STUDY TOUR REPORTGED

AKERHOUSE OF ASSEMBLY

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South Australian Parliamentary Travel Report

Leesa Vlahos MP

Representing the Premier of South AustraliaHon. Mike Rann MP

at the 70 th Anniversary of the Battle of Greeceand Battle of Crete Pilgrimage

6th of May 2011 - 15 t1 May 2011

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Objective of the travel:

Some historians believe the 1941 Battles of Greece and Crete by the Greeks andAllied Commonwealth Troops against Axis Troops were doomed from the beginningas yet another Church'Ilian romantic folly whilst to others it is simply a strategicblunder that pitted better equipped, more numerous and battled hardened AxisTroops against Greek and Allied Commonwealth Forces. Either way, the Battlesresulted in a defeat for the Commonwealth Forces and a four year occupation ofGreece.

These events contributed to a Post-War Greece that was defined by civil war,political upheaval and the mass migration of Greeks around the world, particularly toAustralia.

To mark the occasion of the 70th Anniversary of these significant events to thepeoples of both Greece and Australia a delegation of parliamentary representativesfrom South Australia and Victoria (in partnership with Greek — Australian communitygroups) participated in a pilgrimage to the battle sites and Memorials. I officiallyrepresented the Premier Mike Rann MP, on behalf of the South AustralianGovernment at these Commemorations.

The Battles of Greece and Crete re-defined and shaped Greek society internally andabroad. According to Bruce Pennay in his work 'Greek Journeys through Bonegilla',approximately 33,600 Greek migrants entered Australia in the immediate post-warperiod between 1953-56.

Many young Greek men and women departed their homeland and family for decadesfor far flung places like Australia, only to return in the 1970's or 1980's to introducetheir children to their beloved Greece.

My husband's family shares this story as Lacedaemonians near Sparta, leaving theirbeloved war torn Peloponnesus for a new life in Australia. One of the many reasonswhy this visit meant so much to me personally, was that these events still live largein the memories of my father-in-laws and mother-in-laws families.

The Battles established deep and enduring links between the peoples of Greece andAustralia.

In many ways the people of Greece understand the events around these Battlesbetter than many Australians do, despite being the second and last ANZAC force,sometimes known as the "Forgotten ANZACS". The Allied efforts are still wellregarded in Modern Greece.

In following the routes of many of the key battles, the evacuation sites and visitingthe cemeteries and commemoration sites of the Greek Battles of World War Two, itwas common to find many Greek families and towns had been directly touched bythe war and still remember the Australian Defence units.

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Where the ANZAC Troops fought with Greek forces or Partisans they wereremembered warmth and high regard. This echoed the writing of Dr Maria Hill in"Digger and Greeks" who was leading her own pilgrimage group around the sites atthe time of my visit. These early experiences with Australians and New Zealanderswould influence the destinations Greeks would seek a new life over the coming Post-War decades.

I learnt of examples where former troops assisted and sponsored Greek migrants totheir own local Post-War communities and of Greek families facing Germanretribution for giving aid or shelter to our Troops. This usually meant losing a relativeor a whole household to a firing squad.

Often in Australia when we talk of Wars and Veterans we remember Gallipoli,Tobruk, Kokoda and Vietnam.

Some of the men who served on this Battlefront had served at Tobruk and wouldlater be sent to Kokoda.

On the 28 October 1940 the Greek Government and people said "Ochi" to beinginvaded by Italy via Albania. The Italians were initially repulsed but a subsequentGerman intervention forced the Greek Army and Commonwealth force sent fromEgypt earlier in February 1941 to mainland Greece to evacuate by any meanspossible to the Island of Crete.

The poorly resourced, supported and badly planned Churchill initiated Battle for theGreek mainland had resulted in the loss of many United Kingdom, Australia, NewZealand, South African, Canadian, Indian and Cypriot soldiers.

The Battle of Crete ended with over 9440 soldiers evacuated from the Sfakia harbourregion between the 28th to the 31st of May 1941. But for the thousands that wereinterned at Prisoners of War (POW's) by the Germans in Europe, the shame ofsurrender left a bitter feeling.

The Battle for Crete resulted in 3012 Australian and 1692 New Zealand POW's whowould spend four years in German Stalags. 274 Australians and 671 NewZealanders would never come home and were laid to rest in Cretan soil.

