Stonitsch & Orr

Information that you have highlighted when reading your sources

You then take this highlighted material on either directly quote it, paraphrase it, or summarize it on your note card

Remember: Only one piece of information or fact per note card

Information you did not know about your topic that you get from another author

It's like lip-synching to someone else's voice and accepting the applause and rewards for yourself.

IF YOU PLAGIARIZE, YOU WILL FAIL!!! …any time you take a writer’s words and use them as your own, you are plagiarizing

Even when you are summarizing or paraphrasing in your words, they were not your words originally; so you must cite at the end of the paraphrase or summary

Summarize

Paraphrase

Quote

Include your own thoughts about what the writer has to say

ALWAYS GIVE THE CREDIT TO THE REAL AUTHOR!

•for support

•to preserve vivid or technical language

•to comment on a quotation

•to distance yourself from a quotation

•paraphrase might alter the statement’s meaning

•you can’t think of any way to say it that works as well as the original

•if you paraphrase it might be difficult to tell it isn’t your view

Remember the Quotation Rules:Quotation is your last choice.

Don’t use a quote unless you can’t say it in your own words.

Quote infrequently—once a page would be plenty in a student paper.

Never end a paragraph with a quote. Never expect the quote to make your point for you.

Always wrap-up in your own words

Never use long quotes (2-3 sentences would be maximum length for a student paper)

You must always explain how a quote supports your

Point or thesis = This means that you never drop a quote in your paper without setting it

up or introducing it; then after you include it, you must explain it / tie it to your point in

your own words but in 3rd person.

Use quotation marks “ “ to show EXACTLY what the author wassaying (Do NOT use more than 4 lines) or you will have to follow andextended quote format in your text of your paper.

o Include Author’s Last Name and Page Number on which you found the information, directly after the quote in a citation—If no page number, just author’s last name.

If there isn’t an author, then you put the article title in “” inside the citation

For example, Rhythmic writers shouted “poetry rocks!” (Hughes 2).

ParaphrasingWhen do you use paraphrase in your essay rather than

quotation?

Most of the time your source is not authoritative or interesting enough to quote and you should paraphrase the ideas instead. Paraphrasing makes it easier to incorporate the ideas of another writer into your paper.

Use paraphrase to give your readers an accurate and comprehensive account of ideas in your source—ideas you will explain, interpret or disagree with in your essay.

Paraphrasing can help you understand difficult passages which can help you prepare for writing.

 Describe a good paraphrase. Is accurate: should accurately represent the author’s ideas Is complete: should tell the whole idea of author In your own voice: don’t just substitute synonyms for key

words and leave the rest unchanged. Your words and voice should convey the information.

Should make sense by itself: like a summary, you should be able to read a paraphrase and feel it is done in sentences which flow together naturally.

What is the difference between a paraphrase & a summary? Records a short passage

Covers every point in the passage

Records ideas in the same order as the original passage (not same wording)

Does not interpret—You would do that or explain after your paraphrase and citation

Is a bit shorter than the original but longer than a summary

Records a passage of any length

Condenses and includes only main ideas

Changes the order of ideas when necessary to make the summary more clear

Might explain or interpret within the summary

Much shorter than the original

"I had to explain to him that I was deaf. I said, 'Wait; I can't hear; please talk slowly.' He looked at me and said, 'What?' I told him again I was deaf, and he said, 'Oh.' He pointed to a door and told me to go through that door. I followed his instructions. I opened the door and walked through it, closing the door behind me. I found that I was in the hallway near the elevator where I had just come up. I was shocked! He had rejected me without any explanation. I got into the elevator, and as it descended, I felt very letdown. I couldn't understand why he didn't give me a chance to explain that I could do the job well. It didn't require hearing!"

Source Citation:

Bragg, Bernard. “My First Summer Job.” A Handful of Stories, 19.

In A Handful of Stories, Bernard Bragg tells a story of trying to get a job. One time he told a potential employer he was deaf, and the man just pointed to the door. Mr. Bragg, not realizing the man was telling him to leave, opened the door and stepped out. Not until he went out the door did he realize he had been rejected because he was deaf (19).

