stimulation matrix

22
U S 20140182841A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: U S 2014/0182841 A1 Lecerf et a]. (43) Pub. Date: Jul. 3 , 2014 (54) METHOD FOR WELLBORE STIMULATION (52) US. l . OPTIMIZATION CPC .............. . EZIB 3/25 (2013.01), EZIB 3/26 (2013.01), EZIB 41/0092 (2013.01) (71) Applicant: SCHLUMBERGER TECHNOLOGY USPC ................................................... . 166/250.01 CORPORATION, Sugar Land, T X US) (57) ABSTRACT (72) Inventors: Bruno ecerf, Houston, TX US); M d f r f . . 1 . . 11 . Pierre Ramondenc’ Sugar Land, TX et 0 s o pe orming a stimu ation operation at a we site _ . . . are disclosed. The ellsite is positioned about a subterranean gig}? MIChel Jvaues ardy’ formation having a wellbore therethrough and zones there about. The method nvolves establishing t least one bjective (73) Assignee: SCHLUMBERGER TECHNOLOGY for stimulating production o f reservoir ?uid from the subter CORPORATION, ugar Land, T X Us) ranean formation and into the wellbore. The stimulating involves placing a stimulating ?uid along the zones of the (21) App1_ NO; 13/729,454 wellbore. The bjective is based on wellsite data. The method also involves identifying at least one onstraint for the stimu (22) Filed; Dec, 28, 2012 lating, determining target distributions o f the stimulation ?uid based o n the obj ctive(s) and the constraint(s), and Publicat ion Classi?cation selecting operational parameters for the stimulating based on the constraint(s) and the target distributions. The method may (51) Int. Cl. also involve stimulating the subterranean formation using the E21B 43/25 (2006.01) target distributions and the operational parameters, monitor E21B 41/00 (2006.01) ing the wellsite during the stimulating, and adjusting the E21B 43/26 (2006.01) stimulating based on h e monitoring. ' 6 WEE, CQMFLE’HW , l' ' 3 P055101 5? 051mm; I » waasmm ' @3me 1 i n MZE ; 00mm PROPERTEES I PRQBWHQN RATE * FEAT) 0859151111 ' ZQNE PROPERTIES = ' ZUMAXMZE FLUID ; ' WEUHEAD 1111211140941 ' 12110130011011 M111 1 11500va ' PRESSURE i i i i * EMUiilP-“URH ' VGLWE ?GNSTRNN? PMCEMEW F F1010 1 ' 0031 WMFPWM acmss L ZGNES B Q MWNMWM i i i * 4mm CQMHMHQN CGNSIRAIMS OF P 3 ; * CUEWS REQUTREMENTS ' l awraw. smmow @210 PUMP 5011mm smmm *SHiCT BNEHTEM'S} .1110 11511100 {3? 4-0HE'RHENE TARGET WLUME 2 RATE 015%50110111 vs. 2 - FOR 1112 51111110111011 .011): ' ~ ' - PUMP 1122mm 1 040111101? wan a gaming 1010115 msg#15111 aismiaunw PER 20% a w gamma 00? : PAMQ'ERS ~ ENE PER 201% 501159011: 9mm 5 - 11001;? IREAWEHT, (5 STAGES, RATE, 1 was? 011mm 0 1/01/3002) 1 0 GE? 1 0 i WERCWE wanna 1mm mam EEP 1 i (11011 1mm 1 mama ? 31E? 4

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Transcript of stimulation matrix

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US 20140182841A1

( 1 9 ) United

S t a t e s

( 1 2 ) Patent Application Publication ( 1 0 )

P u b .

N o . : US

2 0 1 4 / 0 1 8 2 8 4 1

A 1

L e c e r f e t a ] . ( 4 3 ) P u b .

D a t e :

J u l . 3 ,

2 0 1 4

( 5 4 )

METHOD

FORWELLBORE STIMULATION ( 5 2 )

US.

l .

OPTIMIZATION CPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EZIB 3/25

(2013.01),

EZIB

3/26

( 2 0 1 3 . 0 1 ) ,

EZIB

4 1 / 0 0 9 2

( 2 0 1 3 . 0 1 )

(71) Applicant: SCHLUMBERGERTECHNOLOGY

USPC

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.

166/250.01

CORPORATION, S u g a r

L a n d ,

TX U S )

( 5 7 )

ABSTRACT

(72) Inventors: Bruno ecerf,

Houston, TX

US);

M d f r f

. . 1 . .

1 1

.

Pierre Ramondenc’ Sugar Land, TX e t

0

s

o

pe

orming

a stimu

a t i o n operation at

a

we s i t e

_ . . . are

disclosed.

The

ellsite

i s positioned about a subter ranean

gig}?

M I C h e l

Jvaues a r d y ’

f o r m a t i o n

h a v i n g a

w e l l b o r e

t h e r e t h r o u g h a n d

z o n e s

t h e r e

a b o u t . The method n v o l v e s e s t a b l i s h i n g t l e a s t one

b j e c t i v e

( 7 3 )

A s s i g n e e :

SCHLUMBERGER

TECHNOLOGY f o r s t i m u l a t i n g p r o d u c t i o n o f

r e s e r v o i r

? u i d

f r o m t h e

s u b t e r

CORPORATION,

u g a r

L a n d , TX

U s )

r a n e a n f o r m a t io n a n d

i n t o

t h e w e l l b o r e . The s t i m u l a t i n g

i n v o l v e s

p l a c i n g

a s t i m u l a t i n g

? u i d a l o n g t h e z o n e s o f

t h e

( 2 1 ) A p p 1 _ NO;

1 3 / 7 2 9 , 4 5 4

w e l l b o r e . The b j e c t i v e i s b a s e d o n

w e l l s i t e

d a t a . The

method

a l s o i n v o l v e s i d e n t i f y i n g a t l e a s t one o n s t r a i n t f o r t h e s t i m u

( 2 2 ) F i l e d ;

D e c , 2 8 , 2 0 1 2 l a t i n g ,

d e t e r m i n i n g t a r g e t d i s t r i b u t i o n s

o f t h e s t i m u l a t i o n

? u i d b a s e d o n t h e o b j

c t i v e ( s )

a n d t h e c o n s t r a i n t ( s ) , a n d

P u b l i c a ti o n C l a s s i? c a t io n s e l e c t i n g o p e r a t i o n a l

p a r a m e t e r s

f o r t h e s t i m u l a t i n g

b a s e d

on

t h e c o n s t r a i n t ( s )

a n d

t h e

t a r g e t

d i s t r i b u t i o n s .

The

method

may

( 5 1 ) I n t . C l . a l s o i n v o l v e s t i m u l a t i n g t h e s u b t e r r a n e a n f o r m a t io n u s i n g t h e

E21B

4 3 / 2 5 ( 2 0 0 6 . 0 1 ) t a r g e t d i s t r i b u t i o n s

a n d

t h e o p e r a t i o n a l

p a r a m e t e r s ,

m o n i t o r

E21B 4 1 / 0 0

( 2 0 0 6 . 0 1 ) i n g t h e w e l l s i t e d u r i n g t h e

s t i m u l a t i n g ,

a n d a d j u s t i n g t h e

E21B 4 3 / 2 6 ( 2 0 0 6 . 0 1 ) s t i m u l a t i n g

b a s e d

on h e m o n i t o r i n g .

' ’ 6 WEE, CQMFLE’HW ,

l'

' 3 P0551015? 05 1mm; I

»

waasmm

' @3me 1

in

MZE ; 00mm

PROPERTEES

PRQBWHQN

RATE *

F E A T )

0 8 5 9 1 5 1 1 1 1

' ZQNE PROPERTIES

'

ZUMAXMZE FLUID

;

'

WEUHEAD

1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 0 9 4 1

' 1 2 1 1 0 1 3 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 M111 11500va ' PRESSURE

i

i

i

i

* E M U i i l P - “ U R H ' VGLWE ?GNSTRNN?

PMCEMEW

F

F 1 0 1 0

1 ' 0031

WMFPWM

acmss L L

ZGNES

B QMWNMWM

i

i

i

* 4mm

CQMHMHQN

CGNSIRAIMS

OF

P3 ;

*

CUEWS

‘ REQUTREMENTS

' l

awraw.

smmow

@ 2 1 0 PUMP 5011mm

smmm

* S H i C T

B N E H T E M ' S }

. 1 1 1 0

1 1 5 1 1 1 0 0 { 3 ?

4-0HE'RHENE

TARGET

WLUME

2

R A T E

0 1 5 % 5 0 1 1 0 1 1 1

v s .

2

- FOR 1 1 1 2 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1. 0 1 1 ) :

'

~

'

-

PUMP

1122mm

1

0 4 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 ?

wan

a gaming

1 0 1 0 1 1 5 msg#15111 aismiaunw

P E R 2 0% aw gamma

0 0 ?

: PAMQ'ERS

~

ENE

PER

201% 5 0 1 1 5 9 0 1 1 :9mm

5 -

1 1 0 0 1 ; ?

I R E A W E H T ,

( 5

S T A G E S , R A T E , 1

was?

011mm

0

1 / 0 1 / 3 0 0 2 )

1 0 G E ? 1 0 i WERCWE wanna

1mmmam

E E P

1 i ( 1 1 0 1 1 1mm

1

mama

? 3 1 E ?

4

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P a t e n t A p p l i c a t i o n P u b l i c a t io n J u l . 3 ,

2014

S h e e t 1

0 f 1 1

US 2 0 1 4 / 0 1 8 2 8 4 1 A 1

F I G . 1

E as

129

1 2 5

1 1 4

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A p p l i c a t i o n

P u b l i c a t i o n

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E_ 8 ~

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c o w

NE

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2014

S h e e t

3 0 f 1 1

US 2 0 1 4 / 0 1 8 2 8 4 1 A 1

mm;

my S T E P R A E

m?

; K ' ? ? l

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M A W }

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mamm

f ,

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A p p l i c a t i o n

P u b l i c a t i o n

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m “

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5 0 f 1 1a t e n t

A p p l i c a t i o n

P u b l i c a t i o n

mmQ

m m m

N

mm m

F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

i

m . . Q O

m a m

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c o m

P a t e n t

A p p l i c a t i o n

P u b l i c a t i o n

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P a t e n t A p p l i c a t i o n P u b l i c a t io n J u l . 3 ,

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US 2 0 1 4 / 0 1 8 2 8 4 1 A 1

700

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OF

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P u b l i c a t i o n

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E E \ 3 m m M

h w m

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A

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\ \

a g ? ? m

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US 2 0 1 4 / 0 1 8 2 8 4 1 A 1

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US

014/0182841A1

METHODFORWELLBORE STIMULATION

OPTIMIZATION

BACKGROUND

[ 0 0 0 1 ] The

r e s e n t

d i s c l o s u r e

r e l a t e s

g e n e r a l l y

t o

m e t h o d s

a n d s y s t e m s

f o r p e r f o r m i n g w e l l s i t e

o p e r a t i o n s .

More p a r

t i c u l a r l y , t h i s d i s c l o s u r e i s d i r e c t e d to methods

a n d

s y s t e m s

f o r p e r f o r m i n g

s t i m u l a t i o n o p e r a t i o n s a l o n g

a

w e l l b o r e .

[ 0 0 0 2 ]

W e l l b o r e

o p e r a t i o n s

a r e

p e r f o r m e d

o

p r o d u c e v a r i

o u s

? u i d s ,

s u c h

a s h y d r o c a r b o n s ,

from

s u b s u r f a c e

forma

t i o n s .

To a c i l i t a t e t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f

s u c h

? u i d s from r e s e r

v o i r s w i t h i n t h e

f o r m a t i o n s ,

s t i m u l a t i o n

o p e r a t i o n s

may b e

p e r f o r m e d .

S t i m u l a t i o n o p e r a t i o n s

may

i n v o l v e

a c i d

t r e a t

m e n t s , s u c h a s m a t r i x a c i d i z i n g

o r h y d r a u l i c

f r a c t u r i n g .

Matrix a c i d i z i n g

may

n v o l v e

pumping an a c i d

i n t o

an i l

o r

g a s - p r o d u c i n g w e l l

t o remove

some

of

h e f o r m a t i o n damage

a l o n g a w a l l o f t h e w e l l b o r e c a u s e d b y t h e d r i l l i n g a n d

c o m p l e t i o n

? u i d s a n d d r i l l

b i t s

d u r i n g t h e d r i l l i n g

a n d

c o m p l e t i o n r o c e s s . H y d r a u l i c f r a c t u r i n g may

n v o l v e

i n j e c t

i n g ? u i d s

i n t o

t h e

f o r m a t i o n

to

c r e a t e

f r a c t u r e s t h a t

de?ne

l a r g e r

p a t h w a y s

f o r

? u i d

t o p a s s

f r o m

s u b s u r f a c e

r e s e r v o i r s

and i n t o t h e

w e l l b o r e .

[ 0 0 0 3 ] I n

some

c a s e s ,

i t may

be

d e s i r a b l e

t o

p r e d i c t t h e

outcome f s t i m u l a t i o n

o p e r at i o n i n v o l v i n g

a c i d

t r e a t m e n t s .

E x a m p l e s

o f

s t i m u l a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s in v o l v i n g a c i d s a r e p r o

v i d e d i n US.

a t .

No.

7 , 6 0 3 , 2 6 1 . I t

may

l s o

be

e s i r a b l e to

e v a l u a t e

v a r i o u s

a s p e c t s o f t h e s t i m u l a t i o n o p e r a t i o n . T e c h

n i q u e s

f o r ? u i d p l a c em e n t a n d p u m p i n g

s t r a t e g y ,

a n d

m a t r i x

s t i m u l a t i o n

t r e a t m e n t

e v a l u a t i o n

a r e p r o v i d e d i n Economides

a n d

0 l 2 e ,

RESERVOIR STIMULATION, 3 d

E d i t i o n ,

W i l e y

& o n s L t d .

( 2 0 0 0 ) ,

C h a p t e r s 1 9 a n d 2 0 ( h e r e a f t e r “RESER

VOIR

STIMULATION”), t h e

e n t i r e

c o n t e n t s

o f

which

i s

h e r e b y

i n c o r p o r a t e d b y r e f e r e n c e

h e r e i n .

SUMMARY

[ 0 0 0 4 ] I n

a t l e a s t one a s p e c t , t h e

p r e s e n t

d i s c l o s u r e

r e l a t e s

t o

a method

of performing

a s t i m u l a t i o n

o p e r a t i o n at

a

w e l l s i t e . The

e l l s i t e

i s

p o s i t i o n e d

a b o u t a

s u b t e r r a n e a n

f o r

m a t i o n h a v i n g a w e l l b o r e

t h e r e t h r o u g h

a n d z o n e s t h e r e a l o n g .

The

method i n v o l v e s e s t a b l i s h i n g a t least o n e o b j e c t i v e f o r

s t i m u l a t i n g p r o d u c t i on o f r e s e r v o i r ? u i d f r o m

t h e

s u b t e r r a

nean

f o r m a t i o n

and i n t o t h e w e l l b o r e . The s t i m u l a t i n g

i n v o l v e s

p l a c i n g

a s t i m u l a t i n g

? u i d a l o n g

t h e

z o n e s o f

t h e

w e l l b o r e .

The b j e c t i v e i s b a s e d on

e l l s i t e d a t a .

The method

a l s o i n v o l v e s

i d e n t i f y i n g a t

l e a s t one o n s t r a i n t f o r t h e s t i m u

l a t i n g , d e t e r m i n i n g t a r g e t

d i s t r i b u t i o n s

o f t h e s t i m u l a t i o n

? u i d b a s e d

on

t h e o b j e c t i v e ( s )

a n d

t h e c o n s t r a i n t ( s ) , and

s e l e c t i n g

o p e r a t i o n a l

p a r a m e t e r s

f o r t h e s t i m u l a t i n g

b a s e d o n

t h e

c o n s t r a i n t ( s )

a n d t h e t a r g e t d i s t r i b u t i o n s .

