THREE BRITISH LAWS THE HELPED PAY BACK THE DEBT FROM THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR:

STAMP ACT: this law required colonists to buy a stamp for every piece of paper they used. Items that had to have a stamp included newspapers, wills, licenses, and even playing cards.

TOWNSHEND ACT: this law placed a tax on certain goods the colonies imported, or brought in, from Britain. These goods included glass, paint, paper, and tea. This law was boycotted by the Sons of Liberty.

TEA ACT: this law lowered the cost of tea that was sold by the British East Indian Company in the colonies. This law also gave the British East India Company a monopoly or complete control over tea sales in the colonies.

BOSTON TEA PARTY: On December 16, 1773 The Sons of Liberty protested the Tea Act by dressing up as Mohawk Indians and going to the Boston harbor where the British had ships loaded with tea. They boarded those ships and unloaded the tea into the Boston Harbor. 90,000 pounds of tea were dumped into the Boston Harbor. John Adams wrote in his journal: “This Destruction of the Tea is so bold, so daring, and so firm…it must have…important consequences.”

THE INTOLERABLE ACTS: These laws were designed to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party.

The first law closed Boston harbor to all ships until the tea was paid for.

The second law placed the government of Massachusetts under British control.

The third law said that British soldiers who were accused of murder in the Boston Massacre would be tried in England, not in the colonies.

Finally, more troops were sent to Boston to enforce the new laws.

CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION:

British Laws:o Proclamation of 1763o Stamp acto Townshend acto Quartering acto Townshend acto Tea act o Intolerable acts

Mercantilism = system in which a nation gets richer because of what it can take out of its colonies.

Lack of representation in Parliament

George Washington’s Farewell Address: In 1796George Washington decided not to pursue a third term aspresident of the United States, thereby allowing the electionof a successor. In it, he stressed three dangers facingthe nation. The first related to the rise of political partieswhich he believed could divide Americans and destroy thecooperation needed in government. The second was sectionalism,or political divisions based on geographic loyalties.The third was the involvement in European rivalriesthat repeatedly drove those nations to war. The last served asa cornerstone of American foreign policy until this country’sinvolvement in World War I.

Mayflower Compact: The Mayflower Compactwas written in 1620 by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. With this document the pilgrims agreed to govern themselves or self govern.

LEXINGTON AND CONCORD: This was the first battles of the American Revolution. British troops defeated the Colonial Militia at Lexington killing 8 colonists. At Concord the British were defeated by the already angry Colonial Militia for what had happened at Lexington. 74 British troops were killed and 200 were missing. This was also known as the “Shot Heard Around The World”.

BATTLE OF SARATOGA: The British were outnumbered at Saratoga but they still attacked the Colonial Army. The British were forced to surrender. This surrender marked a turning point in the American Revolution. After this victory, France came on the side of the Americans as allies in the war.

THOMAS PAINE: He was a Revolutionary writer who wrote two motivating essays during the American Revolution. He wrote Common Sense which motivated colonists to consider being independent from British rule. He also wrote The Crisis which was read by George Washington as a Pep Talk to his army to motivate them not to give up in their fight for freedom against the British.

THOMAS JEFFERSON: VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE:

o Informed citizens could make good decisions for themselves and the country.

BEST FORM OF GOVERNMENT:o A government that governed least was the best form.

IDEAL ECONOMY:o Favored an economy based on agriculture.

RELATIONS WITH BRITAIN AND FRANCE:o Favored France.

ALEXANDER HAMILTON:VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE:

o All people are evil and just out for themselves.BEST FORM OF GOVERNMENT:

o Believed that the government should be ruled by the best people: wealthy, educated.

o Favored a strong national government.IDEAL ECONOMY:

o An economy based on big business and manufacturing.

RELATIONS WITH FRANCE AND BRITIAN:o Favored Britain.

CREATOR OF THE NATIONAL BANK.

THE ALIEN AND SEDITION ACT: The Sedition act said the you could not talk bad about the President, or the government. The Alien Act increased the amount of years needed to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years. These laws were passed to make life difficult for the Republican Party. These laws were passed during John Adams presidency.

WHISKEY REBELLION:Farmers refused to pay the excise tax on whiskey.Congress lowered the tax but farmers in

Pennsylvania still refused to pay.Alexander Hamilton and George Washington saw

this rebellion as a threat to the authority to the national government.

George Washington led 13,000 troops to stop the rebellion.

The Pennsylvania farmers saw this army and fled or ran away.

X Y Z AFFAIR:The French were capturing American ships to prevent

Americans from trading with the British.X, Y, Z were the name of the French agents that met

with the American representatives. The French agreed to stop capturing American ships if

Americans agreed to loan France 10 million dollars and give the French minister 250,000 dollars.

The Americans refused and broke off their treaty with France and began to increase their army and navy.

BATTLE OF YORKTOWN:This is the last battle of the American Revolution.British General Cornwallis surrender brought an end

to the American Revolution.8,000 British troops surrendered to the Americans.French ships prevented the British from escaping by

sea.

