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2. The word strategy and strategic ( adjective ), they are used widely by the

researchers and thinkers in variety of sciences without clear specification to its meaning, or a

definition of dimensions and limitations of the concept, which cause sometimes obscurity

and confusion intellectual wise .

3. It might be described a site or a part of a state is strategic (Hurmoz straits) also a political or economic decision might be described as strategic …….etc.

1. Strategy is considered as a concept that passes around in different fields of sciences (

politics, economic, military, social ….. etc. )

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1. The origin of strategic concept .

2. The military concept of strategic terminology.

3. The historical development of strategic concept.

4. Schools of strategic thought .

5. Strategic concept in business field .

Lecture’s contents.

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1. Strategy concept was derived from Greek lexical (strategos), which was derived from two compound words (stratos) and it means (army) , and (agein) it means (leadership) .

2. The use of the compound in ancient Greek language (strategos) was meant a military commander .

3. From the lexical (strategos) was derived from the word (strategee) which means “ the General science “.

4. the word “General” at that historical era , was described as a character of three dimensions .

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The dimensions of the “ General’s” charter :

1. The first dimension.

a. The General is a person who behaves steadfast because one of his tasks to select the appropriate way to achieve competitive advantage of some type .

b. The meaning of victory and loss in a battle is related to the General who conducts the battle , takes right or wrong decisions, through operating the suitable quantity

and quality of materials and resources in the battle .

c. Therefore, to link between the objective and the General strategic capability in decision making process .

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a. The general is a person who acts and know there is another power in warfare theatre , that effects and be effected in the way in dealing with things and decisions making, therefore, that power makes pressures upon results which the general are looking to achievement .

2. The second dimension

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(2) How to address the upper echelons to provide hem with troops and materials. (3) How to deal with subordinates to accomplish

the mission.

(4) How to do military maneuvers according to the theater environment.

(5) How to maneuver to attract others to join in alliance to affect the battle course for

his benefits.

(6) How to negotiate to accomplish the most suitable conditions to achieve peace.

b. the General should perform a certain roles to achieve his Objectives, and these roles exemplify in the

following:

(1) How to exercise his role to motivate his troops in battle field to form a harmonized men (team

work) fighting fiercely ( insistence ) .

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3 . The third dimension.

The General is a person who is highly sensitive towards time, studies his plans and strategic movements deeply; in order to be carried out (executed) in a suitable time .

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The conclusion of strategic origin concept :

1. The ancient Greeks had understood the strategy as thinking broadly and acting insightly .

2. The ancient Greeks had defined the strategy as “ a set of important decisions , derived from

administrative process that top-level organized , for making decisions at administrative upper echelons (Top Management Level) in the organization ”

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1. It is noticeable that the variety of the contemporary usage of the word strategy to include many fields.

2. As it mentioned before: it might be described a site or apart of a country is strategic.

3. Also a political or economic decisions might be described as strategic, if it is affect politics or economy in the

country.

4. The description strategy may use to call some weapons of decisive impact in a battle, such as Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT).

5. Moreover, a way of thinking or professional studies may described as strategic.04/18/23

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* Due to what is formerly said, it is (clear that) strategy is used in variety of fields.

* Thus , an importance of accurate limitation to this concept is needed.

* The essential of limitation to this concept comes from the (increasing sense) for the importance of the strategy and its role to reach the (charted objectives) .

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* The strategy concept is of military origins, and from (historical perspective) it is linked to the conduct of war (War Administration) . when the science of warfare appeared, war strategy become as branch of it.

* The earnest efforts to register the Science of War started with Nigola Mikavilly who

wrote a book under title of “ Art of War ” .

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* The study of strategy dated back to the 18th century ,when the British Henery Loid wrote - in the introduction of his book about the history of seven wars - a number of military theories , in addition to that he established war strategy, and pointed out that strategy in the military field means (the use of armed power by the state to achieve it’s objectives)

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* General Gominy: the strategy is to map out war, and know operations theaters and mark out (determine) activities.

* General Karl von klawzevids: 18th century the use of engagement as a means to reach the war aim .

* General Moltika: 19th century conduct the adequateness process (at the disposal of) the commander , to a achieve objectives .

* The British Military Theorist Liddle Hart: at the beginning of the 20th century it is an art of

distribution and utilization of military instruments (means ) to achieve the political objectives .

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* To conclude with the following :

2. Strategic concept is limited to the military field .

3. Strategy moved outside from military field to other fields . Thus , the military strategy related with politics .

1. Strategy is become of a multiple definitions in different fields.

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* After we know the variety in strategy definitions and concepts in the past and the present , and we observed that strategy was

limited in its beginnings in the military field, then it moved gradually to cover the other

fields.

* This is to confirm the meaning of strategic concept pass over developmentary levels

through historical extent.

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To define strategic concept (Before Christ ) , it is important to divide that period into tow parts :

a . primitive societies .They lacked of strategies . Their objectives never gone beyond the

personal needs, fighting and primitive weapons, even the fighting manners were very limited to individual.

b. Ancient eras . At that period of time appeared empires that had the political and military leadership, in addition, they had their own

objectives and distinguished manners in fighting which the military history is no longer preserve

their thoughts and sciences .

