Stories Were Censored by Press Scrutiny Board in Burma Release Version

8/14/2019 Stories Were Censored by Press Scrutiny Board in Burma Release Version

1/96

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2/96

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uGeysLwmpmp[www.MyanmarISP.com]

ppOxwfa0ojrefrmh uGef&uf armfuGef;wdkuf/ [www.MyanmarISP.com]

jzef@csBurma Information Technology (BIT) team

[BurmaIT.Net][eMail [email protected]]


3/96

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(Hell Hound at Large)

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4/96

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5/96

1

Hell Hound at Large (i&JacG;}u; vwajy;aeon) aqmif;yg; &myHawmfi,fpOf ausmif;om;b0u jrefrmhorkdif; oif=um;&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmh qkd&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwDacwfu

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6/96

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7/96

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cyfdkif;dkif; pum;vHk;rsm; yg0ifojzifh vuf&Sd tajctaewGif roifhavsmfojzifh vdkufavsmr_rjyKcJha=umif;/ udkatmifqef;ud k ausmif;xkwf+yD;pu *sDpDbDat OD;pdk;odrf;u vufqGJ qkyfudkif+yD;/'nKdjrvdk a&;+yD; atmifqef;vdk vkyfrS jrefrmjynf aumif;rSm wkd;wufrSm' [k ajymqkd tm;ay;cJhIESpfodrfhrda=umif;" wkd@udk azmfjycJhygonf? nKdjr. 'usaemf i&JacG;a&;pOfu' udk oabmusItxyfxyf zwfjzpfygonf?


8/96

4OD;nKdjru 'i&JacG;}uD; vGwfajy;aeonf' udk vuf&Sd tajctaewGif azmfjy&ef roifh

ojzihf udk,fwkdif xkwfa0wnf;jzwfonfh tk d;a0 *sme,fwGifyifv#if jyefvnf qef;opfr_ rjyKcJhaomfvnf; pmarmfuGef; t,f'Dwm tzGJrS 'usaemf i&JacG; aqmif;yg;a&;pOfu' aqmif;yg;aemufqHk; pmrsufESm. ausmbufwGif 'The Hell Hound at Large' rl&if;twkdif;

jyefvnfazmfjycJhojzif h rdrd vGefpGm0rf;om&ygonf? pmarmfuGef; t,f'DwmtzGJudkvnf;vd_ufvJSpGm aus;Zl;wifrdonf? 'i&JacG;}uD; vGwfajy;aeonf' ay;pm aqmif;yg;tm; rdrd&SmazGawG&SdcsdefwGif rdrdtm; yxrOD;pGm OD;nKdjrta=umif; ajymjyonhf zcif}uD;ESifh rdrdtm; 'i&JacG;}uD;vGwfajy;aeonf' aqmif;yg;tm; &SmazGay;&ef rSm=um;onfh q&mawmfOD;pedENwdk@rSm vlavmurS xGufcGmoGm;=u+yD; jzpfygonf? xkdenf;wl aqmif;yg;&Sif ,rrif; trnfcH OD;nKdjrrSmvnf;1985 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 29 &uf/ touf 71ESpf tG,fwGif uG,fvGefcJh+yD; jzpfygonf?

KM

- -

The Hell Hound at Large r&if; aqmif;yg;The Hell-Hound at Large

Escaped from Awizi, a devil in the form of a black dog.

Had been during his brief span on earth a base object of

universal odium and execration, - sentenced to EternalDamnation for Treachery, Theft, Presumption, Intrigue,

Pettifogging, Sadism, Churlishness, Vulgarity, etc. A pimping

knave with avuncular pretensions to some cheap wigglingwenches form a well-known Hostel, he was also a hectic

popularity-hunter, shamming interest in Games, Concerts,

Associations etc., meanacing the public placed with his

unwanted presence though generally welcomed everywhere

as small-pox. His only distinguishing marks have been theabominable V.D. ulcers on his neck and buboes due tocopulation with his own wife.

Will finder please kick him back to Hell?

Yamamin.

From: "OWAY" or The Voice of the Peacock, Voice of the

RUSU, Jan. 1936; Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 56. Points from Letters.


9/96

5a'gi;eEih vGwvyjci;ta-umi;2006 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvxkwf a&$tjrKawr*~Zif;Y azmfjyyg&Sdaom q&mnDbGm;.0fta=umif;/ uHta=umif; 0wKwkdrSm wd&p>mefrsm;udk avSmiftdrfESihf arG;wwfaom a'gif;eD

wa,muf trSwfrxif oludk,fwkdif ydwfavSmifcHxm;&aomtcgrS vGwfvyfr_. wefzkd;udkod&Sdem;vnfvmum avSmiftdrftm;vHk; zGifhay;vdkufyHkudk a&;zGJxm;aom 0wKwkdav;jzpfonf?

omref=unhfvkdufv#ifawmh nDbGm;. 0wKonf bmrSrxl;jcm;yg?

qdkvdkjcif;r[kwf? nDbGm;a&;zGJjyonfrSm a'gif;eD. udk,fE_wfESvHk; trlt&mrsm;om jzpfonf?a'gif;eD. udk,f&nf udk,faoG;r#om jzpfonf?

jrif;jcH+rdKrS 15 rkdifcef @a0;aom 'gef;yifdk;&GmrS pufbD;pD;+yD; +rdKodk@ ae@pOfoGm;um

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Zmwfa=umif;u Tr#om?

q&mnDbGm;u ol@0wKudk Todk@ pzGifhonf?'gef;yifdk;&GmrS rsufrSefpwyfwmuawmh udka'gif;eDyJ? 'gvnf; rSwfwrf;rSwf&m&Sdvkd@

odwmawmh r[kwfbl;aygh? rsufrSef0if;0if;}uD; udka'gif;eD wyfcsvm+yDqkdawmhrS owdxm;rd=uwmuvm;? ajym&&ifudka'gif;eD qkdwm &GmrSawmh pHkaphESH@pyfwJh vl[mud k;? wcgwcg vlxlxlus&if ighpum; EGm;& ajymwwfwmuvGJ&iftjypfajymp&m &SdwJhvl r[kwfygbl;

nDbGm;onf a'gif;eDudk usaemfwkd@ESifh pwif rdwfqufay;onf? pawG&uwnf;ua'gif;eDonf &Gmom;rsm; rwyfaom (ol @tac:) a&obifrsufrSefudk wyfxm;onf? onfuwnf;udku ol@pdkufudk usaemfwkd @ od+yD? olu &GmxJrSm vlwGifus,f vkyfcsifol? onf&Gmorkdif;rSm aAGaqmfOD; a&bifrsufrSef wyfol[kPiomeer jzpfcsifol? a'gif;eD. pdkufud k pma&;oluTodk@ yHkazmfa&;zGJonf?

Zmwfvrf;/ Zmwftdrf[lIvnf;ajym&avmufatmifbmwckrS r&Sd? 'gef;yifdk;&GmrSt&m&m q&m}uD; vkyfvkdaom

a'gif;eDta=umif;ud k a&;zGJxm;jcif;r#omjzpf.? odk@&mwGifq&mnDbGm;u ol@twwf ynmjzihfa'gif;eDudk yHkazmf &ufvkyfjyyHku

rl tvGef pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;onf? ol@txktqpfaumif;aeIvm; rod? 'gef;yifdk;&GmrS a'gif;eDonf kyfvHk;uG

+yD; vSyaeyg.? Todk @ kyfvHk;uG+yD; vSaeygonf[k qkdcJhIpma&; q&monf a'gif;eD.yHkyef;omefudk a&;zGJjyonf


10/96

6 udka'gif;eD[m vlxl&if ighpum;EGm;& ajymwwfw,fqkdwm/ 'gvnf; tjypf

&,fvdk @ ajymvk d@&wm r[kwfbl;? ol@^mOfeJ@oludk;? bmuav;jzpfjzpf olod+yD;om;/ olwwf+yD;om; vkyfcsifwJh vlqkdawmh ta=umif;odrsm;uvnf; cGifhv$wf=uyg&J

udka'gif;eD&J 0oDu A[kokw pHkoa[hvkd@ tajymcH&wmudk t&om,lcsifwJhvludk;?

a&Swifajymajym/ uG,f&majymajym tJovdk csD;usL;wmudk tvGefcHcsifwJhvl&,f? wa,mufursm; 'DvkdcsD;usL;+yDqkd&ifv$wfoabmuswmaygh? 'ga=umihfvnf; bmrqkd olu tvsifOD;atmifavhvmxm;vkdufwmyJ

rsufrSefw0if;0if; udka'gif;eD/ jcHavSmifcspfwJh udka'gif;eD/ q&m}uD; vkyfcsifwJhudka'gif;eD[m wbmom xGufaewmaygh? udka'gif;eD[m aus;vufae vldk;awG&J txif}uD;wJhrsufvHk;eJ @ =unfhwmudk om,maewmqkdawmh +rdKay:a&mufwJhtcg bmyJ txl;tqef;awG awG pyfpkavhvmw,f? awmom;&J qGJxkwfqkdwmvdk tkd;eif;cGufeif; jzpfumrSjzpfa&m/taiguftirf; cH+yD;awmhudk odatmifvkyfcJhwm? ol@taeeJ@ 'gef;yifkd;rSm q&m}uD; vkyf&wmudkauseyfom,maewJhvlav? wDADGta=umif; ajymrvm;/ aemufqHk;ay: udpPawGrSm txl;jyKavhvmxm;w,f? bmuav;ajymajym 'gef;yifdk;rSm a'gif;eDuvGJ&ifb,folrS rodap&vkd@vnf;pdwfxJu usdwf=uHK;0g;xm;yHk&yg&J? 'gef;yifdk;uawmh bmyJ txl;tqef;&Sd&Sd jrif&/ =um;&+yDvm;qkd&if a'gif;eDvnf; ar;=uOD; vkd@udk owfrSwfae&may;=u&wJhvl? +rdKay:us&ifawmhrckwfwwfwJha=umifvkdcyfukyfukyf/ cyfdk;kd;aecJhwJh vluvm;? tJ 'gef;yifdk; &GmxJa&mufvkd@uawmh trlt&meJ@ tcsKd;u tckyJ oludk,fwkdif vkyfvmovdk ajymwwfwm&,f? &GmuvlawGqkdwmuvnf; vldk;vltawG r_wfvm;? a'gif;eDeJ@awG&rSyJ'grsKd;=um;&/ od&ouGmvdk@

jzpfua&m? tHudk udkufvkd@? ol@&GmeJ@ol qkdwmonfr#qkdv#if a'gif;eDpdkufudk usaemfwkd@ odvkduf&+yD?nDbGm;onf a'gif;eDudk a&;zGJ&mwGif tjrifuwfp&m vlwGifus,f wOD;tjzpf a&;zJG

rjy? pma&;olonf T0wK. Zmwfa=umif;ajymol jzpfaeaomfvnf; [dkbufyif;ovdkvkd/onfbufyif;ovdkvdkrsKd; ol@0wKudk ra&;zGJ? a'gif;eDudk a&;zGJ&mY owd&Sd&Sd/ taewwfpGm a&;zGJyg.? TonfrSm 0wKa&;olwOD;. t&nftcsif; jzpfonf?

0wKa&;olonf a'gif;eD. wae@wm v_yf&Sm;r_udkvnf; a&; jyonf? reuf a0vDa0vif;wGifa'gif;eDonf pufbD;wpD;ESifh +rdKudk aps;a&mif;&efwufonf? +rdKrS ae@cif; 11 em&Davmuf jyefvm/wa&;warm tdyf+yD;rS &Gmv,fu vlpkpk&Sdonfhae&mudkoGm;/ +rdKay:rS =uHKcJh&aom tawGt=uHKtxl;tqef;awGudk q&m}uD;vkyfajym/ ae@v,f 2em&Davmuf qkdv#if olarG;xm;aom taumifyavmifawGudkE_duf/ 'gu a'gif;eD. ae@pOfvkyfief;jzpfonf? a'gif;eD wd&p>mefrsm;udk jcHavSmifarG;onfuvnf; olwumESif hrwl? tpmudk aumif;ayhqkdonfrsKd; au|;onf? vSatmifvkyfxm;aom avSmiftdrfawGESifhxm;onf? om;orD;vd k w,kw,au|;onf? nDbGm;u wd&p>mefarG;aom a'gif;eDudk &ufpufolwOD;[k usaemfwkd @ rjrifatmifa&;jyonf? [kwfvnf; [kwfonf? a'gif;eDu wd&p>mefawGudk cspfwwfonfudk;?

a'gif;eD acsyyHkutaumifyavmifawGudkjcHeJYxm;wm b,frS

roGm;atmifayghAsm? NyD;awmholwdkYudk umuG,fay;wm

Opm


11/96

7[ a'gif;eD&/ wkd@'gef;yifdk;qkdwm awmt&yfayw,fvkd@ taumifyavmifawGudk

owfpm;wmuvGJ&if avSmifydwfrxm;bl;uG/ rif; 0fvdkufvdrhfraem [k ajymonfudkyifa'gif;eD acsyyHku taumifyavmifawGud k jcHeJ@xm;wm b,frS roGm;atmifayghAsm? +yD;awmholwdk@udk umuG,fay;wm OpPm [lIyif jzpfonf?

