Strategies Forenhancement in Food Production

8/10/2019 Strategies Forenhancement in Food Production

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STRATEGIES

FORENHANCEMENT

IN FOOD

PRODUCTION


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PRODUCTION ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

It deals with the care and breeding of livesstock.

It is estimated that more than 70 % of the

world livestock population is in India andChina, but its contribution to farm produce isonly 25%

Hence, in addition to conventional practices

of animal husbandry, new technologies mustbe applied to achieve improvement in qualityand productivity.


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ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

It deals with the care and breeding of livesstock.

It is estimated that more than 70 % of the

world livestock population is in India andChina, but its contribution to farm produce isonly 25%

Hence, in addition to conventional practices

of animal husbandry, new technologies mustbe applied to achieve improvement in qualityand productivity.


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DAIRY FARM MANAGEMENT

Milk yield is dependent on the quality ofbreeds.

Selection of good breeds with resistance is

very important. Care of cattle includes.

1.Proper shelter.

2.Balanced feeding.

3.Sufficient quantity of water.

4.Cleaniness and hygiene of cattle andhandlers.


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POULTRY FARM MANAGEMENT.

Poultry includes chicken ,ducks , turkey andgeese.

The important components are

1.Selection of diseases free and suitable breeds. 2.Proper feed and water

3. Proper and safe farm conditions.

4.Hygiene and health care of the birds.


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Emu


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Turkey


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Turkey


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Geese


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Beekeeping requires the followings

1.Knowledge of nature and habits of bees.

2.Selection of suitable location.

3.Catching and hiving of swarms.

4.Management of beehives in different seasons. 5. Handling and collection of honey and beeswax

Bees are the pollinators of many crop plants andincreases pollination efficiency and thereby increasesthe yield.


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FISHERIES

It is an important industry because

1. A large number of people depend of fish and fishproducts.

2.It provide income and employment. 3. Fish liver oil are of medicinal value.

Ex. fresh water fishes- catla, rohu, common carp etc.

Ex marine fishes- Hilsa, sardine mackerel,pomfrets.


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sardine


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hilsa


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mackerel


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pomfrets


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catla


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rohu


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ANIMAL BREEDING

AIM- 1.Increasing the quantity of yield.

2.Improving the quality of produce.

TYPES OF ANIMAL BREEDING.

INBREEDING OUTBREEDING

OUTCROSSING CROSS-BREEDING INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDISATION


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INBREEDING

It is the process of mating between close relatives ofthe same animal breed.

The progeny of such breed are evaluated and

superior males and females are identified for furthermating.

Inbreeding causes homozygocity and thus inbreedingis necessary for evolving a pure line .

Inbreeding exposes harmful recessive alleles, whichbecome eliminated by selection.

It also helps in accumulation of superior genes.


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Continuous inbreeding causes inbreedingdepression,(Loss of fertility and productivity) thatreduces fertility and productivity.

To overcome inbreeding depression the selectedanimals of the breeding population are mated withunrelated superior animals of the same breed torestore fertility and yield.


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OUT BREEDING

Out breeding is the mating of unrelated animals ofthe same breed or of different breeds or evendifferent species.

1.Out crossing- It is the practice of mating ofanimals of the same breed, but that have no commonancestors on either side of their pedigree up to 4-6generations.

The offspring-outcross A single out cross helps to overcome inbreeding

depression.

It is the best breeding method for animals that are

average in productivity and growth rate.


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CROSS-BREEDING.

It is a method of out breeding in which superiormales of one breed are mated with the superiorfemales of another breed of same species.

It helps in combining the desirable qualities of twodifferent breeds.

The hybrid progeny may be used for commercialproduction

Ex. Hisardale, new breed of sheep developed bycrossing Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams.


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INTER SPECIFIC HYBRIDISATION

It is a method of out breeding in which male andfemale animals of two different species are crossed tocombine the desirable features of both the parentsinto one.

Ex. Mule.

ZEEDONK(male-zebra +female donkey)-


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ZEEDONK(male zebra +female donkey)zonky.

MULE(Female horse and male donkey)-


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MULE(Female horse and male donkey)sterile


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TIGON(male tiger and female lion(fertile)


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TIGON


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Hinny(male horse+female donkey)

Zebra hinny(male donkey + female zebra)-


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Zebra hinny(male donkey + female zebra)sterile


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Liger (male lion +female tiger)-fertile


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ARTIFICIAL HYBRIDISATION

It is the process in which the semen collected from asuperior male is injected into the reproductive tractof the selected female by the breeder.

Advantages.

1.Semen can be used immediately or stored forfuture use.

2. Semen can be transported in frozen form to

distant place. 3. Semen of a selected male can be used on a

number of females.

Disadvantage-Success rate is fairly low.

MULTIPLE OVULATION EMBRYO


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TRANSFER.(MOET)

It is the method to improve the herds.

Steps.

1.A cow is administered with FSH hormone to

induce follicular maturation and superovulation.(super ovulation is the production of 6-8ova in one cycle.).

2.The cow is mated with selected bull or artificially

inseminated. 3.The fertilized egg at 8-32 celled stages are

recovered and transferred to surrogate mother.