The

method may

a l s o

i n v o l v e

c o l l e c t i n g w e l l s i t e d a t a ,

s t i m u l a t i n g t h e s u b t e r

r a n e a n f o r m a t i o n u s i n g t h e t a r g e t d i s t r i b u t i o n s and h e o p e r a

t i o n a l p a r a m e t e r s , m o n i t o r i n g

t h e w e l l s i t e d u r i n g t h e s t i m u

l a t i n g ,

a n d / o r a d j u s t i n g t h e s t im u l a t i n g

b a s e d

o n t h e

m o n i t o r i n g .

B R I E F

DESCRIPTION OF THEDRAWINGS

[ 0 0 0 5 ]

Embodiments

o f

m e t h o d s f o r

p e r f o r m i n g s t i m u l a

t i o n

o p t i m i z a t i o n

a r e

d e s c r i b e d

w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e

f o l l o w

i n g

? g u r e s . The

s a m e ,

o r s i m i l a r , numbers may b e

u s e d

t h r o u g h o u t t h e ? g u r e s t o r e f e r e n c e l i k e

f e a t u r e s a n d

compo

n e n t s .

[ 0 0 0 6 ]

F I G . 1

i s

a s c h e m a t i c d i a g r a m

i l l u s t r a t i n g

a s t i m u

l a t i o n

o p e r a t i o n a t a w e l l s i t e ;

J u l . 3 , 2 0 1 4

[ 0 0 0 7 ]

F I G . 2 i s a s c h e m a t i c

d i a g r a m i l l u s t r a t i n g

a method

o f s t i m u l a t i n g a w e l l b o r e u s i n g a

" d e s i g n - e x e c u t e - e v a l u a t e ”

c o n ? g u r a t i o n ;

[ 0 0 0 8 ]

F I G . 3 i s a s c h e m a t i c

d i a g r a m i l l u s t r a t i n g

a method

o f

s t i m u l a t i n g a

w e l l b o r e

u s i n g a “ s k i n

e f f e c t ”

c o n ? g u r a t i o n ;

and

[ 0 0 0 9 ]

F I G .

4 i s a s c h e m a t i c d i a g r a m i l l u s t r a t i n g a method

o f

s t i m u l a t i n g a w e l l b o r e u s i n g

a n

“ o b j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n ”

con

? g u r a t i o n .

[ 0 0 1 0 ]

F I G S . 5 . 1 - 5 . 3 a r e

s c h e m a t i c

d i a g r a m s i l l u s t r a t i n g

z o n e s o f

a

w e l l b o r e

d u r i n g

i n j e c t i o n ;

[ 0 0 1 1 ] F I G .

6

i s

a

graph e p i c t i n g

s k i n

e v o l u t i o n a s

a f u n c

t i o n o f ? o w

a t e and

volume c r o s s z o n e s d u r i n g s t i m u l a t i o n ;

[ 0 0 1 2 ]

F I G .

7

i s

a s c h e m a t i c d i a g r a m s

i l l u s t r a t i n g

o p t i

mized

n j e c t i o n f o r two

z o n e s o f

a

w e l l b o r e ;

[ 0 0 1 3 ] F I G S . 8 . 1 - 8 . 3 a r e

g r a p h s

d e p i c t i n g v o l u m e i n j e c t e d

a c r o s s

zones based

on

given

o b j e c t i v e s ;

[ 0 0 1 4 ] F I G S .

9 . 1 - 9 . 2 a r e

g r a p h s d e p i c t i n g v o l u m e

i n j e c t e d

a c r o s s

zones

with an

o b j e c t i v e t o maximize

p r o d u c t i o n

and

a n o t h e r

o

m i n i m i z e

s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n

o f

k i n ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y ;

[ 0 0 1 5 ]

F I G S . 1 0 . 1 - 1 0 . 2 a r e s c h e m a t i c d i a g r a m s i l l u s t r a t i n g

o p t i m i z e d i n j e c t i o n f o r

t h r e e

z o n e s

o f

a

w e l l b o r e

h a v i n g t h e

same a n d d i f f e r e n t

i n j e c t i o n

r a t e s ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y ; a n d

[ 0 0 1 6 ]

F I G . 1 1 i s a method f

s t i m u l a t i n g

a w e l l b o r e u s i n g

a n

“ o p t i m i z e d ”

c o n ? g u r a t i o n .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[ 0 0 1 7 ] T h e d e s c r i p t i o n t h a t f o l l o w s i n c l u d e s

e x e m p l a r y

a p p a r a t u s e s , m e t h o d s ,

t e c h n i q u e s ,

a n d i n s t r u c t i o n s e q u e n c e s

t h a t

embody e c h n i q u e s

o f

t h e i n v e n t i v e

s u b j e c t

a t t e r .

How

e v e r , i t i s u n d e r s t o o d t h a t t h e

d e s c r i b e d

embodiments may be

p r a c t i c e d w i t h o u t t he s e s p e c i ? c d e t a i l s .

[ 0 0 1 8 ] W e l l b o r e s t i m u l a t i o n ? u i d s ( e . g . ,

a c i d s )

a r e s e l e c

t i v e l y

p l a c e d d o w n h o l e

d u r i n g

s t i m u l a t i o n o p e r a t i o n s

( o r

t r e a t m e n t ) t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e p r o d u c t i o n

o f

? u i d s f r o m s u b s u r

f a c e

r e s e r v o i r s .

S t i m u l a t i o n

o p e r a t i o n s may i n v o l v e , f o r

e x a m p l e , m a t r i x a c i d i z a t i o n , i n j e c t i o n , f r a c t u r i n g ,

e t c . T h e

s t i m u l a t i o n

? u i d s may b e

p l a c e d

i n s e l e c t z o n e s a l o n g

t h e

w e l l b o r e b a s e d

on a n

u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f o p e r a t i o n a l

o b j e c

t i v e s ,

s u c h

a s maximum

p r o d u c t i o n

r a t e , maximum

? u i d

r e c o v e r y , uniform placement of ? u i d s

a c r o s s z o n e s , a n d / o r

o t h e r

o b j e c t i v e s ,

f o r

p e r f o r m i n g

t h e s t i m u l a t i o n

o p e r a t i o n .

The s t i m u l a t i o n ? u i d s

may a l s o b e a p p l i e d

u s i n g

v a r i o u s

s t i m u l a t i o n p a r a m e t e r s , s u c h a s ? ow a t e s , c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ,

c o m p o s i t i o n , e t c . O t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s may b e t a k e n i n t o

a c c o u n t ,

s u c h

a s

t h e

s k i n

s u r r o u n d i n g t h e w e l l b o r e a n d / o r

o t h e r w e l l s i t e

p a r a m e t e r s .

[ 0 0 1 9 ] A s used h e r e i n , ‘ s k i n ’

r e f e r s

t o

a d i m e n s i o n l e s s

number h a t d e s c r i b e s t h e

amount

f damage h a t t h e

p o r t i o n

o f

t h e

f o r m a t io n s u r r o u n d i n g

t h e

w e l l b o r e

u n d e r w e n t

d u r i n g

d r i l l i n g

( o r

o t h e r o p e r a t i o n s ) o f t h e w e l l b o r e . I n some c a s e s ,

damage a l o n g

t h e

w e l l b o r e

may e s u l t i n

a

r e d u c t i o n i n p e r

m e a b i l i t y

d u e

o ,

f o r e x a m p l e , b l o c k a g e o f

e r f o r a t i o n s

i n t h e

f o r m a t i o n as e a r t h

s

d i s p l a c e d

d u r i n g d r i l l i n g a n d /

r

c o m p l e

t i o n . S k i n p a r a m e t e r s may

i n c l u d e

s k i n e f f e c t ,

p e r m e a b i l i t y

due o

s k i n damage, t c .

“Placement”

s

used

e r e i n

may e f e r

t o t h e p o s i t i o n ,

c o m p o s i t i o n ,

? ow

r a t e a n d / o r

o t h e r ? u i d

parameters

about one

o r

more

zones

t h a t may be

a d j u s t e d

when

s i n g s t i m u l a t i on ? u i d s ,

s u c h a s

a c i d s .

[ 0 0 2 0 ] F I G .

1 d e p i c t s a s t i m u l a t i o n o p e r a t i o n a t a

w e l l s i t e

1 0 0 . The

e l l s i t e 100

h a s a

w e l l b o r e

104

e x t e n d i n g from a

wellhead 108

t

a s u r f a c e l o c a t i o n and through

s u b t e r r a n e a n

f o r m a t i o n

1 0 2

t h e r e b e l o w . A ump s y s t e m

1 2 9

i s p o s i t i o n e d

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US

014/0182841A1

a b o u t

t h e

w e l l h e a d 1 0 8 f o r

p a s s i n g s t i m u l a t i o n

? u i d

t h r o u g h

t u b i n g

1 4 2 an d

i n t o

t h e w e l l b o r e 1 0 4 .

[ 0 0 2 1 ]

V a r i o u s

s t i m u l a t i o n ? u i d s

may e

d e p l o y e d

down

h o l e t o p e r f o r m

v a r i o u s

s t i m u l a t i o n

o p e r a t i o n s .

F o r e x a m p l e ,

a c i d s

( e . g . ,

h y d r o c h l o r i c

( H C l ) ,

h y d r o ? u o r i c ( H P ) ,

o r

a c e t i c

a c i d ) may e

a p p l i e d t o p o r t i o n s o f t h e w a l l

1 0 7

o f t h e w e l l

b o r e

104 f o r m a t r i x a c i d i z a t i o n a s i n d i c a t e d

by

arrow 1 0 9 .

A c i d s may b e d i s p o s e d downhole

a l o n g

z o n e s 1 1 0 . 1 - 1 1 0 . 5

l o c a t e d

a t

v a r i o u s d e p t h s a l o n g t h e

w e l l b o r e

104 as s h o w n .

[ 0 0 2 2] D e v i c e s , such s

d i v e r t e r s ,

v a l v e s o r o t h e r ?uid con

t r o l d e v i c e s , may e p o s i t i o n e d a b o u t t h e t u b i n g 1 4 2 a n d may

b e u s e d t o s e l e c t i v e l y

d i s t r i b u t e

t h e

s t i m u l a t i o n

? u i d p a s s i n g

t h r o u g h t h e t u b i n g 1 4 2 .

The

e v i c e s may

l s o

b e u s e d o f o c u s

t h e

?uid

i n t o a d e s i r e d a r e a

of

t h e w e l l b o r e .

For

e x a m p l e ,

d i v e r t e r s may

e c h e m i c a l a g e n t s a n d / o r m e c h a n i c a l d e v i c e

( e . g . , b a l l d i v e r t e r ) u s e d t o p r o v i d e u n i f o r m

d i s t r i b u t i o n

o f

stimulation

?uid

across one or more

f he zones 1101-1104.

[ 0 0 2 3 ] S t i m u l a t i o n

? u i d s ,

s u c h

s

w a t e r , a c i d , p o l y m e r e l ,

e t c . , may a l s o o p t i o n a l l y

b e i n j e c t e d

i n t o t h e

s u r r o u n d i n g

f o r m a t i o n

to f r a c t u r e

t h e f o r m a ti o n s u r r ou n d i n g t h e

w e l l b o r e

a s i n d i c a t e d

by arrow

1 1 2 . The

formation 102

may

ave

a

f r a c t u r e n e t w o r k

1 0 6

i n c l u d i n g

n a t u r a l f r a c tu r e s 1 1 4

p r e s e n t

b e f o r e f r a c t u r i n g , a s w e l l a s f r a c t u r e p l a n e s 1 1 6

g e n e r a t e d

d u r i n g

t h e

i n j e c t i o n o f

t h e

s t i m u l a t i o n

? u i d s . S t i m u l a t i o n

? u i d s , s u c h a s a c i d s , v i s c o u s g e l s , “ s l i c k w a t e r ”

( w h i c h

may

h a v e a f r i c t i o n r e d u c er ( p o l y m e r ) and a t e r ) may e u s e d to

h y d r a u l i c a l l y f r a c t u r e t h e f o r m a t i o n 1 0 2 . Such s l i c k w a t e r ”

may be

i n t h e form

o f

a

t h i n ? u i d ( e . g . ,

n e a r l y t h e same

v i s c o s i t y

a s

w a t e r ) and may

be

s e d t o c r e a t e more complex

f r a c t u r e s , s u c h a s m u l t i p l e m i c r o - s e i s m i c

f r a c t u r e s d e t e c t a b l e

b y m o n i t o r i n g . P r o p p a n t s ,

s u c h

a s

s a n d

may h e n b e i n j e c t e d

to p r o p c h a n n e l s i n

t h e

f o r m a t i o n s open

f o r

p r o d u c t i o n o f

? u i d t h e r e t h r o u g h .

[ 0 0 2 4 ] S t i m u l a t i o n

? u i d s

may e d e p l o y e d d o w n h o l e

u s i n g

t h e

pump s y s t e m

1 2 9 .

The pump s y s t e m 1 2 9 i s d e p i c t e d

a s

b e i n g

o p e r a t e d

b y

a

? e l d o p e r a t o r

1 2 7 f o r

r e c o r d i n g m a i n t e

nance and p e r a t i on a l d a t a a n d / r

p e r f o r m i n g

m a i n t e n a n c e i n

a c c o r d a n c e w i t h a p r e s c r i b e d m a i n t e n a n c e p l a n . I n t h e

e x a m p l e s h o w n , t h e

pump

s y s t e m 1 2 9 i n c l u d e s a

p l u r a l i t y

o f

t a n k s

1 3 1 , which

e e d

? u i d s t o a b l e n d e r

135

where t

i s mixed

w i t h a p r o p p a n t

t o

form a s t i m u l a t i o n ? u i d . A e l l i n g a g e n t

may e u s e d

t o i n c r e a s e t h e v i s c o s i t y o f t h e

s t i m u l a t i o n

? u i d ,

and o

a l l o w

t h e

p r o p p a n t t o b e

s u s p e n d e d

i n

t h e

s t i m u l a t i o n

? u i d . I t may l s o a c t a s a

f r i c t i o n

r e d u c i n g a g e n t t o a l l o w

h i g h e r pump ates

w i t h

l e s s

f r i c t i o n a l p r e s s u r e .

[ 0 0 2 5 ]

The s t i m u l a t i o n ? u i d i s t h e n pumped f r o m t h e

b l e n d e r 135 t o t h e

t r e a t m e n t

t r u c k s 120 w i t h p l u n g e r

pumps

a s shown

by s o l i d l i n e s

1 4 3 .

Each t r e a t m e n t

t r u c k

120

r e c e i v e s t h e f r a c t u r i n g ? u i d

a t

a low r e s s u r e and i s c h a r g e s

i t t o a common manifold 139 (sometimes

c a l l e d

a m i s s i l e

t r a i l e r

o r

m i s s i l e )

a t

a

h i g h

p r e s s u r e

a s

shown

by

dashed

i n e s

1 4 1 . The i s s i l e 139 t h e n d i r e c t s t h e s t i m u l a t i o n

? u i d

from

t h e t r e a t m e n t t r u c k s

120 o

t h e w e l l b o r e

104

s shown y o l i d

l i n e

1 1 5 .

