Stoichiometry

It’s All Greek to Me

TEKS 8.E and 9.B

Stoichiometry Greek for “measuring elements” The calculations of quantities in

chemical reactions based on a balanced equation.

We can interpret balanced chemical equations several ways.

How is it Used in Everyday Life? Recipes (well, they make a good analogy) Chemists and engineers take a balanced

chemical equation for a product discovered in a research lab and scale it up so thousands, millions, even billions of pounds of good stuff can be produced for consumers

• For example ~ manufacturing of everything from medicines, to agriculture products, to gasoline, to plastic for your iPhone

More on Why I Have to Learn This

It is also important to know how efficient a manufacturing or other chemical process is (better the efficiency, the lower the cost, less the waste, etc.)

Another reason is to be sure you have enough – but not too much of a reactant (raw material or ingredient) - to be sure you can make the amount desired.• This too ties to money, waste, etc.

The Arithmetic of Equations TEKS OBJECTIVE 8.E:

• TLW perform stoichiometric calculations, including determination of mass relationships between reactants and products, calculation of limiting reagents, and percent yield

Lesson of the Cookies When baking cookies, a recipe is

usually used Thus, a recipe is much like a

balanced chemical equation. HOW?

HOW are recipes and balanced chemical equations different?

More Chemistry Lessons from Cookies If you want to make more cookies you simply

determine the ratio you need to apply to original ingredient amounts (If 2 eggs make 5 dozen, how many eggs do you need to make 10 dozen?)• Proportional Relationships

What if your recipe says it will make 5 dozen cookies and you only get 4.5 dozen?• Percent Yield = actual amount x 100%

theoretical amount If you don’t have enough of one ingredient how much

can you make? (What if we only had 1 egg?)• Limiting Reagent (& Excess Reagent)

Proportional Relationships

I have 5 eggs. How many cookies can I make?

3/4 c. brown sugar1 tsp vanilla extract2 eggs2 c. chocolate chipsMakes 5 dozen cookies.

2 1/4 c. flour1 tsp. baking soda1 tsp. salt1 c. butter3/4 c. sugar

5 eggs 5 doz.

2 eggs= 12.5 dozen cookies

Ratio of eggs to cookies

2.5 : 1 or 2.5 1

Learning More from Cookies In the example we need 2 eggs to make 5 dozen

cookies Soooooo – if we have 5 eggs we can increase our

recipe by

5 = 2.5 times

2 HOWEVER ~ to truly duplicate this family favorite you

have to multiple the amounts of ALL ingredients to keep the recipe in BALANCE and to make 12.5 it would look like….

New Proportional Relationships – everything is multiplied by 2.5

2 1/4 c. flour (6 5/8 c)1 tsp. baking soda (2.5 t) 1 tsp. salt (2.5 t)1 c. butter (2.5 c)3/4 c. sugar (1 7/8 c)3/4 c. brown sugar (1 7/8 c) 1 tsp vanilla extract (2.5 t)2 eggs (5 eggs)2 c. chocolate chips (5 c)

Let’s Try it with Snack MixIngredients (Reactants)Ingredients (Reactants) ProductProduct

• 1½ c. Oat Cereal - 4 c. Yummy and• 1 c. Pretzels Healthy Snack• ½ c. Nuts• ½ c. M & Ms• ½ c. Raisins

• Multiplier = • What was our percent yield?• Did we have a limiting reagent (ingredient)? If so,

Which one? What would be excess reagents?

What multiplier do we need to use to make ½ cup of mix for each person here?

Stoichiometry Greek for “measuring elements” The calculations of quantities in

chemical reactions based on a balanced equation.

We can interpret balanced chemical equations several ways.

1. In terms of Particles Element- made of atoms Molecular compound (made of

only non- metals) = molecules Ionic Compounds (made of a

metal and non-metal parts) = formula units (ions)

2H2 + O2 2H2O Two molecules of hydrogen and one

molecule of oxygen form two molecules of water.

2 Al2O3 Al + 3O2

2 formula units Al2O3 form 4 atoms Al

and 3 diatomic molecules O2

2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2

Look at it differently 2H2 + O2 2H2O 2 dozen molecules of hydrogen and 1

dozen molecules of oxygen form 2 dozen molecules of water.

2 x (6.022 x 1023) molecules of hydrogen and 1 x (6.022 x 1023) molecules of oxygen form 2 x (6.022 x 1023) molecules of water.

2 moles of hydrogen and 1 mole of oxygen form 2 moles of water.

2. In terms of Moles 2 Al2O3 Al + 3O2

2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2

The coefficients tell us how many moles of each substance

Mole to Mole conversions 2 Al2O3 Al + 3O2

each time we use 2 moles of Al2O3 we will also make 3 moles of O2

2 moles Al2O3

3 mole O2

or2 moles Al2O3

3 mole O2

These are possible conversion factors

Mole to Mole conversions How many moles of O2 are

produced when 3.34 moles of Al2O3 decompose?

2 Al2O3 Al + 3O2

3.34 mol Al2O3 2 mol Al2O3

3 mol O2 = 5.01 mol O2

Practice: 2C2H2 + 5 O2 4CO2 + 2 H2O

• If 3.84 moles of C2H2 are burned, how many moles of O2 are needed? (9.6 mol)

•How many moles of C2H2 are needed to produce 8.95 mole of H2O? (8.95 mol)

•If 2.47 moles of C2H2 are burned, how many moles of CO2 are formed? (4.94 mol)

Mass-Mass Calculations We do not measure moles directly, so

what can we do? We can convert grams to moles

• Use the Periodic Table for mass values

Then do the math with the mole ratio• Balanced equation gives mole ratio!