There is still historical and military debate about the documented justification for thislack of adequate support for the Greek campaign, the impact on the success orfailure of the campaign. What cannot be debated is the fact the the battles andoccupation were bloody, exhausting and costly in the lives of many Greek and Alliedforces and even more civilian Greeks.

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The contribution by the armed forces and peoples of Greece made a significantdifference to the direction of the Second World War and assisted in the defeat ofNazism.

The Battle for Crete saw the first mass use of German paratroopers in the war. Itwas so costly in German life that they would never again be used to the same extent.

Thorough their joint efforts the Greek and Allied forces between April - June 1941,were successful in inflicting the first defeats on the battlefield on the German forcesin the Second World War.

They significantly caused major losses to the German forces and contributed to theredesign of the German invasion plans of Russia by inflicting heavy losses on eliteGerman forces.

The Battle of Crete resulted in major loss of elite German paratroopers, significantlyimpacting the Axis forces for the rest of World War Two. Around 6000-7000Germans lost their lives in Crete during Operation Mercury.

It is estimated that the Greeks overall suffered 35,000 military causalities and over700 000 civilian deaths in the Battles. This represented some 10% of Greece's Pre-War population.

Greece in 2011 is in deep recession and is struggling with significant financial, socialand economic crisis. This report touches on these issues and their implicationsbriefly as it was not the primary objective in this visit. The visit marked an importantperiod in the lead up to the legislative reform package vote and implementation afterInternational Monetary Fund (IMF) and European Union (EU) pressure.

On several occasion, I witnessed industrial action and wide spread opposition to thereform. Reform has become associated with recession, a drop in the standard ofliving and a loss of entitlements.

Yet despite this, the Pasok Government has pushed on with the reform agenda sobadly needed after more than 30 years of short sighted economic and fiscalmanagement from successive Governments. The Government is committed to pushthrough the reform agenda regardless of the electoral outcome because it is simplythe right thing to do.

Some of the features of this reform are: service sector and restricted professionsliberalisation and cartel breaking; restructuring the economy to be export focused,containing the inflation rate that is high; reducing the fiscal deficit; improvingproductivity and competitiveness in labour and manufacturing; major pension reformand reductions; labour market reforms aimed at flexibility in hiring and firingexpenses and some employment contract changes and lastly a fundamental shift inthe way and amount of tax paid by the nation.

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Anti-Tax evasion plans are badly needed in Greece with it having one of the EU'sleast efficient compliance systems.

Many times on the trip, the analogy was drawn between the dark days of the 1941Battles for Greece and today's significant challenges by Officials at all levels. It is along road to recovery for Greece but if the Government can hold its' resolve and notslow down the reform agenda, light does glimmer on the far horizon for the Nation.

The Tourism industry is the major industry and foreign revenue earner in Greece.Over successive years, the industry has slipped backwards in its share of manymarkets due to complacency in many levels from infrastructure to quality and to alack of diversification of products. The first half of this year saw a 10% increase inarrivals to Greece for Tourism and if Greece can capitalise on the niche markets ofmilitary history, food tourism and cultural tourism from the Greek Diasporacommunity and the world the market will improve further.

I am indebted for the advice, tireless support and language skills to Mr JohnPandazopoulos MP, the President of World Hellenic Inter Parliamentary Associationand Mr Martin Foley MP, Co-convenor of the Victorian Parliamentary Friends ofGreece Group.

I also wish to thank the following people, organisations and groups in assisting tomake the visit a success:

• Commanding Officer of the AFG contingent and catafalque party LieutenantLuke Haitas and the attending Australian Defence Forces staff

• Mr Antonis Tsourdalakis, President Pan Cretan Association of Australia• Mr Apostolos Voulgarakis, Vice Regional Governor Regional Government of

Crete• Mr Chrisitos lappas, Mayor Trikala• Mr Christos Anthis, President Ionian Island Assembly• Mr Dernitiri Dollis, Deputy Foreign Minister Government of the Hellenic

Republic• Mr Emmanouls Skoulakis, Mayor Chania - Crete• Mr Grigeris Niotis, Vice President Hellenic Parliament• Mr lonnis Trepeklis, Mayor Corfu• Mr John Nikolakakis, President Pan Cretan Association of Australia and New