Tae&mwGif nDbGm;onf tvGefowd}uD;onf olrazmfwwf/ olrjywwfv#ifa'gif;eDonf =urf;wrf;olwOD; jzpfoGm;Ekdifonf?

uJ =unhf/ a'gif;eD. tvkyf? a'gif;eDonf =uufom;/ trJom; ponhf wd&p>meftom;rsm;udk +rdKay:wufa&mif;aeol? 'gu pD;yGm;a&;? ol. toufarG;0rf;a=umif;rS jzpfonf?avSmiftdrf av;ig;q,fESifh pepfwuswd&p>mefarG;aeonfu ol@0goem? ESpfcku qef@usifbuf?tom;a&mif;pm;aeolu wd&p>mefav;awGudk cspfrwJhvm;? tvGefyg;v$maom jcHpnf;dk;av;om &Sdaeaom a'gif;eD. tqkd;ESifh taumif;/ tarSmifhESif h tvif;? tvGefcufaom pdkuf

azmfr_? 'gudkrS nDbGm;u &atmifazmfonf? a'gif;eDu b,folawG bmyJajymajym pdwf&Sif;onf? olarG;onfu cspfvkd@? olau|;onf u taumif;qHk;? olxm;onfu wcrf;wem;?onfvkd pdwf&Sif;aom a'gif;eD/ +rdKY qyfuyfyGJ=unfhonf? =unfh&onfuvnf;

Piomeer jzpfcsifvkd @/ xHk;pHtwkdif; qyfuyfxJrS urBmvHk;}uD;ud k pyfpk&mrS urBmvHk;}uD;xJwGifydwfrdaeonf? onfawmhrS vGwfvyfr_ud k odvmcJhonf? olrsm;udk avSmifydwfxm;cJhaom vkyf&yfa=umihf tck igvnf; avSmifydwfcHae&ygvm;[k awG;wwfvmonf?

nDbGm;onf a'gif;eDudk ta&;tcif; wckxJodk @ ypfcsvkduf+yD;rS todudk ajymif;vJapcJhonf? vlqkdonfuvnf; todt&SdqHk;[k ajymI&ovdk todr&SdqHk;vnf; jzpfwwfao;onf?

,ckawmh udk,fawG=uHK&rS a'gif;eD odvmcJh+yD?

nDbGm;onf a'gif;eD urBmvHk;xJodk @ a&muf&Sd&yHkukdvnf; obm0,kwWdckdifrmr_&Sdatmif tuGufaphaph }udK;yrf;a&;om;xm;onf? yGJr+yD;cifrkd;&Gm/ &GmrSm ajymjycsifI urBmvHk;avhvm/ 0if=unfh&if; rkd;ckd/ tdyfa&;ysufaeI tdyfaysmfoGm;/ tapmifhtbkd;}uD;u em;xdkif;/ rsufpdr_ef/ rkd;uvnf;&Gmaeawmh urBmvHk; aomhcwf/ onfvkdESif h ESpf&ufausmf+yD;rS jyefzGifh? tm;vHk; a=umif;usKd;nD!Gwfaeonf?

nDbGm;. pum;ajy pD;qif;r_onf tvGefajyjypfonf? 0wK. tvsOfuvnf; nifnifomom a&Gvsm;onf? Zmwf&Sdefudkjrihf+yD; azmufcGJjyonfrsKd;? txdwfwvef @ jzpfapjcif;rsKd;wdk@jzifh ol@0wKudk zGJjyonfawmhr[kwf? odk@&mwGif nDbGm;onf 0wK. ed*Hk;twGuf a&Sydkif;wGifoJvGefpudk xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;onf? wd&p>mefawGudk avSmiftdrfESifharG;onfhta=umif;? wcsKduawmh csufaumh. aoewfudpP[k ajym=urnf?

usaemf t}udKufqHk;url vufvGwfpy,f arG;wmr[kwfbl;? vSatmifvkyfxm;wJhtdrfawGeJ@/ jcHeJ @xm;wm b,frS roGm;atmifayghAsm? +yD;awmh olwkd@udk umuG,fay;wm

OpPm[laom pum;yif jzpfonf?wcrf;wem; avSmiftdrfESifhxm;+yD; taumif;pm;au|;xm;onfudk rSefonfxifae

aom a'gif;eDonf oludk,fwkdif ESpf&ufavmuf =uHK&awmhrS vGwfvyfr_. wefzkd;udk em;vnfod&SdoGm;cJhonf? nDbGm;u 0wK. ed*Hk;Y tcsKyftaESmifrS vGwfvmaom a'gif;eDudk vGwfvyfjcif;. wefzkd;udk ckrS od&olwOD;tjzpf iSufavSmiftdrfawG/ =uufavSmiftdrfawG tm;vHk;udkzGifhay;vkdufw,f? wtdrfrS rcsefbl;? tukefv$wfwm[k a&;jyonf?


12/96

8T0wKonf 0f/ uH ta=umif; a&;zGJonf[k qkdjcif;xuf acwfjrifuGif;udk yHkazmf

a&;zGJonfqkdjcif;u ydkI rSefavrvm;[k awG;rdonf? pma&;olonf ol@0wKudk 21 &mpkuGefysLwm tifwmeufacwf}uD;xJwGif t&Sdqif;&J/ todqif;&J/ owif;qif;&Jaeaom aus;vufae jynfolrsm;. b0udk atmufcHtjzpf a&;jc,f+yD;rS vGwfvyfr_jzihf b0&Sifoefa&;udk

yHkazmfonf?rnfodk@yifqkdap/ q&mnDbGm; 0fta=umif;/ uHta=umif; onf pmzwfoltm;&oa&m messageyg ay;EkdifcJhaom 0wKaumif;wyk'f jzpfygonf?

TK

- -

jrefrmEkifia&; orkif;e@ ausmi;om;vy&Sm;r orkif;rwfwr;awud zwfavvmvkygovm;/jrefrm uef&u armfue;wduwww.MyanmarISP.com
http://www.myanmarisp.com/http://www.myanmarisp.com/http://www.myanmarisp.com/


13/96

9

rdk;av0o ykH_yifrsm;

"q&m[pf/ rdk;av0o qkdwm bmvJ""wckpD rif;pOf;pm;=unfhygvm;"

"rdk;&,f/ av&,fawmh odw,f? tJ 0o qkdwmbmvJ""0o qkdwm tajctaexify/ t*Fvdyfvkd ajym&ifawmh 0,fom (weather) aygh""a=omf od+yD / usaemf odxm;wJh [mo wck&Sdw,f""qdkygOD;"

"wcgu usaemfwdk @ bDvl;u|ef;rSm ol}uD;wa,muf&Sdw,f? wae@eHeufrSm ta&;}uD;vkd @ armfv+rdKifudkoGm;zk d@ ewfarSmfqdyfudk a&mufvmw,f? ol@udkvlawGu 'ol}uD; b,foGm;rvkd@vJvdk @ ar;w,f'

olu 'armfv+rdKif' vkd @ ajzw,f? vlawGu '[mol}uD; 'Dae@ oabFm rvmbl;' vkd @ ajymw,f? 'Dawmh ol}uD;u bmvkd @ rvmwmvJvdk@ar;awmh wa,mufu '0,fom' raumif;bl;avvkd @ ajzw,f? 'Dtcg ol}uD;u acgif;_yf

oGm;+yD;/ ''DoabFmawGuvnf; 0,fom raumif;&if jzKwfvJvk dufwm r[kwfbl;' vd k@ nnf;vdkufowJh""tif; '0,fom' udk ud&d,mvkd @ xifwmawG&Sdwmudk;? wkd@tdrfem;u a':at;om

vnf; 'DvdkyJ em;vnfw,f""b,fvkd em;vnfwmvJ q&m[pf&J""olu Gm&ef &mE_ef; 50 jzpfygonf qkdwmrsKd;ukd em;rvnfbl;? ol@wl baumif;udk

ar;w,f? baumif; qkdwJhaumifu $wfaemufaemufeJ @ ajzw,f? '}uD;awmfuvnf; 'gawmifrodbl;vm;? rdk;av0o Xmeu vlawG zm; 10 aumif arG;xm;w,f'/ 'geJ @ }uD;awmfu 'tJ'gbmvkyfzkd@vJ' ar;awmh/ zm; 9 aumif atmf&if Gm&ef &mE_ef; 90 &Sdw,fvk d@ a=unmwmaygh?wu,fvkd@ 5 aumifyJ atmf&ifawmh Gm&ef 50 &mE_ef; &Sdw,fvkd@ a=unmwmyJ"

"=uH=uHzefzef q&m[pf&,f? usaemfom qkd&if 'Dvkd rvkyf&Jbl;""b,fvkd vkyfrSmvJ""ydk+yD; wdusatmif vkyfrSmaygh""w,f[kwfygvm; b,fvkdvJ &Sif;ygOD;""zm; taumif 100 udk tuef@vkdufxm;+yD; arG;xm;rSmaygh? Oyrm 67 aumif

atmf&if Gm&ef 67 &mE_ef; jzpfygonfqkd&if b,favmuf wdusvJ""awmfao;wmaygh/ rif; lyaA' r,lvkd@? rif;vkd vlrsKd;awG rdk;av0oXme a&mufoGm;

&if OD;xGef;vGifwkd@ xkdifikdrSm""usaemfu EdkifiHjcm;u toHv$if hXmeu rd k;av0o owif;awGukdvnf; em;axmifyg

w,f? olwkd@ rkd;av0o owif; a=unmykHawGukd avhvmxm;ygw,f? toHv$ifh *sme,fvpfZif(Broadcasting Journalism) udk avhvmaewm"


14/96

10"w,f [kwfygvm;""Oyrm/ tcsKd +rdKawGrSm rdk;av0o owif;ukd wae@w}udrfyJ &w,f? a&'D,dku

av;}udrfavmuf a=unm&w,f? 'Dawmh rxyfatmif ajymwJhenf;awG odxm;&w,f""rif;u toHv$ihf *sme,fvpf (Broadcasting Journalism) avhvmae

wmudk;/ ajymjyygOD;""Oyrm/ 'Dae@ aetawmftoifh yl+yD; &Hzef&Hcg rdk;GmrnfwJh? 'g yxr wrsKd;? 'kwd,u

'Dae@ aeylrnf/ rdk;w}udrf ESpf}udrf Gmrnf""ESpfrsKd; &SdoGm;+yD""wwd, wcgw&H rdk;Gmygrnf? useftcsdefwGif aeylaernfwJh""aemufqkH; wrsKd;u/ wdrftoifhtwihf jzpfxGef;um aeylrnf? wcgwcgvnf; rdk;Gm

Edkifygonf""uGefnuf&m rif;u toHv$ih f *sme,fvpf(Broadcasting Journalism)

awGeJ@ rdwfysufawmhrSyJ""'gayrJh tmz&duuawmh rdk;av0o cef@rSef;&cufwmyJ? r=umao;rDu a[mvd0k'f

u vlawG tmz&durSm kyf&Sif oGm;dkufawmh jy\em wufwmyJ? awmxJawmifxJrSm olwkd@lwifxGufwJ htcg rdk;Gm&if p&dwfawGukef/ vlyef;wmaygh? 'geJ @ olwdk @u rdk;av0otwGuf vlwa,muf &Smay;ygvkd @ vrf;jyawGukd rSmw,f? vrf;jyawGu olwdk @ q&m}uD;ukd ac:cJhw,f?q&m}uD;u aq;wH}uD;aomuf+yD; rD;cdk;awG xGufwmuk d =unhfw,f? +yD;awmh ajymw,f? 'Dae@rdk;Gmr,fwJ h? _wiform;awG[m aejcpfjcpfawmufylaewm rdk;Gmr,f ajymawmh r,kHEdkifygbl;?

'gayrJh r=umcifrSyJ wdrfawG vdrf hum vdrf hum wufvm+yD; rdk;GmcsawmhwmyJ? vlawGvnf;thH=ooGm;w,f? 'geJ@ ukr%Dykdif&Sifu aemufae@ vmcJhzdk@ rSmw,f? aemufae@u rdk;tkH@ aew,f?q&m}uD;u aq;wHaomuf+yD; 'Dae@dkuf/ rdk;rGmbl;vdk @ ajymw,f? kyf&Sif tzGJ@vnf; a=umufa=umufeJ@ xGufdkufw,f? olajymwJh twdkkif;yJ waeukef rdk;rGmbl;"

"ae@pOf wywfavmuf 'DvdkyJ jzpfae&mu q&m}uD;[m pcef;ukd ra&mufvmawmhbl;"

"kyf&SiftzGJom;awGvnf; q&m}uD;ukd ar#mfwmaygh? wywfausmfrS q&m}uD; a&muf

vmw,f? 'geJ@ ydkif&Sifu ajymw,f""q&m}uD; rd k;av0o rcef@rSef;ay;wm=um+yD/ bmjzpfvdk@vJ? aersm;raumif;vdk@vm;

vdk@ ar;awmh q&m}uD;u ajzvdkufw,f"

"usKyf a&'D,dk ysufaevdk@ygwJh"?