FEDERALISTS:Wanted a strong national government because under the

Articles of Confederation (weak government) the Federalists thought that the U.S. was set up for failure.

Leaders of the Federalists group were Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay.

ANTI-FEDERALISTS: This group thought that the states should retain or keep

their rights. The Anti-Federalists did not want a strong national

government because they believed that it would take away peoples individual liberties.

They wanted a Bill of Rights in the Constitution.

NORTHWEST ORDINANCE OF 1785:This law divided the Northwest Territory into smaller

territories.When a territory had 5,000 free adult males, it could elect

its own legislative, or lawmaking body (assembly). When the population reached 60,000, a territory could

apply to Congress to become a state.This law turned a territory into a state.Slavery was banned in the Northwest Territory.

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE: Written by Thomas JeffersonJohn Adams and Benjamin Franklin were on the

committee to make improvements to the document.Was ratified or approved and signed on July 4,

1776.In this declaration you have the Unalienable

Rights:o Lifeo Libertyo Pursuit of Happiness

BOSTON MASSACRE: Trouble had been brewing in Boston for months

before the massacre.The people in Boston hated British soldiers.They made fun of their red uniforms and called them

“lobsterbacks”. On March 5, 1770 a group of people began to throw

rocks and snow balls at British troops guarding the Boston Custom House.

As the crowd moved forward, someone knocked a soldier to the ground and the soldiers panicked and began to shoot.

The first one to die was a former black slaved named Crispus Attucks.

5 unarmed colonists died at the Boston Massacre.

BILL OF RIGHTS:Give your partner all the ten signs for the ten

amendments.

3/5 Compromise: This was a compromise made by James Madison on

how slaves were to be counted for the purpose of representation in Congress.

Madison said to count each slave as 3/5 of a person when determining a state’s population.

Making a slave as 3/5 of a person made a mockery of the statement in the Declaration of Independence that “all men are created equal”.

JAMESTOWN: This is the first permanent English settlement in the

New World.It was established in 1607. It was established in a swampy area.Its leader was John Smith.Pocahontas was important in the survival of

Jamestown and its settlers.

REASONS FOR GROWTH OFREPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT ANDINSTITUTIONS DURING COLONIAL PERIOD:

The distance from England created a needfor colonists to make their own laws andkeep peace and order.

Colonists were accustomed to Englishtraditions and structures.

Most colonies were self-governing, electingmembers of their community to a generalassembly, which made their laws.

HOW RELIGION AND VIRTUE CONTRIBUTED TO THE GROWTH OF REPRESENTATIVEGOVERNMENT IN THE AMERICANCOLONIES:

Including, but not limited to:Religious freedom was a main cause for

the establishment of the Americancolonies.

Religious groups (Pilgrims, Puritans,Quakers, etc.) created communities thatwere self-governed.

Penn Colony (Pennsylvania) was anexperiment in the possibility of equality andcitizens involved in the government.

REASONS FOR EUROPEAN EXPLORATIONAND COLONIZATIONIncluding, but not limited to:

Reasons for explorationReligion (God)Wealth (Gold)Fame (Glory)National prideCuriosityFaster, cheaper trade routes to AsiaReasons for colonizationReligious freedomPolitical freedomEconomic opportunity (mercantilism)Social mobilityA better way of life

POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, RELIGIOUS ANDSOCIAL REASONS FOR ESTABLISHING 13ENGLISH COLONIESIncluding, but not limited to:

PoliticalCompetition with Spain and France who

had many colonies in the AmericaEconomicIncrease trade and markets for English

exports (mercantilism)Source of raw materialsReligiousSeeking religious freedomSocialOpportunity for adventureEngland was overcrowded and settlers

desired owning land

Mercantilism :

system by which a nationincreases its wealth and power byobtaining gold and silver from its colonies.

It includes a favorable balance of trade.The colonies become a source of raw

materials for the mother country. The colonies also are expected to be the

purchasers of manufactured goods fromthe mother country.

Mercantilism includes the theory that a colony exists for the economic benefit of the mother country.

Lack of representation in Parliament :since the formation of the colonies, the

colonists had set up their own legislativeassemblies;

colonists were unhappy aboutBritain’s insistence on the supremacy ofParliament (taxation);

the debate turned into one regarding representation, the colonists did not have direct representationin Britain’s law-making body (Parliament);

Britain argued that the colonies had “virtual representation”

Abigail Adams wife of John Adams,served as his confidant and support while

he was at the Constitutional Convention.When John and others were considering a

declaration of independence, Abigailreminded him to take care of the women,who would not hold themselves bound bylaws in which they had no voice(“Remember the ladies”).

Wentworth Cheswell African American Patriot;

like Paul Revere he made an all nightride back from Boston to warn his community of the impending British invasion;

served in the army and fought atthe Battle of Saratoga

Samuel Adams played a role in many of

the events which contributed to theRevolution including organized oppositionto the Stamp Act, protests waged by theSons of Liberty, and the Boston Massacre.

