Strategies for increasing agricultural water productivity in physically and economically...
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CTA SeminarClosing the Knowledge Gap:
INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTBy Maimbo Mabanga Malesu
Strategies for Increasing Agricultural Water Productivity in Physically and Economically Water Scarce Region
Outline
• Problem Analysis• Understanding water scarcity, green and blue
water concepts• Tested approaches/tools in agric. Water mgt• Highlights on proven Technological
innovations• Conclusions
Location of ACP RegionThe ACP constitute 79 countries (48 African, 16 Caribbean and 15 Pacific) – falling in tropical and sub-tropical zones
Background for the ACP• Main objectives:
Sustainable development and poverty reduction within member states, as well as greater integration into the world's economy.
• Population in 2002 :
727 million (15% of developing countries). 94% of ACP pop in Africa, 5% in the Caribbean and 1% in the Pacific countries.
• Per capita GDP: US$ 100 - US$ 9000. Agriculture which is relied on for income and employment accounts for 16% of the GDP.
Major Challenges in ACP
1. Poor access to and availability of water in the region due to inadequate water harvesting infrastructure
2. In 2001, only 5% of ACP arable land was irrigated and 15% fertilizer used;
3. Increased prevalence of HIV/AIDS reduced labour availability & hence farm productivity.
4. Pop increase & Extremely low agricultural production – less than one tonne per hectare due to intra-seasonal dry spells and drought;
5. Poor management of rainwater – flooding, erosion, ecosystems pollution among others.
Agric. Water Management as a major entry point to livelihood enhancement
To exploit agric. potential in curbing hunger and undernourishment; technical, economic and human resources must be mobilized to facilitate water management through RWH & irrigation.
However, the ACP region faces physical and economic water scarcity denoting both availability and access quagmires and must institute strategies to address these challenges.
Global depiction of water scarcity
IWMI, 2009
Do we have adequate investments to cope with Water Scarcity?
How about at Community level?
The Policy Dilemma: Where do Governments target investments?
Can we boost per-capita water storage & Productivity in the ACP?
Technological considerations on Water Scarcity
• Bio-physical and socio-economic parameterization.• Assessment of rainwater partitions and their respective
quantification at regional, national, watershed and plot scale.
• Assessment of domestic, agricultural and environmental water needs/demands at national, watershed, homestead and farm scale.
• Identification and mapping of rainwater domains and respective technologies.
• Spatial based designs of appropriate rainwater technologies in respect to the technological mapping.
Understanding Rainwater Partitions is starting point for boosting water productivity
Water requirements for diets vs GDP(PPP) for year 2000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000
GDP(PPP) (US$/cap/y)
To
tal
die
tary
wat
er r
equ
irem
ents
(m
3/ca
p/d
ay)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
To
tal
die
tary
wat
er r
equ
irem
ents
(m
3/ca
p/y
ear)
DEVD EA EURA
LAC NAF OECD
SA SEA SSAF
WA Sislands
JPN
USA
NOR
FRA
SWE
FIN
IRL
AUTISL
DNK
CHE
CAN
PYF
NCL
MNGURY
ARG
BHS
SYCKORSAU
KWT
THA
MYS
ISR
KGZ
LKA
IND
PAK
CHN
ALB
PRTHUN
BWA
BDI
COM
LBN
ZAF
MUS
ESTLVA
MKDMRT
MDA
KEN
Source: SEI 2006
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
Total Rainwater 1,400 2,424 3,824
Evapotranspiration 560 970 1,530
Runoff 443 785 1,229
Groundwater 108 582 690
Current Use 8 32 40
Pemba Unguja Zanzibar
Assessment of RWH in Zanzibar + LOBBYING(MDG Centre, 2007)
RW assessments: Case example for Sub-Saharan Africa
African countries in the ACP are the ones where rainfall exceeds 200mm/yr within SSA
RWH Domains (Mati et al, 2006)
Runoff Ephemeral rivers
Climate modeling –P/PET
Source: MINAGRI - 2010
Source: MINAGRI - 2010
MINAGRI - 2010
RWH System
Technology
Application
Soil and structural storage
- Zai pits - Cons. Tillage - Terraces - Level Bunds - Ditches - Drainage - SWC
Runoff Catchment Systems
In-situ RWH Systems
Check Dams Weirs Irrigations Canal Ponds – Lined / unlined Underground tanks Infiltration ditches Groundwater recharge Sand/Subsurface dams
Roof Catchment Systems
Ferro-cement tanks Masonry tanks Spherical tanks Underground tanks Recharge wells
Soil Storage Storage
GREEN WATER - Crop and Livestock production - Upgraded rain-fed farming - Agroforestry - Full and Supplementary irrigation
BLUE WATER - Domestic water - Groundwater recharge - Livestock production
Promising Water Harvesting Technological Options
INSITU RWH TECHNIQUES
Run
off
Run
off
Run
off
Run
off
Run
off
Run
off
Run
off
Run
off
Slope
Earthen Bunds
Zai-pits
Conservation Agric.
9 ponds/Km2 in Lare Kenya
Run-off Catchment Systems + Private Sector
By June 2010 RADA had constructed >400 X 120 m3 ponds in 10 districts of Rwanda
Best Practices Scaling Up Sites
CHECK DAMS + Surface irrigation in Zanzibar
Roof Catchment Systems + Drip Irrigation
Increased Awareness
India pioneers RWH, 2004
AFRICA: RWH could solve water shortages, 2006
Conclusions – Put Simple• We need to change the way we think - STOP
Blue water approaches to agric. water mgt. Think GREEN.
• Policy change backed with innovative technical planning, sound investment and monitoring.
• Support capacity building at all levels: Professional, technical and community.
• Increase Awareness: Spread the news through ICTs!!!!!
The World Agroforestry Centre
United Nations Avenue, Gigiri
P.O Box 30677 Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
Phone: +254 20 722 4000
Fax: +254 20 722 4001
Web: www.worldagroforestry.org Email: [email protected]
THANK YOU – Green water is the way out