Steroid Structure
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Transcript of Steroid Structure
Steroid Structure
Protein Structure and Function
Proteins Polymers made of amino acid monomers Amino acids:
Central carbon bonded to carboxyl Amino group Hydrogen Atom R group
Peptide Bonds
Peptide Bond Link amino acids dehydration synthesis
Protein function depends
On # and order of amino
acids
Four levels of protein structure Primary: sequence of amino acids
Secondary: refers to one of two 3D structures that result from H bonding Alpha helix “spring” Beta pleated sheet “accordion”
Tertiary: Complex globular shape Result of interactions between R groups Hydrophobic interactions Van der Waals Disulfide bridges
Quaternary: two or more polypeptides forming one large protein.
Levels of Protein Structure
Shape Dictates Function Improper protein folding can lead to a variety of
diseases Cancer Sickle-cell disease: abnormal hemoglobin Prions Alhezimers disease
Chaperonins: assist in proper folding Provide proper folding environment
Denaturation Protein looses shape and or function
Heat pH Salt concentrations
Chaperonin
Alzheimer's disease Beta-amyloid is a fragment from a larger
protein called amyloid precursor protein APP.
Cut by enzymes
Leads to plaque formation
Plaques disrupt calcium concentration, accumulate on mitochondria, induce apoptosis
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research from Drs. Yang and Meadowcroft at
the Penn State Hershey Med Center, Center for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Research.
Nucleic Acids
Store and transmit hereditary information DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) Both have monomer nucleotides
Nucleotides 3 parts Nitrogenous Base: adenine, thymine, cytosine,
guanine, uralic Pentose: 5 carbon sugar Phosphate:
Nucleic Acid Structure
DNA & RNA DNA is the molecule of heredity
Double stranded helix Composed of
Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine G bonds C A bonds T
RNA Single Stranded Composed of
Adenine Cytosine Guanine Uracil
Monomer & Polymer Summary Table
Macromolecule/Polymer
Monomers/Components
Examples Functions
Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Sugar, starch, glycogen, cellulose
Energy, energy storage, structural
Lipids Fatty Acids and Glycerol
Fats, Oils Energy source, insulation
Proteins Amino Acids Hmoglobin, Ppsin
Enzymes, movemnent
Nucleic Acids Nucleotides DNA, RNA Heredity; code for amino acid sequence
Concept Check
1. Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?
2. Describe why phospholipids are important components of cell membranes, based on their structure and properties
3. Hydrolysis is involved in 1. A. Formation of starch2. B. hydrogen bond formation between nucleic acids3. C. Peptide bond formation of proteins4. They hydrophilic interactions of lipids5. The digestion of maltose to glucose
4. Compare and Contrast DNA vs RNA
Concept Check Responses
1. Carboxyl (the acid part), amino (the amino part)
2. Polar head, apolar tail, bilayer, fluid, semipermeable membrane
3. E is correct, hydrolysis, hydro-water, lysis-splits. Look for a large polymer split to monomer.
4. DNA double stranded RNA Single stranded, DNA Thymidine, RNA Uracil, DNA deoxyribose, RNA ribose