Yuan-Chung (Oliver) LIN Ph.D.

Environmental Protection Bureau of Tainan City Government,

Taiwan

Strategies for Clean Air and

Bright Sky in Tainan

Outlines

02 Major Air Pollution Control Strategies

04 Conclusion

01

03 The Results of Air Quality Improvement

2

3

Where is Tainan City?

Taiwan

China

Korea Japan

Philippines

Tainan

Area：2,191 km2

Population：1,880,000

4

PM10 -42.4%

PM2.5 -23.2%

-50%

-40%

-30%

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Environmental Load

Construction Site 27.3%

Automobile 19.6%

Diesel Vehicle 15.3%

Factory 5.9%

Population 0.7%

Scooter -2%

5

Influence of Meteorology on Air Quality

Vehicle Exhaust Pollution

Traditional Activity and Agricultural

Pollution

Three Issues of Air Pollution

01 03 02

Meteorology and

topographical factors lead

to pollutant retention.

• Total vehicles is 1.98

million.

• 1.05 vehicles per

citizen.

•Total temples are over 2000.

•Joss paper and incense sticks

burning.

•Agricultural waste burning.

Influence of Meteorology on Air Quality

6

Stationary Zone

Wake Effect Zone

38.8 36.8 36.9

28.6

18.5

10.6

12.9 12.8

19.8

30.0

33.2 34.0

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

μg

/m3

7

Topographical and Pollution ◢Northeast monsoon blows during fall to spring.

◢Located on the leeward side and the weak wind tail zone.

◢Pollutants are difficult to diffuse.

PM2.5 Concentration

Rainy Season & Blows Southwest Monsoon

Tainan

5.7%

3.9%

5.9%

6.2%

6.8%

8.4%

9.1%

9.2%

[值]

[值]

17.1%

0% 10% 20%

其他

農…

機 …

汽車

餐…

農…

車…

營…

裸…

柴…

工廠

Source：TEDS 9.0(Base year: 2013)

Primary PM2.5 Secondary PM2.5

The Major PM2.5 Sources

8

Factory

Diesel Vehicle

Bare Surface

Construction Site

Road Dust

Agricultural Operation

Catering

Automobile

Scooter

Agricultural Burning

Other

Diesel

Vehicle,

53%

Other, 18%

Chemical Material Manufacturing, 5%

Energy Manufacturing, 5%

Scooter,

6%

Automobile,

13%

Other, 34%

Other Business, 6%

Paper Products and Printing

Manufacturing, 5%

Chemical Material

Manufacturing, 24%

Textiles Mills,

12%

Food

Manufacturing,

10%

Basic Iron and Steel Manufacturing, 9%

9

02 Major Air Pollution

Control Strategies

10

Clear & Bright Sky Plan Tainan city started “Clear and Bright Sky – Particulate Matter

Reduction Control Action Plan” in 2014.

18 bureaus of Tainan city worked together to promote 9 strategies and 50 items in 2018.

1.

Road dust

reduction

2.

Construction

control

3.

Factory

control

4. Reduce

emission of diesel vehicles

9.

Environmental

education 8.

Promote

low-emission

mobility

7.

Reduce

Bare

Surface

5.

Reduce

emission

of scooters

6.

Fugitive

emission

control

2016 9 Strategies 42 Items

2017 9 Strategies 45 Items

2014 8 Strategies 25 Items

2015 9 Strategies 37 Items

2018 9 Strategies 50 Items

2019 Rolling Review

11

Methods of Factory Control

Factory Operating Permit Management

Prevention of Pollutant

Economic Incentive

Fuel Control

◢Control Sources of Pollution-Use less toxic raw materials or fuels

◢Economic Incentives-Air Pollution Control Fees

◢Enhance Control Technology/Equipment

-IBACT(Individual Best Available Control Technology )

-BARCT(Best Available Retrofit Control Technology)

01

02

03

04

12

Incentives for Emission Reduction

◢The aim is reducing the unhealth of air quality.

◢Reduction plan and incentives of reduction fall to spring.

28.0

12.1

27.6

36.5

Sp

rin

g

Su

mm

er

Au

tum

n

Win

ter

12

PM2.5 Concentration

μg/m

3

Fa

ll

.

Summer Fall & Winter & Spring

Emis

sio

n

Reducing

Air Pollution Fee

0～50 51～100 101～150 151～200

-20%

AQI =

◢The density of air quality monitoring device is 2.1 km2

13

Air Quality Monitoring Equipment

12 Manual operation monitoring stations (Tainan EPB)

13 Continuous Emission

Monitoring Systems

(Factories)

4 Auto-monitoring

stations in industrial zones

(Southern Taiwan Science

Park)

220 Air boxes

(Non-governmental)

6 Auto-monitoring

stations

(4 EPA + 2 Tainan EPB)

900 Air quality microsensors

(Tainan EPB)

14

Vehicle Exhaust Background

581,809

1,302,538

100,958

◢1.05 vehicles per person in Tainan.