In A Handful of Stories, the narrator tells a story about being rejected for a job because he couldn’t hear. He didn’t realize he was being turned down by this potential employer until after he left (Bragg 19).

Plagiarized or Paraphrased? Original Source Material: Developing complex skills in the classroom

involves the key ingredients identified in teaching pigeons to play ping-pong and to bowl. The key ingredients are (1) inducing a response, (2) reinforcing subtle improvements or refinements in the behavior, (3) providing for the transfer of stimulus control by gradually withdrawing the prompts or cues, and (4) scheduling reinforcements so that the ratio of reinforcements in responses gradually increases and natural reinforcers can maintain their behavior.

Gredler, Margaret. Learning and Instruction: Theory Into Practice (4th Ed). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001.

Plagiarized Version: Inducing a response, providing for the transfer of stimulus control by gradually withdrawing prompts or cues, reinforcing subtle improvements in the behavior, and scheduling reinforcements so that natural reinforcers can maintain their behavior are the key ingredients identified both in teaching pigeons to play ping-pong and in developing complex skills in the classroom.

Why Plagiarism? The student merely moved the author’s words around, inserting and deleting small portions as needed. The student has not used quotation marks for the portions that are still identical to the original, and has not credited the original author.

Correct Version: The same factors apply to developing complex skills in a classroom setting as to developing complex skills in any setting. A response must be induced, then reinforced as it gets closer to the desired behavior. Reinforcers have to be scheduled carefully, and cues have to be withdrawn gradually so that the new behaviors can be transferred and maintained (Gredler).

When would you use a paraphrase instead of a summary?

A paraphrase is necessary when you want your reader to completely understand another author’s text or when you are arguing against a specific point

a summary is used when you are referring only generally to the original or are using that piece as only one of several you are citing for a particular point.

As you find interesting facts about your topic, you will write them down.

Each idea should be quoted word for word, paraphrased, or summarized (in your own words), and written on a card.

In order to keep your ideas in order, and to remember where you found the ideas, there are four items that you should include on the index card

.

It is helpful to paraphrase or summarize most of your research on the index cards. If you are consistent in paraphrasing at this stage, then you will be certain not to accidentally plagiarize someone else's work. You will also have less work to do when you are actually writing the paper.

Topic is the kind of information on the card.

Think of it as the title, or main idea of the card. After writing down the information, figure out how you could briefly categorize, or title it.

For example, if you are writing a paper on the life and works of the poet, Langston Hughes, you may have cards with topics such as:Hughes' upbringing Hughes' influences Hughes' poetry Hughes' political beliefs Hughes' influence on America

These categories or your 3 points or background will become your Roman Numerals on your outline and you will organize your cards based on your 3 points or background

Organized by Card Topic

The source title is the name of the book, magazine, website, etc., in which you found the information.

In the previous example, the source was given a number, instead of writing out the entire title, author, etc.

Once you create a draft of your works cited page, you will print it out

Then to the left of each source, you will number your sources on this list and circle each number

Your numbers in the top right corner of each note card should match the circled number on your works cited draft to specify which source provided which fact.

Works Cited

①Berman, Morris. The Twilight of American Culture. New York: W.W. Norton,

2000. Cox, Ted, John Branson and Jack Jennings. “Once Daring, MTV Now a ②

Bland

Corporate Commodity.” Daily Herald [Arlington Heights, IL] 1 Aug. 2006

1. Infotrac Custom Newspapers. Web. 27 Aug. 2009.

③Gardner, Herbert. “Little Books, Big Success.” Publishers Weekly 30 Oct. 2008:

70-76. Print.

④Kafka, Franz. “The Metamorphosis.” 40 Short Stories: A Portable Anthology.

Third Edition. Ed. Beverly Lawn. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009:

118-161. Print (Kafka 161).

⑤"Sex Pistols Biography." Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Rock & Roll Hall of Fame

Museum, n.d.Web. 21 Apr. 2014. <http://rockhall.com/inductees/sex-

pistols/bio/>.

It is important to be accurate with the page numbers, if provided, on your note cards, as you will need them for citations throughout your research paper.

You will now begin working on drafting your Works Cited Page and creating your note cards. I have made a sample template for you to use.

You can do the following:

--Use my template--Hand write you cards--Type your information and then paste them onto note cards