Stress, Personality, and Emotional Responses to...

Stress Personality and Emotional Responses to Music

ZHOU XIAO

Supervisor Dr Julian LAI

Date 2007-6-8

Stress Personality and Music i

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to investigate how specific

personality traits (Sensation Seeking and Neuroticism) affect emotional

responses to music after exposure to a stressor and preference and judgment

of music In a pilot study 8 pieces of sample classical music were classified

by 204 participants with reference to 2 affective dimensions of Pleasantness

and Arousal A separate group of 43 participants were exposed to a

modified version of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) before they

participated in either one of two conditions listening to one of sample

music which was rated as highest in Pleasantness and lowest in Arousal by

participants in the pilot study or reading an academic article Results

indicated that the mood-modulating effect of music was not significant after

a stressful exposure In addition personality factors did not influence

emotional responses to music Only one piece of music showed a tendency

that is consistent with the assumption that high sensation seekers prefer

music with high degree of Arousal Moreover responses to two other pieces

of music showed a significant difference between high and low sensation

seekers However it was inconsistent with the related theory of sensation

seeking Present findings indicated that the type of music used in the study

may be an important factor that affects emotional responses to music

Stress Personality and Music ii

Content

Abstract --------------------------------------------------------------------------- i Content ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii List of Tables --------------------------------------------------------------------- iii List of Figures -------------------------------------------------------------------- iv Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

11 Effects of music on mood ----------------------------------------------- 1 12 Emotional response to music listening -------------------------------- 5 13 Music preference --------------------------------------------------------- 8 14 Hypotheses ---------------------------------------------------------------- 9

Method ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 21 Participants ---------------------------------------------------------------- 10 22 Material -------------------------------------------------------------------- 11

221 Music ----------------------------------------------------------------- 11 222 Personality ----------------------------------------------------------- 12 223 Mood rating ---------------------------------------------------------- 13 224 Stressor ndash The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) ----------------- 14

23 Procedure ------------------------------------------------------------------ 15 231 Pilot test -------------------------------------------------------------- 15 232 The Experiment ----------------------------------------------------- 16

Result ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 17 31 Music Selection Questionnaire ----------------------------------------- 17 32 Mood indicator ------------------------------------------------------------ 19 33 Personality indicator ----------------------------------------------------- 20 34 TSST effect on mood ---------------------------------------------------- 21 35 Music effect on mood ---------------------------------------------------- 22 36 Sensation Seeking and music preference ------------------------------ 24

Discussion ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 25 Reference ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 Appendix -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45

Stress Personality and Music iii

List of Tables

1 Correlation between Familiarity and Pleasantness Arousal

Enjoyment respectively ---------------------------------------------------- 35

2 Mean scores of Familiarity for 8 pieces of sample music ------------- 35

3 The correlation between the emotion-denoting adjectives ------------ 36

4 TSST effect on both Pleasure and Arousal with the sensation

seeking as the personality factor ------------------------------------------ 37

5 TSST effect on both Pleasure and Arousal with the Neuroticism as

the personality factor ------------------------------------------------------- 37

6 Music effect on both Pleasure and Arousal with the sensation


7 Music effect on both Pleasure and Arousal with the Neuroticism as


8 The correlation between the overall score of sensation seeking and

the ratings of Pleasantness Arousal and Enjoyment part for each

track in the Music selection questionnaire ------------------------------- 39

Stress Personality and Music

iv

List of Figures

1 Affect grid of music perception by respondents in pilot test ------------- 40

2 Crosstabulation between degree of Sensation Seeking and scores of

Enjoyment for track 4 --------------------------------------------------------- 41





5 Affect grid of participants who scored high on the sensation seeking -- 44

6 Affect grid of participants who scored low on the sensation seeking --- 44

Stress Personality and Music 1

Introduction

11 Effects of music on mood

Music is so prevalent that we cannot ignore it in our daily life In a study

participants reported ldquolistening to music more often than engaging in any

other activity across a wide variety of contextsrdquo (Rentfrow amp Gosling 2003

p1239) People listen to music no matter where ldquoin homes offices cars

restaurants and clubs around the worldrdquo (Rentfrow amp Gosling 2003

p1236) and when ldquodoing housework or driving a carrdquo (Kallinen amp Ravaja

2004b p399) Contemporary research claimed that on average

ldquoAmericans spend at least 3 12 hours a day listening to music provided by

the radio as well as by recordingsrdquo (Knobloch 2003 p234)

Obviously listening to music is not only for fun Researchers indicated

that music can influence peoplersquos thoughts emotions especially mood

(Knobloch amp Zillmann 2002) Additionally ldquosince the times of Plato artists

and scientists alike have been intrigued by the power of music to elicit

strong emotional responses in humanrdquo (Kreutz et al 2004 p624) Also

previous research claimed that listening to music is mostly for getting relax

and improving peoplersquos mood otherwise for decreasing negative emotional

states such as anxiety and stress (Kallinen amp Ravaja 2004b) Thayer (1989)

claimed that more than 10 of participants reflected that they would choose

listening to music as the best way to get into a good mood Moreover a

prior study found that comparing with participants in good mood highly


energetic-joyful music was chosen to listen for longer period by participants

in bad mood (Knobloch amp Zillmann 2002) Kallinen and Ravaja (2004)

also found that listening session as a whole would raise general arousal and

shift the mood of a listener to a more positive direction as indexed by self-

report and cardiovascular data In sum music is an essential element for

improving mood and enhancing wellness

Besides music can influence emotions negatively as well Previous

studies indicated that ldquomusic in action video games is a powerful stressorrdquo

because the music in the study was ldquopop-techno style and basically

repetitive without chord changesrdquo (Hebert et al 2005) Other studies

reported that participants were found to exhibit significant increase in heart

rate systolic blood pressure and cortisol following techno music listening

(Gerra et al 1998) or rock and heavy metal music listening (Salamon et al

2003) Thus different types of music might be able to ldquoinduce varying

emotion-related responsesrdquo (Kallinen amp Ravaja 2004b p399) In short

different music genres provide variable effects on emotional states

Classical music was frequently used for investigating positive effects of

music listening A related research categorized Classical music as a factor

named Reflective and Complex associated with Blues Jazz and Folk music

In the study the factor of Reflective and Complex stood for genres that

ldquoseem to facilitate introspection and are structurally complexrdquo (Rentfrow amp

Gosling 2003 p1241) In the study classical music was described as ldquoslow


in tempo using mostly acoustical instruments and had very little singingrdquo

(Rentfrow amp Gosling 2003 p1246) Based on participantsrsquo responses the

Reflective and Complex dimension including classical music was

ldquoperceived as complex yet low in energy levelrdquo (Rentfrow amp Gosling 2003

p1246) Hebert et al (2005) also indicated that classical music shows more

relaxing effects Moreover McKinney et al (1997) found that classical

music led to significant decreases in beta-endorphin which is believed to be

related to emotional stress In addition researchers found that relaxing

music alleviated negative emotional states such as anxiety and induced self-

rated relaxation (Hirokawa amp Ohira 2003)

Yet for investigating the positive effect of music listening situational

factors cannot be ignored Previous studies showed that music may have

positive effect on mood especially in a stressful situation (Kallinen amp

Ravaja 2004b) However very few studies have really investigated the

effect of music when participants are experiencing a certain negative

emotional state Referring to previous studies people ldquoseek to experience

the highest degree of pleasure attainable under given circumstancesrdquo

(Knobloch amp Zillmann 2002 p352) Music has been considered as ldquoa

primary mood setter capable of diminishing gloom and lifting spiritsrdquo

(Knobloch amp Zillmann 2002 p352) In line with this music seems to be a

therapeutic technique against mental and physical illness (Kreutz et al


2004) Based on the theory of mood management music can effectively help

people to alleviate their negative emotional states

Hirokawa et al (2003) showed how music influences the mood of a

healthy person who is under stress In the study all participants went

through a stressful experience (ie each respondents took a Stroop color

test) before separating into three groups which were asked to listen to high-

uplifting music low-uplifting music and no music respectively In addition

high-uplifting music in this study was described as ldquofast tempi major

tonalities percussive qualities and syncopationsrdquo whereas low-uplifting

music had ldquosedative qualities including slow tempi minor tonalities

smooth melody lines and no dramatic changes in each selectionrdquo (Hirokawa

et al 2003 p193) Although there was no significant improvement on

emotional states results showed that low-uplifting music tended to sense of

well-being whereas high-uplifting music tended to reduce depression

Stress Hirokawa et al (2003) claimed in the study is known to affect

psychological states of well-being and excessive or prolonged stress is

related to development of emotional disorder Russell (1989) established an

Affect Grid showing the position of stress In the model stress and

relaxation were represented as 2 different combinations of different levels

on the two basic dimensions Pleasant ndash Unpleasant and Arousal ndash

Sleepiness Stress was defined by high arousal and low pleasantness

whereas relaxation by an opposite pattern of combination In other words


people who are feeling stressed are more likely to describe their emotions as

highly aroused (ie high score on arousal dimension) and unpleasant (ie

low score on pleasant dimension) Moreover the other possible

combinations were Depression and Excitement which were represented by

low on pleasantness and arousal and high on both dimensions respectively

(Russell et al 1989)