◢Produced 17,338 tons of NOx emission and 1,622 tons of PM2.5

yearly.

15

Emission Controls on Scooter

440,484

307,192 280,397

237,263

173,993

122,753

90,912

2012 2013 2014 2915 2016 2017 2018 16

Decreasing Two-stroke Scooter and Increasing E-Scooter

Two-stroke scooters were decreased

by 350 thousand vehicles in 7 years.

Electric scooters were increased more

than 33,652 in 7 years.

14,222 17,647

21,253

26,803

33,073

38,098

47,874

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

電動機車、電動輔助車輛數

Nu

mb

er

of T

wo

-str

oke S

co

ote

r

Num

ber

of E

lectr

ic S

coote

r

17

Emission Controls on Diesel Vehicles

Setting 14 Clean Air Zones-

Where car needs a badge to

enter

All buses & official vehicles

are inspected entirely

2015 2016

Subsidy for eliminating

old vehicles

2018

2019

Low Emission Zone- Restrict Vehicles Entry

18

E-Vehicles Schedule

All buses and officials use electric

vehicles All e-scooters All e-vehicles

19

Pollutants from Joss Paper

Pollutants from Incense Sticks

Pollutions from cultural activities

Pollutants from Firecrackers

Traditional Activity

◢Tainan has the most temples in Taiwan (more than 700 temple

fairs every year).

20

Donating Money Instead of

Purchasing Joss Paper

585 1295

2042 2896

3943

5362

6877

8291

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

14 Times

Amount of Centralized Incineration (Tons)

Emission Controls on Joss paper

Incineration just for Joss Paper

$[值] $[值] $[值]

$[值]

$[值]

$[值]

$[值]

$[值]

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Amount of Donation (NTD)

64 Times

改成錢的意象 Transported 9,102 tons in the last eight years.

Reducing 30 tons of TSP emission from burning

joss paper and incense sticks during 2011 to 2018.

21

Agricultural Waste Solving waste pollution from agriculture ◢Producing 150 thousand tons of rice straw and 2,800 tons of waste

shells every year.

◢After harvest, lots of waste will be produced and burned causing air pollution.

Burning Waste Rice Straw Waste Water-caltrop Shells

22

It can improve soil infertility, fertilize land, help agricultural resources recycling and reduce waste of natural resource.

Buried on Site

Process

Waste reuse, such as straw stalks

directly cover the orchard.

Reuse

Straw Blankets

Recycled waste is used in additional

processes as new products, such as

straw blankets to cover the bare

surface, or the water-caltrop shells into

incense sticks.

23

◢ In Tainan, producing 2,100 tons of waste shells

every year. However farmers usually throw or

burn it in the open field.

◢ Therefore, making the waste shells into biochar

and using in variety of products.

Circular Economy - Biochar

1.Collecting

2.Dried

4.Biochar

3.Carbonized

Carbonized water-caltrop shell

Deodorizer

Biochar teacup

Biochar Dye

03 The Results of Air Quality Improvement

24

73.4 66.9

55.9 50.7

56.6 55.7

154.5

141.1

121.6

109.5 113.6

109.2

102 103 104 105 106 1072013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Reached to air quality standard for 4 years.

PM10 annual average decreased by 24%

PM10 daily average decreased by 29%

Standard : 65μg/m3

Standard : 125μg/m3

PM10 PM2.5

PM10 daily average

PM10 annual average

Reduce PM10 and PM2.5 µ

g/m

3

25

36.1

29.3 25.4 26.4 24.9 23.8

81.3

71.1

64.6 68.5

55.1 55.6

102 103 104 105 106 107

ug

/m3

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

PM2.5 annual average decreased by 34%

PM2.5 daily average decreased by 31%

Standard : 35μg/m3

Standard : 15μg/m3

PM2.5 daily average

PM2.5 annual average

103年 104年 105年 106年 107年 108年 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

60%

69% 70% 72%

76% 78%

103年 104年 105年 106年 107年 108年 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 26

119

92

110

43 36

AQI >161

AQI 156-160

AQI 151-155

AQI 0-100

Reduce days with AQI 151-155 Increase by at least 2% annually

30

25 38

58 48

42

(days) (ratio)

Reduce the day of

“unhealthy” air

The Goal Increase the day of blue sky

27

Conclusion

We are Breathing the Same Air

Thanks for your attention