Then turn the moles back to grams• Use Periodic table values

3. In terms of Mass The Law of Conservation of Mass applies We can check using moles

2H2 + O2 2H2O

2 moles H2

2.02 g H2

1 mole H2

= 4.04 g H2

1 mole O2

32.00 g O2

1 mole O2

= 32.00 g O2

Total 36.04 g H2+O2

In terms of Mass 2H2 + O2 2H2O

2 moles H2O18.02 g H2O

1 mole H2O= 36.04 g H2O

2H2 + O2 2H2O

36.04 g H2 + O2= 36.04 g H2O

For example... If 10.1 g of Fe are added to a

solution of Copper (II) Sulfate, how much solid copper would form?

2Fe + 3CuSO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + 3Cu

Answer = 17.2 g Cu

Chemical Calculations TEKS OBJECTIVE 9.B:

• TLW perform stoichiometric calculations, including determination of mass and volume relationships between reactants and products for reactions involving gases.

4. In terms of Volume 2H2 + O2 2H2O At STP, 1 mol of any gas = 22.4 L (2 x 22.4 L H2) + (1 x 22.4 L O2)

(2 x 22.4 L H2O) NOTE: mass and atoms are always

conserved- however, molecules, formula units, moles, and volumes will not necessarily be conserved!

Volume-Volume Calculations How many liters of CH4 at STP are required

to completely react with 17.5 L of O2 ?

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

17.5 L O2 22.4 L O2 1 mol O2

2 mol O2

1 mol CH4

1 mol CH4 22.4 L CH4

= 8.75 L CH4

22.4 L O2 1 mol O2

1 mol CH4 22.4 L CH4

More practice... How many liters of CO2 at STP

will be produced from the complete combustion of 23.2 g C4H10 ? Answer = 35.8 L CO2

Answer = 58.2 L O2

What volume of Oxygen would be required?

Avogadro told us: Equal volumes of gas, at the same

temperature and pressure contain the same number of particles.

Moles are numbers of particles You can treat reactions as if they

happen liters at a time, as long as you keep the temperature and pressure the same.

Shortcut for Volume-Volume: How many liters of H2O at STP are

produced by completely burning 17.5 L of CH4 ?

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

17.5 L CH4 1 L CH4

2 L H2O = 35.0 L H2O

Note: This only works for Volume-Volume problems.

Limiting Reagent & Percent Yield TEKS OBJECTIVE 8.E:

• TLW identify and use the limiting reagent in a reaction to calculate the maximum amount of product(s) produced, and the amount of excess reagent.

Limiting Reagent & Percent Yield TEKS OBJECTIVE 8.E:

• TLW calculate theoretical yield, actual yield, or percent yield, given appropriate information.

“Limiting” Reagent If you are given one dozen loaves of

bread, a gallon of mustard, and three pieces of salami, how many salami sandwiches can you make?

The limiting reagent is the reactant you run out of first.

The excess reagent is the reactant(s) you have left over.

The limiting reagent determines how much product you can make

How do you find limiting reagent? Do two stoichiometry problems. The one that makes the least

product is the limiting reagent. For example Copper reacts with sulfur to form

copper ( I ) sulfide. If 10.6 g of copper reacts with 3.83 g S how much product will be formed?

If 10.6 g of copper reacts with 3.83 g S. How many grams of product will be formed?

2Cu + S Cu2S

10.6 g Cu 63.55g Cu 1 mol Cu

2 mol Cu 1 mol Cu2S

1 mol Cu2S

159.16 g Cu2S

= 13.3 g Cu2S

3.83 g S 32.06g S 1 mol S

1 mol S 1 mol Cu2S

1 mol Cu2S

159.16 g Cu2S

= 19.0 g Cu2S

= 13.3 g Cu2S

Cu is Limiting Reagent

Another example If 10.1 g of magnesium and

2.87 L of HCl gas are reacted, how many liters of gas will be produced?

How many grams of solid? How much excess reagent

remains?

Still another example If 10.3 g of aluminum are

reacted with 51.7 g of CuSO4 how much copper will be produced?

How much excess reagent will remain?

Percent Yield The amount of product made in a

chemical reaction. There are three types:

1. Actual yield- what you get in the lab when the chemicals are mixed

2. Theoretical yield- what the balanced equation tells should be made

3. 3. Percent yieldPercent yield = Actual Theoretical

X 100

Example 6.78 g of copper is produced when

3.92 g of Al are reacted with excess copper (II) sulfate.

2Al + 3 CuSO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3Cu What is the actual yield? What is the theoretical yield? What is the percent yield?

Details Percent yield tells us how

“efficient” a reaction is. Percent yield can not be bigger

than 100 %.

Labs Soda Lab link Balloon Races (Flinn Scientific Vol. 7,

pages 72 – 74)

• In Periodic Groups, read entire procedure

• Determine potential hazards, precautions, PPE (if needed)

How do you get good at this?

Group work on Guided Reading Book page 87

Independent Practice Practice sets

• Mole to Mole conversions

• Mass to Mass conversions

• Mole to Mass conversions

• Mass to Mole conversions

• Volume conversions

• Limiting Reagents

• Percent Yield