As mentioned earlier Hirokawa et al (2003) found that high-uplifting

music tended to decrease depression According to the description of the

study the high-uplifting music had a stimulating quality and provided an

enjoyable experience for participants Thus the high-uplifting music is

allocated with Excitement in the Affect Grid Based on the findings reported

by Hirokawa et al (2003) and the model of Affect Grid (Russell et al

1989) negative emotions may be influenced by the certain affective states

which locate in the opposite sides in the Affect Grid

12 Emotional responses to music

Personality traits were frequently used for investigating differences in

either emotional responses to music listening (Kallinen et al 2004a

Kallinen et al 2004b Kreutz et al 2004) or music preference (Rentfrowet

al 2003 Kopacz 2005 Pearsonet al 2004 Carpentier et al 2003

Schwartzet al 2003 Rawlinget al 2000)

In the aspect of emotional responses to music listening researchers used

different scales to investigate the influence of personality traits on emotional


responses to music listening A study on the influence of background music

melody during audio news claimed that ldquorising background melody (ie

high-arousal stimulus) elicited more physiological arousal among

individuals scoring high on the Impulsivity (Imp) and Behavioral Activation

System (BAS) dimensions whereas falling melody elicited more

physiological arousal among low BAS scorersrdquo (Kallinen et al 2004a

p285) In other words respondents who are more impulsive and ldquoin greater

proneness to engage in goal-directed efforts and more likely to experience

positive feelingsrdquo (Kallinen et al 2004a p277) were more easily aroused

by rising melody background music in the study

Moreover Kallinen et al (2004b) found that after music listening

session participants who scored high on Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

and Neuroticism-Anxiety (N-Anx) showed an increase in positive activation

and pleasantness that is to say respondents who are characterized by

neuroticism and anxiety proneness were more likely to be activated

positively and feel pleasure Moreover music induced positive mood and

reduced negative emotions such as stress and depression were mostly

observed in participants who were depressed and anxious

Neuroticism which was described by Eysenck as one of the ldquotwo central

structures of human personalityrdquo has two poles which called ldquoemotional

stability and emotional instabilityrdquo (Pervin et al 2005 p232) In the five-

factor model neuroticism has the similar illustration According to Costa


and McCrae (1992) Neuroticism ldquoidentifies individuals prone to

psychological distress unrealistic ideas excessive cravings or urges and

maladaptive coping responsesrdquo (Pervin et al 2005 p255) Also based on

the definition high scorers on Neuroticism are characterized as ldquoworrying

nervous emotional insecure inadequate and hypochodriacalrdquo whereas low

scorers are described as ldquocalm relaxed unemotional hardy secure and self-

satisfiedrdquo (Pervin et al 2005 p255) In short individuals who score high

on Neuroticism are more likely to experience negative feelings besides

they respond more poorly to environmental stress Whereas individuals

who score low in Neuroticism are less reactive to negative emotional state

and emotionally stable

Besides Sensation Seeking as another important personality trait is

defined as ldquothe seeking of varied novel complex and intense sensations

and experiences and the willingness to take physical social legal and

financial risks for the sake of such experiencerdquo (Zuckerman 1994 p27)

The definition began with the hypothesis that individuals differ in ldquooptimal

levels of stimulation and arousalrdquo (Zuckerman 1994 p29) Zuckerman

(1994) indicated that high sensation seekers would not be aroused easily so

that they need higher level of stimulations to reach the same level of arousal

as low sensation seekers In other words in order to be aroused high

sensation seekers need more variety and intensity of stimulation than low

sensation seekers Considering the emotion response to music listening low


sensation seekers may be aroused by more energetic and rhythmic music

than high scorers on sensation seeking

13 Music preference

Compared with studies related to emotional response to music listening

there were more investigations focusing on the individual differences in

music preference Evidences from previous studies showed that participants

who scored high on Liveliness and Openness to change preferred to music

with variety of melodic themes whereas participants who scored high on

Vigilance preferred music with simple melodic themes (Kopacz 2005)

individuals who are intuitive more enjoyed music genres such as Jazz Soul

Folk and Classical music whereas individuals who are extraverted more

preferred music genres such as pop and rock music than introverted

(Pearson et al 2004) adolescents who have lower self-esteem and higher

self-doubt are more likely to prefer heavy music (Schwartz et al 2003) and

adolescents who exhibit disinhibition and proactive rebelliousness find to

prefer defiant music (Carpentier et al 2003)

Previous research also indicated that high scorers on Sensation Seeking

ldquopreferred music that is intense complex novel and dissonantrdquo (Zuckerman

1994 p216) Also Zuckerman (1994) found that the sum score of Sensation

Seeking Scale positively correlate with all three kinds of rock music (hard

soft and classic) more highly with hard and soft rock than with classical

rock Experience Seeking (ES) which is a subscale of the Sensation Seeking


Scale (SSS) includes ldquoseeking of novel sensations and experiences through

the mind and senses as in arousing music art and travelrdquo (Zuckerman

1994 p31) Rawlings et al (2000) found that respondents who scored high

on ES (ie a subscale of SSS) showed significant preference to music in the

hard rock category According to the studies SSS and ES predict similar

music preferences that high scorers are more likely to prefer music such as

rock However even though there were many studies related to individual

differences in music preference comparatively few focused on individual

differences in emotional responses to music

14 Hypotheses

Based on the previous researches and the definitions of specific terms

no experiment has investigated how personality affects response to music in

a stress-induced emotional state The present study was thus designed to fill

this gap The major hypotheses are summarized in the following

1 After a stressful experience participants will be induced an emotional

response characterized by a high degree of Arousal and a low degree

of Pleasure Thus listening to a certain type of music (ie low

degree of Arousal and high degree of Pleasantness) will decreases the

degree of Arousal and increases the degree of Pleasure Therefore

the emotional responses will be different between participants who

listen to music and those who do not


2 Personality traits (ie Neuroticism and Sensation Seeking) will affect

participantsrsquo emotional responses to music listening In other words

participants having different characters (ie high scores on Sensation

Seeking vs low scorers high scores on Neuroticism vs low scorers)

will exhibit different patterns of emotional responses

3 Based on a spatial model of sample music that constructed by

participants in pilot test high sensation seekers will have high rating

on Enjoyment for music with higher degree of Arousal in the spatial

model whereas lowers will have high rating on Enjoyment for music

with lower degree of Arousal

4 Personality trait (ie Sensation Seeking) will be seen as a factor that

influences participantsrsquo responses to music In other words

participants scoring differently on Sensation Seeking (ie high

scores on Sensation Seeking vs low scorers) may report different

degrees of Arousal and Pleasantness for each piece of music

Method

21 Participants

43 undergraduates (24 men and 19 women) from City university of

Hong Kong served as participants Most of them (N = 28) were recruited

from an elective psychology course and they volunteered to take part to

fulfill the course requirement The remaining participants (N = 15) were

recruited in the student residence they received a supermarket coupon


(HK$50) for participation Participantsrsquo ages ranged from 17 to 23 years

(Mean = 1998 SD = 137) The participants were not major in psychology

and did not have a professional music education

22 Material

221 Music

Sample music selection 8 pieces of classical music were used in the study

All the sample music were chosen by a graduate student in Psychology

studying in City University of Hong Kong All the sample music were

categorized in 4 groups following the Russellrsquos definition of emotional

states The tracks 1 and 5 were Excitement group (ie scored high on

pleasantness and high on arousal) whereas tracks 2 and 6 were in

Relaxation group (ie scored high on pleasantness and low on arousal) The

tracks 3 and 7 were in Depression group (ie scored low on pleasantness

and low on arousal) whereas tracks 4 and 8 were in Stress group (ie

scored low on pleasantness and high on arousal) (see Appendix 1) Ratings

and categories above were only used as reference all the data for analysis in

study were based on the ratings by participants

Music Selection Questionnaire It is a self-report questionnaire (see

Appendix 2) that specifically created for the purpose of this study It

contained four parts which are Familiarity Pleasantness Arousal and

Enjoyment Especially enjoyment in the questionnaire can be considered as

an index of ldquoPreferencerdquo Each part consists 8 items for each piece of the 8


sample music Items were rated on a 9-point scale from 1 (never heard

before) to 9 (very familiar) in the Familiarity part from 1(feel very

unpleasant) to 9 (feel very pleasant) in the Pleasantness part from 1 (feel

sleepy) to 9 (feel aroused) in the Arousal part and from 1 (dislike very

much) to 9 (like very much) in the Enjoyment part All the participants rated

each piece of sample music while they were listening to the corresponding

track In order to avoid the influence of founding factors of personality

differences all music for the core experiment were based on the ratings that

participants provided in response to the 8 piece of sample music Both

instruction and items were in English in the experiment

222 Personality measures

NEO-PI As a self-report measure the NEO-PI was used to assess the

participantsrsquo basic dimensions of personality in this experiment The NEO-

PI contains 60-item used to ldquomeasure the five major domains of

personalityrdquo Costa 1992 p35) Within each domain 12 items that assess

the corresponding factors randomly distribute over the questionnaire All 60

items are simple sentences that describe specific behaviors or attitudes (ie

ldquoI like many people around merdquo) Each item in NEO-PI is rated by using a

5-point scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) The Chinese

version was used in the experiment (see Appendix 3)

