• Role play, conflict resolution, instillation of hope,

modeling healthy self-concept, peer support