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    Prof.Arunabha Majumder

    m r tus e ow

    SchoolofWaterResourcesEngineering

    Jadavpur University

    ExDirectorProfessor

    AllIndiaInstituteofHygiene&PublicHealth

    Govt.of

    India

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    Indian Scenario In India cities and towns generate 38000KL waste water daily.

    many of the treatment facilities are not functioning properly. The organic pollutant (measured as BOD/COD/SS) removal

    performances of conventional technologies employed in a

    majority of STPS under GAP/NRAP have been extensively

    studied and re orted.

    But microbial pollutants(measured as MPN of Total and faecal

    coliforms ) removal performances are not getting monitored

    proper y.

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    STPsCapacity

    :11788

    mld

    STPsnum erwise:38%ASP,28%WSP,20%

    UASB,14%

    others

    STPscapacitywise:60%ASP,26%UASB,6%

    WSP,8%others

    CPCBand

    SPCBs

    are

    the

    regulatory

    agencies

    forwater ualit monitorin

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    MinistryofEnvironment&Forest

    ecommen at ons

    Ministr ofEnvironment Parameter Notto Dischargeand

    Forest

    ,Govt

    of

    India

    constitutedacommitteein

    exceed into/on

    BOD(mg/l) 30 Waterbody

    coliformstandardsfor

    treatedsewage

    discharged

    BOD(mg/l) 100 Landfor

    irrigation

    TSS m l 50 Water bodintotheriversandlakes.

    TSS(mg/l) 200 Landfor

    irri ation

    Faecal

    Coliform(MP

    1000

    desirable

    Waterbody

    orfor

    N/100ml) 10000max

    permissible

    agriculture

    andaquaculture

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    MinistryofUrbanDevelopment

    ecommen at on

    MinistryofUrbanDevelopment Parameter Value Remarks

    andPovertyalleviation

    constitutedin

    the

    year

    2004

    a

    committeetodeterminethe Faecal 500 Desirablenormsforcoliformlevelinthe

    treatedwastewaterspecificto

    thestretch

    of

    the

    river

    Yamuna

    in

    Coliform

    (MPN/100ml)

    Faecal 2500 Maximum.

    TheCommitteemadethe

    followingrecommendations

    Coliform

    (MPN/100ml)

    Permissible

    theadjacenttable:BOD 3

    mg

    or

    ess

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    Standardfordischargeoftreatedsewageintothestretchof

    ver

    amuna

    n

    e

    Parameter Notto Remarks NoteTertiaryTreatmentafterexceed

    BOD 10mg/l Immediate

    conventionaltreatmentprocesses

    likeASP

    or

    TF

    is

    required

    to

    achievetherecommendedgoa standardsforBODandFC.

    TertiaryTreatmentoptions

    includechemicals

    aided

    Coliform

    MPN/100ml

    adjacent

    note

    ,

    orwithoutpostgranularmedia

    filtrationandorchlorination.

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    OverviewofWastewaterTreatmentProcesses

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    SewageTreatmentProcessSelection

    .

    PowerRequirement

    :Minimize

    LandRequirement:Minimize

    O&MCost:LowerRunningCost

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    Waste Stabilization Pond S stems

    PerformanceoftheUnit

    anre a ypro uce g qua ty

    effluentwith

    low

    BOD,SS,Faecalcoliform andhighD.O.levels.

    BODreductionoftheorderof90%orso.

    Suspendedsolidsreductionissomewhatlowduetopossibleoverflow

    of

    algae.

    Coliformreductioncanbeupto6units.

    TotalNitrogenremoval between7090%.

    TotalPhosphorus

    removal

    between

    3045%.

    Detentiontime:6to8days

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    Duckweed Pond S stem

    Retentionperiod721days

    Shallowdepth

    of

    water

    from

    1.252.0mts.

    andSSremovalupto 30mg/lis

    achievable Highmineralandnutrient

    removalrateduetouptakeof

    duckweeds.

    Capitalcost

    of

    the

    same

    order

    ofWSPwithadditionalcostof

    floatin cellmaterial.

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    Facultative Aerated LAGOON FAL

    Noprimaryorsecondary

    sludgerecirculation.

    Anaerobicbottomlayerand

    aerobictoplayer.

    Simultaneousdegradation

    layerandorganicsinthetop

    layer.

    BODremoval

    70

    90%

    Suspendedsolidsremoval

    Coliform

    removal

    60

    99%

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    Tricklin filter

    Proven100yearoldtechnology

    Lessmonitoringrequiredthan

    ASP Ruggedsystemwithsimpleand

    silento eration.

    Consistenteffluentquality

    Standalonetreatmentprocess

    forsewage

    ifoperated

    at

    low

    .

    TobeusedincombinationwithASPforefficientpeformance.