Zealand• Mr John Pandazopoulos MP, President of World Hellenic Inter Parliamentary

Association• Mr Losif Nikitas, President —Hellenic Cricket Federation• Mr Manolis Stratakis MP, President of the Hellenic Parliament Friends of

Australia Group• Mr Martin Foley MP, Co Convenor Victorian Parliamentary Friends of Greece

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• Mr Martin Leiper, Representative in Greece and Balkans Commonwealth WarGraves Commission

• Mr Michael Opie, Acting Head of Mission and the staff and officers AustralianEmbassy Athens

• Mr Spiros Spryrau, Regional Governor Ionian Islands Regional Government.• Mr Steve Georganas MP, Federal Member for Hindmarsh• Ms Elwni Lianidou, General Counsel of Greece Melbourne• Ms Maniatia Angeliki, Guide and Historian — Athens• Ms Maria Lioni, Vice Governor of Rethymno Region of Crete.• Officers of The Department of Veterans Affairs, Australia• The Hon. Warren Snowdon MP, Federal Minister for Veterans Affairs• The Management and Staff of Colonial Travel — Athens

My enduring thanks and appreciation goes to the Veterans of the Battles of Greeceand Crete from the Allied Forces and their Partisan comrades who I was privileged tomeet during of this representation visit on behalf of the Premier of South Australiatho Hon. Mike Rann, MP.

They are Mr Norman William Maddock OAM, Mr Daniel Mark Bowden MID, MrArthur Leeslie Leggett OAM ED, Mr George William Henry Taylor MID and MrAldred Clive Carpenter ED and Mr Basil George Hayler.

To the many other representatives of the national, regional and local Governments ofGreece and the numerous members of community, cultural and religious groups ofboth Greece and the Greek — Australian community who I met whilst retracing someof the campaign routes and who made this visit so meaningful, I give my sincereheart -felt thanks.

Many histories of the Battle of Greece have been written, reviewed and updated asnew material has become available over time. This is an ongoing process as privateletter collections become available to historians. The following books and collectionswere useful to me in preparation and during this visit:

• ANZAC Fury: The Bloody Battles of Crete. 1941 (Peter Thompson)• Australian War Memorial Archives and Website. — Greece campaign

http://www.awm.gov.au/units/event_287.asp and• Battle for Crete. (John Hall Spencer — Reprint 2004).• Battle of Crete. A Palazzo Australian Army Campaigns Series 1 Australian

Army History Unit — 2007.• Crete 1941: Eye witnessed. (C Hadjipateras and M Fafalios, 2007)• Crete: The Battle and the Resistance. (A Beevor ,1991)• Diggers and Greeks: The Australian Campaigns in Greece and Crete. (Maria

Hill, 2010)• Germany's Lightning Airborne Assault. (Peter Antill, 2006)

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• Greece and Crete: Australians in World War Two. (Department of VeteransAffairs 2001)

• Greece, Crete and Syria. (Gavin Long, 1953)• Greek Journeys through Bonegilla (Bruce Pennay, 2011)• Greek Pilgrimage: In search of the Foundations of the West. (John Carroll

2010)• Hunters from the Sky. (C Whiting, 1975)• Ten Days to Destiny: The Battle for Crete 1941. (G C Kiriakopoulos, 1997)• The Battle for Crete. (S W C Pack, 1973)• The Fall of Crete. (Alan Clark, 2001)• The Forgotten Anzacs: The Campaign in Greece. (Peter Ewer, 2008)• Seventieth Anniversary of the Battle for Greece and Crete- Official veteran

representative biographies (Australian Government Department of Veterans'Affairs 2011)

Itinerary Visited:

Sunday 8 May 2011

• Arrival• Tour of the Acropolis Museum with Professor Pendermalis, President of the

Acropolis Museum

Monday 9 May 2011

• Guided walking tour of the Acropolis and discussion on early Atheniandemocracy and its connection to modern democracy

• Visit and wreath laying Commonwealth War Cemetery Kalamaki, Athens• Piraeus Port Evacuation site of the Australian Troop in 1941 Battle• Briefing by the Deputy Foreign Affairs Minister, Mr Dirnitris Dollis• Meeting with Mr Grigorios Niotis, Vice-President of the Hellenic Australian

Parliamentary Friendship Group and members of this Group at the HellenicParliament

Tuesday 10 May 2011

• Daphni Australian Troop Camp site, Athens• Visit Ancient Corinth and the Corinth Canal which was defended by Australian

Troops during the 1941 Battle and where St Paul preached to the Corinthians• Visit Ancient Mycenae, the home of Agamemnon and the Tomb of Atreus• Visit Nafplion, Greece's first modern capital after the war of Independence in

1821, site of a World War Two Museum and Evacuation centre for AustralianTroops to Crete.