He was gifted at stirring up protests through his speeches and writing.

Mercy Otis Warren wife of a Massachusetts Patriot;

anonymously wrote several propaganda pieces supporting the Patriot cause.

James Armistead slave in Virginia;

Marquis de Lafayette recruited him as aspy for the Continental Army.

Posing as a double agent, forager and servant atBritish headquarters, he moved freelybetween the lines with vital information onBritish troop movements for Lafayette;

contributed to the American victory atYorktown

Benjamin Franklin a member of the committee which wrote the

Declaration of Independence

He spent most of the period of the American Revolution in France.

He represented the colonies as the American envoy starting in 1776 and remained until 1785.

He negotiated the alliance with France and then the Treaty of Paris which ended the war.

Bernardo de Gálvez Spanish nobleman who became governor of

the province of Louisiana (January, 1777)

Protected American ships in the port of New Orleansand helped transport war supplies

took up arms and fought to protectLouisiana

Crispus Attucks a black man;

became the first casualty of the American Revolution when he was shot and killed in what became known as the Boston Massacre.

King George III

feared that the loss of one group of colonies would lead to the loss of others and the eventual decline ofthe empire.

To prevent this, the Crown maintained an aggressive policy against colonial resistance.

George III struggled to enforce royal authority throughout his reign.

Haym Salomon a Polish-born Jewish immigrant to America who

played an important role in financing the Revolution;

arrested by the British as a spy;

used by the British as an interpreter with theirGerman troops;

helped British prisoners escape and encouraged German soldiers to desert the British army;

became a broker to the French consul and paymasterto French troops in America

Patrick Henry a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses;

spoke against the Stamp Act; famous quote “Give me liberty or give me

death” which means freedom is worth dying for;

during the Revolution he served in the Continental Army

Thomas Jefferson early and effective leader in the American

Revolution. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress

inPhiladelphia and in 1776 he was a

member of the committee which wrote theDeclaration of Independence;

chief writer of Declaration of Independence, which was approved by the delegates.

He purchased Louisiana Territory in 1803 from France.

He was the third President of the United States.He was the leader of the Democratic-

Republicans.He was the president that initiated the

Embargo Act of 1807.

The Marquis de Lafayette a French aristocrat who played a leading role in

two

revolutions in France and in the AmericanRevolution.

He respected the concepts ofliberty and freedom and constitutionalgovernment.

Between 1776 and 1779 hefought in the American Revolution,commanding forces as a major-general inthe colonial army;

important because France joined the Colonists against the British.

George Washington a resident of Virginia, he was a surveyor, a

planter, a

soldier in the French and Indian War, a delegate to the First and Second

Continental Congresses, commander-in chief of the Continental Army

during the American Revolution, and the chairman of the Constitutional

Convention in 1787He followed a policy of Isolationism in which he

avoided alliance with other countries.

Declaring independence

reaction to King George III’s refusal to acknowledge the colonial requests/demands, “dissolve thepolitical bands” with Britain,

provided philosophy for the establishment of thenew nation (“all men are created equal andendowed by their creator with certainunalienable rights, that among these arelife, liberty and pursuit of happiness”),

and listed grievances against the King ofEngland

Writing the Articles of Confederation occurred at the Second Continental

Congress (1776), created a new form of government for the

independent colonies, included one branch – a Congress

including one representative from each ofthe former colonies

Was a weak form of government.

Enduring the winter at Valley Forge After suffering several defeats, Washington

tookhis army to Valley Forge for the winter of 1777.

There the men were trained andbecame more of a professional army(rather than militias).

The winter was harsh and men suffered from starvation and frostbite.

Signing the Treaty of Paris 1783 independence recognized, boundaries

extended to Canada in the North, theMississippi River in the West, and Floridain the South.

Officially ended the American Revolution.

ISSUES OF THE CONSTITUTIONALCONVENTION OF 1787

Including, but not limited to: Issue Virginia Plan – large state plan that

proposed representation based onpopulation size

New Jersey Plan – small state plan thatproposed equal representation among

all states Compromise Great Compromise – Constitution

resulted in a two-house legislature withHouse of Representatives based onpopulation and the Senate maintainingequal representation from all states

Issue How slaves should be counted

regarding population and taxation Compromise Three-Fifths Compromise – three-fifths

of the slave population would becounted when setting direct taxes on thestates and three-fifths ratio would alsobe used to determine representation inthe legislature

ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINSTRATIFICATION of THE CONSTITUTION

Arguments Federalists – argued for a stronger

national government because under theArticles of Confederation, the weaknational government set the United

States up for failure Anti-federalists – argued that states’

rights should remain powerful over keyissues; remained of the opinion thatAmericans fought the Revolution to getaway from strong central government;had great desire for individual liberties

Compromise The U.S. Constitution is ratified and the

Bill of Rights is added.