HTL

- -


15/96

11tG,wl ta&mifw owxm;ygukdt0g. pmtkyfa&mif;&aiGawGuk d a&wGufaeaom rjzLwkwf. tvef @w=um; atmfoH}uD;xGufay: vmonf?

"[m waxmiftkyfxJrSm ESpfq,fwefawG nyfxnfhxm;w,fawmhf"ukdt0gawmif tHh=ooGm;onf? =uH}uD;pnf&m

rjzpfEdkifwm[k awG;rdonf? waxmifwefESifh ESpfq,fwefonf wefzdk; 980 usyf uGmjcm;onf? 'Davmuf wefzdk;csif;rwlwJh ydkufqHukd a&mxnhfxm;vdk &Edkifyghrvm;[k awG;rdonf? rjzLwkwf ajymwmukd r,kHvdk@ ol@vufxJu waxmifweftkyf (wodef;xkyf) ,l=unhfvdkufonf?

"[m [kwfw,f[/ vkyf&ufygayh" [k atmfnnf;vdkufrdonf? waxmifwef topf tGufao; wodef;tkyfxJrSm ESpfq,fwef 5 Guf wdwdygaeonf? waxmifusyfwef 5 Guftm; 20 usyfwef 5jzpfaevdk@ 4900 epfemoGm;+yD jzpfonf?

ukdt0guk d pmtkyfzdk;aiG acsvdkufolonf dk;om;ol jzpfonf? wrif,kwfrm+yD;vkyfvdkufwm r[kwf? oludk,fwdkifu aoaocsmcsm rppfaq;bJ wae&mu &vmcJhonhfwaxmifweftkyfawG jzpfrnf? 'Dvdk tawGt=uHKrsKd;uvnf; r&Sd? ' Dvd k jzpfEdkifvdhrfrnfvdk@vnf;rawG;rdonh f twGuf rppfaq;bJ vufcH &,lvmcJhonhf waxmiftkyf (wodef;xkyf) jzpfrnf?ukdt0gu zkef;quf+yD; ajymvdkufawmh ol thH=oaeonf? aemufwcg =uHK}udKufvdk@ &Sdv#if olay;ygrnf[k ajymonf? ukdt0gudkvnf; ol,kHonf?

'DudpP[m tawmfrsm;rsm; owdrxm;rd=uao;onhf udpPjzpfonf? topfxGufaeonhf waxmifwef tao;awG. ta&mifonf tpdrf;a&mif jzpfonf? tvsm; 6 vufr/ teH2 vufrtG,f jzpfonf? ESpfq,fwefuvnf; ta&mif tpdrf;yif jzpfonf? tG,fuvnf;waxmifwefeJ@ twdtus tG,fwlonf?

waxmiftopf (tGufao;) txyfvdkufudk vufcHrnfqdkygu aoaocsmcsm ppf

aq;vufcH&awmhrnf jzpfonf? wGufcsif; rppfaq;ygu ESpfq,fwefawG nyfygEdkifonfukdowdjyK&rnf jzpfonf?

1982 ckESpfu ukdt0gESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm; oabFmom;wpkwdk @ tdENd,EdkifiHrSm cHcJh&zl;onf? pifumylu 0,fvmonhf a&'D,dkawG uufqufawGukd umvuwWm;rSm arSmifcdkaps;jzihfjyefa&mif;=uonf? &Jzrf;rSm pdk;vdk @ ntarSmif}uD;xJrSm ta&mif;t0,f vkyf=u&onf? ntarSmifxkudk tcGihfaumif;,l+yD; aps;0,folawGu tar&duef a':vm w&mwefawG=um;rSmwa':vmwef wGuf nyfay;oGm;wm cHvdkuf&onf? epfemqkH;_H;r_ tawmf}uD;rm;onf?

arSmifcdkypPnf; a&mif;0,fwJh udpPjzpfvdk @ &Jukdvnf; rwdkif&J? 0,foGm;olawGu b,folawGrSef;vJrodvdk @ atmihfoufoufjzifh +idrfcHvdkuf=u& onf? tar&duef a':vmawGonfwefzdk; rwlaomfvnf; tG,fu twlwljzpfonf? ta&mifuvnf; tjzLESih f trnf;csnf;omjzpfonf? tvsm; 6 vufr/ teH 2 vufr tG,fawGcsnf; jzpfonf? wa':vmwefua*smh0g&Sifwef/ ig;a':vmwefu vifuGef;/ w&mwefu z&ifuvifkpAJh ponfjzifh vlkyfESihfaiGwefzdk;ukd azmfjyonhf *%ef;ukd *kpdkuf =unhf&onf? aoaocsmcsm r=unhfbJ tGufa&ukd


16/96

12om ppfvdk@uawmh epfemqkH;_H;r_ jzpfEdkifonf? tar&duef a':vmonf jrefrm vlrsKd;awGxJuomref vkyfom; jynfolawGeJ@ ywfoufp&m ta=umif;r&Sdonhf twGuf owdxm;p&m rvdk[kxifonf? waxmifusyfweftGufao;ESihf ESpfq,fusyfwefav;wdk@udkawmh tG,fwl ta&mifwlaevdk@ owdxm;zkd@ vdktyfonf?

waxmifusyfwef tao;ESihf ESpfq,f usyfwefav;wdk@ tG,fwl/ ta&mifwlaeonhfudpPukd pOf;pm;aecdkuf ukdt0g&Jtdrfu w,fvDzkef; jrnfvmonf? ukdt0g&JGmu ac:wmjzpfaeonf? ukdt0g&J OD;av; OD;xGef;cdkif uG,fvGefa=umif; okH;&ufxm;rnfjzpfa=umif;eufjzef *loGif; o+*K[frnfjzpfa=umif; ta=umif;=um;jcif;jzpfonf?

reufjzef o+*K[fqdkawmh 'Dae@nae xGufrnf h um;jzihf vdkufoGm;v#if tavmif;ukdjrifcGifh&Edkifao;onf? um;vufrSwf &EdkifygOD;rvm;vdk @ dk;ropPm/ 'Gm&m0wD/ &ckdifjynfom;/&JatmifvH um;*dwfawGuk d zkef;qufonf? &JatmifvHu ab;ckHawmh r&awmhyg? tv,fckHaemufqkH;u &rnf[k qdkonf? &wmeJ@yJ vdkufygrnf[k ajymvdkufonf?

OD;av; OD;xGef;cdkifonf ukdt0g. tarharmif w0rf;uGJ jzpfonf? t*Fvdyfrif;vufxufrSm 7 wef;atmif+yD; +rdKausmif; wufcJholjzpfvdk @ acolr[kwfvdk @ ajymvdk@&onf?}udK;pm;v#if tpdk;& t&mxrf;/ tr_xrf; jzpfEdkifaomfvnf; rdbcsrf;omonhf t&Sdeft0gjzihfawmolaX; orD;ESihf nm;+yD; aomufaomufpm;pm; aysmfaysmfyg;yg; aecJhol jzpfonf? 1960jynhfESpfrSm omauw+rdK}uD; pwnfawmh ukdt0gwdk @ nDtpfukdawG omauw+rdKrSm tdrfaqmufae=uonf? aEG&moD wae@rSm OD;av; OD;xGef;cdkifonf omauw+rdKu udkt0gwdk@tdrfukd a&mufvmonf? a&mufvmyk Hu ta&mif;t0,f udpPvnf; r[kwf/ bk&m;zl;&efvnf;

r[kwf/ aq;0g; ukocHzdk @ vmwmvnf;r[kwf/ t0wfwxnf udkk,fwckjzihf a&mufvmjcif;jzpfonf? ukdt0gwdk@ESihf twlaewm &ufawG/ vawG=umvmawmhrS aomuf=u pm;=u&if;ol@owif;udk od&onf? oludk,fwdkif jyefajymjyvdk@ twdtus od&onf?

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&or#awGudkvnf; y,fy,fe,fe,f udkifvdkufao;onf? +yD;awmhrS wywfvnfatmif qGJvSnhf+yD; vufESpfzufukd qGJudkifv#uf +rdKifx ESpfyg;oGm;udk atmfqdkonf?"arb&%D wE_ef;vdky/ armifwoufvkH; rrkef;EdkifwJ h a[m'Du jrav;ukd jrjrav;ukd

a[m'Dvdk a[m'Dvdk cspfr0Edkifbl;uG,f.."trsKd;orD;}uD;ukd rsufESmcsif;qdkif wtm;usKH;zuf+yD; b,fnmjyef ar$;ar$;ay;ypf

vdkufonf? trsKd;orD;}uD;u ol@&ifbwfukd aqmifhwGef; ypfvdkuf+yD; atmfajymonf?"igyg[Jhrathvif&J/ eifh r,m; r[kwfbl;"

tJ'DawmhrS ol @a,muQr a':odef;wif jzpfaewm od+yD; nwGif;csif; Gmu xGufajy;vmcJhwm[k qdkonf? ol@a,muQr a':odef;wifESifh ol@ZeD; rjr&Sifwkd@onf tom;jzLjzL/ vkH;}uD;aygufvSawGjzpfvdk@ nDtpfrvdk jzpfaeonf? tG,fuvnf; wlonf? ta&mifuvnf; wlaevdk@rSm;oGm;wm jzpfonf? tG,fwl ta&mifwlaev#if owdxm;=u&rnf jzpfonf?

AWSM - -


17/96

13ykjyixu vn;wpD;ta=umif;wcgwkef;u av;vHwJh 0efxkyf0efykd;awGukd wifaqmifxm;wJh vSnf;wpD;ukd EGm;ESpfaumifwyf+yD; c&D;ESifvmw,f? c&D;u a0;vnf;a0;/ =urf;vnf;=urf;wJh c&D;yg? 'gayrJh EGm;ESpfaumifu

tm;cJ+yD; kef;ygw,f? nnf;nLwJh toH wcsufawmif rxGufygbl;?tJ'Dvdk EGm;ESpfaumifpvkH; ajcvSrf;rSefrSefeJ c&D;=urf;ukd tm;cJ+yD; kef;uefaewJh

tcsdefrSm rxifrSwfbJ toHwoHukd olwk d@ =um;vdkuf&w,f? tJ'DtoHukd avhvm=unhfvdkufawmh vSnf;0ifdk;qDuvmwJh toH qdkwmuk d EGm;ESpfaumif odvdkuf&w,f? wtDtD/ wu|Du|DjrnfaewJ h toHawG[m tifrwef em;=um;jyif; uyfp&m aumif;avmufatmif qlnHvdkaeygw,f? c&D;uvnf; =urf;/ aeuvnf; yl/ qGJae&wJh 0efpnfawGu av;vH+yD; armyef;ae&wJhtxJrSm em;rcHomp&m aumif;avmufatmif tqufrjywf jrnfaewJh toHawG

a=umifh vSnf;qGJae&wJ h EGm;ESpfaumif[m pdwfwdkvdk@ vmygw,f? 'DvdkeJ c&D;waxmufem;wJhae&mudk a&mufwJhtcg EGm;ESpfaumif uae+yD; vSnf;0ifdk;ukd pdwfqdk; rmefqdk;eJ@ 'Dvdk ajymowJh?"b,fvdk jzpfaewmvJuGm/ wvrf;vkH;

vnf; wylyl/ wqlqleJ @ atmf[pf nnf;nL+yD;vdkufaeawmhwmyJ? bmtvkyfrSvnf; 0ifrvkyfEdkif? bmt&nftcsif;rSvnf; r&SdwJh aumifawGu+idrf+idrfraebJ qlnHaewm[m aumif;yghrvm;?igwdk@ukd=unh f/ 'Davmuf av;vHwJ h 0efpnfpvG,fawGukd rcdkruyfbJ wav#mufvkH; xrf;ae=uwm?yifyef;vScsnf&J/ cufcJvScsnf&J/ em;yg&apOD;vdk@ wcsufnnf;wGm;zl;vdk@vm;? rif;wdk@yJ aemufuae+yD; tvum;ae&if; nnf;jy/ idkjyeJ @ qlae=uw,f? =um;&wJholawG em;rcsrf;omp&m?pdwfrcsrf;omp&myJ? wdwfwdwfqdwfqdwf ae=uprf;yguGm? +idrf+idrfoufoufeJ @ wdk@aemufuaevdkufcJhprf;yg? r_yfprf;ygeJ@" wJh?

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rckdruyf/ rnnf;rnL vkyfaewJhtcsdefrSm bmtvkyfrS rvkyfbJ r[kwfwJh tpdwftykdif; wckuwusDusD vkyfaewmrsKd; rjzpfoihfbl;qdkwJh oabmyg?