Sensation Seeking Scale ndash V (SSS-V) In the experiment Sensation Seeking

was another personality factor to be measured The SSS is the ldquoprimary


instrument for defining the sensation-seeking traitrdquo (Zuckerman 1994 pix)

There are four subscales in the questionnaire which are ldquothrill and

adventure seeking (TAS)rdquo ldquoexperience seeking (ES)rdquo ldquodisinhibition (Dis)rdquo

ldquoboredom susceptibility (BS)rdquo The form V (Zuckerman 1994 p389

Appendix A) was used in the experiment The SSS-V consists 40 items 10

items for each subscale randomly distribute over the questionnaire In the

SSS-V each item contains two choices A and B which describe two

different or opposite opinions for one condition or event The participants

were asked to indicate the choice that most describe their likes or feels (ie

item 1 ndash ldquoA I like lsquowildrsquo uninhibited parties B I prefer quite parties with

good conversationrdquo) The SSS-V used in the experiment was translated

into Chinese from the original version in English (Zuckerman 1994 p389

Appendix A) with the assistance of a college student majoring in

Translation amp Interpretation in City university of Hong Kong (see Appendix

4)

223 Mood rating

Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) The PANAS with different

time instructions was used for indicating respondentrsquos emotional states

during a period or at a certain moment This questionnaire has two broad

general factors ndash typically labeled Positive affect (PA) and Negative affect

(NA) It consists of two 10 item scales for PA and NA respectively (Watson

amp Clark 1999) The items are emotion-denoting adjectives (eg


ldquointerestedrdquo ldquodistressedrdquo etc) with a 5-point scale from 1 (very slightly or

not at all) to 5 (extremely)

In this experiment the time instruction indicated to record the

participantsrsquo emotional experience of each item at current moment (see

Appendix 5) PANAS was used in the experiment for three times in

different conditions The first condition which was at the beginning of the

experiment can be seen as the baseline of participantsrsquo emotion status The

second condition was right after a stressful task The third condition was

right after either the experimental condition which was listening to music or

the control condition which was reading an academic article (see Appendix

8) All PANAS using in the study were the Chinese version

224 Stressor ndash The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)

The TSST is a procedure for ldquoinduction of moderate psychological

stress under laboratory conditionrdquo (Kirschbaum amp Hellhammer 2000) As

with procedures used in the previous study of the TSST participants

proceed to this test individually However in order to adapt to the limited

facilities available for this study the stressor was slightly modified based on

the general description of the TSST (Kirschbaum amp Hellhammer 2000)

The TSST consists of two phases which are a brief oral presentation and

a mental mathematical task In this study the TSST lasted for about 15

minutes Participants received a topic for the subsequent presentation (see

Appendix 6) and they had a 5 minute preparation in the lab room 1 After


the preparation session participants were led to the lab room 2 to do the

presentation for 5 minutes following the topic Meanwhile participants

were led to believe that their performance would be videotaped for

subsequent evaluation But this was actually not One experimenter would

monitor the presentation in the lab room 2 Right after the presentation the

participants did a mental arithmetic task (see Appendix 7) which was

arranged by the same experimenter for 4 minutes in the lab room 2 as well

The experimenter will orally present the question which composes a four-

figure number plusesminus a number in the range between 13 and 19

Participants were fully debriefed after the experiment

23 Procedure

231 Pilot test

The pilot test was administered for two reasons Firstly mean ratings of

Music Selection Questionnaire from all respondents were needed to

construct a spatial model that reflected participantsrsquo perceptual responses to

sample music Secondly the pilot test was for choosing specific piece of

music with high degree of Pleasantness and low degree of Arousal to be

used in the core experiment

All 8 pieces of sample music were edited to become two-minute in

duration and there was a one minute interval between 2 pieces of music

Before the pilot test there was a five-minute introduction of the procedure

of the test Besides brief instructions were also printed in the questionnaire


To complete the pilot test participants were asked to rate their responses to

the music using the Music Selection Questionnaire when they were listening

to the sample music

Participants were tested in three different groups in separate sessions

Two of these three sessions were conducted in a lecture theatre at the City

University of Hong Kong the third one was conducted in a multifunction

room in the Department of Applied Social Studies of the City University of

Hong Kong A total 204 students took part in the pilot test Suitable

facilities in the lecture theatre and the multifunction room were used for

playing the music

232 The Experiment

Participants came to the experiment individually All the experiments

proceeded in the Department of Applied Social Studies of the City

University of Hong Kong After a short description of the experiment they

were asked signed a consent form Then participants were asked to fill out

several questionnaires (ie NEO-PI SSS-V and PANAS) After that

participants did the TSST following the instruction of TSST The

preparation session was held in a cubicle lab room Then participants were

leaded to another bigger room to do the presentation and the mental

arithmetic task Participants filled out the PANAS again right after the

TSST


Participants in experimental group then listened to a piece of music in

the lab room where the preparation session of TSST was held The music

was selected based on participantsrsquo responses to Music Selection

Questionnaire Music with both highest rating in Pleasantness and lowest

rating in Arousal was chosen And the music was edited to last for four

minutes Participants only listened to this specific piece of music once

Whereas participants of control group were asked to read an academic

article (see Appendix 8) related to Development Psychology for four

minutes in the bigger room where the two phases of TSST were held The

article was in Chinese Afterward participants in both the experimental

group and the control group were asked to fill out PANAS for the third time

right after listening to the music or reading an article

Results

31 Music Selection Questionnaire

A total of 204 Music Selection Questionnaire were returned for

analysis including 36 questionnaires used in the core experiment

Applying the model of Affect Grid by Russell (1989) mean ratings of

204 respondents on Pleasantness and Arousal were used to construct a

spatial model (see Figure 1) According to the model tracks 4 and 5 were

perceived as two of the most arousing music mean values of Arousal were

730 and 728 respectively Whereas track 3 was perceived as least arousing

mean value of Arousal was 305


The pilot test also examined the separate relationships between

Familiarity and Pleasantness Arousal and Enjoyment As shown in Table 1

Familiarity ratings were positively associated with ratings on Pleasantness

Arousal and Enjoyment for each track of music

Those 36 questionnaires were rated by respondents who joined the core

experiment Each participant in experimental group was asked to listen to

the music with the highest score on Pleasantness and Lowest score on

Arousal that rated by themselves

Additionally in order to examine the differences of music preference

between respondents who scored high on Sensation Seeking and

respondents who scored low a Crosstab was run especially for the two

most arousing tracks and the least arousing one

For track 4 (see Figure 2) 13 of 22 high sensation seekers scored

higher than 5 on Enjoyment and 3 high sensation seekers scored 5 on

Enjoyment whereas 7 of 14 low sensation seekers scored less than 5 on

Enjoyment and 1 low sensation seeker scored 5 on Enjoyment for track 4

For track 5 (see Figure 3) 18 of 22 high sensation seekers scored higher

than 5 on Enjoyment and 1 respondent scored 5 on Enjoyment Also 12 of

14 low sensation seekers scored higher than 5 on Enjoyment for track 5

Thus 30 of 36 respondents rated track 5 as more enjoyable For track 3 (see

Figure 4) 10 of 21 high sensation seekers scored less than 5 on Enjoyment

and 4 high sensation seekers scored 5 Also 8 of 14 high sensation seekers


scored lower than 5 on Enjoyment and 3 low sensation seekers scored 5 for

track 3 Thus 25 of 35 respondents rated track 3 as less enjoyable

Also the correlation between mean score of Familiarity for each piece

of sample music revealed low familiarity with sample music (see Table 2)

The highest score was the Familiarity of track 2 that was 650 whereas the

lowest score was track 3 ie 292 Additionally there were 5 of 8 pieces of

sample music scoring less than 5

32 Mood indicator

Referring to the previous studies certain items in PANAS were chosen

for analysis Russell (1980) scaled 28 emotion-denoting adjectives in a

ldquounidimensional scaling on hypothesized pleasure-displeasure and degree-

of-arousal dimensionsrdquo The model in that study showed ldquoexcitedrdquo was

positively related to Pleasure and ldquodistressedrdquo was negatively related to

Pleasure whereas ldquoafraidrdquo were positively related to Arousal Additionally

these adjectives are the same as selected items in PANAS (version of Zevon

and Tellegen 1982)