Wednesday 11 May 2011

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• Walking tour of Olympia, home of the Ancient Olympic Games• Ferry ride from Parga to Corfu Island, Former British and Venetian Colony• Meeting with the Mayor of Corfu Yiannis Trepeklis in his UNESCO listed

Mayoral chambers• Meeting with Mr Nikitas losif and Officials from the Hellenic Cricket

Federation. Corfu has the third oldest cricket ground in the world.• Walking tour of the Centre of historical Corfu and Art Gallery of Peristylio

Launch with Ms Aliki Katsarou

Thursday 12 May 2011

• Guided walking of the Ionian Parliament, Corfu• Visit and view Holy relics at Agios Spryidion Church• Visit to the Asian Museum Collections of rare Chinese Ceramics, Oriental

Treasurers and the Palace of St. Michael and St. George with the DeputyMinister for Culture and Tourism of Greece, Mr Nikitiadis.

• Lunch with Regional Governor of Corfu, Spiros Spirou• Participate in a International friendly cricket game on Espianada Square

between Greece and Australia• Dinner with the Mayor of Corfu, Mr Yiannis Trepeklis and Councillors

Friday 13 May 2011

• Tour of Monastery Paliiokastritsa• Lunch Ipsos Beach• Formal Welcoming dinner at the Old Fortress Monolith'

Saturday 14 May 2011

• Ferry to lgoumenista, mainland Greece• Travel thorough Central Greece to Trikala, site of Battle involving Australian

Troops• Mayoral Reception with Mr Chrisitos lappas, Mayor of Trikala and local

Councillors and tour of Central City battle site, bridge and Monument to theWar heroes. This was a key bridge saved by Australian Troops.

• Visit Kalambaka- site of Australian Troop's encampment to restore civil orderas part of the retreat of the Allied forces.

Sunday 15 May 2011

• Visit to the Monoliths and Monasteries of Stephens and Grand Meteoron atMeteora. Monasteries on these remote rocky locations kept OrthodoxChristianity alive for the 500 years of the Ottoman occupation of Greece.

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• Visit the Passes of Brallos and Thermopyllae. Thermopyllae is the site of a1941 Battle for Australian Troops and ancient site of the Battle of the 300Spartans against the Persians.

• Travel Australian retreat route to Athens• Flight to Chania, Crete

Ritzitko Song of the Cretan Partisans

Germans blown inWith thousands of airplanes.

The umbrella soldiersAre cannoning munitions in order to

Conquer and enslave CreteBut what the savages saw is that

Crete is fighting, striving and hitting

Monday 16 May 2011

• View old Maleme Airstrip and bridge battle site• Visit German Cemetery at Maleme Hill• Memorial, wreath laying Service and roll call of honour at the Harbour Nea

Hora- site of civilian partisans joining battle against invading German troops• Lecture and Religious Service at Agia Triada on the Role of the Clergy in the

Battle of Crete and subsequent resistance to German occupation

Tuesday 17 May 2011

• Departure to Omalos en route to Samaria Gorge- a mass evacuation route forthe Allied Troops to the South of Crete.

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• Hike 16.5 km Samaria Gorge National Park route down to the sea• Ferry to Sfakia

Memorial Service, roll call of Honour, wreath laying on behalf of Premier Rann andVictorian Delegation at Municipality of Sfakia. In this picture are Mr Martin Foley MP,Mr Bruce Atkinson MLC and Mrs Leesa Vlahos MP representing the Premier MikeRann. This was a mass evacuation point and battle for Australian Troops from Crete.

