Stone masonary

QUARRYING OF STONES

STONE MASONARY

STONE MASONARY CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS:-

1. RUBBLE MASONARY.2. ASHLAR MASONARY.

RUBBLE MASONARY :

1. RANDOM RUBBLE – (I) UNCOURSED, (II) BUILT TO COURSES.2. SQUARED RUBLE – (I) UNCOURSED, (II) BUILT TO COURSES, (III) REGULAR COURSED.3. POLYGONAL – (I) ROUGH PICKED, (II) CLOSE PICKED.4. FLINT WALLING.5. DRY RUBBLE.

ASHLAR MASONARY :

1. ASHLAR FINE TOOLED.2. ASHLAR ROUGH TOOLED.3. ASHLAR ROCK or QUARRY FACED.4. ASHLAR CHAMFERED.5. ASHLAR BLOCK IN COURSE.6. ASHLAR FACING.

RANDOM RUBBLE - UNCOURSED

RANDOM RUBBLE – BUILT TO COURSES

SQUARED RUBBLE – UNCOURSED

SQUARED RUBBLE – BUILT TO COURSES

SQUARED RUBBLE – REGULAR COURSED

SQUARED RUBBLE – BUILT TO COURSES

POLYGONAL

ROUGH PICKED CLOSE PICKED

POLYGONAL

FLINT RUBBLE MASONARY

DRY RUBBLE

ASHLAR – fine tooled

ASHLAR – rough tooled

ASHLAR – rock faced

ASHLAR – chamfered

ASHLAR – block in course

ASHLAR – facing masonary

ASHLAR – combination

DRESSING OF STONES

The surfaces of stones obtained from quarry are rough. The blocks are irregular in shape and non-uniform in size. Hence their dressing is essential.

The dressing is done mostly ay quarry for following reason:-1. Freshly quarried stones are soft due to moisture called quarry sap contained by them.2. The local workers are more experienced in the art of dressing of that particular type of stone.3. Transportation costs are reduced because of reduction in the weight due to dressing.

ROCK FACED

HAMMER DRESSED

-SURFACE IS KEPT AS SUCH. 80mm OR MORE PROJECTIONS ARE REMOVED BY LIGHT HAMMERING.- 25mm STRIP IS MADE ALL AROUND CALLED MARGINS

-STONES ARE DRESSED BY WALLER’S HAMMER.- BEDS AND JOINTS ARE SLIGHTLY REECESSED.

PUNCHED FINISHED

BOASTED OF DROVE FINISHED

-ROUGH DRESSING IN STONE DONE WITH THE HELP OF A PUNCH.

-DRESSING DONE WITH BOASTER AND HAMMER.-30-50mm WIDE BANDS PARALLEL THAT MAY BE HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL OR INCLINED AT 45.

SCABBLE FINISHED

FURROW FINISHED

-ORIGINALLY IT IS JUST A SMOOTHER FINISH AS COMPARED TO ROCK FACE.- AT TIMES FAIRLY SMOOTH SURFACES ARE SCABBLED TO ACHIEVE ROUGH TEXTURED SURFACES.

-AFTER BOASTING AND RUBBING 6-10mm WIDE FLUTES ARE GAUGED ON THE SURFACE.- AT TIME 20mm WIDE MARGINS ARE ALREADY MADE ALL AROUND.

VERMICULATED AND RETICULATED FINISH

-AFTER STONE FACE IS COMPLETELY SMOOTHED OUT HOLES ARE SUNK INTO SURFACE AT ABOUT 10mm.- THESE SUNKS ARE THEN WORKED TO EQUAL DEPTHS IN A WINDING RIDGES.- THE SURFACE LOOKS AS IF IT HAS BEEN EATEN AWAY BY WORMS.

- RETICULATED FINISH IS SIMILAR, ONLY WINDINGS ARE LESS TO GIVE MORE POLYGONAL APPEARANCE.

