Steven Jin, P.E. The 4 th IGCC June 27, 2013. Many water delivery systems do not own enough storage...
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Transcript of Steven Jin, P.E. The 4 th IGCC June 27, 2013. Many water delivery systems do not own enough storage...
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Optimizing Water Delivery System Storage & Its
Influence on Air Pollutant Emission Reduction
Steven Jin, P.E.
The 4th IGCC June 27, 2013
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Water Transmission and Distribution Operations
• Many water delivery systems do not own enough storage capacity.
• They adjust pumping to roughly match the water system demand variations.
• More water is pumped during peak hour periods and less water is pumped during off-peak hours.
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Optimizing Water Delivery Systems
1. Pumping & Water Storage
Optimization
2. Energy Use Changes
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Case Studies - Pumping Energy Optimization
• DWSD (1993, 2007)• City of Pontiac (2009)• Monroe (GLPF, 2011)• Oakland County
(2012)• Other Studies
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Optimizing Water Delivery Storage
• Adding more water storage would reduce on-peak pumping requirements.
• Pumps can be run at constant or near constant rates for both on-peak and off-peak periods.
• That reduces energy costs by minimizing the electrical demand charge.
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Optimizing Water Delivery Systems
1. Pumping & Water Storage
Optimization
2. Energy Use
Changes
3. Pollutant Emission Reduction
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Emission of CO2 by Potable Water
Delivery*
• 40% of total U.S. CO2 emission produced by electricity generation
• Water delivery energy: 3% of the nation’s electricity consumption
* University of Michigan Center for Sustainable System factsheets (online).
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Example - DWSD Water System• Service Area –
1,000 square miles (population near 4 Million).
• 2012 average water demand -556 MGD.
• 2012 maximum day demand - 960 MGD.
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DWSD Water System
• 5 Water Treatment Plants
• 20 Pumping Stations• Over 3,840 mi Water
Main• Serve City of Detroit• Serve 127 Communities
(Distribution Systems)
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• Select 12 Largest Distribution Systems with No Storage (1/4 total DWSD demand).
• DWSD Directly Pumping to Supply Peak Hour Demands
Selection of Distribution Systems without Storage
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Modeling Water Storage in the System
• Cyber water storages were added model (5 groups).
• Peak hour pumping reduction was investigated by modeling.
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How Does Water Storage Help
• On-peak water demand hours overlap all or part of the on-peak electrical demand hours.
• With optimal water storage, on-peak pumping requirements can be shifted to off-peak hours.
• Using hydraulic model to simulate how water storage can help.
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Facts about Generation• Nuclear and renewable power
plants can only be operated as a base plant (not as a peaking plant).
• Nuclear/renewable plants emit no CO2.
• Peaking plants are required to be started or shut off quickly.
• Peaking plants are powered by natural gas & fuel oil.
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Facts about Generation
• Relative to other fuels, nuclear or renewable fuels are cheaper.
• During low electrical demand hours, marginal power plants might be nuclear or renewable fuel type.
• Shifting on-peak electrical demand reduce energy cost and CO2 emission.
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Identifying Hourly Marginal Generation Types *
*LMP method, by T. H. Carter, 2011 based on the studies using MISO’s data
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Regional Hourly Marginal Generation Types on June 27, 2012
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Calculate CO2 Emission Reduction
• Using the LMP method to find hourly marginal generation types.
• Using data in EPA’s eGRID to calculate pollution emission factors (in lbs/kWh).
• CO2 Emission Rate for Coal fuel Generation is 2.07 (lbs/kWh)
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CO2 Emission Reductionby Adding Water Storage(in 12 Distribution Systems)
Energy Reduction x Emission Rate = CO2 Emission Reduction= 27,757 (kWh) x 2.07 (lbs/kWh) = 57,457 (lbs, or 26.1 tonnes)
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Water Storage Optimization Results (Optimizing 12 distribution systems for the maximum demand day, June 27, 2012)
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City of Pontiac: Typical Mid-Size Distribution System
Verify the approach
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City of Pontiac Water System• Serving a
population of 50,000
• 2012 average water demand 6.8 MGD
• 2012 maximum day demand 11.4 MGD
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Two Supplies to Pontiac
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Storage of Pontiac
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DWSD Supply Flow to Pontiac (Maximum Day, June 27, 2012)
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Modeled Supply without Using Storage
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Modeled Hourly Pumpage without Using Storage
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Water Storage Fill and DrainNight/Morning Filling (MG) 1.05Day-time Draining (MG) 1.13
Evening Filling (MG) 0.08
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Pontiac CO2 Emission Reduction on Maximum Demand Day (June 27, 2012)
Energy Reduction x Emission Rate = CO2 Reduction= 1,754 (kWh) x 2.07 (lbs/kWh) = 3,631 (lbs, or 1.65 tonnes)
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Conclusion:Reducing CO2 Emission by Optimizing Water Delivery Pumping & Storage
1. Pumping & Water Storage
Optimization
2. Energy Use
Changes
3. Pollutant Emission Reduction
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Questions?