In the present study to select specific items that highly related to

Pleasure and Arousal the Bivariate Correlation was run to analyze

associations between baseline scores of specific items in PANAS (see Table

3) Results indicated that item 1 (ie ldquointerestedrdquo) was significant correlated

with ldquoexcitedrdquo (item 3 in PANAS) positively whereas items 7 8 and 15

were significant correlated with ldquoafraidrdquo (item 20 in PANAS) positively


Thus items 1 and 3 (ie ldquointerestedrdquo and ldquoexcitedrdquo) were considered to be

positively correlated with Pleasure and item 2 (ie ldquodistressedrdquo) was

considered to be negatively correlated with Pleasure Whereas items 7 8

15 and 20 (ie ldquoscaredrdquo ldquohostilerdquo ldquonervousrdquo and ldquoafraidrdquo) were considered

to be positively correlated with Arousal Therefore composite mean of

items 1 2 and 3 were used as scores of Pleasure whereas composite means

of item 7 8 15 and 20 were used as scores of Arousal in subsequent

analyses

33 Personality indicators

The overall score of the Sensation Seeking was composed by summing

all ratings on all items Overall the maximum score of sensation seeking

was 6400 whereas the minimum score was 5500 (N = 43 Median = 59

SD = 271) The two groups (ie high scorers on Sensation Seeking and

low scorers) were formed by using the overall score of Sensation Seeking

The scores which were higher than median value (Median = 59) of all 43

participantsrsquo score of Sensation Seeking were considered as the high scores

whereas the scores which were lower than the median were considered as

the low scores

For computing the score of Neuroticism the values which represented

the factor of Neuroticism (ie item 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51

56) were selected The score was composed by summing all itemsrsquo values

Overall the maximum score of Neuroticism was 4400 whereas the


minimum score was 2500 (N = 43 Median = 35 SD = 478) The two

groups (ie high scorers on Neuroticism and low scorers) were formed by

using the overall score of Neuroticism The scores which were higher than

median value (Median = 35) of all 43 participantsrsquo score of Neuroticism

were considered as the high scores whereas the scores which were lower

than the median were considered as the low scores

34 TSST effect on mood

In order to examine the effect of TSST on mood 2-way ANOVA were

run with Sensation Seeking or Neuroticism as the between-subjects factors

(ie high scorers vs low scorers on Sensation Seeking or Neuroticism) and

time of measurement as the within-subject factor (baseline and right after

stressor) and Pleasure and Arousal as the 2 dependent variables

When the effect of Sensation Seeking was examined the results (see

Table 4) indicated a main effect of Arousal (F(143) = 7587 p = 000)

which represented an increasing trend However no significant effect of

Pleasure was shown F(143) = 343 p = 071 Besides the personality

factor (ie Sensation Seeking) has no effect on both Pleasure (F(143) =

1513 p = 226) and Arousal (F(143) = 929 p = 341) In addition there

was no significant interaction between personality (ie Sensation Seeking)

and time measurement for both Pleasure and Arousal

When the effect of Neuroticism was examined the results (see Table 5)

indicated a main effect of Arousal (F(143) = 7841 p = 000) which


represented an increasing trend similar to the results for Sensation Seeking

However no significant effect of Pleasure was shown F(143) = 284 p

= 100 Besides the personality factor (ie Neuroticism) has no effect on

both Pleasure (F(143) = 75 p = 391) and Arousal (F(143) = 90 p = 349)

In addition there was no significant interaction between personality (ie

Neuroticism) and time measurement for both Pleasure and Arousal

In sum after TSST participants showed significant increase of Arousal

however there was no significant change of Pleasure Besides neither

Sensation Seeking nor Neuroticism showed significant effect on both

Pleasure and Arousal after the stressful experience Additionally the

interactions between personality and time measurement were not significant

for both Pleasure and Arousal

35 Music effect on mood

In order to examine the effect of music on mood 3-way ANOVA were

run with group as a between-subject factor (ie participants in the

experimental condition vs participants in the control condition) Besides

the personality factor either Sensation Seeking or Neuroticism was

analyzed as another between-subject factor Time of measurement was the

within-subject factor (right after stressor and right after the

experimentalcontrol condition) with Pleasure and Arousal as 2 separate

dependent measures


When Sensation Seeking was used as the personality factor the results

(see Table 6) indicated a main effect of Pleasure (F(343) = 8389 p = 000)


Arousal was shown F(343) = 225 p = 141 Besides the personality factor

(ie Sensation Seeking) had no effect on both Pleasure (F(343) = 31 p

= 583) and Arousal (F(343) = 02 p = 877) Additionally there was no

significant difference in Pleasure F(343) =348 p = 070 and Arousal

F(343) = 60 p = 444 between the experimental and control group

When Neuroticism was used as the personality factor the results (see

Table 7) indicated that a main effect of both Pleasure (F(343) = 10223 p

= 000) which represented an increasing trend and Arousal (F(343) = 464

p = 037) which represented a decreasing trend However the personality

factor (ie Neuroticism) had no effect on both Pleasure (F(343) = 233 p


significant different in Pleasure F(343) = 160 p = 213 and Arousal

F(343) = 88 p = 353 between the experimental group and the control

group

In sum all participants in either the experimental condition or the

control condition showed significant increasing of pleasure and decreasing

of arousal However the personality factor either Sensation Seeking or

Neuroticism showed no effect on both Pleasure and Arousal Besides since


all participants showed similar changes of mood it indicated that music

effect in this study was not significant even after a stressful experience

36 Sensation seeking and emotional responses to music

To examine the effect of Sensation Seeking as a personality trait on

music preference or emotional responses to music the Bivariate Correlation

was used to analyze associations between the score of SSS-V and the ratings

on Pleasantness Arousal and Enjoyment for each track in the Music

Selection Questionnaire

Results showed no significant correlation between the sensation

seeking scores and the ratings of Pleasantness and Enjoyment for each track

However there were significant correlations between the sensation seeking

scores and the ratings on Arousal for tracks 6 and 7 (see Table 8)

According to the spatial model of music for high sensation seeker (see

Figure 5) and low sensation seekers (see Figure 6) the emotional responses

to tracks 6 and 7 are different Especially track 6 represented different

emotional states between two groups (ie the high scorers showed

ldquoExcitementrdquo by listening to track 6 whereas the low scorers showed

ldquoRelaxationrdquo) On the other hand even though both groups showed

ldquoRelaxationrdquo feelings by listening to track 7 but high scorers exhibited a

higher level of arousal by listening to track 7 than did low scorers Taken

together the afore mentioned findings indicated that high scorers were more

aroused by listening to tracks 6 and 7 than the low scorers


Discussion

The study was designed for investigating how personality (ie

Sensation Seeking and Neuroticism) influences emotional responses to

music listening immediately after exposure to a laboratory stressor TSST

Also another primary purpose was to investigate how personality (ie

Sensation Seeking) affects music preference and emotional responses to

music In the experiment participants reported a significant increase in

Arousal after TSST and a significant increase in Pleasure after listening to

music for 4 minutes or a control condition Personality did not have any

effect on emotional responses to music after exposure to the TSST The

changes in emotional states after the TSST were similar for both music

listening and article reading suggesting that the changes in emotional states

could not be attributed specifically to music Participants who scored high

on Sensation Seeking were found to rate more arousing music (track 4) as

more enjoyable However for tracks 3 and 5 most participants showed a

similar preference Moreover participants scored high on Sensation Seeking

exhibited a different pattern of emotional responses by listening to tracks 6

and 7 in comparison to low scorers

It was predicted that stressful experience would lead to an increasing

in Arousal and a decreasing in Pleasantness and after listening to music

people would report a decreasing in Arousal and an increasing in

Pleasantness On the other hand participants who did not listen to music


were expected to display an attenuated pattern of responses However the

results assessed by self-report measures were inconsistent with those

hypotheses Although previous studies suggested that listening to music

affect listenerrsquos emotional states in a positive direction and reduce negative

mood such as stress and depression (Kallinen et al 2004b Knobloch et al

2002 Hirokawa et al 2003) participants in neither experimental group nor

control group reported a recovery from stress-induced emotional states

In addition with respect to the effect of personality results indicated

that participants having different characters (ie high or low on Sensation

Seeking high or low on Neuroticism) experienced similar mood changes in

responses to music in both the control and the experimental condition

The findings could not support the first two hypotheses which

specifically concerned mood changes In the experiment the mood indicator

used PANAS which reflects the valence (ie positive or negative states)