Whiskey Rebellion farmers in western Pennsylvania staged a

rebellion against a government tax on whiskey and thegrain it was made from (it was

decreasing their profits on the grain theyproduced).

Washington sent out federaltroops to put down the uprising.

He led 13,000 troops to Pennsylvania.The rebels fled.

XYZ Affair the French were seizing American ships to

prevent Americans from trading with the British.

The British and French were at war. X, Y, and Z referred to the French agents that

assured the American negotiators thatthey could meet with the Frenchminister.

The French agreed to stop ifthe Americans agreed to give France aloan of $10 million and a bribe to theminister of $250,000.

America refused and Congress canceled their treatieswith France, allowed France to seizeships, and set aside money to increasethe U.S. military.

National Bank

based on a loose interpretation of the elastic clause of the Constitution, the bank was “necessary

and proper” to carry out thegovernment’s duties.

Based on this view, when the Constitution grants apower to Congress, it also grantsCongress the “necessary and proper”means to carry out that power.

Created by Alexander Hamilton.Bank would help the government by collecting

taxes, printing money, and make loans to big business to build new factories.

Setting up the court systemFederal Judiciary Act 1789 – a law that

designed the state and federal courtsystem

Marbury v. Madison (1803) – set theprecedent of judicial review and gavethe Supreme Court the power to declarelaws unconstitutional

Defining the authority of the centralgovernment

Appointing a Presidential Cabinet – theConstitution does not mention a cabinet,but it does state that the President mayrequire opinions of heads of executivedepartments (Washington’s cabinet setthe precedent for future Presidents)

States’ Rights – a theory that stated thatstates had rights that the federalgovernment could not violate. Statescould nullify federal laws. Used to fightthe Alien and Sedition Acts

ARGUMENTS REGARDING PROTECTIVETARIFFS, TAXATION, AND THE BANKINGSYSTEMIncluding, but not limited to:

Protective Tariffs – high tariffs (taxes onimports) protect domestic manufacturersfrom foreign competition who sell theirproducts at lower prices. The other side isthat high tariffs prevent consumers from

purchasing the foreign products at lowerprices. High tariffs on foreign goods oncommon purchases were favored by Northbecause their economy was based onmanufacturing. Tariffs caused economichardships in the South because of theamount of goods that the South purchasedfrom Europe.

Low tariffs – allows for greater volume oftrade between countries, but often at theexpense of the domestic traders. Theconsumers are happy to have access tomany goods at low prices.

Taxation – high taxes take money awayfrom the consumer, so the government cancreate more programs and infrastructurethat benefit the economy and the citizens.

Banking System as industries began to

start and expand the need for capital (inthe form of loans) increased, the bankingindustry became very important to thegrowth of the economy.

Banks were also important to the farmer, who often

borrowed money from banks, using theirfuture crop as collateral.

James Madison and Thomas Jefferson supported in a strict interpretation of the Constitution.

They believed that the power of the governmentshould be clearly stated in the Constitution. A national bank was not in the

Constitution. Alexander Hamilton supported a loose

interpretation of the Constitution. He believed having a bank was “necessary

and proper” (elastic clause). Based on this view, when the Constitution

grants a power to Congress, it also grants Congress the “necessary and proper” means to carry out that power.

ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICANPOLITICAL PARTIES

Including, but not limited to:o The first two political parties were created

in support or opposition to issuesconcerning how strong the central (federal)

government should be.

Federalists were generally in favor of a

strong central government and a looseinterpretation of the Constitution.

They favored the creation of a national bank;promoted manufacturing;

used a loose interpretation of the Constitution. Led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams.Were supported by Northern merchants and

manufacturers.

Democratic-Republicans were generally in favor of limiting the federal

government power and a strict interpretation of theConstitution.

Promoted agriculture;

did not want a national bank. Led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Were supported by farmers and workers.

CAUSES, IMPORTANT EVENTS, ANDEFFECTS OF THE WAR OF 1812

Including, but not limited to:Significance – his war between America

and Britain established the U.S. as a

country with an identity when the newcountry defended its first "invasion,"proving it was a powerful force.

No territory was gained or lost and there was no clear winner.

Causes/IssuesImpressments of U.S. sailorsShipping interferenceBritish supported American Indian

resistance against AmericansWar Hawks – persuaded Congress to

support a declaration of war against Britain

Events in the War of 1812Attack on Washington, D.C. – in 1814, the

British occupied DC and set fire to many public buildings.

Dolley Madison saved the Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington from the White House.

Fort McHenry Francis Scott Key wrote

the poem “Defence of Fort McHenry," from

which the “Star Spangled Banner” was written, after witnessing the bombardmentof Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy

ships during the Battle of Fort McHenry.

Battle of New Orleans

Treaty of Ghent was “in process” when the battle began.

General Andrew Jackson defeated theBritish, who were intent on seizing NewOrleans and the land America hadacquired with the Louisiana Purchase.