Wednesday 18 May 2011

• Memorial Service, roll call of Honour, wreath laying at Municipality of Sfakia.This was a mass evacuation point and battle for Australian Troops from Crete

• Speech on the events at Sfakia by Mr Vasilis Thomas.• Reception at the Cultural Centre of Chania hosted by Regional Government of

Chania and Municipality of Chania and viewing of a documentary on theBattle of Crete 1941

Thursday 19 May 2011

• Memorial Service to remember young cadet soldiers killed at the OrthodoxAcademy of Crete Memorial, Kolymbari, Crete

• Lunch with members of the Australian Cretan community delegation fromVictoria

• Memorial Service and wreath laying with the Official Australian Veterans'Affairs Veteran Delegation from the 1941 Battle at Preveli Monastery. TheMonks harboured and aided Allied Troops and partisans.

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The Official Australian Veteran Representatives to the 70 th Anniversary of theBattles of Greece and Crete at the Stravromenos Memorial. The Delegation inview are Mr Norman William Maddock DAM, Mr Daniel Mark Bowden MID, MrArthur Leslie Leggett OAM ED, Mr George William Henry Taylor MID and MrAldred Clive Carpenter ED. Obscured from view is Mr Basil George Hayler. MrBowden was born in 1910.

Friday 20 May 2011

• Memorial Service at Greek Australian Memorial Stravromenos• Memorial and wreath laying Service at the Hellenic Australian Memorial,

Rethymno. Hosted by the Australian Embassy with the Official AustralianVeterans' Affairs Veteran Delegation from the 1941 Battle

• Opening of the Australian Battle of Crete Photographic Exhibition, Rethymnowith the Official Australian Veterans' Affairs Veteran Delegation from the 1941Battle

• Official meeting with the Mayor of Chania, Mr Emmanouil Skoudakis• Galatas Memorial Service, Crete hosted by the New Zealand Embassy with

the Official Australian Veterans' Affairs Veteran Delegation from the 1941Battle

• Dinner with the Official Australian Veterans' Affairs Veteran Delegation fromthe 1941 Battle, Federal Minister Hon. Warren Snowdon and local Officials.

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Australian Veteran Representative Mr Alf Carpenter ED reads the Ode ofRemembrance on behalf of the Official Australian Veterans' Affairs VeteranDelegation from the 1941 Battle at the Memorial and wreath laying Service at theHellenic Australian Memorial, Rethymno hosted by the Australian Embassy.Carpenter was born in April 1917 and served in the AIF 214 th Battalion as aSergeant.

Saturday 21 May 2011

• Memorial Service and wreath laying at Latzimas (Prinos Village) markingthe role of local resistance fighters to the Invasion and Occupation.

• Official Memorial Service and Commemorative events hosted by theUnited Kingdom Embassy at the Suda Bay Commonwealth WarCemetery.

Results achieved:

I lay a wreath on behalf of the Premier at the following locations:

• Commonwealth War Cemetery Kalarnki, Athens• Sfakia, Crete• Hellenic Australian Memorial at Rethymno, Crete hosted by the Australian

Embassy• Commonwealth War Ceremony Suda Bay, Crete hosted by the United

Kingdom Embassy.

I participated in the Official Commemorations and Memorial Services at the followingsites:

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• Commonwealth War Cemetery Kalamaki, Athens• Monastery of Aghia Triada, Crete• The Nea Flora Chania Memorial, Crete• Sfakia Memorial, Crete• Orthodox Academy of Crete Memorial, Kolymbari, Crete• Preveli Monastery Memorial, Preveli, Crete• Greek Australian Memorial Stavromenos, Crete• Hellenic Australian Memorial at Rethymno, Crete hosted by the Australian

Embassy• Australian Battle of Crete Exhibition Opening, Rethymno, Crete• Galatas Memorial, Crete hosted by the New Zealand Embassy• Latzimas (Prinos Village) Memorial, Crete• Commonwealth War Ceremony Suda Bay, Crete hosted by the United

Kingdom Embassy.

I am currently involved in speaking engagements on the significance of the Battles ofGreece and Crete with local Veteran groups and the Greek Community.

Recommendations:

Recommendation 1.

I recommend the formation of the SA Parliamentary Friendship Group of Greece.The formation of such a Group is appropriate given the number of Greek —Australians and depth of the relationships between Greece and South Australia.

According to Bruce Pennay in his work 'Greek Journeys through Bonegilla',approximately 33,600 Greek migrants entered Australia in the immediate post-warperiod between 1953-56.