[ 0 0 2 6 ] One o r more t r e a t m e n t t r u c k s 120 may e used t o

s u p p l y s t i m u l a t i o n ?uid t a d e s i r e d a t e . Each

r e a t m e n t t r u c k

120 may e n o r m a l l y o p e r a t e d a t a n y

a t e ,

s u c h

a s

w e l l u n d e r

i t s

maximum o p e r a t i n g c a p a c i t y . O p e r a t i n g

t h e

t r e a t m e n t

t r u c k s 120 n d e r t h e i r

o p e r a t i n g c a p a c i t y

may l l o w

f o r

one o

f a i l

and

h e

r e m a i n i n g

t o

be r u n a t

a h i g h e r

s p e e d i n

o r d e r to

make

up f o r t h e

a b s e n c e o f

t h e f a i l e d

pump.

[ 0 0 2 7 ] A

u r f a c e

u n i t

121

w i t h

a

s t i m u l a t i o n t o o l

123

i s

p r o v i d e d

t o d i r e c t t h e e n t i r e pump s y s t e m

1 2 9

d u r i n g t h e

s t i m u l a t i o n o p e r a t i o n . The s u r f a c e u n i t

1 2 1

i s s c h e m a t i c a l l y

J u l . 3 , 2 0 1 4

d e p i c t e d

a s

b e i n g l i n k e d t o

t h e

o p e r a t o r 12 7 , b u t may b e

m a n u a l l y

o r a u t o m a t i c al l y l i n k e d

t o

v a r i o u s p o r t i o n s o f t h e

w e l l s i t e

a n d / o r o f f s i t e

l o c a t i o n s a s

d e s i r e d , such

a s mobile

c o n t r o l s t a t i o n 1 4 9 .

[ 0 0 2 8 ]

A

t i m u l a t i o n

t o o l

1 2 3

may

b e u s e d

t o

s e l e c t i v e l y

p r o v i d e t h e s t i m u l a t i o n ? u i d s .

The

s t i m u l a t i o n t o o l 1 2 3 i s

s c h e m a t i c al l y d e p i c t e d a s p a r t o f

t h e s u r f a c e

u n i t

1 2 1 ,

b u t

c o u l d

be t

any

l o c a t i o n . The

s t i m u l a t i o n t o o l 123 may

be

u s e d t o communicate w i t h

t h e

w e l l s i t e , f o r e x a m p l e , t o

r e c e i v e d a t a

a n d / o r

t o s e n d commands. The s t i m u l a t i o n t o o l

1 2 3

may e t e r m i n e d i s t r i b u t i o n s based on e s i r e d o b j e c t i v e s

u s i n g a

d i s t r i b u t i o n

c o m p o n e n t , m o n i t o r i n r e a l t i m e u s i n g a

m o n i t o r i n g component a n d

d i r e c t a

c o n t r o l l e r 1 2 6

t o a d j u s t

o p e r a t i o n s

a s n e e d e d . The s t i m u l a t i o n

t o o l

123 and t h e con

t r o l l e r

126 may h e n be used o

d i r e c t

t h e ? o w

of

t i m u l a t i o n

? u i d s o n t o t h e w e l l b o r e w a l l a n d / r

i n t o

t h e f o r m a t i o n s a l o n g

one

r more

ofthe zones 110.1-11 0.5 along

h e

wellbore

1 0 4 .

[ 0 0 2 9 ]

The

s t i m u l a t i o n

? u i d s

may a l s o be

c o n t r o l l e d t o

m a n i p u l a t e t h e

m a t r i x

a c i d i z a t i o n , f r a c t u r i n g

p r o c e s s a n d / o r

o t h e r s t i m u l a t i o n

o p e r a t i o n s .

F o r e x a m p l e , ? u i d

t y p e s ,

p r e s

s u r e s ,

p l a c e m e n t , a n d

o t h e r

s t i m u l a t i o n p a r a m e t e r s

may b e

m a n i p u l a t e d t o

o p t i m i z e

t h e

m a t r i x

a c i d i z a t i o n a n d / o r

f r a c

t u r i n g .

D e p e n d i n g u p o n d e s i r e d o b j e c t i v e s o f

h e s t i m u l a t i o n ,

t h e s t i m u l a t i o n

? u i d s

may b e p l a c e d a n d / o r t h e s t i m u l a t i o n

o p e r a t i o n

p e r f o r m e d a s

d e s i r e d .

[ 0 0 3 0 ] S e n s o r s 1 2 5 may e

p r o v i d e d

a b o u t t h e

w e l l s i t e

1 0 0

t o measure v a r i o u s

p a r a m e t e r s ,

such a s s t i m u l a t i o n param

e t e r s ( e . g . , ?ow a t e s ) ,

w e l l s i t e

p a r a m e t e r s

( e . g . , d o w n h o l e

t e m p e r a t u r e s ) a n d / r

o t h e r

p a r a m e t e r s .

I n f o r m a t i o n g a t h e re d

from h e s e n s o r s 125 may

e

f e d

i n t o

t o t h e s t i m u l a t i o n t o o l

1 2 3 . The s t i m u l a t i o n

t o o l 123 may be used t o

r e c e i v e

and

p r o c e s s t h e i n f o r m a t i o n . The s t i m u l a t i o n t o o l

1 2 3

may t h e n

b e

u s e d

t o

a f f e c t o p e r a t i o n a l c h a n g e s , s u c h as a d j u s t i n g t h e

s t i m u l a t i o n o r o t h e r

o p e r a t i o n s , a t

t h e

w e l l s i t e 100

v i a t h e

c o n t r o l l e r 1 2 6 .

[ 0 0 3 1 ]

T h e s t i m u l a t i o n o p e r a t i o n may

e

p e r f o r m e d u s i n g

v a r i o u s t e c hn i q u e s ,

s u c h

as

t h e

" d e s i g n - e x e c u t e - e v a l u a t e ”

c o n ? g u r a t i o n o f F I G . 2 , t h e

“ s k i n

e f f e c t ” c o n ? g u r a t i on o f

F I G .

3 , a n d t h e “ o b j e c t i v e

f u n c t i o n ” c o n ? g u r a t i o n o f F I G .

4 .

While t h e v a r i o u s c o n ? g u r a t i o n s a r e d e s c r i b e d s e p a r a t e l y ,

v a r i o u s

a s p e c t s

o f

t h e

c o n ? g u r a t i o n s may

p t i o n a l l y b e u s e d

a n d / o r i n t e r c h a n g e d

a s

d e s i r e d .

F o r e x a m p l e ,

t h e o b j e c t i v e

f u n c t i o n

c o n ? g u r a t i o n

o f

F I G .

4 may o p t i o n a l l y e m p l o y t h e

s k i n f f e c t

c o n ? g u r a t i o n o f I G . . The e l e c t e d c o n ? g u r a t i o n

may e u s e d t o

o p t i m i z e

t h e s t i m u l a t i o n , p r o d u c t i o n a n d / o r

o t h e r o p e r a t i o n s a t t h e

w e l l s i t e .

[ 0 0 3 2 ]

The

e t h o d s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

t h e

v a r i o u s c o n ? g u r a

t i o n s

p r o v i d e d h e r e i n

may

e p e r f o r m e d ,

f o r

e x a m p l e , b y t h e

s t i m u l a t i o n

t o o l 1 2 3

a n d / o r s u r f a c e

u n i t 1 2 1 o f F I G . 1 .

The

methods may e p e r f o r m e d i t e r a t i v e l y a s new

a t a

s

r e c e i v e d ,

f o r example, from s e n s o r s 125 a t t h e w e l l s i t e 100 a s t h e

s t i m u l a t i o n o p e r a t i o n

i s i m p l e m e n t e d .

T h e s t i m u l a t i o n

t o o l

1 2 3

may have a r i o u s modules a n d / o r s i m u l a t o r s t h a t may

be

u s e d t o p e r f o r m s i m u l a t i o n s , s u c h a p l a c e m e n t

s i m u l a t o r

( e . g . ,

as

WELLBOOK,

STIMCADE,

ACTIVE,

ACTIVE

MATRIX, PROCADE,

P I P E S I M , e t c .

( c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l

a b l e from SCHLUMBERGER TECHNOLOGY CORPO

RATI ON

t

h t t p : / / w w w . s l b . c o m ) ) .

[ 0 0 3 3 ]

T h e s t i m u l a t i o n o p e r a t i o n

may

b e

a d j u s t e d ,

f o r

e x a m p l e b y

s e l e c t i v e l y p r o v i d i n g p l a c e m e n t o f

t h e

a c i d ,

a s

i n f o r m a t i o n

i s r e c e i v e d u s i n g , f o r e x a m p l e , t h e p u m p i n g

o p e r a t i o n o f F I G . 1 .

The

c o n t r o l l e r 1 2 6 may i m p l e m e n t

a d j u s t m e n t s a t t h e

w e l l s i t e

1 0 0 . The methods

may

e

used o

p r o v i d e ,

f o r

e x a m p l e ,

a p u m p i n g s c h e d u l e d e ? n i n g p u m p i n g

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US

014/0182841A1

c o n ? g u r a t i o n s f o r

p l a c e m e n t o f

s t i m u l a t i o n

? u i d

a c r o s s

one

o r more

zones

1 1 0 . 1 - 11 0 . 5 d u r i n g s t i m u l a t i o n o p e r a t i o n s .

[ 0 0 3 4 ]

F I G . 2 s h o w s

a n

e x a m p l e

method

0 0 o f e r f o r m i n g

a s t i m u l a t i o n

o p e r a ti o n i n v o l v i n g m a t r i x

a c i d i z i n g u s i n g a

" d e s i g n - e x e c u t e - e v a l u a t e ” c o n ? g u r a t i o n .

T h e m e t h o d

2 0 0

i n c l u d e s a w e l l b o r e p h a s e 2 4 0 , a d e s i g n

p h a s e

2 4 2 , a n

e x e c u

t i o n p h a s e 2 4 4 , a n d

a n

e v a l u a t i o n p h a s e 2 4 6 . The e l l b o r e

p h a s e

2 4 0

i n v o l v e s p r o d u c t i o n c u r v e

m a t c h i n g

2 4 8 a n d

w e l l

zone

d e ? n i t i o n

2 5 0 . The w e l l b o r e

phase

240 may be p e r

f o r m e d u s i n g ,

f o r e x a m p l e ,

PROCADE, A n a l y s i s WELL

BOOK: P r o d u c t i o n (AWP) o c u r v e ? t p r o d u c t i o n

e s t i m a t e s ,

and n o d a l

a n a l y s i s

w i t h

a

s i m u l a t o r , s u c h a s

PIPESIM, to

de?ne t h e w e l l b o r e .

S i m u l a t i o n s

may b e p e r f o r m e d , f o r

e x a m p l e ,

t o

d i s c r e t i z e t h e w e l l

i n z o n e s and o

d e t e r m i n e , f o r

e x a m p l e ,

t h e

o p t i m a l ? n a l

s k i n

d i s t r i b u t i o n . T h e s e s i m u l a

t i o n s may r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n h a t may e u s e d , f o r e x a m p l e ,

i n

a

? u i d p l a c e m e n t s i m u l a t o r a n d / o r t o d e s i g n

s t i m u l a t i o n

o p e r a t i o n s

t o a c h i e v e

a

? n a l

s k i n d i s t r i b u t i o n

a l o n g

t h e

w e l l

b o r e .

[ 0 0 3 5 ]

T h e

d e s i g n p h a s e

2 4 2

i n v o l v e s g a t h e r i n g

d e s i g n

p a r a m e t e r s

2 5 2 ,

d e t e r m i n i n g

a c i d

p l a c e m e n t

2 5 4 ,

a n d d e t e r

m i n i n g

p r o d u c t i o n

f o r e c a s t 2 5 6 . T h e

d e s i g n p a r a m e t e rs 2 5 2

may n c l u d e , f o r

example a c a n d i d a t e s e l e c t i o n , a f o r m a t i o n

damage

i d e n t i ? c a t i o n ,

a

? u i d

s e l e c t i o n , a pumping s c h e d u l e

g e n e r a t i o n ,

e t c .

[ 0 0 3 6 ]

V a r i o u s m o d u l e s may e u s e d o p r o v i d e t h e d e s i g n

p a r a m e t e r s 2 5 2 , a c i d p l a c e m e n t a n d o t h e r

p o r t i o n s

o f

t h e

method 2 0 0 .

F o r

e x a m p l e , a c r i t i c a l drawdown i n f o r m a t i o n

module

may e u s e d

t o

p r o v i d e

c a n d i d a t e

s e l e c t i o n , a

s c a l e

p r e d i c t o r may e u s e d

t o

p r o v i d e f o r m a t i o n damage

d e n t i ?

c a t i o n , a

b a l l s e a l e r may b e u s e d

to

p r o v i d e

t h e

pumping

s c h e d u l e g e n e r a t o r ,

e t c .

I n a n o t h er e x a m p l e ,

a t

l e a s t some

i n f o r m a t i o n ,

s u c h

a s t h e

pumping s c h e d u l e i n f o r m a t i o n

f o r

t h e pumping

s c h e d u l e g e n e r a t o r , may b e p r o v i d e d

b y

a n

e n g i n e e r .

[ 0 0 3 7 ] A c i d p l a c e m e n t 2 5 4

i s d e t e r m i n e d

f r o m t h e d e s i g n

p a r a m e t e r s

2 5 2 a n d

p r o d u c t i o n

f or e c a s t 2 5 6

i s g e n e r a t e d

f r o m t h e a c i d p l a c e m e n t 2 5 4 . The a c i d p l a c e m e n t 2 5 4 a n d

p r o d u c t i o n f o r e c a s t

256 may

e

i t e r a t e d

a s

i n d i c a t e d

by

t h e

d u a l

a r r o w . The

e s u l t s may be implemented t

t h e

w e l l s i t e i n

t h e e x e c u t i o n p h a s e

2 4 4 ( e . g . ,

u s i n g t h e o p e r a t o r

1 2 7

a n d / o r

t h e s u r f a c e

u n i t 1 2 1

o f

F I G .

1 ) .

D u r i n g

i m p l e m e n t a t i on , s e n

s o r s ( e . g . , 1 2 5 o f F I G .

1 )

may e u s e d t o p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n

d u r i n g t h e

e v a l u a t i o n

p h a s e

2 4 6 .

New

r o d u c t i o n

f o r e c a s t s

may e

g e n e r a t e d a n d

a d j u s t m e n t s i m p l e m e n t e d .

A t v a r i o u s

i n t e r v a l s

o r

a t

d e s i r e d

t i m e s ( e . g . , upon c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e

d e s i g n p h a s e 2 4 2 o r e v a l u a t i o n p h a s e

2 4 6 ) ,

o u t p u t s ( e . g . ,

r e p o r t s ,

g r a p h i c s ) 2 6 8 . 1 , 2 6 8 . 2 may

e p r o v i d e d .

[ 0 0 3 8 ]

V a r i o u s

m o d u l e s

may e u s e d

o

p r o v i d e

a c i d

p l a c e

ment 5 4 , p r o d u c t i o n

f o r e c a s t

2 5 6 , e x e c u t i o n

2 4 4

a n d e v a l u

a t i o n

2 4 6 .

F o r

e x a m p l e ,

a

p l a c e m e n t

module

( e . g . ,

GEOCHECKTM)

may e u s e d o

p r o v i d e

a c i d p l a c e m e n t

2 5 4 ,

an e x e c u t i o n module

( e . g . ,

MATTIME and

STEP RATE

M i g r a t i o n ) may b e u s e d i n e x e c u t i o n 2 4 4 ,

a n d

p r o d u c t i o n

m o d u l e s ( e . g . ,

r e a l t i m e

a c i d

p l a c e m e n t

a n d p r o d u c t i o n f o r e

c a s t / e c o n ) may e u s e d i n

e v a l u a t i o n .