The victory made Jackson a national hero.

Treaty of Ghent peace treaty that ended

the War of 1812 and restored relations

between the U.S. and Britain to pre-war

status.

Effects of the War of 1812 The United States gained a measure of

international respect for managing towithstand the British attack.

Improved the professionalism of the U.S.Army

On manufacturing capabilities of the UnitedStates – the British blockade of theAmerican coast created a shortage ofcotton cloth (previously American cottonwas shipped to Britain where it was turnedinto cloth, then sent back to America) inthe United States, leading to the creationof a cotton-manufacturing industry.

Numerous manufacturing establishmentswere founded (particularly in the Northernregion) that left the United Statesindustrially independent of Europe.

George Washington foreign policyDeclared neutrality when the British and

French went to war against each other.He believed that the United States must

remain a neutral third party in order tosurvive.

John Adams foreign policyAvoided war with France though many

disagreed with himXYZ Affair – three anonymous French

trouble makers brought France and the

U.S. to the brink of warAlien and Sedition Acts – four acts that

made it difficult to become citizens anddeclared restrictions against citizenswho criticized the government duringwar time.

Thomas Jefferson foreign policyTried to avoid foreign involvement,

keeping George Washington’s advice tomaintain neutrality

Embargo Act (1807) – prohibitedAmericans from trading with foreignnations.

The act was intended to prevent American entrance into the Napoleonic War by keeping the ships in American harbors.

It failed and hurt the American economy.

James Madison Foreign PolicyWas the Commander in Chief during the

War of 1812, which ended the

complications between Britain and theUnited States

James Monroe Foreign PolicyIn his State of the Union address

Monroe declared that the American

continents were forever free andindependent from European Powers.

This statement became known as theMonroe Doctrine.

Monroe Doctrine – proclaimed thatEuropean powers should no longercolonize or interfere with the affairs ofthe nations of the Americas

Florida ceded by Spain to the UnitedStates in exchange for the U.S. to payoff Spanish debt.

IMPACT OF WASHINGTON’S FAREWELLADDRESS AND THE MONROE DOCTRINE

Impact of Washington’s Farewell AddressUrged nation to be neutral and steer

clear of permanent alliances with anyportion of the foreign world

Recognized the dangers of politicalparties and warned that attacks bypolitical parties could weaken the nation

His advice guides U.S. foreign policyeven to today

Impact of the Monroe DoctrineThe U.S. saw itself as a world power

and a protector of Latin America.Prevented other nations from colonizing

in America even today.

IMPACT OF THE ELECTION OF ANDREWJACKSON

Including, but not limited to:Andrew Jackson's election signaled a shift

of power to the common man (eliminatedproperty ownership for voting, rise of thecommon man because of expandedsuffrage rights).

His views left a legacy to the modernDemocratic party.

Democracy in social, economic andpolitical life.

Government by the people.

RESETTLEMENT OF CHEROKEE INDIANSDURING THE JACKSONIAN ERA

Including, but not limited to:

Reasons for removal and resettlement ofCherokee Indians

ContextEarly in the 19th century, while the rapidly

growing United States expanded into theLower South, white settlers faced what

theyconsidered an obstacle.

This area was home to several American Indian nations.

These Indian nations, in the view of the settlers and many other white Americans,

were standing in the way of progress.Eager for land to raise cotton, the

settlerspressured the federal government toacquire Indian Territory.

PoliciesNative Americans could occupy U.S.

lands,but they could not hold title to that land(Supreme Court ruling in 1823).Indian Removal Act – gave the president

power to negotiate removal treaties withIndian tribes living east of the Mississippi.

Under these treaties, the Indians were togive up their lands east of the Mississippiin exchange for lands to the west.

Those wishing to remain in the east wouldbecome citizens of their home state.

This act affected not only the southeasternnations, but many others further north.

The removal was supposed to be voluntary and peaceful, and it was that way for the tribes that agreed to the conditions.

The southeastern nations resisted, andJackson forced them to leave.

Worcester v. GeorgiaThe Cherokee used legal means in their

attempt to safeguard their rights. They sought protection from land-hungry

white settlers. The Cherokee adopted a

written constitution declaring themselvesto be a sovereign nation.

They based this on United States policy; in former treaties, Indian nations had beendeclared sovereign so they would belegally capable of ceding their lands.

The state of Georgia, however, did notrecognize their sovereign status, butsaw them as tenants living on stateland.

The Cherokee took their case tothe Supreme Court, which ruled againstthem.

The Cherokee went to the SupremeCourt again in 1831.

This time they based their appeal on an 1830 Georgia law which prohibited whites from livingon Indian territory after March 31, 1831,without a license from the state. The

state legislature had written this law tojustify removing white missionaries whowere helping the Indians resist removal.The court this time decided in favor of

the Cherokee. It stated that the Cherokee had the right

to self government, and declared Georgia'sextension of state law over them to beunconstitutional.

