PAKISTAN’S WATER SECTOR ARCHITECTURE

17.2 M Hectares

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100

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400

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800

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

Punjab Sindh KhyberPakhtunkhwa

Balochistan

Spur

s (n

umbe

r)

Leve

es (

km)

Levees Spurs

LENGTH OF LEVEES AND NUMBER OF SPURS BY PROVINCE IN PAKISTAN

CHALLENGES

Source: Ali, 2013

Sedimentation

Breaches upstream of barrages

Increased frequency of floods

Outdated flood infrastructure

HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL DATA

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35

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0

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1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Ave

rage

leng

th o

f re

cord

(ye

ars)

Cum

ulat

ive

no. o

f st

atio

ns

Cumulative number of stationsAverage length of record Source: WAPDA Unpublished Data.

FEDERALLY OPERATED REGULAR FLOW GAUGING STATIONS IN THE UPPER INDUS BASIN AND AVERAGE PERIOD OF RECORD

Rudimentary and non-standardized infrastructure for managing data

Lack of accurate data monitoring

Limited active hydrological monitoring outside the Indus Basin

Limited operational monitoring of groundwater

Uncertainty in hydrological monitoring andlack of trust among the provincialgovernments in flow measurements

Lack of integration with non-structrual flood management measures

54321

INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM (IBIS)

Sedimentation has decreased capacity by 1 % per year to:

Tarbela 12

7.3

0.87

Mangla

Chashma 15 BCMOriginal combined live storage capacity was: 19.4 BCMLIVE STORAGE CAPACITY OF MAJOR DAMS (BCM)

Reservoirs are vital for hydropower generation. Hydropower accounts for:

of national electricitygeneration.35%

Tarbela 3.5 GW

1.5 GW

1.0 GW

Ghazi Barotha

Mangla

HYDROPOWER GENERATION (GW)

IBIS serves

Regulated through

ADDITIONAL STORAGE WILL:

ADDITIONAL STORAGE WILLNOT:

Improve reliability of rabi supplyManage the increasing variability in flowProvide sediment trap for Tarbela DamGenerate valuable hydro-power

Improve water productivityFix wastageFully mitigate climate change impacts Remove the long-term challenge of sediment

STORAGE AND HYDROPOWER

FLOOD PROTECTIONCHALLENGES

44 1202021603Canal

CommandsInter-riverLink Canals

Headworks

SiphonsBarragesMajor reservoirs

The level of storage required in a water supply system depends on the variability of inflows, the temporal pattern of demand, and the economically acceptable level of variation in meeting these demands. Reservoir storage capacity alone does not address Pakistan’s lack of water security.

(*Gigawatt)

INFRASTRUCTURE

INADEQUATE SEWERAGE OR WASTEWATER TREATMENT CAPACITY OF PAKISTAN’S MAJOR CITIES

Quetta PeshawarKarachi

Lahore100 km of sewers cover a small fraction of the city

1 dysfunctionalwastewater treatment plant

None of the 3 wastewatertreatment plants are functional

14 major sewerage drains

2.4 M m3 untreatedsewerage goes into the Ravi River daily

0 wastewater treatment plants

1.8 M m3 sewerage generated daily

2 out of 3 wastewater treatment plants are functional

1.6 M m3 untreateddischarge goes into Arabian Sea daily

Water supply and sanitation infrastructureis weak across provinces.

Inadequate wastewater treatment infrastructure

Inadequate public supply infrastructure

Low piped network coverage for sewerage and supply

Aging pipe networks

Dysfunctional pumping stations

RECOMMENDED INVESTMENTS IN PRIORITY ACTION AREAS, COMMITMENTS,AND EXPENDITURES BY PAKISTAN’S WATER SECTOR TASK FORCE, 2013–17 (US$ MILLIONS)

FEDERAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT WATER SECTOR FUNDING ALLOCATIONS AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL FEDERAL BUDGET (2010-17) (PKR BILLIONS)

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20

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60

80

100

120

2010

2011

2012

*20

1320

1420

1520

1620

17

Share of federal budget (%) Federal allocations

Provincial allocations Source: Report by Friends of Democratic Pakistan (FoDP), 2012

Major infrastructure and associated institutions

Raising agricultural productivity

Living better with floods

Recommended Investment

Actual Commitment

Actual Expenditure

Sustainable urban services

Knowledge management

26,55612,650

4,4111,920

1,406338

2,229

114

1,120

3,134

16461

1,047

1,198

269

FINANCING

This series of infographics is developed by LEAD Pakistan based on World Bank Group’s report Pakistan: Getting More from Water (Young et al. 2019).

WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

Institutional responsibilities for water resource management are poorly delineated between national and provincial levels.

Inadequate availability of water related data.

Extend trans-boundary water management arrangements beyond the Indus Basin.

National and provincial legal frameworks need strengthening.

Provincial policy frameworks are partial, fragmented or non-existent.

Policy frameworks for urban water services are unclear and not aligned with relevant legislation.

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WATER GOVERNANCE