[ 0 0 3 9 ] The i n f o r m a t i o n

p r o v i d e d i n

t h e

method

2 0 0

may

i n c l u d e g l o b a l v a r i a b l e s . T h e g l o b a l

v a r i a b l e s

may e u s e d ,

f o r

e x a m p l e ,

i n

t h e

e x e c u t i o n 244

and t h e

e v a l u a t i o n 246

to

p r o v i d e a

g l o b a l

t a r g e t , o r a n

o v e r a l l

s o l u t i o n f o r p e r f o r m i n g

t h e s t i m u l a t i o n

o p e r a t i o n .

The method 2 0 0

may l s o

o p t i o n

a l l y b e p e r f o r m e d u s i n g

o b j e c t i v e

v a r i a b l e s ,

w h i c h

t a i l o r t h e

s t i m u l a t i o n o p e r a t i o n t o a c h i e v e p r e d e ? n e d

o b j e c t i v e s ,

s u c h

a s which o n e s t o

s t i m u l a t e

and by h ow much.

The

e s u l t i n g

J u l . 3 , 2 0 1 4

?uid s c h e d u l e may

e an optimum

?uid s c h e d u l e , o r a s o l u

t i o n g e n e r a t e d s o t h a t a d e s i r e d o b j e c t i v e i s a c h i e v e d .

F o r

e x a m p l e , o p t i m i z a t i o n may

e

g e n e r a t e d b a s e d

o n

t h e a b i l i t y

t o g e n e r a t e a b e t t e r s t i m u l a t i o n o f t h e w e l l w i t h t h e volume of

t h e i n j e c t e d ? u i d s ,

o r

t h e

a b i l i t y

t o d i s t r i b u t e

? u i d

d i f f e r e n t l y

a c r o s s zones

t o

o p t i m i z e production o r reach

a

production

p r o ? l e t a r g e t .

[ 0 0 4 0 ]

T h e

g l o b a l v a r i a b l e s may e p r o v i d e d w i t h o u t b e i n g

d i s c r e t i z e d

b y z o n e , a n d

may

i n c l u d e , f o r e x a m p l e , t a r g e t

? u i d i n v a s i o n d e p t h , t a r g e t l i v e a c i d i n v a s i o n d e p t h , t a r g e t

? n a l damage k i n ,

w e l l b o r e

v o l u m e , e t c . T a r g e t ? u i d

i n v a s i o n

d e p t h i s t h e

d i s t a n c e from t h e

w e l l b o r e

u s e d

f o r n o n r e a c t i v e

p r e ? u s h , o v e r ? u s h ,

a n d m a i n

? u i d s .

T a r g e t

l i v e

a c i d i n v a s i o n

d e p t h

i s

t h e d i s t a n c e from t h e w e l l b o r e u s e d f o r r e a c t i v e

p r e ? u s h

? u i d s

( e . g . ,

HCl

t e p s i n

s a n d s t o n e

f o r m a t i o n s ) .

T a r

g e t ? n a l

damage k i n may

e

de?ned o r

r e a c t i v e

main u i d s

a n d / o r

f o r

s c a l e - d i s s o l v i n g ? u i d s

( e . g . ,

i f t h e r e i s

s c a l e dam

a g e ) . F o r

e x a m p l e ,

HCl may

e u s e d f o r

c a r b o n a t e

r e s e r v o i r s

and

HF may be used f o r s a n d s t o n e s . W e l l b o r e

volume

i s

i n t e r n a l l y

c a l c u l a t e d

b a s e d

on

h e i n p u t

t o

a w e l l

c o m p l e t i o n

window a n d may e

u s e d f o r d i s p l a c e m e n t

? u i d s a n d t u b i n g

s p a c e r s .

[ 0 0 4 1] F l u i d d i s t r i b u t i o n

a l o n g

t h e z o n e s may l s o

b e p e r

f o r m e d

u s i n g a c i d

p l a c e m e n t s i m u l a t i o n s .

V a r i o u s p a r a m e t e r s

may e

changed o

a c h i e v e a

d e s i r e d

c o n ? g u r a t i o n , such

a s

a

? u i d

d i s t r i b u t i o n

h a t

w i l l

p r o v i d e t h e a r g e t s k i n d i s t r i b u t i o n .

C o r r e l a t i o n s

b e t w e e n ? u i d i n j e c t i o n r a t e , ? u i d

volume

a n d

s k i n

r e d u c t i o n may e

c o n s i d e r e d .

The

p l a c e m e n t

s i m u l a t o r

may

o n s i d e r

v a r i o u s

zones

i n

each

s i m u l a t i o n t o

determine

how e a c h

c h a n g e i n

t h e d e s i g n

may

m p a c t t h e ? u i d

d i s t r i b u

t i o n

i n

s e v e r a l z o n e s . A

lacement

s i m u l a t o r , s u c h a s WELL

BOOK r STIMCADE ay

e c o u p l e

v a r i o u s a s p e c t s

o f

t h e

s t i m u l a t i o n o p e r a t i o n from a n o v e r a l l

s o l u t i o n

t o

p r o v i d e

where a n d / o r how o i n j e c t

t h e s t i m u l a t i o n ? u i d .

The a t e r i

a l s ,

d i v e r t e r ,

p l a c e m e n t

a n d / r

o t h e r

s t i m u l a t i o n

p a r a m e t e r s

may e s e l e c t e d t o a c h i e v e

t h e

o p t i m a l ? u i d d i s t r i b u t i o n .

[ 0 0 4 2 ] T h e

d e s i g n - e x e c u t e - e v a l u a t e ”

c o n ? g u r a t i o n

i n v o l v e s d e s i g n i n g t r e a tm e n t s t h a t a r e s e n s i t i v e

t o

informa

t i o n t h a t may e g a t h e r e d . F o r

e x a m p l e , d e s i g n i n g

a

t r e a t m e n t

w i t h a n

e n g i n e e r in g d e s i g n

t o o l ( s u c h as

STIMCADE)

may

i n v o l v e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f t h e s k i n in

e a c h

l a y e r .

S k i n

dam

a g e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

may

be e t e r m i n e d

b a s e d

on damage pen

e t r a t i o n u s i n g l o g g i n g t o o l s .

[ 0 0 4 3 ]

S t i m u l a t i o n

may e o p t i m i z e d ,

f o r

e x a m p l e , b y p e r

f o r m i n g

s e n s i t i v i t y

a n a l y s i s

o n v a r i o u s

w e l l s i t e

p a r a m e t e r s ,

s u c h s d a m a g e r o p e r t i e s , v o l u m e s , p e r m e a b i l i t y , r a t e , s k i n ,

e t c . ,

and

s e l e c t i n g t h e

t r e a t m e n t

t h a t i s most

r o b u s t

t o s u c h

p a r a m e t e r s . I n o t h e r

w o r d s ,

t r e a t m e n t

may e

s e l e c t e d

b a s e d

on h e

outcome h a t

i s t h e

l e a s t s e n s i t i v e t o

u n c e r t a i n t y w h i l e

p r o v i d i n g a

r e s u l t

c l o s e

e n o u g h t o

t h e o p t i m u m .

[ 0 0 4 4 ]

A d j u s t m e n t

may

b e p e r f o r m e d

d u r i n g

s t i m u l a t i o n

e x e c u t i o n 2 4 6

b a s e d on r e a l - t i m e

( R T ) m o n i t o r i n g . F o r

e x a m p l e , c o r r e c t i v e a c t i o n s may b e t a k e n w h i l e

pumping

b a s e d on measurements t a k e n d u r i n g

t h e pumping.

The RT

m o n i t o r i n g may i n v o l v e u s i n g a g l o b a l p a r a m e t er , s u c h

as

s k i n ( o r w e l l b o r e damage

a l o n g

t h e

w a l l

o f t h e

w e l l b o r e

g e n e r a t ed d u r i n g d r i l l i n g ) . I n a n o t h e r

e x a m p l e ,

f o r

m u l t i

l a y e r e d c a r b o n a t e

f o r m a t i o n s ,

t h e p r o p e r p l a c e m e n t o f

t h e

? u i d

a c r o s s z o n e s o f i f f e r e n t i n j e c t i v i t y a n d d i f f e r e n t i m p a c t

on

h e p r o d u c t i o n may

be

o n i t o r e d .

[ 0 0 4 5 ] A d j u s t m e n t s

may

e t a k e n

d u r i n g

o p e r a t i o n s u s i n g ,

f o r e x a m p l e ,

a c o i l e d

t u b i n g u n i t

e q u i p p e d

w i t h a n o p t i c a l

? b e r p l a c e d

i n t h e

s t r i n g t o p r o v i d e

t e l e m e t r y

t o

t h e

BHA.

T h i s e q u i p m e n t may e

u s e d

o m o d i f y t h e o r i g i n a l t r e a t m e n t

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US

014/0182841A1

d e s i g n

t o

t a r g e t z o n e s t h a t

show

o o r n j

e c t i v i t y d u r i n g a

o b .

A n

x a m p l e

o f c o i l e d

t u b i n g

i n c l u d e s ACTIVETM.

[ 0 0 4 6 ] C o r r e c t i v e a c t i o n s d u r i n g

t r e a t m e n t

may a l s o b e

t a k e n w i t h a n o p t i m a l p l a c e m e n t

o f

t h e ? u i d i n m i n d . T o o l s ,

s u c h

as c o i l ed t u b i n g

e q u i p m e n t ,

may

b e u s e d

to

i d e n t i f y

zones

which a r e n o t t a k i n g ? u i d s , and c o r r e c t i v e a c t i o n s a r e

t a k e n

to r e d i r e c t

? u i d s

t o

t h e s e z o n e s ,

b u t

n o t

t o d i s t r i b u t e

t h e

? u i d a l o n g t h e

w e l l

t o r e a c h t h e b e s t

t r e a t m e n t

d e s i g n .

[ 0 0 4 7 ]

T r e a t m e n t

d e s i g n

may d e c o u p l e

t h e q u e s t i o n s o f

o p t i m a l

p l a c e m e n t o f ? u i d

f o r

a

g i v e n w e l l ,

t h e

p e r f o r m a n c e

o f t h e

m a t e r i a l s

s e l e c t e d , and h e t r e a t m e n t s c h e d u l e c o n s i d

e r e d .

[ 0 0 4 8 ]

A h a l l e n g e o r a c i d i z i n g

i n

m u l t i - l a y e r e d

c a r b o n a t e

r e s e r v o i r s may e

t o

r e a c h optimum l a c e m e n t o f s t i m u l a t i o n

? u i d s . Optimum

p l a c e m e n t may b e

i n t e r p r e t e d a s

u n i f o r m

p l a c e m e n t o f

t h e

? u i d a c r o s s

a

p r o d u c i n g i n t e r v a l . Optimum

p l a c e m e n t

may a l s o c o n s i d e r b o t h t h e t r e a tm e n t ’ s o b j e c t i v e

a n d t s

c o n s t r a i n t s .

C a r b o n a t e a c i d i z i n g t r e a tm e n t d e s i g n may

b e s u p p l e m e n t e d t o

d e t e r m i n e

t h e optimum p l a c e m e n t o f

?uid

o

r e a c h

an

o b j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n .

[ 0 0 4 9 ]

F I G .

3

s h o w s

a n o t h e r

e x a m p l e

method

0 0

o f p e r

f o r m i n g a s t i m u l a t i o n o p e r a t i o n i n v o l v i n g a “ s k i n e f f e c t ”

c o n ? g u r a t i o n . T h i s m e t h o d 3 0 0 p r o v i d e s t r e at m e n t d i a g n o s i s

u s i n g

r e a l - t i m e s k i n e v o l u t i o n .

The method 0 0

i n v o l v e s i n i

t i a l s k i n e v a l u a ti o n 3 4 3 , s k i n e f f e c t 3 4 5 ,

a n d

s k i n e v a l u a t i o n

3 4 7 . S k i n e v a l u a t i o n 343 i n v o l v e s d e t e r m i n i n g 347

a n

i n i t i a l

s k i n e f f e c t

349

s i n g

a

s t e p r a t e e s t 3 5 1 ,

and

e e v a l u a t i n g w e l l

c o n c e r n s 353

f no

p o s i t i v e s k i n e f f e c t i s p r e s e n t .

[ 0 0 5 0 ] I f

a

p o s i t i v e

s k i n

f f e c t

i s

p r e s e n t , t h e n

t h e s k i n

f f e c t

3 4 5 may e

p e r f o r m e d . The k i n f f e c t

3 4 5

i n v o l v e s

p e r f o r m

i n g

m a t r i x

s t i m u l a t i o n

t r e a t m e n t 355 t o d e t e r m i n e a p p a r en t

s k i n e f f e c t i n

r e a l

t i m e 3 5 7 . Whether

s k i n

e f f e c t i s r e a c h e d

a

t a r g e t i s t h e n

d e t e r m i n e d 3 5 9 .

I f

o , t h e

j o b

may e s t o p p e d o r

n e x t ? u i d s t a g e d 3 6 1 .

I f s o , whether

h e

s k i n

e f f e c t

r e s p o n s e

i s

l e v e l i n g

o f f

may e d e t e r m i n e d 3 6 3 . I f

o , t h e

s t a g e may e

c o n t i n u e d

u n t i l l e v e l i n g

o f f o c c u r s 3 6 5 .

[ 0 0 5 1 ]

I f t h e s k i n

e f f e c t r e s p o n s e

l e v e l s

o f f ,

t h e

s k i n e v a l u

a t i o n

347

may

b e p e r f o r m e d . The

s k i n e v a l u a t i o n

347

i n v o l v e s e v a l u a t i n g t h e e ? i c i e n c y o f t h e t r e a t m e n t

f o r

t h e

p r e s e n t

s t a g e 3 6 7 a n d

d e t e r m i n i n g i f

t h e e v a l u a t i o n

i n d i c a t e s

an u n t r e a t e d zone o r h e i g h t 3 6 9 . I f s o , a d j u s t m e n t s a t

t h e

w e l l s i t e may e p e r f o r m e d

3 7 1 .

I f t h e

a d j u s t m e n t

i s

ef f ec ti v e

( e . g . , t h e r e

i s

a n i n c r e a s e i n c o n c e n t ra t i on ) 3 7 3 , t h e n t h e

p r o c e s s may r e t u r n

to b l o c k

3 5 9 . I f

n o t ,

t h e

j o b may be

s t o p p e d

3 7 5 .

[ 0 0 5 2 ] F I G .

3

i s an example o f

a

method t h a t

t a k e s

i n t o

c o n s i d e r a t i o n

p l a c e m e n t o f

s t i m u l a t i o n

? u i d s .

P r o p e r

p l a c e

ment

may

e

d e p e n d e n t , f o r example,

on

t h e zones

encoun

t e r e d , t h e e q u i p m e n t

u s e d e t c .

I d e a l p l a c e m e n t o f t i m u l a t i n g

? u i d

may n v o l v e a u n i f o r m

p l a c e m e n t ,

f o r

e x a m p l e

where l l

z o n e s

h a v e

s i m i l a r

i n j e c t i v i t y .

I d e a l p l a c e m e n t

may

a r y ,

f o r

e x a m p l e w h e r e

m u l t i p l e l a y e r e d z o n e s

w i t h d i f f e r e n t i n j e c

t i v i t i e s may e p r o v i d e d a l o n g t h e

w e l l b o r e .

E v a l u a t i o n s may

b e

p e r f o r m e d b y

c o m p a r i n g v o l u m e s

r e q u i r e d f o r a w e l l w i t h

t h r e e zones

of i f f e r e n t

p r o p e r t i e s t o a case

where

l l zones

have same

n j e c t i v i t y .