and the content (ie qualities of affects) of emotions However all the

assumptions in the present study seen Arousal and Pleasantness as the mood

indicators Even though the items of PANAS which represent Arousal or

Pleasantness were chosen to analyze it cannot test the hypotheses

accurately This may be due to the possibility that Arousal and Pleasantness

had not been validly measured in the present study The PANAS is a valid

measure for positive and negative effects but may not be equally good at

tapping specific mood states like arousal and pleasure


Moreover in the experiment all participants were asked to fulfill a

stressful task (ie TSST) The purpose of the TSST was to provide a

stressful experience to participants so as to induce a negative emotional

state in them This was expected to accentuate the positive effects of music

on mood However the TSST might not create stress in participants

successfully According to the results the TSST only increased the level of

Arousal in participants but had no effect on Pleasure Based on the

interpretation by Russell (1989) stress associated with high Arousal and

low Pleasantness Therefore music effect was not significant because the

TSST might fail to induce a stress-related emotional state in participants

The results related to music preference were partially consistent with

the hypothesis that high sensation seeker would enjoy arousing music more

than low sensation seekers Based on the data of pilot test the spatial model

of sample music reflected university studentsrsquo emotional responses to music

According to this model tracks 4 and 5 were rated highly arousing whereas

track 3 was rated as low in arousal The results indicated that most

participants who scored high on Sensation Seeking tended to rate track 4 as

more enjoyable and most participants who scored low on Sensation

Seeking tended to rate track 4 as less enjoyable For track 4 the findings

were consistent with the hypothesis However for track 5 more than half

participants showed a similar tendency of rating the music as more

enjoyable whereas for track 3 more than half participants showed a similar


tendency of rating the music as less enjoyable In other words regardless of

the differences in personality most participants liked track 5 whereas most

participants disliked track 3

The hypothesis that high and low sensation seekers would perceive

music differently was partially supported by their responses to tracks 6 and

7 The results showed significantly different ratings of track 6 and 7 on

Arousal between the high and low sensation seekers In particular

participants who scored high on Sensation Seeking scored higher on

Arousal than those who scored low on Sensation Seeking In other words

high sensation seekers were more aroused by listening to track 6 and 7

However this finding was inconsistent with the definition of Sensation

Seeking According to the definition high sensation seekers demand for

higher optimal level of stimulation Thus high scorers would require more

variety and intensity of stimulations in order to reach the same level of

arousal as low scorers The reasons for this discrepancy are not immediately

apparent but could be attributed to the influences of several factors First

the 2 significant correlations might be produced by chance If type I error

was appropriately controlled the 2 correlations could become

nonsignificant Second prior data only indicated that high sensation seekers

prefer specific types of music but not much information sensation seekersrsquo

emotional responses to classical music is available


In regard to music preference and emotional responses to music

results of pilot test indicated that most participants were not familiar with

the sample music In the study classical music was used as sample music

However Litle and Zuckerman (1986) claimed that because students today

seem to have little experience in listening to classical music they cannot be

affected by this kind of music Even though many previous studies found

that high sensation seeker prefer intensity music Glascow et al (1985)

using classical music in the experiment found no relation of Sensation

Seeking to music preference

In addition results of the pilot test also showed that Familiarity of

sample music was significantly related to the other three responses (ie

Arousal Pleasantness and Enjoyment) positively In other words the more

familiar music participants listened to the more aroused and pleasant they

felt and the more joy they experienced Thus participantsrsquo emotional

responses were not affected by music itself but the familiarity with the

music However based on the assumption all participants in the

experimental group listened to the music that was rated highest on

Pleasantness and lowest on Arousal by the pilot sample Therefore that kind

of music could not affect participants effectively Moreover because of the

complexity feature of classical music which was ldquohigh in both positive and

negative affectrdquo (Rentfrow et al 2003 p1246) classical music might not


be the most effective music genre for moderating the stress-induced

emotional states

The apparent limitations of the present study included the design

problem of the modifying TSST mood measurement music selection and

the small sample size In the study TSST was modified by removing the

panel of judges due to resource constraints which could take away the stress

subsequently induced Therefore participants might only experience a very

mild level of stress during the test PANAS may not be the most appropriate

instrument for measuring Arousal and Pleasantness Thus the hypotheses

might not have been tested properly Results reflected that the sample music

was not popular among the participants and was not able to elicit a wider

range of emotional responses For that reason the effect of those sample

music on the participants could by very minimal

In sum the study tried to examine how personality affects emotional

responses to music immediately after exposure to a laboratory stressor and

how personality influences the music preference and emotional responses to

music without stress Findings showed that listening to music after exposure

to a stressor does not have any benefits in comparison to reading an

academic article It was also indicated that the patterns of mood changes in

participants who scored high on Sensation Seeking or Neuroticism were

similar to that in those who scored low on Sensation Seeking or Neuroticism

Additionally the trend that most high sensation seekers showed preference


to track 4 was consistent to the third hypothesis Even though the result of

tracks 6 and 7 supported the fourth hypothesis it was inconsistent with the

related theory

On the whole findings of the present study do not confirm with the

four major hypotheses However the attempt to examine the effect of music

on stress-induced emotional states in relation to personality factors may

suggest a viable experimental paradigm for studying the relation between

personality and music effect Present findings also point clearly to the

importance of the kind of music used in an experiment because familiarity

can be an important factor determining responses to music


Reference

Carpentier FD Knobloch S Zillmann D (2003) Rock rap and

rebellion comparisons of traits predicting selective exposure to defiant

music Personality and individual differences vol35 no7 1643-1655

Costa PT(1992) NEO PI-R [kit] professional kit revised NEO

Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory

(NEO-FFI) Odessa Fla Psychological Assessment Resources Inc

c1992

Hebert S Beland R Dionne-Fournelle O Crete M Lupien SJ

(2005) Physiological stress response to video-game playing the

contribution of built-in music Life sciences vol76 no20 2371-2380

Hirokawa E Ohira H (2003) The effects of music listening after a

stressful task on immune functions neuroendocrine responses and

emotional states in college students Journal of music therapy vol40

no3 189-211

Kallinen K Ravaja N (2004) The role of personality in emotional

responses to music Verbal electrocortical and cardiovascular measures

Journel of new music research vol33 no4 399-409

Kallinen K Ravaja N (2004) Emotion-related effects of speech rate and

rising vs falling background music melody during audio news the

moderating influence of personality Personality and individual

differences vol37 no2 275-288


Kirschbaum C Hellhammer D (2000) Salivary cortisol and challenge

tests From

httpwwwmacsesucsfeduResearchAllostaticnotebookchallengeht

ml

Knobloch S(2003) Mood adjustment via mass communication Journal of

communication vol53 no2 233-250

Knobloch S Zillmann D (2002) Mood management via the digital

jukebox Journal of communication vol52 no2 351-366

Kopacz M (2005) Personality and music preferences The influence of

personality traits on preferences regarding musical elements Journal of

music theory vol42 no3 216-239

Kreutz G Bongard S Rohrmann S Hodapp V Grebe D (2004)

Effects of choir singing or listening on secretory immunoglobulin A

cortisol and emotional state Journal of behavioural medicine vol27

no6 623-635

Pearson JL Dollinger SJ (2004) Music preference correlates of Jungian

types Personality and individual differences vol36 no5 1005-1008

Pervin LA Cervone D John OP (2005) Personality theory and

research (9th ed) Hoboken NJ Wiley c2005

Rawling SD Vidal NBI Furnham A (2000) Personality and aesthetic

preference in Spain and England Two studies relating sensation seeking


34

and openness to experience to liking for paintings and music European

journal of personality vol14 no6 553-576

Rentfrow PJ Gosling SD (2003) The do re Mis of everyday life The

structure and personality correlates of music preferences Journal of

personality and social psychology vol84 no6 1236-1256

Russell JA (1980) A circumplex model of affect Journal of personality

and social psychology vol39 no6 1161-1178

Russell JA Weiss A and Mendelsohn GA (1989) Affect grid a

single-item scale of pleasure and arousal Journal of personality and

social psychology vol57 no3 493-502

Schwartz KD Fouts GT (2003) Music preferences personality style

and developmental issues of adolescents Journal of youth and

adolescence vol32 no3 205-213

Watson D Clark LA (1999) The PANAS-X ndash Manual for the positive

and negative affect schedule ndash expended form The university of Iowa

1999

Zuckerman M(1994) Behavioral expressions and biosocial bases of

sensation seeking Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1994


Table 1

Correlation between Familiarity and other factors (ie Pleasantness Arousal Enjoyment) (N=204)

Pleasantness Arousal Enjoyment Track 0001 Familiarity 303 193 276 Track 0002 Familiarity 309 259 339 Track 0003 Familiarity 259 242 241 Track 0004 Familiarity 253 146 201 Track 0005 Familiarity 501 230 456 Track 0006 Familiarity 451 406 431 Track 0007 Familiarity 449 229 466 Track 0008 Familiarity 320 143 388 Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed) Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)

Table 2

Mean scores of Familiarity for sample music (N = 204)

Familiarity Track 1 Track 2 Track 3 Track 4 Track 5 Track 6 Track 7 Track 8

Mean 314 650 292 406 622 604 475 310


Table 3

Correlations between the items in PANAS (N =43)

Items Items Interested Distressed Excited Scared Hostile Nervous Afraid

Interested 1 009 391 003 -038 252 193 Distressed 009 1 002 -036 072 363 301 Excited 391 002 1 006 029 114 214 Scared 003 -036 006 1 768 176 481 Hostile -038 072 029 768 1 095 414 Nervous 252 363 114 176 095 1 528 Afraid 193 301 214 481 414 528 1

Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed) Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)


Table 4

TSST effect on both Pleasure and Arousal with the Sensation seeking as the personality factor (N = 43)

Pleasantness Arousal Sensation seeking Before TSST (MeanSD) After TSST (MeanSD) Before TSST (MeanSD) After TSST (MeanSD)Low scorers 267 63 298 84 171 77 184 63 High scorers 310 62 296 85 160 59 183 65 Overall 291 65 297 84 165 67 184 63

Table 5

TSST effect on both Pleasure and Arousal with the Neuroticism as the personality factor (N = 43)

Pleasantness Arousal

Neuroticism Before TSST (MeanSD)