1. Strategy in slavery era.

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a. It was distinguished of its clearness and accuracy, this was because of the

unity of aims, objectives, principles and beliefs which depended on planning and execution of different levels .

b. Strategic instruments, manners and thoughts at that period were varies, that

confirmed by the Islamic conquests.

2. Strategy in Islamic era .

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3. Strategy in the medieval eras .

a. At the beginning , the level of the strategic thought was decreased in contrast with the former ones .

b. Complete absence of clear objectives and strategies

c. Objectives were limited to the individual, religious exercises , and to preserve/ protect the feudalities security .

d. Activities and fighting styles concentrated on the complete dependence on knights and their sons .

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4. Strategy from 15th century to 18th century .

* Strategic science and intellectual at that period , undergone many changes and decisive development in the history of strategy .They can be shown on the following :

a. The warfare objectives should be national and political , not a personal or feudality .

* 15th century – Mikavilly . Italian philosopher . His strategic intellectuals were considered as a turning point in strategic concept . His important views as following : ( P. 5 )

b. He set the concept of preparing the state for war to achieve national objectives .

c. Link the state strategy with military strategy to achieve national strategy .

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* 16th century – Gostaf Adolf king of Swede, he improved the strategic military science and thought; one of his important views are follows:

a. Formed the regular army .

b. Improved tactics and fighting manners .

c. Improved training and educational systems.

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* 17th century – Fredrik the Great The king of Prussia, he had a big role in the improvement of fighting and strategic systems in the battle field, moreover army organization .

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* 18th century – Napoleon

* Emperor of France . He had a big role in improvement of strategic science and thought .

* His important views as follow :

a. Specify the national objectives .

b. Prepare the state for war .

c. Set up the recruitment system .

d. Set up the divisions formation .

e. Implementation (Apply) operational maneuvers to achieve a strategic objectives .

f. Improve the fighting system in the battle fields .04/18/23

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5. Strategy in 19th century

a. Impacts of the industrial revaluation upon strategic thought

b. Development of weapons which were varied and increased their effects,

range and heaviness .

c. Armies gain high capacity in maneuver

d. Improvement of the fighting manners

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6. Strategy in the world war I

a. Strategy at that time was very clear, whereas appeared the prominent /clearance strategic objectives , such as colonialism and ethnicity purposes, and expansionist policy.

b. Improvement and variety of armiesform and size, specially land (army) , navy

and air forces .

c. Emergence of alliance phenomenon .

d. Applied all fighting techniques in different levels .

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7. Strategy in the world war II.

a. Advance extension to the former idea . (Last period) .

b. Emergence of mass warfare idea .

c. Emergence of national objectives .

d. Apply all level and types of strategy .

e. Advancement of military organization , capacity (capability), tools and

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8.` strategy in nuclear era.

a. The use of atomic bomb at the end of world war II had an impact in

changing the balance of science and thought of strategy .

b. Emergence of the new strategic concepts (nuclear deterrence and arms race ) .

c. Nuclear power – India, Pakistan, Iran ….. etc.

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. the outer space added another strategic dimension, because the utilization of space is an important factor in the present (current) time strategies .

9. Strategy in space era

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Western school

* It has not a single concept – but, it might be collected some of concepts that came out from this school; the context includes the most essential and inclusive ones .

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Western school

1. Klawzevids . It is the use of engagement for the sake of warfare objectives.

2. Moltika . A group of instruments use to a accomplish a certain aim .

3. British joint training manual 1902. It is a planning art and direction for a campaign . And it is the style which the commander running after to bring about his enemy to the battle .

4. Liddle Hart . Is the art , distribution and usage of different military instruments for political goals . 04/18/23

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Western school

5. Andaria Bover . It is the art of utilizing power to reach the political objectives.

6. American concept 1959. It is the art and science to employ the armed forces for the goals of public polices of the state through putting into action power or threat .

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1. Lenin. An ideal strategy which guarantees operation delay that allow the moral break down of enemy for an easiest deathblow .

Eastern school

2. Mau Tis Tung . It is the study of law of the whole warfare situation

3. kozolv. It is certain of military instruments of making policy to gain it’s objectives.

4. General concept. It is the scientific knowledge system about warfare rules as an armed conflict for the sake of specific class interests. 3804/18/23

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* As general, strategy view researches on the following :

Eastern school

1. Study warfare experiments .

2. Both situations; policy and military .

3. Economic and moral capability of the state .

4. Types of up-to-date instruments conflict .

5. Future perspective of the enemy .6. Conditions and nature of the prospective warfare;

and the ways of preparation and engagement .

7. Build the armed forces and establish a strategic usage in addition to its fundamentals of security, finance and techniques, then the leadership of the armed forces and warfare . 04/18/23

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Results

3. It is no longer that the strategy concept is limited to the military field, but it is expanded to include the other fields such as: politics, economics and social affairs .

1. It is to be noticed that all schools of concepts are related strategy to war and battles, therefore, it seems to be war is the only way that attained the strategic aim .