V a r i o u s d i v e r t e r s may

be

used i n t h e

w e l l b o r e ,

which

may a l s o

b e

c o n s i d e r e d .

T h e s e a n d

o t h e r

f a c t o r s

may e c o n s i d e r e d

i n d e t e r m i n i n g

t h e optimum

l a c e

m e n t . Examples o f ? u i d p l a c e m e n t

a r e

p r o v i d e d

i n

RESER

VOIR ST M

LAT

N ,

p r e v i o u s l y

i n c o r p o r a t e d b y r e f e r e n c e

h e r e i n .

[ 0 0 5 3 ] S t i m u l a t i o n may e a d j u s t e d i n r e a l t i m e

b a s e d

on

v a r i o u s downhole p a r a m e t e r s ,

s u c h

a s

r e a l - t i m e

s k i n e v o l u

t i o n S k i n

e v a l u a t i o n

may n v o l v e , f o r e x a m p l e , t h e P a c c a l o n i

J u l . 3 , 2 0 1 4

t e c h n i q u e ,

t h e P r o u v o s t a n d

E c o n o m i d e s

m e t h o d , t h e

Behema e t h o d , a n d / o r

o t h e r

m e t h o d s .

E x a m p l e s

o f pump

i n g s t r a t e g y and a t r i x t r e a t m e n t e v a l u a t i o n

a r e

p r o v i d e d i n

RESERVOIR S T I M U L A T I O N ,

p r e v i o u s l y

i n c o r p o r a t e d b y

r e f e r e n c e

h e r e i n .

[ 0 0 5 4 ] I n v e r s e

i n j e c t i v i t y d i a g n o s t i c s may e u s e d t o p r o

v i d e a r e a l

t i m e

e s t i m a t i o n o f t h e

g l o b a l

a n d / o r

l o c a l

s k i n

d i s t r i b u t i o n s .

The

b o t t o m - h o l e p r e s s u r e (BHP) may b e

assumed

t o

v a r y

based on

a r i o u s

f a c t o r s ,

such

a s pumping

r a t e , s k i n and o t h e r f a c t o r s . T h e s e methods may d e t e r m i n e ,

f o r e x a m p l e , whether d i v e r t e r h a s an

f f e c t

on h e i n j e c t i v i t y

of t h e w e l l .

These

methods may l s o be used t o re?ne a

d e s c r i p t i o n

o f

t h e d i v e r s i o n down o t h e

zone

e v e l , t o quan

t i f y ? o w

i s t r i b u t i o n ,

and

o

d e t e r m i n e i f t h e t a r g e t

z o n e s

a r e

a c t u a l l y

t h e o n e s b e i n g

a c i d i z e d .

S e n s o r s may e p r o v i d e d t o

d e t e c t

i n j e c t i o n

r a t e s

even n c a s e s where h e

?uid

s

i n j e c t e d

a t

r a t e s t h a t a r e v e r y l o w , s u c h a s i n l a r g e i n j e c t i v i t y

w e l l s

( l o n g h o r i z o n t al

w e l l s

o r

w e l l s

i n t h i c k

c a r b o n a t e

l a y e r s )

where

i t t l e

p r e s s u r e i s

g e n e r a t e d

when i v e r t e r s a r e i n j e c t e d .

[ 0 0 5 5 ]

D u r i n g

o p e r a t i o n ,

b o x e s

3 5 3 ,

3 6 1

a n d / o r

3 7 5

may

b e

c o n t i n u e d

o r

s t o p p e d

d u r i n g t h e

i n j e c t i o n .

O t h e r

o p t i o n s

may

l s o be n c l u d e d ,

s u c h

a s v a r i a t i o n o f h e i n j e c t i o n

r a t e i n

c a r b o n a t e s . V a r i o u s volumes o f ? u i d s may

be

s e d , a s

a v a i l

a b l e .

I n

some c a s e s ,

?uid

volumes may be

l i m i t e d

( e . g . ,

i n

o f f s h o r e a p p l i c a t i o n s where s t i m u l a t i o n ? u i d s a r e pumped

from s t i m u l a t i o n

v e s s e l , o r

where

?uid volumes a r e l i m i t e d

by

s p a c e

a n d

number

o f t a n k s on e c k ) .

[ 0 0 5 6 ] I n some

c a s e s ,

t h e a v e r a g e s k i n e f f e c t

may be

i s o

l a t e d from

BHP

easurements and used a s

a d i a g n o s t i c

f o r

o p t i m i z i n g t r e a t m e n t i n

a m u l t i - l a y e r e d

r e s e r v o i r . F o r

e x a m p l e , an

a v e r a g e s k i n e v a l u a t i o n

may be

used

t o d e t e r

mine w h e t h e r

t h e

a c i d i s r e m o v i n g

a

l a r g e f r a c t i o n o f t h e

damage o c a l l y o r u n i f o r m l y a l o n g t h e w h o l e t r e a t m e n t i n t e r

v a l . I n a m u l t i - l a y e r e d r e s e r v o i r , p l a c e m e n t may be f u n c t i o n

o f o c a l damage e m o v a l .

[ 0 0 5 7 ] I n some

c a s e s , i t

may be assumed t h a t t h e r e

i s a

r e l a t i o n s h i p between

s k i n

and BHP. I n o t h e r c a s e s , o t h e r

f a c t o r s

may cause t h e BHP

o v a r y

while t h e s k i n remains

c o n s t a n t . S u c h e f f e c t s may n c l u d e , f o r

e x a m p l e ,

m u l t i p h a s e

?ow f f e c t s , v i s c o s i t y c o n t r a s t b e t w e e n i n j e c t e d a n d r e s e r v o i r

? u i d s , o p e n i n g o f s s u r e s ,

e t c .

[ 0 0 5 8 ]

While e c i s i o n s may

be

based

on t r e a tm e n t o b j e c

t i v e t h a t i n v o l v e s r e a c h i n g u n i f o r m c o v e r a g e o f t h e e n t i r e

w e l l , t h e

t r e a t m e n t

o b j e c t i v e o f t h e s t i m u l a t i o n

may e c h a r

a c t e r i z e d a s

s e e k i n g t o a c h i e v e maximum p r o d u c t i o n

i n c r e a s e . I n some a s e s , i t may e more e n e ? c i a l t o i n j e c t a l l

t h e a c i d

i n t o

t h e most

p r o d u c t i v e

z o n e s .

These

zones m y

c o n t r i b u t e

t o

p r o d u c t i o n ,

a n d

d i v e r t i n g a c i d i n t o l e s s p r o d u c

t i v e

z o n e s

may

e

d e t r i m e n t a l to o v e r a l l p r o d u c t i o n .

H i g h l y

p r o d u c t i v e z o n e s may

e c a p a b l e o f

d r a i n i n g t h e o t h e r z o n e s

i n

a

manner

h a t

may

be

e q u i v a l e n t

t o

s t i m u l a t i n g t h e

l o w e r

p r o d u c t i v i t y z o n e s .

[ 0 0 5 9 ] F I G . 4 s h o w s a n e x a m p l e

method

0 0 o f

e r f o r m i n g

a s t i m u l a t i o n

o p e r a ti o n i n v o l v i n g m a t r i x

a c i d i z i n g

u s i n g

a n

“ o b j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n ” c o n ? g u r a t i o n . T h i s m e t h o d

i n v o l v e s

d e s i g n i n g and e x e c u t i n g a m a t r i x s t i m u l a t i o n tr e a t m e n t , s o

t h a t t h e

t r e a t m e n t

r e s u l t s in t h e

optimum

p l a c e m e n t o f

t h e

s t i m u l a t i n g ? u i d , t h u s

l e a d i n g

o optimum

r e a t m e n t

o f

w e l l .

Design a r a m e t e r s a r e con?gured o meet a n o b j e c t i v e f u n c

t i o n .

[ 0 0 6 0 ] The method 0 0 i n v o l v e s c o l l e c t i n g d a t a 4 7 6 , e s t a b

l i s h i n g o b j e c t i v e s 4 7 8 , i d e n t i f y i n g c o n s t r a i n t s 4 8 0 ,

d e t e r m i n

i n g t a r g e t d i s t r i b u t i o n s ( e . g . , v o l u m e

a n d

r a t e

v s . z )

4 8 2 ,

s e l e c t i n g o p e r a t i o n a l p a r a m e t e r s

e . g . ,

m a t e r i a l

s e l e c t i o n

a n d

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US

014/0182841A1

pump s c h e d u l e g e n e r a t i o n )

4 8 4 ,

a n d e x e c u t i n g 4 8 6 . D a t a

c o l l e c t i o n 476 may e p e r f o r m e d u s i n g

s e n s o r s

a t t h e

w e l l s i t e

( e . g . , 1 2 5 o f

F I G .

1 ) , d a t a i n p u t f r o m

on r o f f s i t e

p e r s o n n e l

( e . g . , a n e n g i n e e r ) , c l i e n t i n p u t , h i s t o r i c a l d a t a , e t c .

I n

a g i v e n

e x a m p l e ,

an

n g i n e e r

may

o l l e c t

i n f o r m a t i o n

on

l l

t h e

v a r i

a b l e s t h a t

c a n a f f e c t

t h e p l a c e m e n t

o f t h e ? u i d d u r i n g

t h e

i n j e c t i o n . E x a m p l e d a t a

may

i n c l u d e w e l l c o m p l e t i o n a n d

p r o p e r t i e s d a t a ( e . g . ,

s c h e m a t i c s , w e l l p e r f o r a t i o n s ,

w e l l b o r e

d e v i a t i o n

s u r v e y s ) ,

r e s e r v o i r d a t a ( e . g . , d r a i n a g e r a d i u s , b o t

t o m - h o l e

t e m p e r a t u r e ,

r e s e r v o i r

? u i d s

p r o p e r t y t y p e o r p h y s i

c a l p r o p e r t i e s ) , d a m a g e t y p e d a t a ( e . g . , d r i l l i n g , m u d ,

s c a l e s ) ,

z o n a l p r o p e r t y d a t a a n d

p r o d u c t i o n

d a t a .

[ 0 0 6 1 ] Z o n a l p r o p e r t i e s d a t a may i n c l u d e , f o r e x a m p l e ,

i n f o r m a t i o n

a b o u t

z o n e s t o p and bottom measured d e p t h s ,

p e r m e a b i l i t y ,

p o r o s i t y ,

f a r

? e l d

p r e s s u r e ,

r o c k c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

( m i n e r a l o g y / f a c i e s ) ,

p r e s e n c e o f

n a t u r a l

f r a c t u r e s ,

m e c h a n i

c a l p r o p e r t i e s , l o g s w i t h

i n f o r m a t i o n

b y d e p t h , e t c . Z o n a l

p r o p e r t i e s may r o v i d e d i s c r e t i z a t i o n

o f

p a r a m e t e r s b y z o n e .

The v a l u e s can be

e s t i m a t e d

from l o g measurements and

c o r r e l a t e d

w i t h

e x p e r i e n c e

i n t h e

r e s e r v o i r .

The

r e s e n c e

o f

n a t u r a l

f r a c t u r e s and c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n

by

a f o r m a t i o n m i c r o

imager can be

used

t o s e e

d i f f e r e n c e s

between core

perme

a b i l i t i e s a n d w e l l i n j e c t i v i t y .

[ 0 0 6 2 ]

P r o d u c t i o n

d a t a may n c l u d e , f o r

e x a m p l e ,

F l o w S

c a n

I m a g e r F S I ) , p r o d u c t i o n

l o g g i n g

t o o l s

( P L T )

o r w e l l

t e s t

d a t a . The r o d u c t i o n

d a t a may e

u s e d

t o

r e ? n e

t h e

r e s e r v o i r

d e s c r i p t i o n a n d t h e

v a l i d i t y

o f z o n a l

p r o p e r t i e s . C o n s i s t e n c y

b e t w e e n r e s er v o i r d e s c r i p t i o n

a n d a c t u a l p r o d u c t i o n d a t a may

b e e s t i m a t e d f r o m l o g s . The

r o d u c t i o n

d a t a may l s o b e

u s e d

t o e n s u r e c o n s i s t e n c y between r e s e r v o i r

d e s c r i p t i o n and

a c t u a l

p r o d u c t i o n d a t a .

[ 0 0 6 3 ] D a t a may

e s e p a r a t e l y c a t e g o ri z e d a n d /

r

m a n i p u

l a t e d .

F o r e x a m p l e , i n f o r m a t io n a b o u t damage may e

i n

t h e

f o r m o f “damage a t u r e ” , w h i c h may e u s e f u l i n s e l e c t i n g

p r o p e r ? u i d s o r a d d i t i v e s

t o

remove h e

damage. However,

h e

q u a n t i ? c a t i o n

o f

h e d a m a g e may

e o f

s e c o n d a r y

i m p o r t a n c e

f o r

p o r t i o n s

4 7 6 - 4 8 2 o f

t h e

m e t h o d ( e . g . , i n c l u d i n g t a r g e t

volu me and a t e d i s t r i b u t i o n ) . Damage may r may

o t

i n ? u

ence

?uid p l a c e m e n t ,

and

o p t i m a l

t r e a t m e n t

may

n o t

be a

p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r

a

t r e a t m e n t

t h a t b y p a s s e s damage n l l z o n e s

t h a t may

be

s t i m u l a t e d .

[ 0 0 6 4 ] I n a n o t h e r e x a m p l e , i n c a s e s

w h e r e

d e e p damage s

s u s p e c t e d o r when

low c i d volumes a r e

u s e d ,

an

b j e c t i v e

o f

b y p a s s i n g

damage may e i n t r o d u c e d i n t h e o b j e c t i v e f u n c

t i o n d e ? n i n g t h e optimum t r e a t m e n t . T h i s may b e d o n e b y

d e ? n i n g

a h y p o t h e t i c a l d e p t h o f d a m a g e

( e . g . ,

g l o b a l o r p e r

z o n e ) , o r

b y

i n t r o d u c i n g

s e n s i t i v i t y i n

t h e o b j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n

t h a t f a v o r s d e e p e r t r e a t m e n t s . The o c a l damage

may

be con

s i d e r e d a s

a v a r i a b l e ,

which

may

in?uence

t h e

?uid

i s t r i b u

t i o n .

[ 0 0 6 5 ]

How

h e

damage

i n ? u e n c e s

t h e

p l a c e m e n t

may

e

a p p l i e d t o p o r t i o n s 4 8 4

a n d

4 8 6 o f t h e m e t h o d . F o r

e x a m p l e ,

damage i n ? u e n c e s

o n p l a c e m e n t may b e

a p p l i e d

d u r i n g

d i v e r t e r s e l e c t i o n and r e a t m e n t

e x e c u t i o n ,

a n d / o r where

t h e

r o l e of h e e n g i n e e r i s t o s e l e c t t h e

c o r r e c t

d i v e r t e r t o coun

t e r a c t

t h e

n a t u r a l i n j e c t i o n

p r o ? l e

and t o

remain c l o s e

t o an

o p t i m a l i n j e c t i o n p r o ? l e .