'DykHjyifukd i,fi,fu em;axmifcJh&awmh [kwfovdkvdk xifcJhrdw,f? touftG,fav;&vmawmh tJ'DqHk;r =o0g'yHkjyifav;udk udk,fh&J ^m%fynmuav; wxGmwrkdufeJ@ tawG;csJ+yD; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm =unfhrdwJhtcg 'Dvdk awG@&ygw,f?

EGm;ESpfaumif[m av;vHvSwJh 0efxkyf0efydk;}uD;awG wifaqmifxm;wJh vSnf;udkajcvSrf;nDnDeJ@ qGJvmcJh=uw,f? wcsufuav;rS rnnf;nLcJhbl;vdk@vnf; qkdygw,f? tm;rmef

awGarG;+yD; awmufav#muf qGJaekHru vHk;0 tem;r,lcJhwmvnf; trSefyg? 'Dawmh pOf;pm;p&m oHk;csuf ay:vmw,f?eHygwfwpfu vSnf;udpP/ eHygwfESpfu wifvmwJh ukefypPnf; udpPeJ@ eHygwfoH k;u qGJae

whJ EGm;rsm;&J udpPawG jzpfygw,f? tJ'DudpP oHk;rsKd;rSm yxrqHk; vSnf;&J udpPudk =unfh&atmif/0efpnfawG wifvmwJh vSnf;vdk @ qkdxm;wJhtwGuf ausmhaeatmif/ ajymifvufaeatmif


18/96

14oxm;wJh 'vSnf;,Of' r[kwfwmu aocsmoGm;+yD? 'Dawmh olc&D;pOf[m bk&m;ausmif;uefvkdae&mrsKd;/ r*Fvm tcrf;tem;vdk ae&mrsKd; oGm;aewm r[kwfygbl;?

'DtxJ vSnf;0ifdk;u wu|Du|D jrnfaeao;w,f qkdawmh vSnf;tkd/ vSnf;a[mif;}uD;jzpfzkd @u rsm;aeygw,f? vSnf;tkdvSnf;a[mif;udk vrf;romwJh c&D;rsKd;ud k qGJaeavawmh wu|D

u|DtoHawG nnf;nLoHawGudk =um;ae&rSm "rRwmyJ? vSnf;tkd vSnf;a[mif;}uD;&J 0ifdk;qkdwmuvnf; qDcrf;aewJh? aoGajcmufaewJh0ifdk;rsKd;yJ r[kwfvm;? 'Dawmh toHawG xGufayraygh?

eHygwfESpf udpPu vSnf;ay:rSm wifvmwJh ypPnf;rsm;&J udpPyg/ wifvmwmu EGm;pmau|;&mrSm oHk;wJh ESrf;ywf/ yJywf tdwfawGyg? ESrf;ywf/ yJywfeH @ oif;oif;av;eJ@ t&om&SdwJhEGm;pmudk pm;aeus EGm;ESpfaumif[m vSnf;ay:rSm wifvmwJh ukefpnfawG[m olwkd@ }udKufESpfoufwJ h ypPnf;awG qkdwm ESmacgif;eJ@vnf; teH@cH+yD;om;? rsufpdeJ@vnf; taotcsm awGjrifcJh+yD;om;rkd@ tyifyef; tqif;&JcH+yD; vSnf;udk kef;qGJ=uwm[m obm0 usygw,f? wu,fawmholwkd@wawG =uHK;kef; xrf;ydk;vmor#awG[m olwdk@twGufyJ r[kwfvm;? 'Dawmh rem;rae/tqif;&J tyifyef; cHayraygh? 'gu obm0 usygw,f?

eHygwfoHk; udpPjzpfwJh EGm;rsm; udpPrSmvnf; tJ'D EGm;ESpfaumifom tjcm; wd&p>mefESpfaumif jzpfaecJh&if 'Dvdk wufwufuGuG qGJyghrvm;? vSnf;ay:rSm ygvmwJh ypPnf;awGudk}udKufESpfoufr_ r&SdwJh wjcm; taumifAavmifrsKd;om qkdcJh&if tJ'DvSnf;udk tJ'Dvdk wufwufuGuG rem;rae qGJ=uyghrvm;? pOf;pm;p&myg?

'Dawmh vSnf;udpP/ ypPnf;udpPeJ@ EGm;rsm;&J udpP[m ol@tusKd;ta=umif;eJ@ol &Sdae=u

ygw,f? vrf;=urf;/ c&D;=urf;rkd@ vSnf;=urf;}uD;eJ@ oGm;&wm? vSnf;tkd/ vSnf;a[mif;/ vSnf;=urf;}uD;rk d@ ol&J t"du tpdwftydkif;jzpfwJh 0ifdk;rsm;u qDiwfae+yD; wu|Du|D jrnfae/ atmfaerSmtaotcsmygyJ? 'Dtwkdif;yJ vSnf;tkd vSnf;a[mif;}uD;ay:rSm wifvmwJh ypPnf;rsm;uvnf;ESrf;ywf/ yJywftdwfawG jzpfaew,fqkdjyefawmh ESrf;ywf/ yJywf&J t&omudk odaewJh EGm;rsm;u olwkd@&J tpmawG tdrfta&mufo,fzkd@ udpPrSm rarmEdkif/ ryef;Ekdifygbl;?

'Dae&mrSm ta&;}uD;qHk; udpPjzpfwJh vSnf;0ifdk; udpP&J wu|Du|D atmf[pfaewJh toHawGa=umifh EGm;rsm;rSm em;rcsrf;om jzpf&wm[mawmh trSefyJ jzpfygw,f? vSnf;tkdwpD;&J

qDcrf;aewJh 0ifdk;rkdvnf; toHxGufvmr_[m obm0vnf; usaeygw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'D 0ifdk;om 'Dxufydk+yD; tajctae qkd;aecJh&if toHxGuf aewmuae wqifhwuf+yD; vSnf;0ifdk;usKd;rsm; oGm;cJh&if rcufaybl;vm;? tJ'D EGm;ESpfaumifcrsm 0efpnf pvG,frsm;eJ @ vSnf;usKd;udkxrf;&wJh 'kuQ&J t&omudk awG=uHK oGm;Ekdifygw,f? tJ'gudkawmh EGm;ESpfaumif arhaeyHkygyJ?

'g[m =um;zl;em;0 &Sdzl;wJh yHkjyifav; wyk'fudk tawG;e,fcsJ =unfhrdwmyJ jzpfygw,f?rSm;wm/ rSefwm/ jzpfEkdifwm/ rjzpfEkdifwmxuf a&mufwwf&m&m axmifhaygif;pH ku csOf;uyf=unfhwmvkd @ ajym&if &r,fxifygw,f? pmzwfolawGvnf; qufpyf tawG;awGeJ @ cHpm;=unhf=uzdk@ wkdufwGef;ygw,f? wcsKd awG;p&mawGudk awG;ae&wmu wu,f aysmfp&m aumif;w,fr[kwfvm;?

HK

- -


19/96

15

vdarmfcsdefodkY"udk,fhzmom wa,mufwnf; vHkavmufaevd k@ vltzGJtpnf;xJrSm raeEdkifwJhol 'grSr[kwfaep&mrvdkwJhol qdkwm ewfjzpf&ifjzpf/ rjzpf&if wd&p>mefyJ jzpfr,f" vdk @ t&pPwdkw,f (bDpD

384 - 322) u ajymcJhzl;ygw,f? 'gjzifh vltzGJtpnf;qdkwm bmygvdrfh?"vltzGJtpnf; qdkwm bmeJ @rS rwlwJht&myg? trsKd;om; wOD;csif;pD/ trsdK;orD;wOD;csif;pD tjyif rdom;pkawGyg aygif;pnf;xm;wJht&m jzpfwma=umifhaygh" vdk+Adwdef 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; rm*&uf oufcsmu &Sif;cJhzl;jyefygw,f?

'Dawmh vltzGJtpnf; qdkwm vlwOD;csif;ESifh rdom;pk wpk/ oD;jcm;pD &yfwnfr_ESifh aygif;pnf;r_/oD;jcm;pD &yfwnfr_ay: tajccHwJh aygif;pnf;r_aygh?

=oZmoD; wvHk;/ zkxpfrsufESmjyif tcGHatmufrSm tapheufrsm;pGm yg0ifaom opfoD;wvHk;/tapheufrsm;udk iHkxm;onfu jzLtdtd tom;v$mrsm; odk@aomf rnfonfhtom;ESifh rnfonfhtaph[lI oD;jcm; cGJxkwfr&Edkif/ aygif;pnf;+yD;om; =oZmoD;onfom =oZmoD;tjzpfodrSwfEdkif/ oD;jcm;rJh aygif;pnf;r_?

vdarRmfoD; wvHk;/ jyifnD acsmrGwf rsufESmjyif tcGHatmufrSm 8 r$mrS 10 r$mxdyg0ifaom opfoD;wvHk;/ vdarRmf tr$mav; wckpDrSm taphESifh tom; toD;oD; qwl yg0ifavh

&Sd/ vdarRmfr$mav;rsm;ud k oD;jcm;pD cGJxkwfI&Edkif/ vdarRmf wr$monfyif vdarRmfoD;[k ac:Edkif/oD;jcm;wdk@. aygif;pnf;r_?

ZmZmwd k@ tdrfrSm rsKd;qufoHk;quf/ rdom;pk}uD; wck/ rdom;pkav; oHk;ckeJ @ vl 15a,muf&Sdygw,f? tzdk;eJ@ tzGm;u tdrf&J tcsKyfygyJ? tzdk;uawmht"duaygh? pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&; tpp


20/96

16t&m&m tzdk;&J pDrHcef@cGJr_atmufrSmyJ ZmZmwdk @ ae=u&ygw,f? tzdk;rSmu ukefpHkqdkifeJ@"mwfyHkqdkif wqdkif &Sdw,fav? tzdk;i,fi,f uwnf;u vkyfvmwJh pD;yGm;a&;aygh? tzGm;uukefpHkqdkifudk OD;pD;&w,f? oluawmh "mwfyHkqdkifudk OD;pD;ygw,f? ZmZmh azazu om;t}uD;qHk;?aemuf OD;av;eJ @ a':a':aygh? tzdk;u ol@om;orD;awGudk ausmif;om; ausmif;ol b0uwnf;

u tvkyf ulvkyfcdkif;cJhygw,f? Zmh azazu "mwfyHkqdkifrSm 0iful&w,f? "mwfyHkul;wm/aq;wmvdk qdkifxJrSm vkyf&wJh tvkyfawGaygh? OD;av;uawmh tjyifxGuf+yD; tvSL r*Fvmaqmif vdkufkdufwm vkyf&w,f? a':a':u tzGm;udk ulaygh? Zmh azazwdk@ armifESr oHk;a,mufvHk;u pmrSm odyftxl;c|ef}uD; r[kwf=uawm tzdk;u bGJ@jrefjref&rJh ausmif;udkyJ aG;wufcdkif;cJhw,f? ausmif;+yD;vdk @ ESpfESpfavmuf&Sdawmh ol oabmuswJhol &Sm+yD; tdrfaxmif csay;vdkufwmyJ? Zmhazazwdk @ armifESrawGuvnf; i,fuwnf;u a=umufcJh&awmh tzdk; pDrH&mudkyJ}udKuf}udKuf r}udKuf}udKuf vufcHcJh=uygw,f? tdrfaxmifom uswmyg 'DtdrfxJu b,frSxGufroGm; jzpfcJh=uygbl;?

Zmwdk@tdrfu e*dku ESpfxyfwdkufaygh? atmufxyfrSm ukefpHkqdkifeJ@ "mwfyHkqdkifxm;+yD;tay:u tdyfcef;oHk;cef; &Sdygw,f? tzdk;eJ@ tzGm;u wcef;/ ZmhazazeJ@ OD;av;u wcef;/ a':a':eJ@ tdrfrSmulvkyfwJh }uD;}uD;u wcef;aygh?

Zmhazaz tdrfaxmifusawmh OD;av;ubk&m;pifa&S xGuftdyf&w,fwJh? Zmhudk arG;vmwJhESpfrSmawmh tzdk;u tay:xyfwxyf wifaqmufvdkuf+yD; ZmhazazeJ @ OD;av;udk aecdkif;vdkufw,f?