Today more than 37,000 South Australians claim to be of Greek descent. Thesepost-war migrants have played a significant role in our State's economic, cultural andsocial life and facilitated the maturing the relationship between Greece and Australiaover many years.

My electorate of Taylor in Adelaide's North, has many families of Greek descent.

It is important we recognise the invaluable role that Friendship Groups play in theoperation of the Parliaments role of building relationships between the manymulticultural groups and the Nations around the world with South Australia and byextension the broader Australian community.

Recommendation 2.

I recommend the enhanced recognition of Australian Service Personnel in the Creteand Greece campaigns.

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It is my belief that the Australian Government should be asked to reconsider itsposition by awarding a specific Greek Campaign Medal to remaining AustralianService personnel and the South Australian government should advocate thisposition on behalf of the remaining Veterans.

This issue has long been a point of disappointment with the Australian Servicepersonnel that there has been no specific recognition of the Battles of Greece andCrete.

One recent important book on the Battles by Peter Ewer has described as the battlesas being under taken by "The Forgotten Anzacs".

Many feel they have been forgotten by the Australian military establishment in seeingthe battles in the broader context of North African command.

Forgotten in the sense, that they were not marked by a dedicated honour or medalby the Australian Forces.

Forgotten apart, from the Greek Government later marking the Allied contributions bya medal struck in their honour.

Forgotten in the sense, that having contributed to the largest number of Australianand Allied captured forces through the retreat from the Greek mainland and thenfrom Crete.

For the small number of veterans remaining from the Battles, the fact that the GreekGovernment has awarded them recognition and our country Australia has notrankles many men quiet rightly.

Recomendation 3.

I recommend the State and Federal Government investigate ways in which skilledmigration matches can be made been for appropriately trained and skilled youngGreeks who wish to migrate to Australia to fill skilled workforce shortages.

Many people approached me on the visit seeking a better life for their adult childrenin their twenties and thirties who were full trained trade's people to qualified healthcare professionals due to Greece's high unemployment rate. In March 2011, the ratewas 16.2% with a youth unemployment rate of 42.5%.

English is taught from a very early age in the schooling system and mostcontemporary Greeks are adept at using English and Greek each day.

Additionally, the Greek — Australian community is well established and could benefitfrom a second wave of Greek migration and reinvigorated connection to Greece. Theestablished community could assist with the integration and transition between thetwo nations and new arrivals.

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Recomendation 4.

That the South Australian Government continue its bipartisan position for the returnof the Parthenon Marbles to the people of Greece by the British Museum and theGovernment of the United Kingdom.

With the establishment of the modern Acropolis Museum and the provision in thenew facility for the marbles to be returned in accordance with United Nationsprotocols, and in a manner that would see them safely protected for all peoples thereremain few valid reasons for the British Museum to remain in possession of what ismaterial looted by the British. The 2012 London Olympics it would be an idealopportunity for this act on the part of the Government of the United Kingdom toreturn the marbles to the people of Greece to take place.

Recommendation 5.

Cultural Tourism based around battlefield sites

With the opportunities of the looming 100th anniversary of the Gallipoli landingsthere are many prospects that need expert assessment by the State and FederalGovernments in partnership with the Tourism industry.

The key elements that should be considered between South Australia, Australia andGreece are:

• the Greek Island of Lemnos' role as the departure point for the ANZACS• the Commonwealth World Graves Commission World War One sites located

across Greece• The significance of Australian Women's participation - for the first time — in the

support particularly around the nursing and medical fields

An online ANZAC battle sites trail for self guided tourisism across the region whichwould include significant Greek content would be an ideal way to achieve this. Thiscould be integrated into many of the existing area of on line tourism planning sitesthat is promoted by both the Federal Government and the Tourism sector.

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Allied defensive lines- covering the evatuieton Arlied evacuation routes

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Attachment 1:

Maps of Invasion of Greece and Invasion of Crete: 1941.

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Location in Greece of World War One and World War Two of CommonwealthWar Graves.

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Military Cemetery 0 Olana Military Cemetery• iti,arigol Madray Camehlay

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Attachment 2:

Commonwealth War Graves Commission:

Source: Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Commonwealth WarCemeteries and Memorials in Greece (2010)

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