[ 0 0 6 6 ] E s t a b l i s h i n g o b j e c t i v e s 4 7 8 i n v o l v e s e s t a b l i s h i n g

one

o r more o b j e c t i v e s

o f

t h e s t i m u l a t i o n o p e r at i o n . The

o b j e c t i v e s

may e

e s t a b l i s h e d 478

i t h i n

t h e

c o n s t r a i n t s i d e n

t i ? e d

4 8 0 . Example b j e c t i v e s may n c l u d e

one

r

more of

h e

f o l l o w i n g : maximum r o d u c t i o n r a t e a f t e r t r e a t m e n t , m a x i

mum u i d

r e c o v e r y o f

t h e r e s e r v o i r ,

u n i f o r m p l a c e m e n t o f

? u i d a c r o s s a l l z o n e s , u n i f o r m i n j e c t i v i t y a f t e r

t r e a t m e n t

( f o r

J u l . 3 , 2 0 1 4

i n j e c t o r w e l l s ) , minimum n j e c t i o n p r e s s u r e

a f t e r

t r e a t m e n t

( f o r i n j e c t o r w e l l s ) , r e a c h g i v e n

n e g a t i v e s k i n v a l u e s

i n

c e r t a i n

zones ( w h i l e

t h e

f a t e

of

o t h e r zones may o r may o t be

i m p o r t a n t ) , u n i f o r m r e m o v a l o f d a m a g e , e l i m i n a t i o n o f a

r e q u i r e m e n t

t o

f u r t h e r s t i m u l a t e t h e

z o n e

i . e . ,

r e a c h i n g

dam

a g e s k i n : 0 i n

e a c h

z o n e ) , e t c .

[ 0 0 6 7 ] The b j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n

may

e

t r a n s l a t e d i n t o

math

e m a t i c a l t e r m s i n t h e e n g i n e e r i n g t o o l u s e d

i n

d e t e r m i n i n g t h e

d i s t r i b u t i o n s

4 8 2 . F o r

e x a m p l e ,

t h e o b j e c ti v e f u n c t i o n

may e

formed a s a n y

c o m b i n a t i o n o f

t h e

e x a m p l e

o b j e c t i v e s

l i s t e d

a b o v e , w i t h

v a r i o u s

w e i g h t s t o

a l l o w t h e r a n k i n g o f t h e

p r i

o r i t y o f h e o b j e c t i v e s .

[ 0 0 6 8 ]

The

b j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n may e

e s t a b l i s h e d

4 7 8 p r i o r

t o s e l e c t i n g t h e o p e r a t i o n a l p a r a m e t e r s 4 8 4 .

O p e r a t i o n a l

p a r a m e t e r s ,

s u c h

a s

s e l e c t i o n

o f d i v e r t e r s , may

b e

used t o

a c h i e v e t h e e s t a b l i s h e d

o b j e c t i v e .

The o b j e c t i v e l e a d s t o

d e t e r m i n i n g t a r g e t

v o l u m e

a n d r a t e

d i s t r i b u t i o n ,

a n d t h e

o p e r a t i o n a l

p a r a m e t e r s

( e . g . , m a t e r i a l s / p u m p i n g

s c h e d u l e s )

a r e

u s e d

to

a c h i e v e t h i s o b j e c t i v e . The method 400 p r o v i d e s

s e p a r a t i o n

b e t w e e n

t h e o b j e c t i v e

f u n c t i o n

i n

4 7 8 a n d

t h e

o p e r a t i o n a l p a r a m e t e r s

i n

4 8 4 . T h e

m e t h o d , t h e r e f o r e ,

d e c o u p l e s a s p e c t s

o f

t h e s t i m u l a t i o n

o p e r a t i o n 4 0 0 t o c o n

s i d e r e a c h

a s p e c t

i n d i v i d u a l l y .

[ 0 0 6 9 ]

T a s k s , s u c h

as

m a t e r i a l

s e l e c t i o n ,

pumping c h e d u l e

d e ? n i t i o n

a n d o b j e c t i v e

o p t i m i z a t i o n , may

b e p e r f o r m e d

s i m u l t a n e o u s l y

( e . g . , b y

a n

e n g i n e e r ) , w i t h o u t i n d i c a t i o n o f

w h e t h e r t h e t r e a t m e n t b e i n g d e s i g n e d s

o p t i m a l

o r o t . I n t e r

a c t i o n between a r i o u s a s p e c t s o f h e

method

may e p r e s e n t ,

s u c h a s r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n i n j e c t i o n r a t e a n d s t i m u l a t i o n

e ? i c i e n c y .

[ 0 0 7 0 ] The

method

may be used i n a

manner

h a t

p e r m i t s

t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n of each a s p e c t i n d i v i d u a l l y a n d / r

a s

a

w h o l e . T h i s

may

l s o a l l o w

f o r t h e d e t e c t i o n of

a r i o u s

c a u s e s

o f

o u t c o m e s .

I f a s t i m u l a t i o n o p e r a t i o n i s

p r e d e t e r m i n e d

n o t

t o

b e

o p t i m a l ,

t h i s may

e due

o

wrong

a t e r i a l

s e l e c t i o n ,

pumping

a r a m e t e r s , o r s i m p l y to t h e p a r a m e t e r s o f t h e w e l l

o r

e s e r v o i r .

By e c o u p l i n g

t h e

m e t h o d , v a r i o u s

a s p e c t s o f h e

method may be examined l o n e o r i n combination n o r d e r t o

d e t e r m i n e w h i c h g e n e r a t e d

t h e

n e g a t i v e

o r p o s i t i v e

i m p a c t .

[ 0 0 7 1 ] C o n s t r a i n t s

( o r b o u n d a r i e s ) f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e d i s

t r i b u t i o n s

482 may e

i d e n t i ? e d

4 8 0 .

C o n s t r a i n t s

may be o f

v a r i o u s

n a t u r e s ,

a n d

may n c l u d e , f o r e x a m p l e t y p e o f c i d ,

h o r s e p o w e r ,

f r a c t u r e g r a d i e n t , w e l l h e a d maximum

r e s s u r e ,

a c i d

v o l u m e , o p e r a t i n g p r e s s u r e s , c o s t s ,

e n v i r o n m e n t a l

o b j e c t i v e s , c l i e n t r e q u i r e m e n t s ,

? u i d

a v a i l a b i l i t y ,

e t c .

A

a r i

e t y

o f

a c i d s may

e u s e d

f o r

s t i m u l a t i o n

o p e r a t i o n ,

d e p e n d i n g

o n

p e r f o r m a n c e u n d e r

a p p l i c a b l e c o n d i t i o n s .

F o r

e x a m p l e ,

a v a i l a b l e

h o r s e p o w e r may d e ? n e p u m p i n g

c a p a c i t y ,

w h i c h

may e l i m i t e d b y t h e a p p l i c a t i o n ( e . g . , o f f s h o r e ,

c o i l ed t u b

i n g

r a t e s ,

e t c . ) .

[ 0 0 7 2 ] A c i d v o l u m e may b e l i m i t e d b y , f o r e x a m p l e , t h e

number

of

v a i l a b l e

?uid a n k s ,

room

on

o c a t i o n ,

e t c . Maxi

mum BHP n d / o r

wellhead

r e s s u r e may

e

determined o r a

g i v e n

s t i m u l a t i o n

o p e r a t i o n . C o s t l i m i t s may b e

s e t b y t h e

c l i e n t ,

w h i c h

may f f e c t ,

f o r

e x a m p l e , pump o l u m e , p r i c e o f

a d d i t i v e s ,

c e r t a i n

p l a c e m e n t

l i m i t a t i o n s , e t c .

O t h e r c o n s i d e r

a t i o n s , such a s concern

a b o u t

c o r r o s i o n t h a t may e s t r i c t t h e

s t r e n g t h

o f

a c i d

t h a t

c a n

b e

u s e d , w i s h e s

from

h e c l i e n t s who

a r e keen on r y i n g a t e c h n i c a l s o l u t i o n

over

another based on

t h e i r p a s t e x p e r i e n c e o r

m o t i v a t i o n s

f r o m t h e i r o r g a n i z a t i o n

( e . g . , no

a r t i c u l a t e d i v e r t e r on

s m a r t c o m p l e t i o n s and

n t e r

n a l

c o n t r o l

v a l v e ( I C V ) ) ,

t y p e o f p l a c e m e n t t e c h n i q u e

( e . g . ,

c o i l e d

t u b i n g

v e r s u s b u l l h e a d i n g ) , e t c .

Page 18: stimulation matrix

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US

014/0182841A1

[ 0 0 7 3 ] The

i d e n t i ? e d c o n s t r a i n t s 4 8 0

may

b e

a p p l i e d

i n

d e t e r m i n i n g t h e i s t r i b u t i o n s 4 8 2 u s i n g , f o r

e x a m p l e ,

a n

e n g i

n e e r i n g t o o l

( e . g . ,

WELLBOOK r o t h e r a c i d

p l a c e m e n t

s i m u l a t o r ) . T h e

d e t e r m i n i n g

d i s t r i b u t i o n s 4 8 2 may n v o l v e ,

f o r

e x a m p l e ,

d e t e r m i n i n g

volume a n d

r a t e

d i s t r i b u t i o n s

p e r

z o n e f o r t h e s t i m u l a t i o n

? u i d t o be

n j e c t e d i n e a c h d i s c r e t i z e d

?ow n i t a l o n g t h e

w e l l b o r e .

[ 0 0 7 4 ]

F I G S . 5 . 1 - 5 . 3 show x a m p l e s

5 0 0 . 1 - 5 0 0 . 3

o f a w e l l

bore 506 with two zones 588 and

9 0 .

FIG.

. 1

i l l u s t r a t e s one

?ow n i t per

zone

n a

two-zone e s e r v o i r .

FIG. . 2 i l l u s t r a t e s

?ow omputation over

h e

?ow n i t with

one of

h e

two zones

i s o l a t e d . F I G .

5 . 3 i l l u s t r a t e s ? o w

c o m p u t a t i o n

o v e r t h e ?ow

u n i t

with

t h e o t h e r zone i s o l a t e d .

[ 0 0 7 5 ]

I n

t h e

e x a m p l e

5 0 0 . 1 o f

F I G . 5 . 1 ,

t h e

d i s c r e t i z a t i o n

o f t h e

w e l l b o r e

and f o r m a t i o n a l o n g t h e w e l l i s made

i t h

a

r e s o l u t i o n of t l e a s t one ?ow n i t p e r z o n e . M u l t i p l e

? o w

u n i t s may be a s s i g n e d to each zone t o i n c r e a s e c a l c u l a t i o n

a c c u r a c y . T h i s may b e d o n e , f o r

e x a m p l e , when t h e

?ow

d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h i n a g i v e n zone may o t

be

uniform

e . g . , due

t o

g r a v i t y

e f f e c t s

f o r

i n s t a n c e ) .

The

s i m u l a t o r

may

r e c e i v e

p i e c e s

o f

i n f o r m a t i o n g a t h e r e d i n 4 7 6 , 4 7 8 a n d 4 8 0 o f I G .

4 .

[ 0 0 7 6 ] The s k i n v e r s u s i n j e c t e d volume o r v a r i o u s rates o f

p l a c e m e n t a n d

f o r t h e c h o s e n ? u i d s ,

i n d e p e n d e n t l y ,

l a y e r b y

l a y e r

may

e c o m p u t e d . I n

t h e

t w o - z o n e c a s e o f F I G . 5 . 2 ,

t h e

?ow

s ? r s t computed n t h e ?ow

n i t

o f

o n e 5 8 8

by s o l a t i n g

z o n e 5 9 0 , a n d

v a r y i n g t h e

i n j e c t i o n p a r a m e t e r s .

Zone 5 8 8

may t h e n be i s o l a t e d and t h e

p r o c e s s r e p e a t e d

o v e r t h e ?ow

u n i t of zone

590

a s shown n FIG. 5 . 3 .

A

umber of i m u l a

t i o n s

may e p e r f o r m e d

p e r

?ow

n i t .

[ 0 0 7 7 ] I n a g i v e n e x a m p l e ,

e a c h

s i m u l a t i o n may n c l u d e t h e

i n j e c t i o n o f a l a r g e

volume

o f s t i m u l a t i o n ? u i d , w i t h i n t h e

volume o n s t r a i n t s , a t a

r a t e

i . F o r e a c h

? o w n i t

, t h e o u t p u t

i s t h e r e f o r e a s e t of r x n f c u r v e s of h e l o c a l s k i n s ] ,

t ,

j of h e

? o w

u n i t

v s .

volume

f o r e a c h t : l ,

n ,

i n j e c t i o n r a t e and f o r

e a c h ? u i d

I I I ,

n f

[ 0 0 7 8 ] Once s e t of u r v e s h a s

been

determined o r l l

? o w

u n i t s ,

a n

o p t i m i z a t i o n

r o u t i n e may b e u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e

which

c o m b i n a t i o n of volumes and r a t e s l e a d s t o ( o r t h e

c l o s e r

t o )

t h e o b j e c t i v e e s t a b l i s h e d a t

4 7 8 , w i t h i n

t h e

c o n

s t r a i n t s

e s t a b l i s h e d

a t

4 8 0 . T h i s t h e n

de?nes

an optimum

t r e a t m e n t . T h i s method

may be s e d

to p r e d i c t

how a r

e a c h

t r e a t m e n t outcome i s from

t h e s e l e c t e d

o b j

e c t i v e ( s )

and

w h e t h e r t h e

c o n s t r a i n t s a r e m e t .

F o r e x a m p l e ,

i f t h e o b j e c t i v e

i s t o e n s u r e

maximum o s t - t r ea t m e n t p r o d u c t i o n ,

t h e r o u t i n e

may a l c u l a t e p r o d u c t i o n b a s e d on g i v e n

s k i n

p r o ? l e f o r

t h e

w e l l b o r e and h e r e s e r v o i r u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n .

[ 0 0 7 9 ] I n a n o t h e r e x a m p l e ,

t h e

r o u t i n e may l o o k a t

t h e

s i m u l a t i o n e s u l t s , w h i c h may l r e ad y i n c l u d e t h e

p r o d u c t i o n

c a l c u l a t i o n s a s p a r t o f t h e i r o u t p u t . T h i s

may e

done u s i n g

t h e s i m u l a t o r

c o m p u t i n g

t h e

i n j e c t i o n i n

some

c a s e s

( e . g . ,

D e s i g n

WELLBOOK:

c i d i z i n g ) . I f

t h e o b j e c t i v e i s u n i f o r m

p o s t - t r e a t m e n t s k i n o f a c e r t a i n v a l u e ,

t h e n

a

s i m p l e r o u t i n e

may e e v i s e d t o l o o k a t a l l

t h e

t r e a t m e n t combinations h a t

h a v e

b e e n

s i m u l a t e d p r e v i o u s l y

a n d

t h a t l e a d

o

t h i s

o b j e c t i v e .

T h i s

may

e done i t h o u t h a v i n g

to compute o r recompute

? o w .

[ 0 0 8 0 ] F I G . 6 i s a g r a p h

6 0 0

i l l u s t r a t i n g s t i m u l a t i o n o p e r a

t i o n

s c e n a r i o s

u s e d i n

d e t e r m i n i n g

a n

optimum

t r e a t m e n t .

The r a p h 600

l o t s

volume V x - a x i s ) i n z o n e 588 and o n e

590

o f

FIGS.

5 . 1 - 5 . 3

v e r s u s

s k i n

S

( y - a x i s ) f o r v a r i o u s

? o w

r a t e s

1 - 4 .

L i n e s 5 9 2 . 1 - 4 r e p r e s e n t t h e s k i n

e v o l u t i o n

i n zone

588 t

r a t e s 1 - 4 ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y . L i n e s

5 9 4 . 1 - 3

r e p r e s e n t t h e s k i n

e v o l u t i o n i n zone 590 t r a t e s 1 - 3 ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y .

J u l . 3 , 2 0 1 4

[ 0 0 8 1 ]

T h i s p l o t 6 0 0 d e p i c t s e v o l u t i o n

o f

t h e s k i n

a s

a

f u n c t i o n o f h e i n j e c t e d volume n e a c h

z o n e , f o r

t h e r a t e s 1

4 .