OD;av;udkvnf; tdrfaxmif csay;vdkufwmaygh? Zmhararudk "mwfyHkqdkifrSmyJ ulcdkif;+yD; OD;av;wdk@vifr,m;udkawmh "mwfyHktjyif AGD'D,d k dkuful;a&;ygwGJ+yD; vkyfcdkif;vdkufw,f? acwfu ajymif;vmawmh pD;yGm;rusoGm;atmif trSDvdkufrS jzpfr,fqdkwJh toduawmh tzdk;rSm &Sdw,fav? pm;tdk;uvnf; }uD;vm+yD r[kwfvm;? &or# 0ifaiGawGudk

tzdk;udkyJ tyf&w,f? oluyJ b,favmufupm;p&dwf/ b,favmufu jyef&if;&rJhaiG/ Zmwdk @uav;awG ausmif;pm&dwfu b,favmufoHk;/tm;vHk;udk pDpOfw,f Zmhazazwd k@/ OD;av;wdk @ tm;vHk;u tdrfaxmifomuswm tzdk; cdkif;wmvkyf+yD; tzdk;xkwfay;wJh rkef@zdk;eJ@yJ a=ueyf=u&w,f? Zmwdk @ uav;awGvnf; tzdk;=oZmatmufrSmygyJ? Zmwdk @ armifESru oHk;a,muf/ OD;av;uav;u ESpfa,muf/ a':a':huav;uwa,muf/ aygif; 6 a,muf twGufvnf; ckuwnf;u tzdk;rSm tpDtpOfawG &Sdae+yD?

Zmh azazwdk @u tzdk;pum; ajr0,frus em;axmifcJh=uayrJh Zmwdk @ armifESrawGuawmh odyfem;raxmifcsif=ubl;? a':a':qdk pD;yGm;a&;bG J@ ,lcdkif;vdk @ ,lcJh&+yD; woufvHk; tdrfuukefpHkqdkiftvkyfyJ vkyfae&w,f? plygrm;uwfacwf a&mufvmawmh tzd k;u tjrifus,fpGmeJ@tmvl; =uufoGeftpm; aumfzDrpf/ azsmf&nf ajymif;wifum rSefwHcg;ajymif; wyfcJhayrJh rlvukefpHkqdkif vkyfenf;um;udkawmh odyfrajymif;Edkifao;ygbl;? qd k;wmu wtdrfom;vHk; wtdk;wnf; pm;wkef;yg? vl 16 a,mufpm csuf&wmrd k@ wa,mufpD t}udKufudk jznfhay;wJhtcg[if;awGu yHkaoenf; qefvmwmaygh? pm;p&mu rsm;rsm;pm;pm;rS r&SdEdkifbJ? vl}uD;awGa&SmifwJhtom;eJ @ uav;awG }udKufwJhtom;udk r#csufvdkufawmh xrif;pm; pm;yGJrSm ae@wdkif;

=oZmo;wvk;/ zxpfrsuEmjyitcHatmufrSm tapheursm;pmyg0iaom opfo;wvk;/ tapheursm;uk ikxm;onu jzLt tdtom;vmrsm;/ ok@aom rnfonhtom;Eih rnfonhtaph[lI oD;jcm;cJxkwfr&Eki/ aygi;pn;+y;om; =oZmo;onom=oZmo;tjzp odrSwfEkif/oD;jcm;rh aygi;pn;r?


21/96


22/96

18r,fvdk@vnf; rwdkufwGef;cJhbJ armfhazaz&J qENudkyJ ar;cJhw,f? 'DvdkeJ @ armfhazazu pma&;q&m/ t,f'Dwm jzpfvmcJhw,f? armfharar pm=unfhwdkufrSL; aygufpeJ@ vufxyfr,fajymawmhtzdk;a&m tzGm;yg oabmwlcJh=uw,fwJ h? 'DvdkeJ @ armfh a':a':u q&m0ef jzpfvm+yD; ol@a,muf sm;u oabFm tif*sifeD,maygh? armfhOD;av; vifr,m;uawmh arSmfbDbufrSm yef;yif/

oD;yif pdkufysdK;a&; vkyf=uw,f? armfwdk@ armifESr oHk;a,mufvnf; udk,fbmjzpfcsifvJ/ bmjzpfoifhvJ qdkwm i,fi,fwnf;u awG;p jyKvmw,f? bmvdk@vJ qdkawmh tzdk;/ tzGm; tygt0ifvl}uD;awGu armfwdk@ud k 0ifajymrSm r[kwfbJ armfwdk @u udk,fhtem*wfudk udk,fhzmomyJwm0ef ,l&rSmudk;?

tzdk;eJ @ tzGm;u tcef;iSm;cawG 0ifaiG &Sdaewmrdk @ om;orD;awGudk rrSDcdkbJvnf;tweftoifhawmh tqifajyaeygw,f? 'gayrJh armfhazazwdk @ armifESr oHk;a,mufvHk;u reufapmapmpm/ ae@vnfpm/ npmoHk;eyfudk tvSnfhus wm0ef,l+yD; ydk@ay;w,f? rkef@tp aq;tqHk;usefwJh vdkwmawGudkawmh tqifajyovdk jznfhay;xm;wmrdk@ armfwdk@ ajr;awGu tzdk;eJ@ tzGm;qDrSm uyfpm;=uwmyJ? 'gayrJh pae/ we*FaEGvdk ae@rsdK;awGrSmawmh tzdk;eJ@ tzGm;uyJ OD;aqmif+yD; rkef@[if;cg;/ =umZHcsufvdk pm;p&m wckckudk rdom;pktm;vHk; pk+yD; csufpm;=uygw,f? vl}uD;awGu pum;awG ajym=u/ uav;awGu aqmh=u/ aysmf=uaygh? armfu aqmh&avmufatmifvnf; ri,fawmh vl}uD;0dkif;xJ xdkifem;axmifwm rsm;ygw,f?

olwkd @u odyf&,f&wmyJ? pum; ajym=uwmxuf jiif;=uwmu rsm;w,f? tzdk;uvnf; pm&if;orm;qdkwm trSm;udk &Sm&wm qdk+yD; olrsm; ajymwJhxJu trSm;udk axmufawmhwm?

tzGm;uvnf; q&mr qdkwmvnf; trSm; r}udKufovdk q&m vmvkyf&if r}udKufbl; qdk+yD; jiif;jyefa&m? armfhazazuvnf; pma&;q&m qdkwm vlawG rSm;ae&if azmfxkwf&r,fvdk@ em;vnfxm;wm qdkawmh olvnf; tjiif;oefwmyJ? usefwJh vl}uD;awGuvnf; olwdk@u|rf;usif vdrRmwJ h ta=umif;t&mawG aqG;aEG;&if olwdk odwmawG 0ifajym/ 0ifjiif;eJ@aygh?'gayrJh wzufom; vufrcHcsifae vlwdkif;u ajymvdk @/ jiif;vdk @ &aeawmh jyoemawmh rjzpf=ubl;? tvGefqHk;uawmh udk,fhrdom;pkeJ@udk,f vlcGJ xdkifaevdkuf+yD; pm;p&mudk 0dkif;ulvkyf&if;jiif;xm;wmawG arhoGm;=uwmygyJ? tcsdefwefawmh udk,fhtxyfay: udk,fwuf+yD; udk,f0goem

yg&m vkyfaevdkuf=uawmh jiif;ae&wm aysmfp&mawmif aumif;ovdkygyJ?tzdk;u ajymwmawmh armfwdk @ rdom;pku udk,fhwdkufxJrSm tjiif;oef=uayrJh tpOftvmrysuf pkpkpnf;pnf;eJ@ jiif;ae=uwmudku ab;u tdrfeD;csif;awGu tm;us=uwmwJh?

udk,fhtoufarG;r_ wckpDeJ@ udk,fhavmu wckpDrSm usifvnfae=uwJh om;orD;awGuckvdk pkpkpnf;pnf;eJ @ twlpm;/ twljiif;wm jrif&zdk @u rvG,fbl;wJh? 'DvdkeJ @ armfharmifav;/ESrav;awG }uD;vm&if armfvnf; azaz/ ararwdk@vdk tjiif;oefvmrSmyJ xifyg&J?

armfarmfwkd@ rdom;pku vdarRmfoD; rdom;pkaygh?vdarRmfoD; wvHk;/ jyifnD acsmrGwf rsufESmjyif tcGHatmufrSm 8 r$mrS 10 r$mxd yg0if

aom opfoD;wvHk;/ vdarRmfoD; tr$mav;wckpDrSm taphESifh tom; toD;oD; qwl yg0ifavh&Sd?vdarRmfr$mav;rsm;udk oD;jcm;pD cGJxkwfI &Edkif? vdarRmf wr$monfyif vdarRmfoD;[k ac:Edkif?oD;jcm;wdk@. aygif;pnf;r_?


23/96

19

pdwfynm&Sif qpf*refzGdKuf' (1856 - 1939) u rdom;pk qdkwmudk vl@tzGJtpnf;eJ @ wGJ+yD;ckvdk ajymcJhzl;ygw,f?

"tawG;tac: ynm&SifawGeJ@ EdkifiHa&; ynm&SifawG vufcHxm;wmu rdom;pk tkyfpkawG=um;u cifrifaygif;pnf;r_[m vl @b0 aysmf$ifcsrf;ajrhr_twGuf obm0uswJhvdktyfcsuf jzpfwmrdk@ vl@tzGJtpnf;wck&J usef;rma&;twGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfw,fqd kwmyg? rdom;pkqdkwm EdkifiHi,fav;wckom jzpfygw,f"

vlwdkif;vdkvdkrSm rdom;pkqd kwm &Sdwwf=uygw,f? rdom;pk r&Sdbl;qdkwJh vlawGawmifrS vl@tzGJ

tpnf;wckxJrSm &SdaewwfwmrsKd;yg?=oZmoD; rdom;pkawGrsm;&if =oZmoD; vl@tzGJtpnf;aygh? vdarRmfoD; rdom;pkawG

rsm;&if vdarRmfoD; vl@tzGJtpnf;aygh?oD;jcm;rJh aygif;pnf;r_eJ@ oD;jcm;wdk@ aygif;pnf;r_?=oZmoD;eJ@ vdarRmfoD;?vl/ rdom;pk/ vl@tzGJtpnf;?orRw atA&m[if vifuGef; (1809 - 1865) uawmh ol@rdom;pkeJ @ ol@ vl@tzGJ@

tpnf; tay: ckvdk ylyef cJhzl;av&J?"usaemfh tzdk; b,folqd kwm usaemf rodygbl;? usaemf pdk;&drfwmu usaemfhajr;b,foljzpfr,f qdkwmudkyg" wJh?

MTD12 / 2/ 2004? - -


24/96

20

awmfvdkufwJh vlawG

"tazu usaemhfukd acG;rom;wJh? taru usaemhfukd

acG;om;wJh""aumif;a&m""usaemf r[kwfwmvkyf&if tazeJ @ wlvdk@wJh?

tazhbufu trsdK;awG[m &mZ0wfaumifawGwJh""[kwfrSmygyJ? rif;kyfu ukyfacsmif;acsmif;eJ@""tazuawmh rif;tarwdk @ trsdK;awG[m

wHigonfawG pdkuf=urf;w,fwJh? tJ'g bmjzpfvdk@vJ?ajymjyygOD; q&m[pf&,f"

"at; *sm&pf/ rif; ESyfacs;awG okwfvdkuf/ igajymjyr,f""EkwfuJh""ESyfacs;awG okwfvdkufqdk""ESyfacs;awGu ESmacgif; ydwfoGm;Edk@yg q&m ESpfwvkH;&m""'Daumif *sm&pf/ ighemrnf [pfwvkH;? ESpfwvkH; r[kwfbl;? aomfwmaqG i,fi,fu

emrnfuG? EdkifiHausmf pma&;q&m}uD;""taru ajymawmh aomfwmaqG t&ufaomufw,fwJh"

"'DrSm *sm&pf/ t&ufawG[m aps;aygvm;/ aps;}uD;vm;""aps;}uD;wmaygh? OD;wkwf}uD;awmif t&ufzdk;r&Sdvkd @ ol@rdef;rqDu ydkufqHcdk;wm

ol@rdef;r ikwfusnfayGeJ@ acgufvdk@ acgif;rSm tm;vl; oD;cJhao;w,f""at; rSwfxm;/ t&ufqdkwm aps;}uD;w,f? ydkufqH r&Sd&if raomufEdkifbl;?

aomfwmaqGu ola;""'gayrJh GmxJu wufwlawmh tusawmif r0,fEdkifbl;/ ykqdk;pkwfeJ? t&ufukdawmh

olrsm;qD uyfaomufwmyJ? usaemf awGzl;wmuawmh usaemfwdk@ Gmu t&ufaomufwJh

olawGb,folrS ola; r[kwfbl;""'gayrJh aomfwmaqGwdk@Gmu vlawGxJrSm t&ufaomufol[m ola;yJ? 'Davmufqdkawmf+yD/ jyefajymraeeJ@ *sm&pf? rif; odcsifwmyJajym"

usaemf *sm&pfukd pum; jzwfvdkuf&w,f? aomfwmaqG xd&if usaemf rcHyg? usaemfi,fi,fu atmf[pf idkvGef;vdk @ [pfwvkH;vdk@ emrnf ay;cJ hwmyg? i,fi,fu ta=umif;awGukdowd&aew,f?

awmrSm usaemhxufi,fwJh *sm&pfwkd@/ uGufeD(ac:) cifarmifwnfwdk@[m +rdKausmif;aewJh usaemfhuk d tvum; txif}uD;+yD; olwdk@odcsifwJh owif;tcsuftvufawGukd ar;=uw,f?

wu,fawmh usaemfu rodwm r&Sd? (i,fi,fu 'Dvdk xifcJhwmyJ)acwfu 'Dae@vd k r[kwfbl;av? 'Dacwfuav;awG uHaumif;w,f? olwkd @ bmod

csifcsif tifwmeufuaz;ukd ajy;+yD; tifwmeufxJ 0ifvdkufkHyJ? ausmufcwf/ vSnf;acwfausmfcJh+yD? axmfvm*sDacwf a&mufav+yDyJ?