The state of Georgia refused to abide by the Court decision, however, and President Jackson refused to enforce the law.

Trail of Tears – in 1836, the Cherokeewere given two years to migratevoluntarily, at the end of which time theywould be forcibly removed.

By 1838 only 2,000 had migrated; 16,000 remained on their land.

The U.S. government sent in 7,000 troops, who forced the Cherokees into stockades at bayonet point.

They were not allowed time to gather their belongings, and as they left, whites looted their homes.

Then began the march known as the Trail of Tears, in which 4,000 Cherokee people died ofcold, hunger, and disease on their wayto the western lands.

HOW THE NORTHWEST ORDINANCEESTABLISHED PRINCIPLES ANDPROCEDURES FOR ORDERLY EXPANSIONOF THE UNITED STATES

Including, but not limited to:Orderly procedure for establishing

territories and applying for statehoodAs a territory grew in population, it

gained rights to self-governmentTo become a state, the following

requirements had to be metAt least 5,000 men who owned at

least 50 acres. 60,000 peopleEstablished self-government

POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIALROOTS OF MANIFEST DESTINY

Including, but not limited to:Economic – new land for farmers; new

trade routes and markets (Santa Fe Trail);new opportunities to start a business

Political – expansion of our nation’sborders/territory; expansion of slavery

Social – remove Native Americans; refugefor persecuted groups (Mormons)

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONCEPTOF MANIFEST DESTINY AND THEWESTWARD GROWTH OF THE NATION

Including, but not limited to:The U.S. government and its citizens

believed that the nation’s destiny or fatewas to expand westward from sea to sea.

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE U.S.-MEXICAN WAR AND THEIR IMPACT ON THEUNITED STATES

Including, but not limited to:Annexation of TexasViewed as a “War of Aggression” by many

AmericansCauses

President Polk’s desire to expand theUnited States (Manifest Destiny)

Border dispute concerning the southernboundary of Texas (Rio Grande wasclaimed by Texas and disputed by

Mexico)Effects and Impact

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) endsthe war, grants the United States theMexican territory of New Mexico, Arizona,and California

United States paid Mexico $10 million forthe Gadsden Purchase

Annexation of Texas in 1845

AREAS THAT WERE ACQUIRED TO FORMTHE UNITED STATES

Including, but not limited to: Louisiana Territory Texas

Mexican Cession (New Mexico, Arizona,California)

Gadsden Purchase Oregon Territory Alaska Purchase (Seward’s Folly)

IMPACT OF TARIFF POLICIES ON SECTIONSOF THE UNITED STATES BEFORE THE CIVILWAR

Including, but not limited to:

North – high tariffs help the industrial Northby making their prices more competitiveagainst cheap imports;

had most of the nation’s manufacturing. Northern response – Northerners liked tariffs because

it caused Americans to buy more American madeproducts by increasing the cost ofEuropean imported manufactured goods.

South – the South, which had little industryand imported most non-agricultural goods,saw the high tariff as a burden imposed bythe more industrialized and populatednorth.

Sold most of their cotton to foreignbuyer’s on credit.

Southern response – Southerners opposed tariffs because the South's number one trade partner wasEurope.

High tariffs on raw materialsforced the South to sell their materials forlow prices, while tariffs on manufacturedgoods caused them to pay a higher pricefor the products they purchased from theirEuropean trade partners.

West – the West backed governmentspending on internal improvements suchas new roads and canals, and they werefinanced by tariffs

EFFECTS OF POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, ANDSOCIAL FACTORS ON SLAVES AND FREEBLACKS

Including, but not limited to:Exploration and ColonizationSlavesPolitical – no political voice; no rights;

three-fifths compromise counts them aspopulation

Economic – labor of the plantationsystem;

considered property; children considered property and sold with no

regard to parentsSocial – viewed as property; viewed as

outside the American identity; loosecommunities within the plantationsystem;

three most basic refuges:family, religion, and active resistance

Free BlackPolitical – no political voice;

limited/restricted rightsEconomic – low-wage earnersSocial – lowest social class; Limited access to education; socially isolated;three most basic refuges: family,

religion, and resistanceSectionalism And Civil War

PoliticalMissouri Compromise – Missouri

entered the Union as a slave state and

Maine entered as a free state. ThisCompromise also stated that north ofthe 36○30’ line, all states that enteredthe Union would be Free States.