I n

t h i s c a s e , f o u r r a t e s were used f o r zone 5 8 8 , with a t e one

b e i n g

t h e l o w e s t

a n d r a t e f o u r

t h e

h i g h e s t . A

o t a l

volume

t

i s

a

maximum

olume

o s s i b l e

a l o n g

t h e

- a x i s .

Volume

5 8 8

i s

t h e

volume i n zone 5 8 8 .

[ 0 0 8 2 ] For zone 9 0 ,

r a t e s

up

o

a v a l u e r e q u i r i n g a p r e s s u r e

l a r g e r t h a n

t h e f r a c tu r i n g

p r e s s u r e h a v e

b e e n c o n s i d e r e d . T h i s

f r a c t u r i n g p r e s s u r e

l i m i t p r o v i d e s a

c o n s t r a i n t

4 8 0 ( F I G .

4 ) .

The opti mum t r e a t m e n t

c a n , t h u s , be

i d e n t i ? e d i n

F I G .

6

a s

t h e c a s e

where

volume 588 of c i d

s

pumped t r a t e f o u r i n

zone 588 and

a

volume V590 ( : V t — V S S S ) i s

i n j e c t e d

a t r a t e

t h r e e

i n zone

9 0 . The o t a l volumth

f a c i d

a v a i l a b l e

f o r t h e

t r e a t m e n t

may l s o

be

o n s i d e r e d

a c o n s t r a i n t

4 8 0 . T h i s

o p t i

mum r e a t m e n t meets

t h e

o b j e c t i v e of t h e l o w e s t uniform

p o s t - t r e a t m e n t s k i n

and h e

i d e n t i ? e d

c o n s t r a i n t s .

[ 0 0 8 3 ]

As a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n

i s

r e c e i v e d ,

i t

may b e

r e p r e s e n t e d

i n

t h e

d i a g r a m

7 0 0

o f

F I G . 7 . T h i s

d i a g r a m

7 0 0

shows

t h e

w e l l b o r e

506 with t h e z o n e s 5 8 8 ' and 5 9 0 ' . The

z o n e

5 8 8 ' d e p i c t s th e

o p t i m i z e d

volume n d

i n j e c t i o n

a t e

f o r

zone

588 of FIGS. 5 . 1 - 5 . 3 .

The zone 5 9 0 '

d e p i c t s

t h e

o p t i

mized volume and

i n j e c t i o n

r a t e f o r zone 590 o f FIGS.

5 . 1

5 . 3 .

[ 0 0 8 4 ]

Optimum l a c e m e n t may e d e t e r m i n e d f r o m

c a s e s

where

s i m u l a t i o n s a r e

run

on s i n g l e

?ow

n i t s , one by

o n e ,

a n d i n d e p e n d e n t l y .

I n

o t h e r w o r d s , e a c h

s i m u l a t i o n

may

o t

c o n s i d e r t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n

of ?ow c r o s s

a w e l l where

s e v e r a l

?ow n i t s

a r e

p r e s e n t . T h i s a l s o means

h a t

some

o n s i s t e n c y

c h e c k s

may

n e e d t o b e p e r f o r m e d when c o m b i n i n g a l l

t h e

r e s u l t s

f o r

d e ? n i n g t h e optimum r e a t m e n t .

[ 0 0 8 5 ]

C o n ? r m a t i o n s

may e p e r f o r m e d

t o

c h e c k t h a t t h e

outcomes a r e

c o r r e c t . For

e x a m p l e ,

t h e sum

o f

t h e

i n j e c t i o n

volumes f o r

each

zone

may

be checked

t o

con?rm t h a t

i t

e q u a l s

t h e t o t a l

volume

o b e pumped f i t i s a c o n s t r a i n t . I n

a n o t h e r e x a m p l e ,

f o r

t h e t w o - z o n e

s c e n a r i o

o f F I G S .

5 . 1 - 5 . 3

and assuming t h a t t h e

t o t a l

t r e a t m e n t

volume

was a con

s t r a i n t , t h e s c e n a r i o

g i v e n

i n

F I G .

5 c a n b e v a l i d i f t h e t o t a l

volume o i n j e c t i s 90 b l . Such c o n s i s t e n c y check

a s k

can

b e d o n e by t h e o p t i m i z a t i o n

r o u t i n e

t h a t h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d

p r e v i o u s l y .

[ 0 0 8 6 ] R e f e r r i n g back

to

F I G . 4 , a f t e r d i s t r i b u t i o n s a r e

d e t e r m i n e d 4 8 2 , t h e ? u i d

p l a c e m e n t

c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d . Sub

s e q u e n t

d e c i s i o n s

r e g a r d i n g t h e

p l a c e m e n t

s t r a t e g y ,

d i v e r t e r

m a t e r i a l

s e l e c t i o n

may

e

made

o g e t a s

c l o s e a s p o s s i b l e t o

t h e

optimum ? u i d d i s t r i b u t i o n . T h i s

may b e d o n e w i t h o u t

q u e s t i o n i n g t h e

optimum

? u i d

d i s t r i b u t i o n i t s e l f , as d e t e r

mined

n

4 8 2 .

[ 0 0 8 7 ] O p e r a t i o n a l p a r a m e t e r s 4 8 4 , s u c h a s

m a t e r i a l

s e l e c

t i o n

and

r e a t m e n t

d e s i g n ,

may

e x t

be

e l e c t e d .

At h i s s t a g e ,

d i v e r t e r s

and pumping s c h e d u l e p a r a m e t e r s a r e s e l e c t e d .

D i v e r t e r

s e l e c t i o n i n v o l v e s d e t e r m i n i n g

which

d i v e r t e r

can

g i v e

t h e a b i l i t y t o d i s t r i b u t e t h e ? ow a s d e t e r m i n e d 4 8 2 .

Method o f p l a c e m e n t may a l s o b e p r o v i d e d b a s e d on t h e

d i v e r t e r s e l e c t i o n .

Pumping

s c h e d u l e p a r a m e t e r s , s u c h a s

i n j e c t i o n

r a t e ,

number o f s t a g e s o f i v e r t e r s ,

r a t e ,

v o l u m e o f

d i v e r t e r s t o

i n j e c t

p e r

s t a g e ,

e t c . ,

a r e d e t e r m i n e d

i n o r d e r t o

o b t a i n

t h e ? o w i s t r i b u t i o n

4 8 2 .

[ 0 0 8 8 ]

D i v e r t e r s

may e

s e l e c t e d u s i n g

d i v e r t e r

p r o p e r t i e s

a v a i l a b l e from documentation o r o b t a i n e d from made-for

p u r p o s e l a b o r a t o r y e s t s . The a t e r i a l s e l e c t i o n a n d pumping

s c h e d u l e d e s i g n c a n

b e

made u s i n g a p l a c e m e n t

s i m u l a t o r ,

s u c h

a s

t h e a c i d

p l a c e m e n t

module

n

STIMCADE, r

d e s i g n

WELLBOOK: c i d i z i n g , o r a n y

p l a c e m e n t

s i m u l a t o r . At h i s

s t a g e ,

a t l e a s t some v a r i a b l e s may

b e

s e n s i t i z e d .

Damage

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US

014/0182841A1

v a r i a b l e s , s u c h

a s damage s k i n a n d damage e n e t r a t i o n , may

a l s o b e

i n c l u d e d .

Damage

a r i a b l e s

may a f f e c t t h e ?ow i s

t r i b u t i o n and h e outcome

f e a c h

d i v e r s i o n s t a g e ,

b u t

may o t

i n ? u e n c e t h e

o p t i m u m

p l a c e m e n t d e s i g n d e t e r m i n e d

4 8 2 ,

which

may

be

n d e p e n d e n t

o f

h e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

o f

e a r w e l l

b o r e

d a m a g e .

[ 0 0 8 9 ] I n an

p e r a t i o n a l e x a m p l e , a n e n g i n e e r o r c l i e n t may

s t a r t

t h e

d e s i g n o f

a s t i m u l a t i o n

o p e r a t i o n w i t h

t h e

wish h a t

no

mechanical

i s o l a t i o n t o o l

should be used i n o r d e r t o s a v e

c o s t .

The e n g i n e e r i n c h a r g e

o f

d e s i g n c a n

e s t i m a t e

how

h i s

wish may f f e c t t h e

outcome f

t h e

t r e a t m e n t

and show

i t h

o u t a m b i g u i t y

how

a r

t h e

t r e a t m e n t w i t h

d i v e r t i n g

s l u r r i e s

l a y s f r o m t h e

o p t i m a l

? u i d

i s t r i b u t i o n .

I f n o t

d i v e r t i n g

s l u r r y

a l l o w s p l a c i n g t h e ? u i d c l o s e

t o

t h e optimum a r g e t , t h e n t h e

e n g i n e e r may

e

a b l e to make a c l e a r c a l l on where and

how

many r i d g e p l u g s

may e p l a c e d

f o r a c h i e v i n g a t r e a t m e n t

t h a t l a y s w i t h i n

a n

a c c e p t a b l e d e v i a t i o n f r o m t h e o p t i m a l

treatment.

[ 0 0 9 0 ]

The x e c u t i o n 4 8 6

may n v o l v e

pumping r e a t m e n t ,

m o n i t o r in g ? u i d d i s t r i b u t i o n

p a r a m e t e r s, a n d / o r m o d i f y i n g

t r e a t m e n t .

The

o d i f y i n g may

i n v o l v e i n j e c t i n g

d i v e r t e r s t o

overcome e v i a t i o n

from a r g e t a s d e t e r m i n e d i n

d e t e r m i n i n g

d i s t r i b u t i o n

4 8 2 .

D u r i n g e x e c u t i o n

4 8 6 , t h e

?ow i s t r i b u t i o n

o f

t h e

? u i d

d u r i n g t h e s t i m u l a t i o n

o p e r a t i o n may b e moni

t o r e d

t o

u n d e r s t a n d

where t h e

optimum ? u i d

d i s t r i b u t i o n

d e v i a t e s

from

t h e d e t e r m i n e d

d i s t r i b u t i o n 4 8 2 . A p p r o p r i a t e

d e c i s i o n s

may be made t o a d d r e s s t h o s e d e v i a t i o n s .

The

e x e c u t i o n 486 may e

a c t i v a t e d

u s i n g , f o r e x a m p l e ,

t h e

s u r

f a c e

u n i t 1 2 1 and o n t r o l l e r 126 o f F I G . 1 .

[ 0 0 9 1 ]

Methods t o t r a c k t h e volume and

r a t e o f

? u i d

i n j e c t e d

a l o n g

t h e e l l , s u c h s D i s t r i b u t e d V i b r a t i o n

S e n s i n g

( D V S ) a n d D i s t r i b u t e d T e m p e r a t u r e

S e n s i n g

( D T S ) , may e

u s e d .

R e a l t i m e m o n i t o r i n g

may b e p e r f o r m e d u s i n g , f o r

e x a m p l e , ACTIVE MATRIX. h i s may e u s e d ,

f o r

e x a m p l e ,

to

monitor t r e a t m e n t s

t h a t a r e done

u s i n g c o i l e d

t u b i n g a s a

c o n v e y a n c e a n d

pumping

e t h o d .

[ 0 0 9 2 ] I n some c a s e s , i t may e n e c e s s a r y

t o

i n t e r v e n e

t o

r e d i r e c t ? o w n n o n - s t i m u l a t e d

z o n e s ,

f o r e x a m p l e , where

h e

i n i t i a l damage r o ? l e

s l i k e l y t o

b e

d i f f e r e n t

f r o m

t h e

damage

p r o ? l e

i n i t i a l l y a s s u m e d . I n

some

t h e r c a s e s ,

when

h e dam

a g e

of

one

zone

s

removed,

t h e n

t h e ?uid

e n d s t o go

r e f e r

e n t i a l l y t o t h a t

z o n e , and c t i o n may

e r e q u i r e d t o r e d i s t r i b

u t e t h e ?uid

o

t h e o t h e r

t a r g e t

z o n e s .

[ 0 0 9 3 ]

The

s t i m u l a t i o n t o o l 1 2 3 may e u s e d t o o p t i m i z e

t h e

? u i d volume and a t e a l o n g

t h e w e l l .

The

s t i m u l a t i o n t o o l

may have

a

d i s t r i b u t i o n component used to

p e r f o r m

t h e d i s

t r i b u t i o n

d e t e r m i n a t i o n

4 8 2 .

T h i s

may n v o l v e c o m p u t i n g t h e

o p t i m a l

v o l u m e a n d r a t e s o f p l a c e m e n t ,

i n d e p e n d e n t l y , l a y e r

by a y e r . The i s t r i b u t i o n component

may

l s o

r u n

a number

J u l . 3 , 2 0 1 4

o f

s i m u l a t i o n s p e r z o n e ( o r ? ow n i t ) .

Each s i m u l a t i o n i s

t h e

i n j e c t i o n

o f a

l a r g e volume

o f

s t i m u l a t i o n

? u i d a t a g i v e n

i n j e c t i o n r a t e ” . Once h e set of u r v e s

h a s

been s t i m a t e d f o r

a l l

z o n e s ,

a n

o p t i m i z a t i o n r o u t i n e

t h e n d e t e r m i n e s

t h e

o p t i

mum

ombination

of

volume

and

r a t e

v e r s u s

depth

t o

mini

mize e v i a t i o n from a c h o s e n o b j e c t i v e .

[ 0 0 9 4 ] The s t i m u l a t i o n t o o l

123

may

l s o have

a r e a l - t i m e

measurement

component

t o

e s t i m a t e

?uid

volume

and r a t e

a l o n g

t h e w e l l b o r e .

T h i s may e u s e d t o

t a k e

c o r r e c t i v e

a c t i o n

when

e v i a t i n g f r o m t h e optimum l a c e m e n t d e t e r m i n e d

a t

4 8 2 . C o r r e c t i v e

a c t i o n

may e i m p l e m e n t e d

by

h e c o n t r o l l e r

126 a n d / r s u r f a c e u n i t 1 2 1 .

[ 0 0 9 5 ]

T h e o p t i m i z e d

v o l u m e p l a c em e n t c a n

b e d e s i g n e d

c o n s i d e r i n g

a n u n d a m a g e d

w e l l

( e . g . , i n c a r b o n a t e s , d a m a g e

may e

b y p a s s e d a n d ,

t h e r e f o r e , may

o t i n ? u e n c e w h a t t h e

o p t i m a l ? u i d p l a c e m e n t i s ) . How

d a m a g e

i n ? u e n c e s

? u i d

p l a c e m e n t may b e d e a l t w i t h

d u r i n g t h e m a t e r i a l

s e l e c t i o n

4 8 4 a n d e x e c u t i o n 4 86 . F l u i d p l a c e m e n t

may

b e o p t i m i z e d

b a s e d on known a t a , s u c h a s p e r m e a b i l i t y

l o g s

and e s e r v o i r

p r e s s u r e

t h a t

can be

measured.

Damage

may

be based

on

a s s u m p t i o n s , b u t

i f

i t

c h a n g e s

t h e

i n j e c t i v i t y

p r o ? l e w h i l e

? u i d s a r e pumped,

t h e

t r e a t m e n t may be

modi?ed

t o s t a y

c l o s e

t o

t h e g o a l

o f

p l a c i n g t h e ? u i d s

o p t i m a l l y .

[ 0 0 9 6 ]

I n

a n

e x a m p l e o p e r a t i o n i m p l e m e n t i n g t h e m e t h o d

o f

F I G .

4 , d a t a

i s

c o l l e c t e d

4 7 6 .

The

c o l l e c t e d d a t a

i n t h i s

e x a m p l e i n c l u d e s d r a i n a g e

r a d i u s ,

b o t t o m h o l e s t a t i c t e m

p e r a t u r e ( B H S T ) , s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e a n d ? u i d s u r f a c e tem

p e r a t u r e a s s e t f o r t h i n

T a b l e

1 b e l o w . Other

d a t a ,

such a s

c a si n g d i m e n s i o n , p e r f o r a t i o n s a n d z o n e p r o p e r t i e s may l s o

b e c o n s i d e r e d .