*sm&pfu "usaemf odcsifwm q&m[pf ajym+yD;+yDav"?


25/96

21"jyefajym" usaemf arhoGm;vdk@ jyefajymcdkif;wm jzpfw,f?"tazwdk @ tarwdk @u ukd,fhom;orD;udkawmif bufvdkufw,f? tJ'g bmjzpfvJvdk@

ar;wmyg""vljzpfvdk@ayghuG"

*sm&pfu rausreyf pOf;pm;aew,f? 'Dtwdkif;qdk usaemf &mxl; usawmhr,f?'*sm&pfu armif[pfukd q&m rwifv#if' qdkwJh pdwful;u usaemhudk xdcdkufapw,f?'ga=umihf oGm;uk d bDvl;+zJ +zJum (wu,fawmh &,fwmyg) "'g vlawG jzpfvdk@yJ?

vljzpfvdk@ bufvdkufwwfwm" vdk@ xyfajzvdkuf&w,f?"bm vlawG bufvdkufw,f [kwfvm;/ [kwfvm;""tppfaygh? vlawG[m aumufuspf pOf;vJ=uw,f? rvdk&if rvdkovdk/ vdk&if vdkovdk

vkyfwwf=uw,f"cyfwnfwnfeJ ynm&Sd avoHukd okH;/ tvkH;}uD;awGeJ@ ESdyfxnhfvdkufw,f?"q&m[pfu avmu}uD;ukd pdwfemwmukd;""rif;ajymwm rSm;w,f? igu avmu}uD;uk d pdwfemp&m r&Sdbl;? avmu}uD;[m

ol@bmomol aewm? rif; r&Sdvnf; ol&SdaewmyJ? igr&Sdvnf; ol&SdaewmyJ? olu b,fol@ukddrS'kuQay;wm r[kwfbl;"

"'gqdk q&m[pf bmvdk@ &nfpm; rxm;&wmvJ""vlawG cufw,f""at;av cufvdk@ &nfpm; r&wm r[kwfvm;"

"w,f aoem""q&m[pf usaemfhukd ygVdvdk *k%fjyKp&m rvdkbl;""bmjzpfvdk@vJ/ ig bmajymvdk@vJ""aoem qkdwm ygVdvdk ppfonfav"armif[pf zsm;oGm;w,f?"vlawG bufvkdufwm oufao jyEkdifvm;" *sm&pfu qufajymw,f?"tDpGyf ykHjyifxJrSm&SdwJh 0HykavGeJ@ odk;i,fykHjyifudk ajymjyr,f"

"[kwfuJh""wcgu odk;uav;waumif[m jrpfxJrSm a&aomufaeowJh? tJ'D a&pD;txufrSm

0HykavGwaumifu vm+yD; a&aomufw,f""=um;zl;aeom;yJ qufajym""ajymrSmyg/ igu ajymcsifaewmudk;? 0HykavGu okd;i,fukd rif;vkyfvkd @ igaomufwJha&

aemufukef+yD? rif;udk owfpm;&r,fvkd@ajymw,f? 'Dawmh odk;i,fu t&Sifu tnmrSm usKyfutausrSm? b,fvkdvkyf aemufrSmvJvkd @ ajymw,f? 'Dawmh 0HykavGu 'gqkd rif;rESpfu 'Dvkdvkyfwm r[kwfvm;vkd@ ajymw,f? odk;i,fu rESpfu usaemf rarG;ao;ygbl;wJh? 'geJ@ 0HykavGurESpfu rif;r[kwf&&if rif;tar jzpfrSmyJvkd@ ajymum okd;i,fudk udkufpm;avowJh"

"tif; bufvkdufwmayghaemf? tjypf&Sm&if &Smvkd@&wmyJ? tcspf&SmwJh ta=umif;udkvnf; ajymjywwfvm; "

"igzwfzl;wJh ykHwck ajymjyr,f? wcgu aumifav;wa,muf[m vufxJrSm wpkHwckukd qkyfxm;+yD; oli,fcsif; rdef;uav;udk ar;w,f"


26/96

22"ighvufxJrSm bm&SdvJ? aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;ajym? rSef&if kyf&Sif vkdufjyr,f?

aumifrav;u aoaocsmcsm =unhf+yD; qifwaumifvkd @ ajzw,f? aumifav;u rSm;w,fwJh?'gayrJh udpP r&Sdbl;? tajz eD;awmh eD;pyfygw,f? nae 6 em&D tdrfrSmapmifhae kyf&Sif=unfhzdk@vmac:r,fwJh"

"aumif;a&m""aumif;ygw,f? 'g tcspf &Smwmaygh"vlawG[m rdrd cspfolcifoludk taumif;csnf; jrif=uw,f? rkef;olawG tjrifuwf

olawG awG&ifawmh tjypfawGyJ jriffw,f? 'tjypf&Sm temawG/ tcspf&Sm oumawG' qdkwJhpum;awGudk =um;zl;=urSm jzpfw,f?

awmfvkdufwJh vlawG?

HTL

- -


27/96

23

&SufzG,f

lbD ppfqefonf ol@ud k b,fawmh vmowfrvJ[kwxdwfxdwfESifh apmifhqdkif;aecJhonf? vGefcJhaomvtenf;i,fu usaemfonf uD'gyg0rf&Sd ocsKif;wckwGif ppfqefESifh awGcJh&ygonf? xdk+rdKonfzdvpfydkifEdkifiH rif'gemtdk&Sd Oya'pdk;rdk;r_ tm;enf;vGef;aom +rdKjzpfonf? usaemfwdk @u vltcGifhta&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;wufuGolrsm;ESifh pme,fZif;orm;rsm;udk tav;jyKcJh=uonf? xdktxJwGif a*smhESifh rm&Dq,fAD*dkwdk@vnf; ygonf? olwdk@rSm ZGefvu

aoewfESifh ypfowfcH&.? ae@cif; a=umifawmif}uD;Y armfawmf qdkifu,fpD; vlowform;rsm;u olwdk@ESpfOD;udk ypfowfoGm;jcif; jzpf.? olwdk@wGif uav;5 a,muf usef&SdcJhavonf? ,ae@tcsdefxd xdkvlowform;rsm;udk zrf;qD;Edkifjcif; r&Sday? olwdk@onfvGwfajrmufaeqJ jzpf.? xdkowif;udk a&;aoma'oqdkif&m owif;axmufrsm;udkvnf; xdkvlqdk;

rsm;u +cdrf;ajcmufxm;.? ppfqefrSm ol @. rdwfaqGwa,muf vuf0Jt,ltq&Sdol wa,mufESifhtwl owday;cHxm;&onf? olonf pme,fZif;orm;wa,mufvnf; jzpfI vlowform;rsm;u ol@udk owfrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufpmrsm; a&;ydk@xm;.? "usr towc&v#i usefwJhoawGu quvkyp&m &SwmawGuk vky=uygvrhr,f"[k usaemfhudk ajymjyavonf?

usaemfESif h pum;ajymcJhaom ppfqefrSm ,ckxd touf&Sif aeygao;onf? odk@aomfzdvpfydkifrS owif;axmufrsm;/ vuf0Jorm;rsm;/ a&Saersm;/ tvkyform; acgif;aqmifrsm;/bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&; vkyfom;rsm;udk owfjzwfaejcif;onf,ckwdkif qufvuf jzpfyGm;ae+yD; zm'Deefrm;udk@pf. tarSmifqHk; ae@&ufrsm;tm; a'gojzifh jyefvnf trSwf&apayonf? orRw *vdk&D,mrmum yg*,fvftmdk,dk tm%m&+yD; 2001 ckESpfupI ,ae@txd vlaygif; 800 eD;yg; towfcHcJh&onf[k um&myufwef&S d vltcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;ol tkyfpk. owif;ay;ydk@csufrsm;t& od&Sd&onf? EdkifiHwum vltcGifhta&; tzGJ (AI)}uD;. rSwfwrf;t& qdkv#if ,ckESpf yxr ajcmufvtwGif; vl 51 a,muf towfcH&aomtr_rsm;udk awG&Sdonf? xdktr_rsm;rSm "EdkifiHa&; vlowfr_rsm;" jzpfonf[k qdkonf? 2005ckESpf/ wESpfvHk; vl 66 a,muf towfcH&onfh ta&twGufESif h Ed_if;,SOf=unfhEdkifonf?

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28/96

24orRw tm*dk,dkxH pma&;awmif;qdkonf? txl;ojzifh tvkyform;or*~ tzGJ0ifrsm;. vHkjcHKa&;ESifhtouf tEW&m,fudk tumtuG,fay;&ef jzpfonf?

zdvpfydkifwGif towfcH&aom om;aumif

trsm;pkrSm vuf0Jorm;rsm; jzpfayonf? txufwef; tpdk;& t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;ESif h ppfwyf t&m&Sdrsm;uxdkvuf0Jorm; v_yf&Sm;wufuGolrsm;udk"EdkifiHawmf. &efolrsm;" tjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf olwdk @onf rw&m;oif; a=unmxm;aom "jynfol wyfrawmfopf" (NPC) ESifhtquftoG,f &Sdaejcif;a=umifh jzpfonf? xdkNPCtzGJonf reDvm tpdk;&udk vufeufudkif olykef xaecJhonfrSm q,fpkESpf av;pkeD;yg; &SdcJhonf?xdkodk@ "teD wHqdyfxm;jcif;"Red labeling rSm zdvpfydkif ppfwyfESifh wjcm; vHkjcHKa&;tzGJrsm;. enf;AsL[mt& tcsufjyjcif;om jzpfonf[k vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh tzGJ}uD;u ajymonf? xdkod k@ wHqdyfwyfjcif;onf Ed kifiHa&; owfjzwfr_rsm;udk tjrifaumif;atmif ta=umif;jycsufom jzpfonf[k zdvpfydkifvlrsKd; trsm;pku ,Hk=unf=uavonf?

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olwkd @. 0g'jzef@csufrsm;om jzpf+yD; zdvpfydkif jynfolrsm;udk trSefwu,f owfjzwfaeolrsm;rSmNPA om jzpfonf/ 1980 ckESpfrsm;rS ,ck txd tufpfygGef. ppfom;rsm;ESifh jynfol&maygif;rsm;pGmudk owfjzwfcJhonf[k wHk@jyef pGyfpGJcJhavonf? odk @aomf =o*kwfvu towfcH&aomrufo'pfbkef;awmf}uD; tdkifqm;tpfpf qefwm*d kqm tr_qdkv#if v#Kd0Suf vlowfwyfzGJ vufcsufa=umifhjzpf+yD; xdktzGJaemufuG,fwGif zdvpfydkifppfwyf axmufvSrf;a&; &Sdonf[k vlrsm;uajymaeonf? vGefcJhaomESpfu ol towfrcH&ciftcsdefwGif vuf0Jvdkvm;ol tuf'DqifvmywfZfu ol@udk apmifh=unfhaeonf[k ol@rdwfaqGrsm;udk ajymcJhzl;onf? owif;pmq&m a*smhAD*dk

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zdvpfydkif. owif;pmorm;rsm; towfcHae&aomowif;rSm EdkifiHwumwGif emrnfqdk; xGufaeaoma=umifh orRw tmdk,dku tzGJ0if ajcmufOD;yg0ifaom r,fvdkaumfr&SifudkzGJpnf;I pHk;prf;ppfaq;aponf? xdkaumfr&Sifudk t+idrf;pm; w&m;Hk;csKyf w&m;ol}uD;wOD;uOD;aqmifcJhonf? vGwfvyfpGm pHkprf;ppfaq;cGifh&Sdonf? wcsKd rdom;pkrsm;rSm touftEW&m,fpdk;&drf=uojzifh jrifawGod&Sdr#ud k w&m;kH;wGif oufaoxGuf&Jjcif;r&Sd? ar;jref;or#udk rajzqdk&J=uay? aumfr&SifxGufcsufrsm;udk rayguf=um;atmif xdef;odrf;xm;zdk@ wm0ef,lonf? orRwtmdk,dkrSm xdkodk @ vltcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_ vkyf&yfrsm;a=umifh vlwd k@. ,Hk=unfr_ usqif;aeum a&yef;rpm;awmhay? ol@rdom;pk. t*wdvdkufpm;r_rsm;a=umifh ol@udk ,Hk=unfr_ygusqif;vmonf?