After TSST (MeanSD) Before TSST

(MeanSD) After TSST (MeanSD)

Low scorers 29467 31276 16052 18154 High scorers 28765 28390 17081 18773 Overall 29165 29784 16567 18463


Table 6

Music effect on both Pleasure and Arousal with the Sensation seeking as the personality factor (N = 43)


High SS scorers Low SS scorers High SS scorers Low SS scorers Condition Before After Before After Before After Before After Listening music 28365 31776 31391 31894 18869 12828 16766 12733Reading article 30598 30266 26763 29465 18064 16473 22140 19234

Table 7

Music effect on both Pleasure and Arousal with the Neuroticism as the personality factor (N = 43)

Pleasantness Arousal High Neuroticism

scorers Low Neuroticism

scorers High Neuroticism


scorers Condition Before After Before After Before After Before After Listening music 30090 285101 30077 38368 17881 11924 17558 13233Reading article 29693 28159 32974 32963 19469 17776 19148 16644


Table 8

The correlation between the overall score of sensation seeking and the ratings of Pleasantness Arousal and Enjoyment

part for each track in the Music selection questionnaire (N = 36)

Arousal scores Track01 Track02 Track03 Track04 Track05 Track06 Track07 Track08

SS scores 014 -002 053 -072 -061 350 410 -118 Pleasantness scores Track01 Track02 Track03 Track04 Track05 Track06 Track07 Track08

SS scores 207 -188 310 199 075 143 130 321 Enjoyment scores Track01 Track02 Track03 Track04 Track05 Track06 Track07 Track08

SS scores 156 074 320 224 -107 175 015 064 Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)


Figure 1 Affect grid of music perception by respondents in pilot test


Figure 2 Scores of Enjoyment for track 4 in High versus Low Sensation Seekers






44

Figure 5 High scorers on Sensation Seeking scale Figure 6 Low scorers on Sensation Seeking scale


Appendix 1

Music list (Orchestra)

Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment

01 181 The prelude Sylvia (Suite) Delibes 146 High pleasantness High arousal Excitement

02 061 Danse chinoise The Nutcraker Op 71a (Suite)

Tchaikovsky 103 High pleasantness Low arousal Relaxation

03 051 Danse arabe The Nutcraker Op 71a (Suite)

Tchaikovsky 332 Low Pleasantness Low arousal Depression

04 162 Night on the bare mountain Mussorgsky 1113 Low pleasantness High arousal Stress

05 041 Danse russe The Nutcraker Op71a (Suite)

Tchaikovsky 108 High pleasantness High arousal Excitement

06 071 Danse des mirlitons The Nutcraker Op 71a (Suite)


07 141 No18 Giselle (Suite) Amdam 432 Low pleasantness Low arousal Depression

08 102 Samuel Goldberg et schmuyle picture at an exhibition (Orch By Ravel)

Mussorgsky 234 Low pleasantness High arousal Stress


Appendix 2

Music selection questionnaire

Student ID No Gender Age

Hello I am a Year 3 Psychology student This is a part of my Final Year Project Thank you for spending time to do this questionnaire

Now you are going to listen to 8 pieces of orchestra Each of them lasts at most for two and half minutes During each piece of music you need to rate the music you just listened along four dimensions

The first dimension represents your familiarity with the music The highest rating means that you are very familiar with this music whereas the lowest rating means that you have never heard this music before

The second dimension represents your feelings High score represents pleasant feelings The higher the rating you give the more pleasant you feel The lower the rating you give the more unpleasant you feel

For the third dimension it represents degree of arousal Arousal has to do with how wide awake alert or activated you feels The lowest score represents sleepiness The higher you rate the more awake and aroused you feel

For the fourth dimension it represents how much you enjoy listening to the music The higher you rate the more you like this music The lower you rate the more you dislike this music Familiarity (Never heard before) (Very familiar) Track 01 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 02 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 03 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 04 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 05 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 06 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 07 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 08 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Pleasantness (Feel very unpleasant) (Feel very pleasant) Track 01 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 02 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 03 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 04 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 05 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 06 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 07 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 08 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Arousal (Feel sleepy) (Feel aroused) Track 01 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 02 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 03 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 04 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Track 05 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 06 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 07 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 08 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Enjoyment (Dislike very much) (Like very much) Track 01 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 02 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 03 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 04 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 05 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 06 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 07 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Track 08 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷

以下六十句話均為對你個人行為的描述你只需要依照自己的直覺對每句話的準確性做

出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同

意 01 我不是一個充滿煩惱的人 1 2 3 4 5 06 我很多時感到自己不如別人 1 2 3 4 5 11 當我處於極大壓力我有時會感到好像精神崩潰

似的 1 2 3 4 5

16 我很少感到寂寞或憂愁 1 2 3 4 5 21 我經常感到緊張和心神不定 1 2 3 4 5 26 有時我感到自己完全一錢不值 1 2 3 4 5 31 我甚少感到恐懼及焦慮 1 2 3 4 5 36 我很多時會因他人對待我的方式而感到憤怒 1 2 3 4 5 41 很多時當事情不對勁時我會感到挫敗及想放

棄 1 2 3 4 5

46 我很少感到憂愁或沮喪 1 2 3 4 5 51 我很多時感到無助並希望有人能解決我的問

題 1 2 3 4 5

56 有時我會羞愧的想躲起來 1 2 3 4 5


Appendix 4

感覺尋求量表（第五式）

下列題目中均包含兩個選項 A 和 B請選擇出最能夠描述你的喜好或最能夠表達你的

感受的選項其中一些題目對某些你所厭惡的事物進行了描述在這些題目中請選擇

你最不喜歡的表述的選項題目沒有對錯之分請按照真實感受進行填寫並且請將所

有題目完成 A 我喜歡瘋狂的無拘無束的聚會 1 B 我喜歡在安靜的聚會中進行交談 A 有些電影我願意觀看第二遍甚至第三遍 2 B 我無法忍受觀看曾經看過的電影 A 我經常希望我能夠成為一個登山者 3 B 我不能夠理解冒生命危險登山的人 A 我不喜歡人體散發出的味道 4 B 我喜歡自然的體味 A 看到相同的熟悉的面孔會使我感覺沉悶 5 B 和每天都能見面的朋友相處使我感到舒服 A 我喜歡自己遊覽一個陌生的城市或部分市區即使這有可能使我迷路 6 B 當我身處一個陌生的地方的時候我更喜歡有一位嚮導 A 我不喜歡那些做的事或說的話僅僅使別人震驚或心煩意亂的人 7 B 一個人將要做的任何事或將要說的任何話都可以被預料到那麼他她一定是個討厭的人 A 我通常不喜歡觀看那些可以預測到結局的電影或戲劇 8 B 我不介意觀看那些可以預測到結局的電影或戲劇 A 我曾經嘗試過或我希望嘗試大麻 9 B 我決不會嘗試大麻 A 我不願意嘗試任何可以產生奇妙效果但危險的藥品 10 B 我將會嘗試可以產生幻覺的藥物 A 一個明智的人會避免危險的活動 11 B 有時候我想去做令人恐懼的活動 A 我不喜歡ldquo新潮人物rdquo（對性好無約束的人） 12 B 我喜歡真正的ldquo新潮人物rdquo的團體 A 一些刺激性物品使我感到不舒服 13 B 我經常尋找刺激（飲用酒精類飲品或抽大麻煙） A 我喜歡品嘗從未嘗試過的新奇食物 14 B 為避免令人失望或令人不滿意的食物我會選擇我所熟悉的菜式 A 我喜歡欣賞自製電影錄影片或旅遊幻燈片 15 B 看自製電影錄影片或旅遊幻燈片讓我覺得非常無聊 A 我喜歡滑水這項運動 16 B 我不喜歡滑水這項運動 A 我願意嘗試衝浪這項運動 17 B 我不願意嘗試衝浪這項運動 A 我不希望提前計畫或制定我的休假旅行時間表 18 B 在旅行之前我會詳細制定我的旅行時間表 A 我更希望那些實事求是的人成為我的朋友 19 B 我希望那些激進的人例如藝術家或龐克成為我的朋友 A 我不願意學習駕駛飛機 20 B 我願意學習駕駛飛機


A 我更喜歡在淺水的地方活動 21 B 我喜歡深海潛水 A 我希望遇到那些同性戀者（男人或女人） 22 B 我會遠離那些我認為的同性戀者 A 我願意嘗試跳傘運動 23 B 我決不會想要嘗試跳出飛機無論是否攜帶降落傘 A 我喜歡那些令人激動的出奇意表的朋友 24 B 我喜歡那些可靠的並且循規蹈矩的朋友 A 我對經歷體驗毫無興趣即使我會從中獲益 25 B 我希望嘗試新奇的體驗即使這些體驗使我恐懼不依慣例或非法的 A 優秀的藝術品應具有明確協調的形式並且具有和諧的色彩 26 B 我通常認為擁有不協調的色彩和不符合常規形式的現代藝術更具美感 A 我喜愛在家裏那種熟悉的環境中消磨時光 27 B 無論需要我在家裏那種熟悉的環境中停留多久我都會感到焦躁不安 A 我喜歡從較高的跳板跳水 28 B 我不喜歡站在較高跳板的感覺（或者我從不接近較高的跳板） A 我喜歡和外形上吸引我的人約會 29 B 我喜歡和能夠分享我的價值觀的人約會 A 過分的飲酒會破壞一個聚會因為有些人會變得喧鬧或行為粗暴 30 B 不斷的飲酒是一個好的聚會的關鍵 A 最嚴重的社會性罪孽是變得粗魯的 31 B 最嚴重的社會性罪孽是變得令人厭煩 A 一個人可以在結婚前經歷性行為 32 B 婚姻最好是兩個人性行為的開端 A 即使我有足夠多的錢我也不在乎與那些輕浮的經常搭噴射客機環遊世界的闊佬交往