Compromise of 1850 – Californiaadmitted as a free state; slave tradeabolished in Washington, D.C.; strongerslave laws would be passed to helpslaveholders recapture runaway slavesEconomic

Southern plantation system – relied onslavery; slaves had no property and norights

Northern industrial economy – slavetrade abolished in north; high populationof free blacks; free blacks could ownproperty and had some rightsSocial

Religion drew slaves together amongplantations; communicated throughspirituals

Racism develops in both the North andSouth; South perpetuates racism to agreater extent

IMPACT OF SLAVERY ON DIFFERENT

SECTIONS OF THE UNITED STATESIncluding, but not limited to:

Exploration and ColonizationSouth

Economic factor – slaves viewed asproperty and labor supply

Aided in development of plantation systemand agrarian South

Sectionalism and Civil WarNorth

Illegal since the Revolution Abolitionist societies, newspapers and

Underground Railroad Many were ambivalent to the plight

ofslaves/free blacks

South Economic factor – slaves viewed as

property and labor supply Maintain way of life Considered a state’s right issue Fugitive West Fight over whether or not to extend

slaveryinto the territories

Maintain balance of free versus slave state in the senate

PROVISIONS AND COMPARE THE EFFECTSOF CONGRESSIONAL CONFLICTS ANDCOMPROMISES PRIOR TO THE CIVIL WAR

Missouri Compromise – sponsored byHenry Clay;

allowed for Missouri to enterthe Union as a slave state and Maine as afree state;

this maintained the balance ofpower in the Senate

PROVISIONS AND COMPARE THE EFFECTSOF CONGRESSIONAL CONFLICTS ANDCOMPROMISES PRIOR TO THE CIVIL WAR

Nullification Crisis – in 1828 the Tariff ofAbominations was passed, resulting in ahigher tariff.

In 1832, a lower tariff waspassed, but this still angered SouthCarolinians, led by Senator John C.Calhoun.

South Carolina declared the

federal tariff null and void within itsborders.

Delegates to a special conventionurged the state legislature to take militaryaction and to secede from the union if thefederal government demanded thecustoms duties.

To prevent a civil war,Henry Clay proposed the CompromiseTariff of 1833.

Government lowers tariffand backs down.

PROVISIONS AND COMPARE THE EFFECTSOF CONGRESSIONAL CONFLICTS ANDCOMPROMISES PRIOR TO THE CIVIL WAR

Compromise of 1850 – sponsored byHenry Clay, allowed for California to enterthe Union as a free state (pleased theNorth);

the rest of the Southwest was leftopen to slavery, depending on a vote ofthe people who settled there (pleased theSouth);

ended the slave trade inWashington, D.C., but allowed thoseowning slaves to keep them (pleased bothsides);

included the Fugitive Slave Law –required the return of escaped slaves totheir owners (pleased the South, angeredthe North because they felt it was immoral)

PROVISIONS AND COMPARE THE EFFECTSOF CONGRESSIONAL CONFLICTS ANDCOMPROMISES PRIOR TO THE CIVIL WAR

Kansas-Nebraska Act – allowed forKansas and Nebraska to organize on thebasis of popular sovereignty (they wouldvote themselves to decide if they would beFree or Slave states)

John C. Calhoun – South Carolina

Senator, who stood for the rights of theStates to determine tariffs (NullificationCrisis);

wanted to expand slavery into theterritories

Henry Clay senator from Kentucky who

worked for the American system and theexpansion of the U.S. economy andinfrastructure;

founder of the Whig Party;the “Great Compromiser”;

Compromise of 1833

Daniel Webster senator from Massachusetts known as “The

GreatOrator”;

worked to create compromiseswith the southern states that would delaythe start of the Civil War

ROLES PLAYED BY SIGNIFICANTINDIVIDUALS DURING THE CIVIL WAR

Including, but not limited to:Jefferson Davis – President of the

Confederacy

Ulysses S. Grant – final commander of theUnion forces

Robert E. Lee – commander of the Army ofVirginia

Abraham Lincoln – President of the UnitedStates

William Carney Congressional Medal of

Honor recipient;

served with the 54th Massachusetts Colored Regiment (Union) during the Civil War; born a slave; the first black soldier to receive the award.

(Reason for citation – “When the color sergeant was shot down, this soldier grasped the flag, led the way to the parapet, and planted the colors thereon.

When the troops fell back he brought offthe flag, under a fierce fire in which he wastwice severely wounded.”)

Philip Bazaar born in Chile, South America, was a Navy

seaman in the Union Navy; received the Medal of Honor for

distinguished service during the Civil War.(Reason for citation – “On board the U.S.S.

Santiago de Cuba during the assault onFort Fisher on 15 January 1865.

As one of a boat crew detailed to one of the generalson shore, O.S. Bazaar bravely entered thefort in the assault and accompanied hisparty in carrying dispatches at the height ofthe battle.

He was 1 of 6 men who enteredthe fort in the assault from the fleet.”)

CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WARSectionalism

tendency to be more concerned with the interests of your particular group or region than with the

problems and interests of the larger group,country, etc. Sectionalism is a term that

describes a situation in which the needs or

desires of individual parts become moreimportant than the well-being of the

greaterwhole.

Such was the situation between the

Northern and Southern states leading up to

the Civil War. The two regions were marked by various

differences, and the war was ultimately the result of both sides staunchly refusing to concede to the other on specific issues.

CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WARStates’ rights – the political position

advocating strict interpretation of theConstitution with regard to the limitation offederal powers and the extension of theautonomy of the individual state to thegreatest possible degree.