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29/96

25rpPtm kd,dkonf xdkvkyf=uHowfjzwfr_rsm;ud k qef@usif_wfcsonf? xdkowfjzwfr_

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30/96

26

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31/96

27

rowygb;? bmvk@ow&rSmv? ig ri;udrke;k rkef;wmyJ/owcsiwmr r[kwfwm?rke;wdi; ow&atmifig'avmufrki;ao;ygb;uGm?

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'ga=umihfvnf; rif;ukd zrf;zdk@ }udK;pm;cJhwmaygh?rowfygbl;? bmvdk@ owf&rSmvJ?

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ig kwfw&uf xxdkifvdkufw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm ig[m toufawmif jyif;jyif;rSLrdbl;? ihg toufSLoHa=umihf rif;&J awmifyHcwfoHukd r=um;rdrSmpdk;vdk@?tif;av/ ig l;aewmvnf; jzpfcsif jzpfrSmaygh? rif;udk zrf;zdk@twGuf rif;toHukd em;

pGihfae&w,f? &,fp&mawmh taumif;om;uGm? ih gu tJ'DtcsdefrSm em;Gufawmif rcwf&Jbl;qdkovdk +idrfukwfaerdw,f?

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uGufacsmif;aewJh a=umifwaumifeJ@ wlaervm;bJ?igu ykdv#ifjrefzswfvwf oGufvuf&wmaygh? uGufajy;E_ef;xuf rif;wdk@ ysHoef;E_ef;u

jrefw,fav? rif;wdk@ukd jrif&zdk @u ydkcJ,Of;w,fav? 'ga=umih f ig wjcm;toHukd r=um;csifwmaygh?

wjcm;toHawG[m rif;wdk@&J awmifyHcwfoHtay: pkpnf;xm;wJh igh&J pdwftm;ukdavsmhyg;apw,f?


32/96

28rif;wdk@aumifawGuvnf; vsiforS odyfvsifyJ? ig ckvdk rif;wdk@udk zrf;zdk @ toihfjzpfae

w,fqdk&if rif;wd k@ ig rjrifEdkifr,hf ae&mrSm oGm;ae=u+yD? awmifyHoHvnf; wdwf? jcif&dyfvnf;aysmuf/ ig pdwfaemuf vlarm jzpfvma&m?

ig tdyf&may: wifyvifacG xdkifcsvdkufw,f? [kwfw,f? ig armvmvdk@?

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vGJw,fuGm? t}uD;tus,f vGJw,f? b,fvdkrSukd rrd? vlvnf; armvma&m?rif;wdk@ysH&m vdkuf&if; tdyf&may:rSm igvnf; paum0dkif; wuGufausmfausmf &a&myJ/ acgif;vnf;rl;vma&m? ighpdwfvnf; wdk0ifoGm;a&m?

[if;? ig rkef;wD;pGmyJ oufjyif;wcsuf r_wfxkwfw,f?ig rif;wkd@udk zrf;aewm tcsdefawmfawmf ukefoGm;+yDav?ig pmtkyfukd jyefaumuf ukdifvdkufw,f? 'Dwcgawmh xdkifv#ufyJ zwfawmhr,fav?

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'Dwcgawmh ig rm,maxmifacsmuf vkyf&rSmaygh? pmtkyfukd zwfxm;+yD; ig pef@pef@&yf&yf vSJtdyfvdkufw,f? aemuf jcifaxmifp acgif;&if;bufu jcifaxmifpukd vufaemufjyefukdifxm;vdkufw,f? toufukd r#if;r#if;SLae&w,f? ig tdyfaysmfaew,fayghav? +idrf+idrfav;tdyfaevdkufw,f?


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29odyft=um}uD;awmh rapmihf&ygbl;? rif;wdk@aumifawG ighem;em; a&mufvmawmhwm

yJ? uJ jcifaxmifpukd r+yD; rif;wdk@ukd jcifaxmifjyifa&mufatmif vkyfvdkufw,f? igh pdwfxJrSmxGufoGm;+yDvd k@ xifvdkufwmyJ? 'geJ @ ig acgif;bufydkif;ukd jcifaxmifxJuk d jyefoGif;vdkufw,f?cyfjznf;jznf;aygh? t&rf;vkyfvkd@uawmh ig rdkufwmyJaygh? rif;wkd@ ydk0ifvmr,fav?

ig c% em;vdkufw,f/ a[m rif;wdk@ &Sdao;wmyJ/ rcufvm;uGm?uJ ig jyefx xdkifvdkufw,f? 'Dwcgawmh rif;wdk@aumifawGudk zrf;rrdrcsif; igrtdyfawmhbl;vkd @ qkH;jzwfvdkufw,f? [kwfw,fav/ ig rif;wdk@&J awmifyHoHukdrS r=um;csifbJukd;?

aemufwcg ig xyf}udK;pm;vdkufw,f? [m;[m; b,f&rvJ? ih g vufoD;qkyf zGzG=um;rSmrif;wdk@xJu taumifwaumif a&mufae+yD? ihgnmvufoD;qkyfukd em;em;uyf em;axmifvdkufw,f? rif;&J awmifyHoH[m cgwdkif;xuf ykdus,favmifvmovdkyJ? [kwfygw,f? aocsmygw,f?rif;&JawmifyHawG us,fvmw,f? a=umufvef@w=um;eJ @ rif; av#mufysHaew,fav? ih g vuf

=um;xJrSm rif; url;SL;xkd; av#mufysHae+yDaygh? ig odaeygw,fuGm?[m; [m; igh em;em;rSm vufoD;qkyfudk v_yf&rf;vdkufw,f? a[mrif;&J awmifyH

awG ydkus,favmifvm+yDav? 'Dwcgawmh rif;&JawmifyHoHudk =um;&wm ig oabmusovdkyJ?

[kwfw,f? ig oabmusw,f?'gayrJh ighvufoD;qkyfukd jcifaxmifjyif xkwfvdkufw,f? aemuf ighvufoD;qkyfuk d ajz

vdkufw,f? a[m rif;ysHoGm;+yD? ysHoGm;vdkufwmrS tarmwaum tvsiftjref? rif;&J awmifyHcwfoHawG ydkus,fvmjyefw,f? ihgjcifaxmifxJ vmr_yfawmhvdk @vm;awmh rodbl;? ckwcgrif;&J awmifyHoHukd ig odyfrrkef;awmhbl;? [kwfw,f? odyfrrkef;awmhbl;?

1986/ ZGef / obifr*~Zi;rS/ pmayp dppfa&;u tr_u jcif;xJo @ y @cJhonh pmrl?

- -


34/96

30 ajr(u)

ajrudk vGrf;aom wrf;wpdwfonf ajrESih fa0;&m a&urBm/ avurBmodk @ a&mufavwdkif; ay:vmwwfavonf? oabFmay:rSm/ avSxJrSm/ av,mOfysHay:rSm ay:rSm vdkufyg c&D;ESif&if;rS0rf;enf;tm;i,fpdwfonf &ifYcdkavonf? rvSrf;rurf; odk@r[kwf uGmuGmvSrf;vSrf; ae&mrSajrjyifodk@ai;&if; ajr}uD;ESihf a0;&jcif;ukd rvkHjcHKovdkvdk ao;i,foGm;vdkvd k cHpm;&jcif;rSmvnf;t}udrf}udrf?

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35/96

31ajruGufrav; =uif&m&SmonhfykHjyifrS ZGJcwfum oihf&m =uif&mavmif;uk d a&jcm;

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36/96

32ukd oiftHrSwfrd+yD; aemufwGifrl vGwfvyfaom jrefrmhajray:u rdrdonf vGwfvyfaom jrefrmajrykHudk vufvGwfpy,f cyfvG,fvG,f rqGJ&Jawmhacs? e,fajrowfrSwfrsOf;ukd pm&Gufw&Gufay:rSm ykHwlul;&jcif;onf onfe,fajr owfrSwfrsOf; awmif}uD;wvufrrS ravsmhyg;&atmifapmihfa&Smuf&jcif;ESihf rEd_if;tyfaomfvnf; rdrduawmh ajryHkwykH qGJ&jcif;uk d wm0efwck xrf;

aqmif&jcif;ozG,f pJGJ+rJ,kH=unfaeqJ?

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ausmif;wkef;u oifdk;urBmukd jyifyrSm vufawG@}uHK}udKufvmygavawmhonf?ykHjyifxJu ajruGufrav;vd k vlrsKd;

udkawmh &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; wcgw&H =uHK&wwf+yD;/awG @&aom ajruGufrav;uvnf; rsKd;EG,f&if;ukd wwfEdkifoavmuf tusOf;csKH;vdkufolomjzpfaeavonf? pyspfoD;csOfaom ajracG;wdk@um; trsm;om;yif? odk@aomf ^m%form;ajracG;wdk@onf ykHjyifxJuvdk usm;tpm; rcH&I qufvufrsKd;yGm; &SifoefaevdkufonfrSmajracG; rsKd;EG,fpk}uD;wck yDyDoo ay:aygufaeonftxdyif?

xdk@xufwzef Aswf0dAswW nDaemifvd k tpGrf;tpa=umihfyif b0aysmufolawGawG@&jyefawmh ajrv#dK;rdk;ysHpdwfawG wppukefcef;vm&ayonf? odk@aomfvnf; a'0'wfvdkvlawGonf ajrrsKdrcH&av v_yf&Sm;&Sifoefae

wm awG@&avawmh ajr}uD; pdwfqdk; pdwfuGufv#if ajrivsif v_yfygonf qdkaom r,kHcJhonhfpum;ykHjyifukdyif vufawG@b0xJ qGJ,lum t&Sifvwfvwf ajrjrKyf o+*[fvdkolwdk@ukd uGif;

uGufI =uHKawG@apvdkvSonhf pdwfawGuvnf; tusihfwefpGm ay:vmjyefavonf?ajrZmjrufESihf ajruspfwDaumifawGuawmh jyifyurBmrSm twefi,f &Sm;avonf?odk@aomfvnf; u|JawGuawmh &Sm;vSonh f ajrZmjrufawGudkrS ckHrifqJ? onfajrZmjrufawGudkrSa&G;cs,f 'kuQay;+rJ/ ajruspfwD tcsKd@onfvnf; tcsKd@t0ufr#aom ajrr_efajraqG;ukd ajrZmjrHK@jyefctjzpf wef&mwefa=u; ,lpm;0g;rsKdwwfvmavonf?

yef;oZifvdk uyfyg;*k%farmufvdk @ aoG;em;xifa&mufum tajcmufwdkuf b0ifjrifhaeolrsKd;uawmh r&Sm;vS? yef;oZifurS ckduyfrSDwG,f&m yifjrifhwdk@ukd tvSyom' qifjcif;wnf;[laom 0eftm; xrf;ay;cJh=uao;aomfvnf; eef;xdkufoZifvdk arm[t+rdKufESihf avmbaZmwkduf&ufolwkd@url OyauQm yg&rDukd yDyDoo}uD; jznhfqnf;&if;jzih fom &Sifoef}uD;xGm; ae=uonfukd =uHKawG@&ayawmhonf?

ajru|ef&,fvdk @ r&Sdaomfvnf; ajr&Sifvdk vlpm;awGESifh olwkd@tusKd;aqmifum udk,hftusKd; csKd@&Smavonhf ajrtvkyform;awGuawmh rsm;jym; usef&pfcJhaeayao;onf?

ajrykHqGJr&awmhESihf ajray:rSm usifvnf&aomtcg ajra=um_H@ovdk b0 atmifjrifr_pnf;pdrfawGudk csufcsif;vufiif; eD;pyfatmif c&D;wm tcsdef_H@ypfolawG/ ajrwuGuf wae&m


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38/96

34 yk*vrf;csi;yk*Hukd vGrf;w,f?

yk*Hukd i,fi,fb0u a&mufcJhzl;ayr,hf ylwm/ aysmfwmavmuftjyif bmrS

txifu& rrSwfrdvSbl;? 'gayrJh txufwef;ausmif;olb0rSm yk*H[m usr&J twGif;pdwfwae&mudk odrf;ydkufcJhawmhw,f? yif&if;pum;ajy vufa&G;pifukd oif&wJhtcg OpPmr&Sdaomfvnf;ynm&Sdol/ w&m;r#w oDv&Sdol/ a&mifh&Jwif;wdrfr_ &SdolawG[m r&SdI &SdolawG jzpf+yD; OpPm&Sdaomfvnf; ynmrJhol/ }uD;Edkifi,fnOf; oDvrJhol/ avmb}uD;olawG[m &SdIr&SdolawG jzpfw,fvdk@ &Sdjcif;/ r&Sdjcif;ukd twkdcsKH; qkH;ray;EdkifwJh yk*Haps; udk pGJvef; pdwf0ifpm;cJh&awmhw,f?wcgxyf+yD;/apwDeJ@ wefaqmif; qnfacsmif;e @pyg;ES a&ayguU H jynfwa=umrSm aygcsifwi;aygwJjyif 0ajymwJ omoem &,f?iaxG;/ vkH ;vufz,/ anmifO;e,fua&z;/ a&$x;avmif; rif;usefppfw @&J OD;aqmifreJ@twl xrxifatmif jynfcifu d cspfc=u wJh? ,mvuf;i jyif/ ESv;rm jzLpif=u,feJ@ vwius,f y*om;awG &,f?

tm;vkH;tm;vkH;[m aemufqkH;awmhajyyk*H aem f&xmzke f;ijyif/ jynfv;nnmawmh/TurBmrm jynfjrefrm&,v@0if;cJwJh a&S;acwfjynf}uD;jzpfcJhw,fqdkwma=umihfvnf; usr[myk*Hukd ykdvdk@ydkvdk@ pdwf0ifpm;cJh&yg+yD?

tcGihfomwJhwae@ yk*Hukd ta&mufoGm;r,fqdkwJh qkH;jzwfcsuf cscJhrdyg+yD?