33 B 我可以想像的出自己在那些輕浮的經常搭噴射客機環遊世界的闊佬的世界尋求快樂 A 我喜歡機智詼諧的人即使他們做了冒犯他人的事 34 B 我不喜歡以傷害他人感受為樂趣的人 A 我認為電影中的關於性的表演過分多了 35 B 我喜歡電影中多次出現ldquo性感rdquo的鏡頭 A 喝酒之後我感覺無比舒暢 36 B 一個人需要喝酒才能夠感覺舒暢那這個人就有問題 A 人們的穿著打扮應該依照標準的風格形式並且乾淨整潔 37 B 人們的穿著打扮應該有自己的風格即使會有奇怪的反響 A 駕駛小體積的船艇進行長距離航行是一種有勇無謀的行為 38 B 我喜歡駕駛體積小但適合航海的船艇進行長距離的航行 A 我沒有耐心對待乏味沉悶的人 39 B 我可以從與每一個人的交談中找到樂趣 A 從高坡快速向下滑雪是最終使用拐杖的好方法 40 B 我想我會喜歡從高坡快速向下滑雪的感覺


Appendix 5

PANAS

問卷中包含一些用來形容感受和情緒的字詞閱讀各項並在字詞旁邊的空位上記下

最合適的答案標示出現在你對這些字詞的感覺的程度答案沒有對錯之分只需表達此

時此刻你的感受

極輕微的

或沒有輕微的一般有一些極度的

1 感興趣 1 2 3 4 5 2 苦惱 1 2 3 4 5 3 感興奮 1 2 3 4 5 4 不高興 1 2 3 4 5 5 堅強 1 2 3 4 5 6 內疚 1 2 3 4 5 7 驚慌 1 2 3 4 5 8 懷敵意 1 2 3 4 5 9 熱心 1 2 3 4 5 10 驕傲 1 2 3 4 5 11 急躁 1 2 3 4 5 12 清醒 1 2 3 4 5 13 慚愧 1 2 3 4 5 14 鼓舞 1 2 3 4 5 15 緊張 1 2 3 4 5 16 堅定 1 2 3 4 5 17 專心 1 2 3 4 5 18 緊張不安 1 2 3 4 5 19 積極 1 2 3 4 5 20 害怕 1 2 3 4 5


Appendix 6

個人表達能力測試

1 5 分鐘準備

2 5 分鐘中文演講

請你用五分鐘時間準備一個五分鐘的中文

演講內容需要以下四個部份

1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意

1 整個演講過程將會被拍攝並有研

究員在現場對你的表達能力進行評估

2 所有拍攝內容均會保密處理並只

用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8

Academic Article (in Chinese)

閱讀文章

心理學是研究人的心理現象發生發展規

律的科學心理學研究的对象就是心理現象

心理現象是人內部世界的精神活動具有

多樣性複雜多變性並且不具形體性使他

人無法直接進行認識但通過對行為的觀察和

分析可以客觀地研究人的心理因此心理

學還要研究人格行為與心理變化的關係

心理學的研究对象是心理現象心理現象

包括兩個相互聯繫的方面心理過程和人格

心理學研究的基本任務就是探索心理現象的本

質機制規律和事實

心理過程就是人的心理活動過程它是

運動發展變化的過程

人在日常生活中常常用視覺聽覺嗅

覺味覺觸覺等感官系統認識客觀事物感

覺是一種最簡單的心理現象只能反映事物單

一的個別的屬性不能反映事物的整體和本

質在日常生活中單純的感覺現象很少見

例如我們不止能夠聽到聲音還能知道是什

麼發出的聲音這就是知覺人在感知客觀事

物時把感知過的思考過的事物保留在頭腦

中當我們需要的時候就會把它回想起來

或當這些事物再次出現時我們能夠把它認出


來這就是記憶人在認識客觀事物過程中

常常會遇到問題困難需要通過大腦的思維

去解決這就是思維過程人們不但能記住感

知過的客觀事物還能根據過去的經驗在頭

腦中創造出未感知過的事物形象這個過程就

是想像想像和思維都是一種高級的心理活

動此外人們在感知事物回憶往事思考

問題時通常都要集中精力這就是注意感

覺知覺記憶思維想像和注意都是人在

認知客觀事物的過程中產生的心理現象

人在認識客觀事物時會表現出自己的態

度並產生一定的內心體驗對符合自己需要

的事物會產生滿意愉快的態度體驗對不

符合自己需要的事物就會產生抵觸憤怒

煩惱的態度體驗這些複雜多樣的態度體驗就

是情緒和情感過程

心理過程是人類共有的心理現象而人

格則說明了人與人之間的差異由於每個人

的先天素質不同後天的生活環境和所受教育

不同以及各自所從事的實踐活動不同這些

共性的心理現象在每個具體人身上發生時就會

表現出具體人的特點這就是一個人不同於別

人的人格

人格是心理學研究的另一個方面它包括

人格傾向（如需要動機興趣信念理

想世界觀等）人與人之間的差異很大它決


定了人對現實的態度和積極性的傾向它還包

括人格心理特徵（如能力氣質性格）以及

自我意識（如自我認識自我體驗自我調控

等）

人的心理過程和人格既有區別又有聯繫

心理過程從心理現象的組成來看它有共性規

律人格則是從心理現象在個體的表現上分

析它表現出有別於他人的特徵具有差異性

規律對兩者的區別分析研究是為了深入瞭解

人的各種心理現象將兩者結合起來考慮則是

為了掌握人的心理全貌

心理學研究的任務包括在質和量方面確

定心理活動的具體事實從不同層次揭示心理

的規律揭示心理的機制即心理的內在工作

方式揭示心理的本質包括各種心理過程

心理狀態人格心理特徵人格傾向性的產生

和發展以及心理現象的作用及其機制

心理學常用的研究方法包括

研究者通過有目的地直接觀察和記錄個體

或團體的行為活動瞭解事實最終發現問題

的方法稱為觀察法觀察法一般分為兩種

自然觀察法控制觀察法

調查法是預先設計表格確定問題讓被

調查者自由發表其態度瞭解客觀事實的一種

方法一般分為問卷法和訪問法兩種

實驗法是在實驗室內或在自然環境下觀察


57

受試者研究一定情境中某種因素（因變量）

和可操作因素（自變量）之間因果關係的方

法

個案法是以某個人或某一團體作為對象進

行研究的一種方法

part 1pdf

part 2 - abstractampcontent

part 3 - textampreference

part 4 - tableampfigure

part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2

Stress Personality and Music i

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to investigate how specific

personality traits (Sensation Seeking and Neuroticism) affect emotional

responses to music after exposure to a stressor and preference and judgment

of music In a pilot study 8 pieces of sample classical music were classified

by 204 participants with reference to 2 affective dimensions of Pleasantness

and Arousal A separate group of 43 participants were exposed to a

modified version of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) before they

participated in either one of two conditions listening to one of sample

music which was rated as highest in Pleasantness and lowest in Arousal by

participants in the pilot study or reading an academic article Results

indicated that the mood-modulating effect of music was not significant after

a stressful exposure In addition personality factors did not influence

emotional responses to music Only one piece of music showed a tendency

that is consistent with the assumption that high sensation seekers prefer

music with high degree of Arousal Moreover responses to two other pieces

of music showed a significant difference between high and low sensation

seekers However it was inconsistent with the related theory of sensation

seeking Present findings indicated that the type of music used in the study

may be an important factor that affects emotional responses to music


Content









List of Tables

















iv

List of Figures











Introduction


































































































































































13 Music preference






























14 Hypotheses




























Method

21 Participants










22 Material

221 Music
























































4)

223 Mood rating









































23 Procedure

231 Pilot test














to the sample music







playing the music

232 The Experiment










TSST














Results









































32 Mood indicator








and Tellegen 1982)















analyses










the low scores

















































dependent measures


















group





























Discussion


















































































































emotional states
























related theory









Reference







c1992







no3 189-211










tests From


ml











no6 623-635








34
















1999




Table 1



Table 2



Mean 314 650 292 406 622 604 475 310


Table 3






Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2


Content









List of Tables

















iv

List of Figures











Introduction


































































































































































13 Music preference






























14 Hypotheses




























Method

21 Participants










22 Material

221 Music
























































4)