JOINTS IN STONE MASONARY

1. BUTT JOINT – MOST COMONLY USED JOINT IN STONE MASONARY. TWO DRESSED SIDES ARE PLACED ADJACENT TO EACH OTHER.

2. REBATED OR LAPPED JOINT - THESE JOINTS ARE PROVIDED TO PREVENT POSSIBLE MOVEMENTS IN STONES e.g., ARCHES, GABLES ETC.

3. TONGUE & GROOVE OR JOGGLED JOINT – THIS TYPE OF JOINT IS PROVIDE TO PREVENT SLIDING ALONG SIDE JOINTS.

THIS JOINT IS USED TO PREVENT MOVEMENT OF STONES SUCH AS IN SEA WALLS WHERE LATERAL PRESSURE IS HEAVY. THE JOINT IS MADE BY FORMING A JOGGLE IN BED OF THE STONE. HEIGHT IS KEPT AT 30-40mm WIDTH TO ABOVE THIRD OF THE STONE WIDTH.CRAMPS PREVENT THE TENDENCY OF JOINTS TO OPEN OUT DUE

TO SLIPPAGE.METAL CRAMPS USUALLY OF NON-CORROSIVE METAL ARE USED LIKE COPPER OR GUN METAL . THEY ARE 20-30 cm OR 2-4 cm OR 5-10 cm. IF WROUGHT IRON CRAMPS ARE USED THEY NEED TO BE GALVANISED.

THIS TYPE OF JOINT IS USED TO ENSURE STABILITY OF THE ADJACENT STONES AGAINST DISPLACEMENT OR SLIDING.RECTANGULAR ARE DUG IN STONE AND DOWELS OF HARD MATERIAL LIKE SLATE, GUNMETAL, BRASS, BRONZE OR COPPER ARE INSERTED AND SET IN CEMENT MORTAR.

PLUGGED JOINT – THIS IS AN ALTERNATIVE TO CRAMPED JOINT .HOLES OF DOVETAILED SHAPE ARE MADE IN SIDES OF ADJACENT STONES. THE COMMON SPACE FORMED BY PLACING STONES SIDE BY SIDE IS THEN PLUGGED WITH MOLTEN LEAD. AT TIMES RICH CEMENTITIOUS GROUT IS ALSO USED.

RUSTICATED JOINTS – THIS JOINT IS USED IN STONES WHOSE EDGES ARE SUNK BELOW GENERAL LEVEL for example IN PLINTHS.

SUCH JOINTS ARE SUPPOSED TO GIVE MASSIVE APPEARANCE TO THE STRUCTURE.

THIS TYPE OF JOINTS ARE USED TO DIVERT WATER MOVING ON THE SURFACE AWAY FROM THE JOINT.

SUPERVISION OF STONE MASONRY CONSTRUCTION

1. STONES SHOULD BE AS PER SPECIFICATIONS AND FREE OF DEFECTS LIKE CRACKS, VEINS, CAVITIES etc.

2. STONES SHOULD BE WATERED ADEQUATELY BEFORE USE SO THEY DON’T ABSORB WATER FROM MORTAR.

3. STONES SHOULD BE LAID AS PER THEIR NATURAL BED.4. DRESSING MUST BE DONE AS PER SPECIFICATIONS.5. PROPER BOND FORMATION MUST BE CHECKED. PLUMB

OF FACES, QUOINS AND SQUARE STOPPED ENDS MUST BE PERFECTLY CHECKED. LELEVLS OF ALL COURSES MUST BE PERFECTLY MAINTAINED.

6. MASONRY SHOULD BE RAISED UNIFORMLY TO AVOID UNEQUAL LOADING ON THE FOUNDATION. IF THIS IS UNAVOIDABLE THEN RAKING BACK AT 45 ANGLE OR LESS SHOULD BE MAINTAINED SO THEAT IT FACILITATES PROPER BONDING WITH NEW WORK.

7. IF A CROSS WAL IS TO INSERTED LETTER PROPER TOOTHING OR RECESSES SHOULD BE PROPERLY ENSURED.

8. BROKEN STONES, SMALL PIECES AND CHIPS TO BE USED ONLY IN HEARTING FOR PROPER PACKING OF MORTAR.

9. MORTAR SPECIFICATIONS SHOULD BE STRICTLY FOLLOWED.

10. WHEN IT IS REQUIRED TO RAISE NEW CONSTRUCTION OVER OLD OR DRY ONE, IT SHOULD BE WELL CLEANED AND WETTED BEFORE STARTING NEW CONSTRUCTION.

11. DOUBLE SCAFFOLDING SHOULD BE ADOPTED TO CARRY OUT CONSTRUCTION AT HIGHER LEVEL.

12. EXPOSED JOINTS SHOULD BE PROPERLY POINTED WITH MORTAR BY FIRST RAKING THE JOINT UPTO 20mm.

13. AFTER CONSTRUCTION OF MASONRY IS OVER IT SHOULD BE CURED ATLEAST FOR 2-3 WEEKS.

Spall hammer

Mash hammer

Stone masonary

Education

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