19861986 rSmawmh usr&J @ pmrsufESmawG/ tdyfrufawGeJ@ kyf&SifawGxJu yk*Hukd wu,fyJ a&mufcJh

jzpfygawmhw,f?a*gwrAk'< tpf(p) e,l;Ak'


39/96

35ESpfv&moD wESpfcH ,Gef;xnfawGukdom a&mif;ay;csifwJh r&DrGefwdk @/ acsmaxG;wdk @ nDtpfrawG&J@apwemudk rSwfwrf;wifjzpfcJhw,f? (wrmeJ @ aumufnif; b,foif;u ap;ygvdrhf/ obif/1987)

qDqkHpuf0ef;xJu EGm;&J tbdk;ukd=unhf+yD; ynmwwf jzpfcsifpdwf }uD;&SmwJh

atmif!Gefav;&J tjzLtpdrf; ausmif;0wfpkHuvGJ+yD; wihfwihfw,fw,f 0wfp&mr&Sdwmrd k@ tjzLtpdrf; oHo&mvnfae&wmawGukd &ifarmpGm pmemrdcJh&w,f? (jzLwjcrf; pdrf;w0ufpuf0ef;/yef/ 1988)

wcg yk*H+rdK@v,f&J @ t*Fvdyfpmom;qdkif;bkwfawG/ EdkifiHjcm; ypPnf;a[mif; ta&mif;qdkifawG yefum/ vuf&ef;/ ukvm;xdkifawG&J @ cif;usif;wJh kyfao;jycef;/ =uufwla&G;ac:wJha':vmta&mif;t0,f/ a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;wk/ppf ta&mif;t0,f/ ajcwaygifusKd; bmomjcm;pum;ajymoHawG/ tJ'gawGukd jrif&wJhtcgrSmawmh aemifvmaemufom; ol}uD;eJ @ trsm;aumif;r_a=umifh a&S;u vuf&mawG zkH;uG,faysmufqkH;cJh&wJh eH&Haq;a&; yef;csDawGta=umif;odcJh&+yD;wJh usr[m 86 yk*H/ 20 &mpkyk*Huk d t*Faw&HwJhyk*H qdkwJh aumufcsufyJ csjzpfcJhygw,f? (14) &mpkukd jyefvnf rawmihfwrdbl;vdk@vnf; rmefwif;jycJhygw,f? (20) &mpk yk*H&J@kyfb0[m tcsdefumv&J @ jyKjyifr_ oabma=umifhyJ&,fvdk @ ajzodrfhr,fqdk+yD;vnf; "rRmef csjycJhygw,f? (t*Faw&HwJh yk*H/ ayzl;v$m/ 1988)

pma&;wJh usr[m (86) yk*Htay:rSm auseyfwefoa&G auseyfcJhwmawmh trSefygyJ?

19871987 yk*Hukd tcsdefeJ @tr# vGrf;wwfwJh usr[m 87 rSmvnf; ta&mufoGm;cJhawmhwmygyJ?'gayrJh c%&,fom?

yk*Hu uav;awGeJ @ rawG@cifrSm usrawG@&wJhuav;awGuawmh jrif;rleJ @ yckuULuwD&Syfta[mif;&oGm;wJh/ em&Dtaygpm;wvkH;/ OD;xkyfwvkH;eJ @/ apmifwxnfukd aps;wnhfoGm;wJhuav;awG/ apmifonfrav;awG?

kyfykdif;qdkif&m aysmhnHhcsufawG/ pdwfykdif;qdkif&m aysmhnHhcsufawGuwqihf wDxGifpGef@pm;r_ c|wf,Gif;r_awG/ tm;i,fvG,f/ txif}uD;vG,f/ ,kH=unfvG,fr_awG/ wif;wdrfa&mifh&Jr_

av;rsm;rSonf wif;wddrfa&mihf&Jr_}uD;rsm;/ if;.aemuffqufwGJ &yfwef@jcif;/ qkwfepfjcif;/ rxGef;um;jcif; qdkwmawGtwGuf tpOftqufawG;+yD; olwdk@&J kyfykdif;/ ynm/ pdwfykdif;/ oHo&mcsKdiJhr_tay: usr[m ,lusKH;r&0rf;enf;cJh&w,f? olwkd@&J[Jvdk vdk @ E_wfcGef;qufoHtay:rSm&ifem pmemcJh&w,f? (ar#mfvifhcsuf E_wfcGef;quf/ yef/ 1988)

'DvdkeJ @ yk*Hudk a&mufwJhtcgrSmawmh ta0;uae 'DESpfqdk rdrduH ESpfwef;a&mufae+yDqdkwJh tawG;eJ @ ol@tjyHK;ukd jrifa,mifaecJhwJh usr[m ol@ukd teD;uyf awG@&rSyJ ausmif;eJ@a0;ae&+yDjzpfwJh a&$}udKb0rSmwif wnf+idrfae&+yD jzpfwJ hta=umif; pdwfraumif;pGm odcJh&w,f?

usr bmwwfEdkifcJhovJ? uav;awG vdrfvdrfrmrmaeaemf ausmif;rvdkuf&vnf; ukd,hfbmom qufzwfaeaemf vdk@ ajzodrfhkHtjyif usr bmwwfEdkifcJhovJ? armcJh&wmyJ &Sdw,f?jrif;uyg rSmawmh usr ydkarm&w,f? jrif&uf/ _&ufp&m r&Sdygvm;? arsmawG/

arsmawG/ ajrykHawG/ ajrusif;awG/ &$HEGHawG/ a&tdkkifawG/? b,frSm a&$Z0g/ b,frSm tcdkifxnf/b,frSmvJ wap;/ zspfcwfwJ h zJxD;oHacsmif;awG arsmqifzdk @ oHrlvD jzpfukefyvm;? tjzLxnf,ufzdk @ 0g;awG arsmcHzdk @ uwfpdyfjzpfoGm;yvm;? teufxnfawmh teufxnf? 'gayrJh vifyef;r[kwf/ uGrf;tpfr[kwf/ usifcGufjzpfae+yD? [oFmjy'g;awGeJ @ eD&JawmufywJh q,hfESpfv&moD


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36cs,f yef;csDum;awG zefwD;wJh vufawG[m jy'g;&Sifudkif+yD; yJ}uD;a&wGef @atmif a&$r_efawGukdzrf;ae=u+yD? usr bmwwfEdkifcJhovJ? taroifau|;wJ h xrif;yGJ/ a':trmpdef/ r&DrGef/ rvS&Dwdk@au|;wJh tcsKdyGJawG pm;cJh+yD; pyfpkpmempum;awG vmcJhOD;r,fqdkwJh uwdawG qdkcJhkHtjyif usrbmwwfEdkifcJhovJ? arwWma&$ajr(_r0/ 1988)a&;cJhwmyJ &Sdw,f? jrif;uyg&J apwemukd

todtrSwf jyKcJhwmyJ&Sdw,f? jrif;uygu b0awGtwGuf ajzodrfhcJh&wmrsKd;vm;?tajctae ta=umif;a=umif;a=umihf rawG@jzpfawmhwJh usr&J rdwfaqG ZmwfaumifawGeJ@ ywfouf+yD;awmhaum usr bmwwfEdkifrSmwJhvJ? usr odaeEdkkifwmyJ? &DvGif[m tvkyfopfukd a=umufwJhb0rSm tvkyfopfawG&Sm&if;eJ@ a[mif;EGrf;tm;avsmh aerSmyJjzpfw,f? rmcsKdvnf; ol@tkwfuGyfawG avpdk+yD; tuf&mrygatmif }udK;pm;&if; olwdk@rdom;pk pD;yGm;a&;/ynma&; tuf&mawGeJ @ eyef;vkH;aevdrhfr,f? r&DrGefwdk @/ acsmaxG;wdk@wawGvnf; aumufnif;/puULawGokH;+yD; wESpfcH ,Gef;uk d pdwfrygpGm zefwD;ae=urSmyJ jzpfw,f? 'grSr[kwf a&$usiforvkyfae=urSmyJ jzpfw,f? atmif!Gef@ wa,mufuawmh ol@&J jzLwjcrf;/ pdrf;w0uf puf0ef;xJuae tem;&cdkufrSm qDqkHpuf0ef;xJrSmyJ tom;usaevdrhfr,f? 'gygyJ? usr awG;vdk@&EdkifwmyJ?

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1988wlr}uD;a& OD;av;wdk @ jrif;uygrSm ,Gef;awG jyefvkyfae=uyg+yD? {nhfonfawGvnf; vmukef=u+yD? tqifajypjyKyg+yD wJh (1988) Zefe0g&D 'Dpmukd usr zwf&w,f? ,Gef; ? jrif;uygeJ@

,Gef; jyefvnfvufwGJae=u+yDwJh? usr aysmfoGm;w,f? pmukd udkifxm;wJhvufawG wqwfqwfwkef&DvmwJhtxd usr aysmfw,f? usr yk*Hudk jyefoGm;csifvdkufwm? yk*HrSm ,Gef;awG jyefvkyfae+yD? yk*H&J a&$a&mifawG jyefvnfawmufyae=u+yD? usr a&;jyvdkufcsifwm? yk*H&J ta&;rSefor#ukd usr&Jta&;eJ @ jrefrmawGodatmif jycsifvdkufwm? yk*Hay:rSm rsufjcnfrjywf =unhf+yD;yk*H&J wm0efudk usr auscsifvdkufwm?

'gayrJh usr yk*Hvnf; roGm;EdkifcJhbl;? pmvnf; ra&;EdkifcJhbl;? usr[m vGwfvyfr_qkH;_H;aeolwOD;yJ? ausmif;awG rydwfao;bl;? aq;k H rydwfao;bl;? usr rvGwfvyfao;bl;?

usr pdwfav#mh+yD;awmh yk*Hu vmr,fhpmawGudk ar#mfaerdw,f? 'gayrJh usr xifovdk jzpfrvmjyefbl;?

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usr[m rvGwfvyfao;bl;? usrwdk @ rvGwfvyfao;bl;? usr vGwfvyfcsifw,f?usrwdk@ vGwfvyfcsifw,f?=o*kwf/ usr yk*Hukd arhaerdw,f? yk*Hu b0awGukd vSrf;ar#mf+yD; odcsifwwfwJh

usr[m &efukefu tvm;wl b0rsm;pGm&J=um;rSm onhfxufqdk;0g;cg;oD;wJh tawG@t=uHKawG=um;rSm? 24 em&DrSm 24 em&D Edk;=um;cHpm;&if; usr yk*Hukd arhaew,f? 0wKa&;zdk@ arhaew,f?

pufwifbm/ usr yk*Hukd vkH;vkH;owdr&awmhbl;? usr owd&wmu yk*H r[kwfawmhbl;? yk*Hu uav;awGukd usr rpdk;&drfawmhbl;? jrefrmwEdkifiHvk H;u uav;awGukd usr pdk;&drf


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37w,f? usr vGwfvyfcsifovdk uav;awG vGwfvyfcsif=ur,f? usr yk*Hukd oGm;owd&jyefw,f? usr jrefrmwEdkifiHvkH;udk owd&jyefw,f? usr (86) yk*Hukd vGrf;w,f? (11) &mpk yk*HukdvGrf;w,f? 'gayrJh usr yk*Hukd arhcJh&w,f?

atmufwdkbm/ usr[m usrwk d@ vGwfvyfzdk@twGuf usr&J @ vGwfvyfr_wcsKd@ukd

paw;aerdw,f? usrwa,mufwnf; (11) &mpk yk*Hukd vGrf;wmr[kwfbl;? usrvdkyJ vGrf;wwfolawG usrab;rSm rsm;vmw,f? usrwdk@ vGrf;kH vGrf;ae=uwmawmh r[kwfbl;?'gayrJh yk*Hudkawmh (88) rSm vGrf;kHtjyif bmrSwwfEdkifr,f r[kwfbl;vdk @ usr xifcJh

rdw,f?'gayrJh(88) Edk0ifbm/ vGrf;kH rvGrf;wwfwJh usrwdk@wawG yk*Hukd v#yfwjyuf a&mufcJh&+yD

Stories Were Censored by Press Scrutiny Board in Burma Release Version

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