223 Mood rating









































23 Procedure

231 Pilot test














to the sample music







playing the music

232 The Experiment










TSST














Results









































32 Mood indicator








and Tellegen 1982)















analyses










the low scores

















































dependent measures


















group





























Discussion


















































































































emotional states
























related theory









Reference







c1992







no3 189-211










tests From


ml











no6 623-635








34
















1999




Table 1



Table 2



Mean 314 650 292 406 622 604 475 310


Table 3






Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2


List of Tables

















iv

List of Figures











Introduction


































































































































































13 Music preference






























14 Hypotheses




























Method

21 Participants










22 Material

221 Music
























































4)

223 Mood rating









































23 Procedure

231 Pilot test














to the sample music







playing the music

232 The Experiment










TSST














Results









































32 Mood indicator








and Tellegen 1982)















analyses










the low scores

















































dependent measures


















group





























Discussion


















































































































emotional states
























related theory









Reference







c1992







no3 189-211










tests From


ml











no6 623-635








34
















1999




Table 1



Table 2



Mean 314 650 292 406 622 604 475 310


Table 3






Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2


iv

List of Figures











Introduction


































































































































































13 Music preference






























14 Hypotheses




























Method

21 Participants










22 Material

221 Music
























































4)

223 Mood rating









































23 Procedure

231 Pilot test














to the sample music







playing the music

232 The Experiment










TSST














Results









































32 Mood indicator








and Tellegen 1982)















analyses










the low scores

















































dependent measures


















group





























Discussion


















































































































emotional states
























related theory









Reference







c1992







no3 189-211










tests From


ml











no6 623-635








34
















1999




Table 1



Table 2



Mean 314 650 292 406 622 604 475 310


Table 3






Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2


Introduction


































































































































































13 Music preference






























14 Hypotheses




























Method

21 Participants










22 Material

221 Music
























































4)

223 Mood rating









































23 Procedure

231 Pilot test














to the sample music







playing the music

232 The Experiment










TSST














Results









































32 Mood indicator








and Tellegen 1982)















analyses










the low scores

















































dependent measures


















group





























Discussion


















































































































emotional states
























related theory









Reference







c1992







no3 189-211










tests From


ml











no6 623-635








34
















1999




Table 1



Table 2



Mean 314 650 292 406 622 604 475 310


Table 3






Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2













































































































































13 Music preference






























14 Hypotheses




























Method

21 Participants










22 Material

221 Music
























































4)

223 Mood rating









































23 Procedure

231 Pilot test














to the sample music







playing the music

232 The Experiment










TSST














Results









































32 Mood indicator








and Tellegen 1982)















analyses










the low scores

















































dependent measures


















group





























Discussion


















































































































emotional states
























related theory









Reference







c1992







no3 189-211










tests From


ml











no6 623-635








34
















1999




Table 1



Table 2



Mean 314 650 292 406 622 604 475 310


Table 3






Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2











14 Hypotheses




























Method

21 Participants










22 Material

221 Music
























































4)

223 Mood rating









































23 Procedure

231 Pilot test














to the sample music







playing the music

232 The Experiment










TSST














Results









































32 Mood indicator








and Tellegen 1982)















analyses










the low scores

















































dependent measures


















group





























Discussion


















































































































emotional states
























related theory









Reference







c1992







no3 189-211










tests From


ml











no6 623-635








34
















1999




Table 1



Table 2



Mean 314 650 292 406 622 604 475 310


Table 3






Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2

















Method

21 Participants










22 Material

221 Music
























































4)

223 Mood rating









































23 Procedure

231 Pilot test














to the sample music







playing the music

232 The Experiment










TSST














Results









































32 Mood indicator








and Tellegen 1982)















analyses










the low scores

















































dependent measures


















group





























Discussion


















































































































emotional states
























related theory









Reference







c1992







no3 189-211










tests From


ml











no6 623-635








34
















1999




Table 1



Table 2



Mean 314 650 292 406 622 604 475 310


Table 3






Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2





22 Material

221 Music
























































4)

223 Mood rating









































23 Procedure

231 Pilot test














to the sample music







playing the music

232 The Experiment










TSST














Results









































32 Mood indicator








and Tellegen 1982)















analyses










the low scores

















































dependent measures


















group





























Discussion


















































































































emotional states
























related theory









Reference







c1992







no3 189-211










tests From


ml











no6 623-635








34
















1999




Table 1



Table 2



Mean 314 650 292 406 622 604 475 310


Table 3






Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2







































4)

223 Mood rating









































23 Procedure

231 Pilot test














to the sample music







playing the music

232 The Experiment










TSST














Results









































32 Mood indicator








and Tellegen 1982)















analyses










the low scores

















































dependent measures


















group





























Discussion


















































































































emotional states
























related theory









Reference







c1992







no3 189-211










tests From


ml











no6 623-635








34
















1999




Table 1



Table 2



Mean 314 650 292 406 622 604 475 310


Table 3






Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2



































23 Procedure

231 Pilot test














to the sample music







playing the music

232 The Experiment










TSST














Results









































32 Mood indicator








and Tellegen 1982)















analyses










the low scores

















































dependent measures


















group





























Discussion


















































































































emotional states
























related theory









Reference







c1992







no3 189-211










tests From


ml











no6 623-635








34
















1999




Table 1



Table 2



Mean 314 650 292 406 622 604 475 310


Table 3






Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2




to the sample music







playing the music

232 The Experiment










TSST














Results









































32 Mood indicator








and Tellegen 1982)















analyses










the low scores

















































dependent measures


















group





























Discussion


















































































































emotional states
























related theory









Reference







c1992







no3 189-211










tests From


ml











no6 623-635








34
















1999




Table 1



Table 2



Mean 314 650 292 406 622 604 475 310


Table 3






Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2














Results









































32 Mood indicator








and Tellegen 1982)















analyses










the low scores

















































dependent measures


















group





























Discussion


















































































































emotional states
























related theory









Reference







c1992







no3 189-211










tests From


ml











no6 623-635








34
















1999




Table 1



Table 2



Mean 314 650 292 406 622 604 475 310


Table 3






Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2
































32 Mood indicator








and Tellegen 1982)















analyses










the low scores

















































dependent measures


















group





























Discussion


















































































































emotional states
























related theory









Reference







c1992







no3 189-211










tests From


ml











no6 623-635








34
















1999




Table 1



Table 2



Mean 314 650 292 406 622 604 475 310


Table 3






Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2









analyses










the low scores

















































dependent measures


















group





























Discussion


















































































































emotional states
























related theory









Reference







c1992







no3 189-211










tests From


ml











no6 623-635








34
















1999




Table 1



Table 2



Mean 314 650 292 406 622 604 475 310


Table 3






Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2













































dependent measures


















group





























Discussion


















































































































emotional states
























related theory









Reference







c1992







no3 189-211










tests From


ml











no6 623-635








34
















1999




Table 1



Table 2



Mean 314 650 292 406 622 604 475 310


Table 3






Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2


















group





























Discussion


















































































































emotional states
























related theory









Reference







c1992







no3 189-211










tests From


ml











no6 623-635








34
















1999




Table 1



Table 2



Mean 314 650 292 406 622 604 475 310


Table 3






Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2

























Discussion


















































































































emotional states
























related theory









Reference







c1992







no3 189-211










tests From


ml











no6 623-635








34
















1999




Table 1



Table 2



Mean 314 650 292 406 622 604 475 310


Table 3






Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2





























































































emotional states
























related theory









Reference







c1992







no3 189-211










tests From


ml











no6 623-635








34
















1999




Table 1



Table 2



Mean 314 650 292 406 622 604 475 310


Table 3






Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2




related theory









Reference







c1992







no3 189-211










tests From


ml











no6 623-635








34
















1999




Table 1



Table 2



Mean 314 650 292 406 622 604 475 310


Table 3






Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2


Reference







c1992







no3 189-211










tests From


ml











no6 623-635








34
















1999




Table 1



Table 2



Mean 314 650 292 406 622 604 475 310


Table 3






Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2



tests From


ml











no6 623-635








34
















1999




Table 1



Table 2



Mean 314 650 292 406 622 604 475 310


Table 3






Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2


34
















1999




Table 1



Table 2



Mean 314 650 292 406 622 604 475 310


Table 3






Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2


Table 1



Table 2



Mean 314 650 292 406 622 604 475 310


Table 3






Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2


Table 3






Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2


Table 4



Table 5








Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2


Table 6




Table 7








Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2


Table 8
















44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2










44



Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2


Appendix 1


Track in test

Track

Composer

Time

Position

Comment















Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2


Appendix 2












Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2




Appendix 3

N E O 性格問卷


出判斷

十分不同

意不同

意無意

見同

意十分同


似的 1 2 3 4 5


棄 1 2 3 4 5


題 1 2 3 4 5



Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2


Appendix 4










Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2





Appendix 5

PANAS




極輕微的




Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2


Appendix 6


1 5 分鐘準備




1 個人背景

2 生活習慣

3 個人興趣

4 人生理想

注意




用作研究用途


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2


Appendix 7


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2


Appendix 8


閱讀文章















































人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2
























人的人格








等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2





等）
























57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2


57



法



part 1pdf




part 5 - appendix-1

part 6 - appendix-2

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