    Low atho enremoval

    Bacteria,20

    90%

    Viruses 5090%

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    ActivatedSludgeProcess

    Provenandtestedmethodology

    allovertheworldforthelast78

    decades.

    Severalmodificationsavailable

    forspecificrequirements.

    Uninterruptedpowersupply

    requiredfor

    aeration

    and

    sludge

    recirculation.

    Reactorsludgelevelstobe

    carefullymonitoredandsludgeis

    tobe

    withdrawn

    from

    the

    system.

    8090%removalofbacteria.

    9099%removalofviruses.

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    BIOFORTechnology(BiologicalFiltrationand

    xygenate

    eactor

    Enhancedprimarytreatmentwitha itiono c emica san

    coagulants. Highrateprimarytubesettlers

    spaceeconomy.

    SuspendedsolidsandBODremoval

    of

    the

    order

    of

    90%

    and

    70%respectivelyintheprimaryclarifier.

    Lowturbiditywithsuspended

    so sun er

    mg

    an

    tota

    systemefficiencyof98%.

    Pathogenremovalof2onthelog.

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    HighRateActivatedSludgeBIOFORF

    ec no ogy Compactlayoutasaresultof

    hi hrate rocesses.

    Higher

    aeration

    efficiency

    throughdiffusedandtaperedaerations stem.

    Spacesavingasprimarysedimentationisdispensed.

    dischargestandards.

    Absenceofaerosolandodor.

    Selfsufficientinenergyrequirementduetogasengine

    .

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    Fluidized Aerated Bed FAB

    Twostagebiologicaloxidation.

    Treatmentschemewithout

    primarysedimentationandsludgedigestion.

    Reactorsuptodepth5mensures

    lowlandrequirement.

    Hi hBOD

    removal

    with

    effluent

    concentrationlessthan10mg/l

    HighSuspendedsolidsremoval

    witheffluentconcentrationless

    than20

    mg/l

    Faecalcoliformsremovalofthe

    orderof23onlo scale.

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    SubmergedAerationFixedFilmTechnology

    ec no ogy

    Essentiallyatricklingfilterwithen ance oxygensupp yt roug

    submergedaeration.

    Unconventionalplasticmedia

    surfacearea.

    HighBODremovalwith98%efficienc

    with

    effluent

    BOD

    concentrationlessthan10mg/l.

    HighSuspendedsolidsremovalwitheffluentconcentrationof20

    mg . Faecal coliforms removalofthe

    orderof23onlogscaleatSAFF2.

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    C clic Activated Slud e Process CASP

    Essentially activated sludge processoperate n atc es t roug auto

    control. Aeration and settling in one tank

    .

    Uninterrupted power supply is amust as the whole process is autocontrolled.

    HighBODremovalwitheffluentconcentrationlessthan10mg/l

    HighSuspendedsolidsremoval

    w t

    e uent

    concentrat on

    ess

    than20mg/l

    Faecal coliforms removaloftheorder of 23 on lo scale.

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    UpflowAnaerobicSludgeBlanketProcess

    Processnotvulnerabletopower

    cuts.

    Recoveryof

    gas

    with

    high

    calorific

    value.

    Lowsludgeproduction.

    Noprimarytreatment,suspended

    solidsin

    the

    waste

    water

    acts

    as

    carriermateria ormicro ia

    attachment.

    Recoveryofgaswithhighcalorific

    .

    Lowsludgeproduction.

    PosttreatmentofUASBis

    nvar a yrequ re .

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    LandAreaRequirementforDifferent STPs

    Sl. STP Land Advantage Disadvantages Applicabilityo. rocess rea,

    hectare

    /MLD

    1 Waste

    Stabilisati

    0.80to

    1.5

    i) The inherent simplicity of construction offers low

    cost technology option

    i)Largelandrequirement

    ii)Highcostoflining

    i) Suitableunderwarm

    Indianclimatic

    System

    (WSPS)

    .

    iii) Low skill requirement for operation of the plant.

    Iv) Fish yield from aquaculture ponds around 4

    7MT/ha/year

    andmosquitobreedingiv

    Riskof

    groundwater

    contaminationinporous

    andfracturedstrata

    ii) Forareaswitheasy

    availabilityof

    land

    iii) Inareaswithsocial

    preferencefor

    iv) Inareaswithlow,

    unreliableorexpensive

    powersupply.

    2 Duckwee 1.5to

    i) Less sensitive to low temperature, high nutrient i)

    Low

    pathogen

    removal

    i) Low

    strength

    domestic

    System

    (DPS)

    . , ,

    compared to other aquatic plants

    ii) Simultaneous significant nutrient removal

    iii) Yield of highly protein containing vegetative

    material (3545%) as animal feed

    penetration

    ii)Duckweeddieoffincold

    weatherconditions

    primarysedimentation

    with influentBOD

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    Contd..

    Sl.No.