As the South recognized that control of the government was slipping away, it turned to a states'

Rights argument to protect slavery.Southerners claimed that the federal

government was prohibited by the 10thAmendment from impinging upon the rightof slaveholders to take their "property" intoa new territory.

They also stated that the federal government was not permitted to interfere with slavery in those states where it already existed.

CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR Slavery – slavery in the United States first

began in Virginia during the Colonial era. Throughout the first half of the 19th

century, Southern politicians sought todefend slavery by retaining control of thefederal government.

The widening of the gap between slave and free states was symbolic of the changes occurring in eachregion.

While the South was devoted to an agrarian plantation economy with a slow growth in population, the North had embraced industrialization, large urbanareas, infrastructure growth, as well as was experiencing high birth rates and a large influx of European immigrants.

This boost in population doomed Southernefforts to maintain balance in thegovernment as it meant the future additionof more free states and the election of aNorthern, potentially anti-slavery,president.

The political issue regarding slavery was addressed in the Missouri Compromise in 1820, the Compromise of1850, and the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854.

Battles of the Civil WarFiring on Fort Sumter – Fort Sumter, a

federal fort in Charleston Harbor, was firedupon by rebel forces to begin the Civil war(April, 1861)

Battles of the Civil WarBattle of Antietam first battle of the Civil

War to take place on Northern soil (inSharpsburg, Maryland, September, 1862);

bloodiest one-day battle in Americanhistory (23,000 casualties);

Union victory when Lee withdrew to Virginia; built Union confidence and led President AbrahamLincoln to issue the EmancipationProclamation (announced in September,1862; signed the order in January, 1863)

Battles of the Civil WarBattle of Gettysburg – turning point of the

Civil War;

Lee’s invasion of northern territory is repelled; South is no longer capable of an offensive into

Union territory (July, 1863)

Battles of the Civil War

Siege of Vicksburg – the North captured this stronghold to gain control of the Mississippi River and divided the Southern states. (May-July, 1863)

The announcement of the EmancipationProclamation –

changes the nature of the war from that of preserving the Union to freeing the slaves.

The proclamation freed only the slaves in the rebelling territories.

(announced in September, 1862; signed the order in January, 1863)

Assassination of Lincoln Lincoln is shot by John Wilkes Booth, a

southernsympathizer (April, 1865)

Lee's surrender at Appomattox CourtHouse

brings the Civil War to a close asLee surrenders the Confederate forces ofVirginia to Grant. (April, 1865)

Lincoln’s first inaugural addressEquality – promised he had no intent to

abolish slaveryThe Union – argued for the preservation

of the Union

The Government – stated it was againstthe law to secede from the Union

Lincoln’s second inaugural addressEquality – stated that slavery

perpetuated the war and denouncedslavery

The Union – fought for restoration ofpeace and the Union

The Government – Lincoln stated thatthere were people trying to destroy thegovernment, with or without war

Gettysburg AddressEquality – all slaves in the Confederate

states would be freeThe Union – stated that the country was

worth fighting for

The Government – “The government ofthe people, by the people, and for thepeople shall be preserved.”

Jefferson Davis’s inaugural addressJefferson Davis became the President

of the Confederate States of America inFebruary, 1861.

His inaugural address states that the secession of theSouthern states was similar to thecolonists’ revolution against the British;

justifies the South’s “need” to secede,and discussed a tentative plan for theseceding states’ future.

He claimed that secession was “a necessity, not achoice, we have resorted to the remedyof separation, and henceforth ourenergies must be directed to theconduct of our own affairs, and theperpetuity of the Confederacy which wehave formed.”

Freedman’s Bureau

established in the War Department (in March, 1865).

The Bureau supervised all relief andeducational activities relating to refugeesand freedmen, including issuing rations,clothing, and medicine.

The Bureau also assumed custody of confiscated lands or property in the former Confederate States,border states, District of Columbia, andIndian Territory.

Amendments During Reconstruction13th Amendment – abolish slavery14th Amendment – citizenship (equal

Protection clause and due process clause)15th Amendment – right to vote (males)

Reconstruction Act of 1867 Military occupation of the former

confederatestates;

strict guidelines on representation and requirements for readmission to Union

Civil Rights Act of 1866 granted citizenship to persons born in

the UnitedStates, except Native Americans

IMPACT OF THE ELECTION OF HIRAMRHODES REVELS

Including, but not limited to:Hiram Rhodes Revels was elected as the

first African-American SenatorIn 1870, the Mississippi state legislature

chose Revels to fill a seat in the Senatethat had been vacant since the start of theCivil War.

Although he served only a briefterm, Revels established a significantprecedent just by taking his seat, againstthe objection of white Southerners.

As a senator, Revels won notice for speakingout against racial segregation.

There were 22 African American menelected to the United States Congress fromthe end of the Civil War to the turn of thetwentieth century.