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PLANT BREEDING

It is the purposeful manipulation of plant species inorder to create desired plant types that are suited forcultivation, better yield and disease resistance.

NEED OF PLANT BREEDING.

1.To overcome limited biomass.

2. Enhance food for human and animals.


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GREEN REVOLUTION

It is the development of high yielding anddisease resistant varieties in wheat, rice,maize etc.

Plant breeding technique are used in greenrevolution.

Father of green revolution NORMAN .E.BORLAUG. He introduced semi dwarf

varieties of wheat. Father of green revolution in India

Dr.M.S.Swaminathan.


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STEPS IN PLANT BREEDING

1.Collection of genetic variability .Variability in genesare available in wild relatives of crop.

Collection of all diverse alleles for all genes of agiven crop is called germplasm.

2.Evaluation and selection of parents. After evaluatinggermplasm , parent plants are selected andmultiplied for future use in hybridisation.

3.Cross hybridisation among selected parents.Twoplants having two desired characters are hybridizedto get new hybrid having two desired characters.

4.Selection and testing of superior

recombinants-Selection of the plants having

Green revolution Crop production


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Green revolution - Crop production.

White revolution - Milk production

Blue revolution - Fish production

Biofortification-Breeding crops with higher levelsof proteins, vitamins and minerals e.g.vit C rich

bitter gourd,mustard,tomato; protein rich beans

lablab etc. SCP (Single cell protein )-Microbes such as bacteria,

yeast, algae are treated in various ways and used asfood. Eg-spirulina can be grown in waste water(from

potato processing plant)

Tissue culture- cultured with any plant part calledexplant.


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. Protoplast culture and somatichybridization- The plant cell lacking cell wall isprotoplast. Fusion of protoplast is done byPolyethylene glycol. Pomato is somatic hybrid of

potato and tomato.

3.Micropropagation-Tissue culture techniqueused for rapid vegetative propagation of ornamental

plants and fruit trees 4.Somaclone-Plants obtained from single plants by

vegetative propagation.


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POMATO


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pomato


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I MARK Q1.Name two techniques involved in controlled

breeding experiments.

Q2.What is blue and green revolution? Q3. What is inbreeding depression?

Q4. What is Heterosisor hybrid vigour?

Q5.Name the Indian variety of rice patented by an

American company.

Q6.What is Pomato?

Q7 .Name the algae used as protein rich food.

Q8.Expand-MOET and SCP.


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5 MARKS QUESTIONS Q1. Explain the points that have to be considered for

successful beekeeping?

Q2. Write the scientific name of sugarcane grown innorth and south India respectively. Mention theircharacteristic features. Mention the characteristic ofthe hybrid produced by crossing these two varieties .

Hint:North Saccharumbarberi. South Saccharumofficinarum . High yield , thick stems ,higher sugar content , ability to grow in both Northand South India

Q 3. Describe various steps involved in plant

fi i i


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Definitions

ANIMAL BREEDING :- Mating or crossing ofanimals to improve the desirable qualitiesand yield or produce.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY :- The agriculturalpractice of breeding and raising livestock e.g.buffaloes, cows, pigs, horses, sheep, camel

etc including poultry and fisheries.APICULTURE :- Bee keeping for production

of honey.

BREED :- A group of animals related by

descent and similar in most characters, like


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PLANT BREEDING :- The purposefulmanipulation of plant species (Crop) to

create desired plants best suited forcultivation, give better yields and aredisease resistant.

SCP OR SINGLE CELL PROTEINS :-

Industrially or commercially producededible proteins by culturing suitablemicro organisms on large scale for

nutrition for animals and human beings.

A i Q i


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Assignment Questions

1.During a meristem culture some explants were keptin culture medium conrtaining more of auxins thancytokinins. Which organ of the plant is expected todifferentiate from the callus?

2.Why hybrids of selected parents are self pollinatedtill a state of homozygosity?

3.To which product is blue revolution related?

5.Artificial insemination is a better approach thannatural mating. Justify


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1.Clones are identical each other ?Is there any socialimplications of human cloning?

2.A technique by which cattle herd is increased innumber in short period of time.name and describe it.3. Why do we use apical and axillary meristems fortissue culture?

4. If your family owned a dairy farm, what measure

would you undertake to improve the quality andquantity of milk production?

5. Biofortification can solve the problems ofhidden hungerto a large extent. Prove it?


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6. Insect/pest resistance in plants can be due tomorphological, chemical or physiological features.Give one example each of the features and thespecies n which it is found?

1.What is reference material for comparison of anyimproved variety?

2.For which amino acid maize is biofortified? 3. Some time the disease resistance gene is present

in the wild relative of crop plant. Give an example ofcrop plant where the resistance gene is present in its

wild relative and name the wild relative


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What is interspecific hybridization ? Q2 What should be done when inbreeding

depression becomes a problem ?

Q3 Name any five hybrid varieties of crop plantswhich have been developed in India .

Q4 What are the commonly used growth regulatorsin plant tissue culture ? What for they are required ?

Q5 Define germplasm . How is it maintain ?

Strategies Forenhancement in Food Production

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