    STPProcess LandArea,

    Advantage Disadvantages Applicabilityhectare

    /MLD

    3 Facultative

    Aerated

    Lagoon(FAL)

    0.27to

    0.4

    i)Simpleoperationoftheplantrequiringlower

    skilledmanpower ii)

    Minimumcivil,electricalandmechanical

    i)Possibilityof

    groundwater

    contaminationinporous

    i)Standalonesystemfor

    sewagetreatment

    ii)Asanupgradation option

    installation

    iii)Lowerenergycostscomparedtoother

    aerobicprocesses iv)

    LowerO&Mcost

    andfracturedstrata

    ii)Highcostoflining

    foroverloadWSPs

    4 Trickling 0.25to i)Simpleoperationoftheplantrequiringlower i)Blockageofportsin i)IncombinationwithASPfor

    Filter(TF) 0.50 skilledmanpower ii)

    Ruggedsystem,lesspronetohydraulicand

    organicoverloading

    iii)Reducedrequirementforprocessmonitoring

    iv)Sludgewithbettersettlingcharacteristics

    distributionarm.

    ii)Blockageofbiofilter

    duetoexcessbiomass

    growthorfloatingmatter

    iii)Riskofodour and

    goodandconsistent

    performance

    filterfly

    5 Activated

    Sludge

    Process(ASP)

    0.15to

    0.25

    i)Performanceisnotsignificantlyaffecteddue

    tonormalvariationsinwastewater

    characteristicsandseasonalchanges

    i)Performanceis

    adverselyaffecteddueto

    interruptioninpower

    supplyevenforashort

    Themostwidelyusedoption

    fortreatmentofdomestic

    wastewaterformediumto

    largetownswherelandis

    period

    ii)Foamingproblemmay

    occuriii)Requires

    elaboratesludge

    digestion/drying/disposal

    scarce

    arrangement

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    Contd..

    Sl.

    No.

    STP Process Land

    Area,

    Advantage Disadvantages Applicability

    hectare

    /MLD

    6 BIOFOR

    Technology

    (Biological

    0.08 i) Higher aeration efficiency through co - current

    diffused aeration system

    ii) Able to withstand fluctuations in flow rate and

    i) Continuous and

    high chemical dosing

    in primary

    Filtration and

    Oxygenated

    Reactor)

    organic loads

    iii) Compliance with stricter discharge standards

    iv) Effluent suitable for UV disinfection without

    filtration

    v) Absence of aerosol and odour nuisance in the

    clarification

    ii) Undigested sludge

    from primary

    clarification requiring

    post treatment

    working area

    vi) Absence of corrosive gases in the area

    7 High Rate

    Activated

    Sludge Biofor

    0.10 i) Higher aeration efficiency through diffused and

    tapered aeration system

    ii) Compliance with stricter discharge standards

    None, except high

    high cost

    - F

    Technology

    iii) Stable digester performance and consistent gas

    production

    8 Fluidized

    Aerated Bed

    (FAB)

    0.06 i) Deep reactors enabling small space requirements

    ii) Elimination of the need for sludge recirculation and

    monitoring of MLSS in the reactor

    i) Reliance on

    patented filter

    media

    The FAB technology

    based system is

    particularly

    iii) Capacity to handle shock loads

    iv) Low & stabilised sludge production eliminating the

    need for sludge digestion

    ii) Reliance on

    flocculants,

    polyelectrolyte

    and chemical

    disinfectant

    applicable for:

    i) small to medium

    flows in congested

    locations

    ii) Sensitive locations

    opt ona )

    iii) Requires skilled

    manpower

    ) ecentra se

    approach

    iv) Reliving existing

    overloaded STPs

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    Contd..Sl.

    No.

    STPProcess LandArea,hectare/MLD

    Advantage Disadvantages Applicability9 Submerged 0.05 i) Deepreactors i) Cloggingofreactorduetoabsenceof TheSAFFtechnologybased

    Film(SAFF)

    Technology

    space

    requirements

    ii) Abilityto

    effectivelytreat

    dilutedomestic

    ii) Relianceonproprietaryfiltermedia

    iii) Highrelianceonexternalenergyinput

    iv) Requiresskilledmanpower

    for: i)Small

    tomediumflowsincongested

    locations ii)Sensitive

    locations iii)

    Decentralizedapproach

    wastewaters

    iii) Low&stabilized

    sludgeproduction

    eliminatingthe

    needforsludge

    iv)Relivingexistingoverloaded

    tricklingfilters

    digestion

    10 Cyclic

    Activated

    Sludge

    0.120.15 i)Canbedesignedto

    remove

    N

    and

    P

    along

    withcarbonremoval

    i) Noprovisionforsludgemanagement

    ii) No

    provision

    of

    primary

    treatment

    iii) Highrelianceonexternalenergyinput

    TheCyclicActivatedSludge

    Process

    (CASP)

    may

    be

    applicable

    for:

    Process

    (CASP)

    iv) Requiresskilledmanpower i)smalltomediumflowsin

    congestedlocations

    ii)Sensitivelocations

    iii)decentralised approach

    iv)relivingexistingoverloaded

    tricklingfilters

    11 Upflow

    Anaerobic

    Sludge

    Blanket

    0.2

    0.3

    i)Sludge

    handling

    is

    minimized

    ii)Powersupply

    interruptionshave

    i)In

    general

    can

    not

    meet

    the

    desired

    effluent

    dischargestandardunlessproperposttreatment

    isadopted,whichinturnmaymakethetreatment

    schemeenergyintensiveormayrequirelargeland

    Thesuitability

    of

    this

    technology

    maybedoubtfulasastandalone

    secondarytreatmentoption

    Process

    performance

    iii)Canabsorbhydraulic

    andorganic

    shock

    loading

    ii)Effluentisanoxicandinvariablyexerts

    substantialinitial/instantaneousoxygendemand

    whichmay

    have

    adverse

    impact

    on

    receiving

    inlandwaterbodiesorwhenusedforirrigation

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    CapitalandO&MCostforDifferentSTPsSl.

    No.

    STPProcess EnergyRe uirement

    CapitalCost,Rs. Million/MLD O&MCost,million/year/MLD1 WasteStabilisation PondSystem

    (WSPS)

    Negligible. Rs.2.55.0 Million/MLD Rs.0.090.15million/

    year/MLD

    Rs.0.250.41/m3

    2 DuckweedPondSystem(DPS) Negligible. Rs.2.55.0 Million/MLD Rs.0.25million/MLD/year.

    Rs.0.68/m3

    3 FacultativeAerated

    Lagoon

    (FAL) 18

    KWh/ML

    Rs.

    2.2

    to

    3.0

    Million/MLD

    0.15

    to

    0.2

    million/

    MLD/yr.

    Rs.0.41to0.55/m3

    4 TricklingFilter(TF) 180KWh/ML Rs.4to5 Million/MLD Rs.0.5million/MLD/year.

    Rs.1.40/m3

    5 ActivatedSludgeProcess(ASP) 180225

    KWh/ML

    Rs.5to6 Million/MLD Rs.0.5to0.7

    million/MLD/Year

    Rs.

    1.40

    to

    1.92/m3

    6 BIOFOR Technolo Biolo ical 220335 Rs. 10 to 12 Million MLD RS 1.2 million mld Year

    FiltrationandOxygenatedReactor)

    kWh/ML Rs.3.30/m3

    7 HighRateActivatedSludgeBiofor F

    Technology

    180kWh/ML Rs.7.5 Million/MLD Rs.0.80million/MLD/Year

    Rs.2.20/m3

    8 FluidizedAeratedBed(FAB) 99to170 Rs6to8 Million/MLD Rs.0.9to1.0million/MLD/

    year

    Rs.2.47

    to

    2.74/m3

    9 SubmergedAerationFixedFilm(SAFF)

    Technology

    390kWh/ML Rs.9 Million/MLD Rs.1.4million/MLD/year

    Rs.3.84/m3

    10 CyclicActivatedSludgeProcess(CASP) 150200 Rs.11 Million/MLD Rs.1.4million/MLD/year

    kWh/ML

    11 UpflowAnaerobicSludgeBlanket

    (UASB)Process

    1015KWh/ML Rs.3.0to4.0 Million/MLD Rs.0.12to0.17

    million/MLD/YearRs.0.33to0.47m3

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    Land(ha/MLD)areafordifferentSTPs2.5

    22Land

    Area

    (ha/MLD)

    1WSPS

    2DPS

    1.51.5

    ha/

    MLD)

    3FAL

    4TF

    5ASP

    6BIOFOR Technology

    7

    HRASBF8FAB

    0.40.5

    0.8

    0.5

    1

    Landarea( 9SAFF

    10CASP

    11USAB

    0.250.1 0.06 0.05

    0.15

    0.3

    0

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

    Sl.No.

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    CapitalCostfordifferentSTPs

    14

    12

    11

    10

    12

    MLD) CapitalCost(Rs.

    Million/MLD)

    6

    7.58

    9

    6

    8

    t(M

    illionRs.

    5 5

    3

    5

    44

    CapitalCos

    0

    2

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

    . .

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    O&MCost forDifferentSTPs

    1.4 1.41.4

    1.6

    O&MCost

    (Rs.Million/Year/MLD)

    1.2

    11

    1.2

    )

    0.7

    0.80.8

    n/

    Year/MLD

    0.5

    0.4

    .

    Cost(Rs.Milli

    0.15

    .0.2

    0.17

    0

    0.2

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

    O&M

    Sl.No.

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