2. All these concepts regard military strategy, as the first concept of strategy .

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* Today is appeared what is known by the contemporary concept of strategy i.e. the comprehensive national strategy (( it is the science and art of improvement and optimum utilization of political, economic , military, social , technological and administrational power for the state , to attain national aims & objectives of the state ))

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* The essence of contemporary strategy is an art of selection from different theories and available methods , that convenient (suitable) to situations face the responsible authorities, thus, to reach the programmed and desired objectives to become true .

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* Contemporary strategy ranking in belief, politics and doctrine a position of a appendix, i.e. the doctrine which specify the general and fundamental situation whereas the items related to strategy that work nature is derived from.

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Elements of the comprehensive national strategy concept :

1. Connection of strategy with the community and state security .

2. Mobilization of the community resources and its arrangement / organization and direction .

3. Avoid inactivity i.e. expressing and advancement by changing circumstances, resources, and available options.

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* Tregoe and Zimmerman 1980 the strategy is an ideation of the Org. for what to be in future, but not how the Org. comes to this situation . The strategy is the guide frame for the choices that determine nature of the Org. and its direction, and relation of these choices by field of the productions or services, the markets, the capabilities , the growth , the revenues , allocate the Org. resources 04/18/23

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* Tommas-1988 : the strategy is plans and activities of the Org. , set by guarantees a degree of coincide

between the Org. mission and its objectives. Between that mission and the environment that work in active way higher equality .

* Mendez Berg 1989 : the strategy is the middle power between the Org. and the environment and

compatible manners in collection from the Org. decisions that related by environment, so it uses the Org. to adapt with its environment through collection of decisions that the management adopt them .

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* Gluik and Jawesh-1988 The strategy is a unified, inclusive/comprehensive and completed plan , that links the strategic benefits for the Org. by the environmental challenges, and that build to confirm achieve the basic objectives of the Org. during the suitable execution by the Org.

* Bossman and Vatak 1989 the strategy is an instruments to realize (achieve) goals, it's descript of the organizational manners to realize the strategic objectives, and it’s by that include to determine the strategic alternatives, and evaluate that alternatives to realize major objectives of the Org.

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* BorterBorter

1. one of the competitive strategy pioneers .

2. ((the strategy is a building and establishment defenses against the competitive power, or found a position in industry whereas the power in its weakest form)).

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BorterBorter

3. Any Org. has its comprehensive competitive strategy it’s mixing of the workable objectives by the Org. so as to be implemented to realize these objectives .

4. factors of wording competitive strategy : .

a. the strength and weakness points of the organization .

b. the opportunities and threats.

c. the personal values of the organization’s managers (the managers major

needs) .d. the social expectations (what the society requires from the Org. and impacts by the state policy and the social sensibility).

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Opportunities and threats

Strength and

weakness points

Personal values of managers

The social expectations

* Borter

competitive

strategy

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* Borter

* the main factors the organization’s strategy affected by :

1. external environment .

2. internal environment ( resources).

3. specific objectives of organization .

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*Conclusions of strategic concept .

1. strategy is just a mean to realize specific aim , also it's the Org. mission in the society .

2. At the same time strategy is considered as an aim uses to measure the performance of the subordinate management level in the Org. , so any Org. can't use strategy concept unless it's mission is clear and accurately specified.

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3. Strategy aims to create high coincidence efficiency between tow basic elements they as follow:

a. create a coincidence between the objectives and aims of the Org. . because it is unreasonable for any Org. to work to achieve these aims when there is a contradiction between them.

b. create a coincidence degree between organization's mission and the environment where it work .

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4. There are three main elements effect the strategy :

a. external environment and it’s political , economic , social change ….. etc .

b. Internal environment from sources and potentials (probabilities) , the organizational structure, leadership, strength and weakness points and values.

c. The objectives that laid down by the Org. to be achieved within specific period of time.

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5. the strategy clarified the mode through which the Org. competed in business field, when it lacks of comparative constancy of environment, thus it must make the strategy changes to continue the frequent coincidence process between the organization’s mission and environment, that required understanding, studying and continual analysis for working environment of the Org .

6. focus on the alternatives / choices / options strategic.

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7. The strategy is arrangement of ideas for facing the risks cases and unconfirmed , and determine available opportunities for the Org. in the environment, therefore using the special quality to benefit from the Org. available sources .

8. The basic direction of the Org. considers to study and analyze the relationship between the

Org. and the environment that working in. Therefore, to face the threats that Org. exposed to, and investment opportunities that support competitive situation for it, in order to realize existence, continuity, growth, and increase the Org. capacity in managing it relationship with the environment .

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1. Strategy terminology is derived from the Greek lexical ( stratêgos ) which means any military leader .

2. the word “ General “ at that time was described a character of three dimensions which represented in characteristics, environment, roles he does and time management .

3. Strategy development , passing over eras, and different schools; its limitation on strategic military concept .

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4. Development of the strategy concept , till it reaches the comprehensive national strategy .

5. The concept transfer to business field , in which the strategy concepts are differ between different school .

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