TABLE

R e s e r v o i r d a t a

Data

Measurement

Drainage R a d i u s :

1 5 0 0 . 0 f t

4 5 7 . 2

m

Bottom H o l e S t a t i c 2 2 0

d e g F .

1 0 4 . 4

d e g

C .

T e m p e r a t u r e ( B H S T ) :

S u r f a c e T e m p e r a t u r e : 8 0 d e g F . 2 6 . 7 d e g

C .

F l u i d S u r f a c e

T e m p e r a t u r e :

8 0 d e g F . 2 6 . 7 d e g C .

[ 0 0 9 7 ]

W e l l s i t e

p a r a m e t e r s

f o r

h i s

e x a m p l e

may e known

o r d e t e r m i n e d . Some

such

parameters may n c l u d e t h e

num

b e r o f z o n e s , t h e z o n e d i m e n s i o n s ,

a n d

p e r m e a b i l i t y , i n j e c

t i v i t y

( K - H i p e r m e a b i l i t y x h e i g h t ) , p o r o s i t y , z o n e

p r e s s u r e ,

r a t i o o f

o r i z o n t a l

p e r m e a b i l i t y ( K h ) o v e r e r t i c a l p e r m e a b i l

i t y

( K v ) , f r a c t u r e

g r a d i e n t a n d o t h e r z o n e

p r o p e r t i e s .

T a b l e 2

b e l o w s h o w s

( i n

E n g l i s h a n d S I u n i t s )

e x a m p l e s

o f w e l l s i t e

p a r a m e t e r s ( o r z o n e p r o p e r t i e s )

t h a t

may e c o n s i d e r e d :

TABLE

Zone

r o p e r t i e s ,

to b e s t i m u l a t e d

P r o d u c i n g Z o n e

P r o p e r t i e s

Top

Bottom

I n t e r v a l Zone F r a c

Z o n e

(MD) (MD) (MD) P e r m e a b i l i t y KH P r e s s u r e

G r a d i e n t

Name f t f t

?

md md f t P o r o s i t y p s i Kh/Kv p s i / f t

K1 15322.0

15457.9

1 3 5 . 9 3 2 . 3

2487

1 9 . 0

5200

1 0 . 0 0

0 . 9 0 0

K2 15850.0

1 5 8 9 4 . 1 4 4 . 1 2 0 9 . 9 5042 2 0 . 0 5232 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 9 0 0

K3 16802.0 16904.9 1 0 2 . 9 7 1 . 4

3999

2 1 . 0 5287 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 9 0 0

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A 1

J u l . 3 , 2 0 1 4

TABLE - c o n t i n u e d

Zone r o p e r t i e s ,

to

b e s t i m u l a t e d

P r o d u c i n g Z o n e

P r o p e r t i e s

Zone

F r a c

Zone

Top

Bottom I n t e r v a l P e r m e a b i l i t y K- H P r e s s u r e G r a d i e n t

Name

(MD)

m

( M D )

m

( M D )

m

m2 m2 I n P o r o s i t y

MPa Kh/Kv

kPa/m

K1 4 6 7 0 . 1 4 7 1 1 . 6 4 1 . 5 3 2 . 3 > < 1 0 7 1 5 1340><10715 1 9 . 0 3 5 . 8 5 1 0 . 0 0

2 2 . 6 2

K2 4 8 3 1 . 1

4 8 4 4 . 5

1 3 . 4

2 0 9 . 9 > < 1 0 * 1 5 2813 x1 0 1 5 2 0 . 0

3 6 . 0 7

1 0 . 0 0

2 2 . 6 2

K3 5 1 2 1 . 3 5 1 5 2 . 6 3 1 . 3 7 1 . 4 > < 1 0 7 1 5 2235 x10 15 2 1 . 0

3 6 . 4 5

1 0 . 0 0 2 2 . 6 2

[ 0 0 9 8 ]

I n t h i s

e x a m p l e ,

two i f f e r e n t o b j e c t i v e s a r e s e l e c t e d

compared t o

t h e maximum t o t a l

volume

a d m i s s i b l e .

The

4 7 8 :

1 ) m a x i m i z i n g t h e

p r o d u c t i o n

i n c r e a s e a s m e a s u r e d a t

d o w n h o l e c o n d i t i o n s , a n d 2 )

m i n i m i z i n g

a s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n

o f

t h e ? n a l s k i n s

o f t h e

t h r e e

z o n e s ( i e .

t h e

most uniform s k i n

r e d u c t i o n ) . T h e s e o b j e c t i v e s

w i l l

b e u s e d

t o

i l l u s t r a t e t h e i r

i m p a c t on u i d p l a c e m e n t .

[ 0 0 9 9 ] C o n s t r a i n t s

a r e i d e n t i ? e d 480

a s

bottom-hole p r e s

s u r e

d u r i n g

t r e a t m e n t , i n j e c t i o n

r a t e

p e r z o n e ,

and

o t a l

v o l

ume f

c i d .

The c o n s t r a i n t

on

bottom-hole

p r e s s u r e

d u r i n g

t r e a t m e n t

e s t a b l i s h e s

t h a t ,

a t a n y

t i m e d u r i n g

t h e t r e a t m e n t ,

t h e b o t t o m - h o l e p r e s s u r e r e m a i n s below

f r a c t u r i n g

p r e s s u r e

of

h e t h r e e z o n e s . The

c o n s t r a i n t on i n j e c t i o n

r a t e per

zone

e s t a b l i s h e s t h a t t h e

maximum

n j e c t i o n

r a t e

p e r

zone

o e s n o t

exceed 8 0 b b l / m i n .

[ 0 1 0 0 ] The

c o n s t r a i n t

on

t h e t o t a l

volume o f a c i d

e s t a b

l i s h e s t h a t t h e t o t a l volume i n j e c t e d d o e s n o t exceed a t o t a l

volume

V t .

F o r

t h e

s a k e

o f t h i s e x a m p l e , t h r e e c a s e s a r e

c o n s i d e r e d

t o i l l u s t r a t e h ow

h e

volume o n s t r a i n t may f f e c t

t h e optimum p l a c e m e n t t o r e a c h t h e

o b j e c t i v e s d e ? n e 4 7 8 :

C a s e

1 ) V5200

b l , C a s e

2 ) V5500

b l , a n d C a s e

3 ) V5800

b b l .

[ 0 1 0 1 ]

The

a r g e t

volume n d

r a t e d i s t r i b u t i o n

v e r s u s d e p t h

i s

determined

4 8 2 .

T h i s

volume

and

a t e d i s t r i b u t i o n

i s

t o

be

i n j e c t e d i n e a c h d i s c r e t i z e d

?ow

n i t a l o n g t h e w e l l b o r e .

I n

t h i s

e x a m p l e ,

one ? o w n i t

p e r

zone

s

u s e d . HCl

28 s

used

a s s t i m u l a t i o n

? u i d . S i m u l a t i o n s a r e run

u s i n g t h e

e n g i n e

f r o m

D e s i g n WELLBOOK:

[ 0 1 0 2 ] A o u t i n e h a s been coded o t h a t f o r

e a c h

o f h e t h r e e

z o n e s ,

a batch

of

i m u l a t i o n s a r e run while s o l a t i n g t h e zone

from t h e o t h e r two s e e , e . g . ,

F I G S .

5 . 1 - 5 . 3 ) . T h i s

i s o l a t i o n

may e

d o n e

w h i l e

v a r y i n g b o t h

i n j e c t i o n r a t e

( f r o m

5 b b l /

min o

8 0 b b l / m i n ,

w i t h

a s t e p o f 5

b b l / m i n )

a n d i n j e c t i o n

v o l u m e . T h e i n j e c t i o n v o l u m e may b e r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e

“ c o v e r a g e ” ,

s t a r t i n g

a t

1 0

a l / t ( 1 2 4 . 1 9 l / m ) a n d u p o w h i c h

e v e r v a l u e

would

g i v e a

volume

of 800

b b l

of HCl

28

i n j e c t e d

i n

t h e z o n e , w i t h a c o v e r a g e

s t e p

o f 1 0 g a l / f t ( 1 2 4 . 1 9

l / m ) . A o t a l

o f 2 , 1 4 4 s i m u l a t i o n s

may

be

r u n t o

c o v e r

t h e

e x a m p l e

i n c l u d i n g

t h e

t w o

o b j e c t i v e

f u n c t i o n s

e s t a b l i s h e d

4 7 8 ,

and

h e d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s

o f

c o n s t r a i n t s i d e n t i ? e d 4 8 0 .

[ 0 1 0 3 ] The i m u l a t i o n s may be u n i n

t h r e e

d i s t i n c t

b a t c h e s

( o n e

f o r

e a c h z o n e , t a k e n s e p a r a t e l y ) .

T h i s

e x a m p l e

p r o v i d e s

400

i m u l a t i o n s

f o r

t h e t o p

z o n e

( z o n e K 1 ) , 1 , 2 16 s i m u l a t i o n s

f o r

t h e

c e n t r a l

z o n e

( z o n e K 2 ) , a n d 5 2 8 s i m u l a t i o n s f o r

t h e

b o t t o m z o n e ( z o n e K 3 ) .

[ 0 1 0 4 ]

Once

h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s a r e o b t a i n e d , an p t i m i

z a t i o n r o u t i n e may be used to l o o k f o r t h e c o m b i n a t i o n s

o f

r a t e s and volumes

f o r each zone

t h a t

approach o r

meet t h e

o b j e c t i v e

f u n c t i o n s 4 7 8 .

T h i s

r o u t i n e

may b e u s e d t o

? r s t

e l i m i n a t e c o m b i n a t i o n s t h a t do o t

meet h e

c o n s t r a i n t s i d e n

t i ? e d 4 8 0 . T h e n , f r o m t h e r e s u l t i n g

r e d u c e d m a t r i x

o f e s u l t s ,

t h e sum of h e t h r e e

volumes

pumped n t h e

t h r e e

zones

can be

c o m b i n a t i o n s

t h a t e x c e e d t h i s maximum volume may e

d i s

c a r d e d .

[ 0 1 0 5 ] The

r e m a i n i n g c o m b i n a t i o n s may b e r a n k e d w i t h

r e s p e c t to

how

l o s e to t h e o b j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n s t h e y a r e . Note

t h a t

i n

h i s

e x a m p l e , t h e o p t i m i z a t i o n

work

may e d o n e a f t e r

a l l t h e s i m u l a t i o n s have been r u n . An l t e r n a t i v e a p p r o a c h

may

be

t o

u s e

an

o p t i m i z a t i o n

a l g o r i t h m

t h a t

modi?es

t h e

? t t i n g p a r a m e t e r s i n t h i s

c a s e ,

r a t e a n d v o l u m e o r e a c h z o n e )

u s e d a s i n p u t o f t h e f o r w a r d s i m u l a t i o n s t h e m s e l v e s ( t h e r e

f o r e , m i x i n g o p t i m i z a t i o n a n d

s i m u l a t i o n ) i n

o r d e r

t o t e n d t o

t h e

o b j e c t i v e .

[ 0 1 0 6 ] The p e r a t i o n a l

p a r a m e t e r s

may e s e l e c t e d

4 8 4 ,

f o r

e x a m p l e , b y c o m p a ri n g v a r i o u s

o u t p u t s b a s e d

o n

t h e

s e l e c t e d

o b j e c t i v e s .

S e l e c t e d o u t p u t s may e p l o t t e d a n d a n a l y z e d as

shown i n FIGS. 8 . 1 - 8 . 3 . F I G S . 8 . 1 - 8 . 3 show p l o t s

8 0 0 . 1

8 0 0 . 3 d e p i c t i n g v o l u m e

i n j e c t e d

( x - a x i s ) f o r e a ch z o n e

( y - a x i s ) f o r t h r e e d i f f e r e n t t o t a l i n j e c t i o n v o l u m e s .

O b j e c t i v e

1 f o r

maximum

r o d u c t i o n r a t e

a n d o b j e c t i v e 2 f o r minimum

s t a n d a r d

d e v i a t i o n o f s k i n

a r e

e a c h

d e p i c t e d

i n b a r

c h a r t s

f o r

c o m p a r i s o n .

[ 0 1 0 7 ]

These

p l o t s

o f FIGS.

8 . 1 - 8 . 3 may

be used

t o

com

p a r e

d i f f e r e n c e s

i n

how

o b j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n s

can

a f f e c t

t h e

t a r g e t

? u i d

p l a c e m e n t ,

a n d how

t h e v a l u e s

o f

t h e

c o n s t r a i n t s

i n ? u e n c e p l a c e m e n t

s t r a t e g y .

As shown n t h e s e ? g u r e s ,

d i f

f e r e n c e s i n

volume

d i s t r i b u t i o n

a r e d e p i c t e d .

While FIGS.

8 . 1 - 8 . 3

d e p i c t s p e c i ? c

p a r a m e t e r s u s e d f o r c o m p a r i s o n , o t h e r

p l a c e m e n t o p t i o n s may e

g e n e r a t e d

b y t h e s i m u l a t o r s a n d

c a n

i n c l u d e o t h e r

i t e m s , s u c h a s b o t h volumes and

placement

r a t e s . T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n may

b e

o f v a l u e i n d e s i g n i n g

t h e

s t i m u l a t i o n o f t h e m u l t i - z o n e w e l l .

[ 0 1 0 8 ] The

l o t s

o f F I G S . 8 . 1 - 8 . 3

may e a n a l y z e d

o d e t e r

m i n e o p t i m u m

p l a c e m e n t

f o r

d i f f e r e n t

o b j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n s .

These

g u r e s

show t h e volumes e r zone o

i n j e c t

i n

o r d e r

t o

meet t h e

d i f f e r e n t

o b j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n s f o r t h e c a s e s

when

h e

t o t a l

volume

s

c o n s t r a i n e d t o 200 b l ,

500

b l and 800 b l ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y .

[ 0 1 0 9 ]

While

f o r

200

b l

i n

F I G .

8 . 1 ,

t h e

volume

i s t r i b u

t i o n

s

t h e same o r t h e two b j e c t i v e s , FIGS.

8 . 2

and . 3

show

t h a t t h e

? u i d p l a c e m e n t may b e

s i g n i ? c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t

d e p e n d i n g on

h e t h e r

t h e o b j e c t i v e i s

t o

maximize p r o d u c

t i o n

o r

to

r e a c h

uniform

placement n t h e c a s e s when

500 and

8 0 0

b b l

w i l l

b e i n j e c t e d . T h i s h i g h l i g h t s t h a t a c h i e v i n g a

uniform s k i n p r o ? l e i n

a l l zones may o t

be

a u n i v e r s a l

a p p r o a c h ,

a n d h a t m a x i m i z i n g p r o d u c t i o n a t e

may e q u i r e

a

? u i d d i s t r i b u t i o n t h a t d i f f e r s from n i f o r m

c o v e r a g e .

[ 0 1 1 0 ] Based on I G . 8 . 1 , a p e r f e c t match between h e two

o b j e c t i v e s i s p r o v i d e d .

T h i s

may e

t h e r e s u l t

o f volume t e p s

u s e d

i n t h e

i t e r a t i o n s . While

u i d volume

i s t r i b u t i o n

s i d e n

t i c a l f o r

t h e

two o b j e c t i v e s ,

t h e p l a c e m e n t r a t e i n

e a c h z o n e

may

be

i f f e r e n t . The ? n a l p r o d u c t i o n

r a t e of

h e c a s e

when

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