Stress

Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McShane/ Von Glinow 2/e

Stress Stress ManagementManagementStress Stress ManagementManagement


Stressful Energy TradingStressful Energy Trading

These energy traders in Houston

experience high levels of stress

due to long hours, intense

bartering, and the hefty

consequences of poor decisions.

“I am so burned out at the end of

the day, I don't even want to

make a decision about what to

eat for dinner,” says one trader.

© S. N. Pool, Houston Chronicle


What is Stress?What is Stress?

An adaptive response to a

situation that is perceived as

challenging or threatening to the

person’s well-being

© S. N. Pool, Houston Chronicle


Stage 1Alarm Reaction

Stage 2Resistance

Stage 3Exhaustion

NormalLevel of

Resistance

General Adaptation SyndromeGeneral Adaptation Syndrome


StressStress

WorkWorkStressorsStressors

PhysicalPhysicalenvironmentenvironment

Role-relatedRole-related

InterpersonalInterpersonal

OrganizationalOrganizational

Stressors and Stress OutcomesStressors and Stress Outcomes

NonworkNonworkStressorsStressors

IndividualIndividualDifferencesDifferences

ConsequencesConsequencesof Stressof Stress

PhysiologicalPhysiological

BehavioralBehavioral

PsychologicalPsychological


Role-Related StressorsRole-Related Stressors

Role conflict Interrole conflict Intrarole conflict Person-role conflict

Role ambiguity Uncertain duties, authority

Workload Too much/too little work

Task control Machine pacing Monitoring equipment No work schedule control

© Photodisc. With permission.


Interpersonal Stressor: Sexual HarassmentInterpersonal Stressor: Sexual Harassment

Unwelcome conduct -- detrimental effect on work environment or job performance

Quid pro quoemployment or job performance is conditional on

unwanted sexual relations

Hostile work environmentan intimidating, hostile, or offensive working

environment


Interpersonal Stressor: Workplace ViolenceInterpersonal Stressor: Workplace Violence

Workplace violence is a stressor to those who:Experience violence at workObserve violence at workWork in jobs with higher risk of violence

High risk of violence in the U.S., but higher in several other countries (e.g., France, Argentina, Canada)


Interpersonal Stressor: Workplace BullyingInterpersonal Stressor: Workplace Bullying

Offensive, intimidating, or humiliating behavior that degrades, ridicules, or insults another person at work.

Workplace bullies tend to be people with higher authority

Workplace bullying is reduced through:Careful hiring360-degree feedbackConflict resolution system


Work-Nonwork StressorsWork-Nonwork Stressors

Time-based conflictdue to work schedule, commuting, travelwomen still do “second shift” (most housework)

Strain-based conflict work stress affects home, and vice versa

Role behavior conflict incompatible work and nonwork roles


AccountantAccountant

ArtistArtist

Auto MechanicAuto Mechanic

ForesterForester

Low-StressOccupations

High-StressOccupations

Hospital managerHospital manager

Physician (GP)Physician (GP)

PsychologistPsychologist

School principalSchool principal

Police officerPolice officer

Tel. operatorTel. operator

U.S. PresidentU.S. President

Waiter/waitressWaiter/waitress

Stress and OccupationsStress and Occupations

Medium-StressOccupations


Individual Differences in StressIndividual Differences in Stress

Perceive the situation differentlySelf-efficacyLocus of control

Different threshold levels of resistance to stressorStore of energy

Use different stress coping strategies


Type A / Type B Behavior PatternType A / Type B Behavior Pattern

Talks rapidly

Is devoted to work

Is highly competitive

Struggles to perform several tasks

Has a strong sense of time urgency

Is impatient with idleness

Loses temper easily

Interrupts others

Handles details patiently

Is less competitive with others

Contemplates issues carefully

Has a low concern about time limitations

Doesn't feel guilty about relaxing

Has a relaxed approach to life

Works at a steady pace

Type A Behavior PatternType A Behavior Pattern Type B Behavior PatternType B Behavior Pattern


Consequences of DistressConsequences of Distress

Physiological consequences cardiovascular diseasesulcers, sexual dysfunction, headaches

Behavioral consequenceswork performance, accidents, decisionsabsenteeism -- due to sickness and flightworkplace aggression

Psychological Consequencesmoodiness, depression, emotional fatigue


Job Burnout ProcessJob Burnout Process

DepersonalizationDepersonalization

Reduced PersonalReduced PersonalAccomplishmentAccomplishment

Physiological,Physiological,

psychological,psychological,

and behavioraland behavioral

consequencesconsequences

EmotionalEmotionalExhaustionExhaustion

Interpersonal andInterpersonal andRole-Related StressorsRole-Related Stressors


Work-Life Balance at Ford Motor Co.Work-Life Balance at Ford Motor Co.

Mark-Tami Hotta is engaged in a rousing game of Daddy Elephant/Baby Elephant with his kids. The chief program engineer for the Ford Windstar minivan leaves work early three days each week as part of the company’s effort to improve work-life balance.

© D. Guralnick, Detroit News


Family-Friendly and Work-Life InitiativesFamily-Friendly and Work-Life Initiatives

Flexible work time

Job sharing

Telecommuting

Personal leave

Childcare facilities© D. Guralnick, Detroit News


Other Stress Management PracticesOther Stress Management Practices

Withdrawing from the stressorPermanent -- transfer to better fit jobTemporary -- work breaks, vacations

Changing stress perceptionsSelf-efficacy, self-leadership

Controlling stress consequencesFitness and lifestyle programsRelaxation and meditationEmployee counseling

Social supportEmotional and informational


Stress Stress ManagementManagementStress Stress ManagementManagement

Stress

Health & Medicine

Transcript of Stress