Steps to Install Windows XP

8/8/2019 Steps to Install Windows XP

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Steps to Install Windows XP

Welcome to setup screen. To start the Windows XP installation process and install the

Windows XP operating system on the computer just press on Enter key. To exit the

installation process press F3 key.

Windows XP Professional End User licensing agreement, use Page Down key to read

trough the license agreement an press F8 key to agree.



Setup then display the list of existing partitions and unpartitioned space on the system.

Press Enter key to setup Windows XP on selected item, or press C key if you want to

create partition on the disk.

The Setup display your system disk available space. To create partition, enter the amount

of disk space for the partition size to be create. Then press Enter key.



Select the partition where you want the Windows XP install and then press Enter key.

Choose and select to format the partition using the NTFS file system. Then press Enter

key to continue with the setup process.



The setup then formatting the partition selected with the NTFS file system. The progress

bar show the formatting process process. Wait until the process finish, this process may

take several minutes depends on the disk size.

The setup process then examines your system disk drives. This process may take several

minutes depending on the size of disks.



Windows XP setup on progress and copying files to disk, please wait this process may

take several minutes to complete.

Portion of Windows XP setup completed successfully. The setup process reboot your computer automatically or you can press Enter key to restart the computer.



The screen on Installing Devices... nothing happen here... just want to show you that the

Windows XP Professional Setup still at work

The screen then display Regional and Language Options. Make changes to the options if

you need to or just click Next button to continue using the default setting. Note: from this

screen forward, you can use the mouse key to click on the button



Personalize Your Software, on this screen put your full name and name of organistaion

and then click next.

On the Windows XP Product Key screen, you need to type in the correct 25 character

volume license product key on the text box provided. Please contact your system

administrator to get the volume license product key. Click Next button after you key inall 25 character volume license product key on the box.



On this Computer Name and Administrator Password screen, you need to provide the

Computer name, Administrator password and you need to re type password in the

Confirm password box. Just remember or write down the administrator password becauseyou may need to log in as administrator one day to gain full access on the system. Click

Next button to proceed.

On the Date and Time Settings screen, you can set the correct date and time for your

Windows XP Professional system, then choose from the drop down list the correct Time

Zone setting for the system time. Click Next button after finish with the configurationsetting.



Installing Network Screen, and the screen display the status bar show that the estimate

time to complete the installation process is down to 31 minutes.

The Networking Setting screen. On the Networking Setting screen you can configure thesystem networking components manually or you can leave the radio button on 'Typical

Settings' to accept the default configuration. Click Next button to proceed.



The Workgroup or Computer Domain screen, enter the workgroup name if your

computer belong to the existing workgroup or leave the default WORKGROUP and If

your computer is a member of the domain on the network, click the radio button on 'Yes,make this computer a member of the following domain:' and then type in the domain

name in the box provided. Click Next button to proceed.

Windows XP then start copying files to the system hard disk, sit back and read all theusual advert info on the screen or better yet you can go and make your self a nice cup of

coffee and return back to your computer after half an hour



The Windows XP Setup screen display that the Setup removing temporary files and

status bar show that the setup process will complete in approximately in 1 minute.

Reboot Windows XP screenshot.



The process of starting Windows XP screen shot.

The welcome screen to setting up your computer. Click Next button to continue.



The setting of automatic updates your Windows XP. Click on the radio button Help

protect my PC by turning on Automatic Updates now to make sure your Windows XP

system check the updates (this include hot fix (patch, security, critical updates) andservice packs) from Microsoft Windows Updates site and automatically install the

updates. If you want to Updates your system manually just click the radio button on Not

right now. Click Next button to proceed.

Windows XP setup then display the screen of Checking your Internet connectivity. This

process may take few moments, because the setup check your computer to see if the

computer already connected to the internet or not.



On this screen you can choose the configuration of your connection to the internet, click

the radio button on Local area network (LAN) to setup the configuration of you network

card. Click Next button to proceed.

The Setting up a high speed connection (or LAN) screen. On this screen you can setup

the setting of your network ip address. Obtain the ip address, subnet mask, gateway and

DNS from your network administrator and put in the box, or if your network using the

DHCP to get the ip setting and DNS setting just click the checkbox provided. Click Next

button to proceed.



Register Windows XP screen. There is two radio button on this screen, click on the Yes,

I'd like to register with Microsoft now to start registering your Windows XP now or

if you want to finish with the installation and setup process and you want to register later click radio button on No, not this time. Click Next button to proceed.

On the user account screen, type in the user name that who will use the computer.



Thank you and congratulation screen. Click Finish button to finish the Windows XP

setup configuration.



Functions of Operating System

An operating system is a software component that acts as the core of a computer system.It performs various functions and is essentially the interface that connects your computer

and its supported components. In this article, we will discuss the basic functions of the

operating system, along with security concerns for the most popular types. Also learnmore about driver updates.

Basic Operation

Drivers play a major role in the operating system. A driver is a program designed to

comprehend the functions of a particular device installed on the system. A driver enables

the operation of numerous devices, including your mouse, keyboard printer, video cardand CD-ROM drive by translating commands from the operating system or the user into

commands understood by the associated component. It also translates responses from the

component back to the operating system, software application or user.

The operating system performs other functions with system utilities that monitor

performance, debug errors and maintain the system. It also includes a set of libraries

often used by applications to perform tasks to enable direct interaction with system

components. These common functions run seamlessly and are transparent to most users.

Security Concerns

The fact that an operating system is computer software makes it prone to error just as any

human creation. Programmers make mistakes, and inefficient code is often implemented

into programs even after testing. Some developers perform more thorough testing andgenerally produce more efficient software. Therefore, some operating systems and more

error prone while others are more secure.

Here are some common security issues that pose a threat to all operating systems:

Instabilities and Crashes - Both of these instances may be the result of software bugs in

the operating system. Bugs in software applications on the computer may also cause problems, such as preventing the system from communicating with hardware devices.

They can even cause the system to become unstable or crash. A system crash consists of

freezing and becoming unresponsive to point where the machine needs to be rebooted.These issues vary depending on the type of operating system.

Flaws - Software bugs will not only make a system unstable, but also leave it wide opento unauthorized users. Once these vulnerabilities are discovered, attackers can exploit

them and gain access to your system. From there, they can install malware, launch attackson other machines or even take complete control of your system. Software developers

usually distribute security patches rather quickly to update the operating system and fix

the vulnerabilities.



Introduction to Networks

A computer network is a connection of as few as two computers or devices with a means

of connecting media for enabling the two computers or devices to communicate andunderstand each other.

Using Computer Networks, it allows more than one user to use the same program at the

same time and provide the means for communication between different computer

systems.

Networks can be useful in several ways, examples are- Sharing resources,

Sharing information, Use of electronic mail and Protecting information.

Computer networks fall into three categories:

LAN- Local Area Network WAN-Wide Area Network

MAN- Metropolitan Area Network

We discuss on the OSI model that allows communication between computers easy, it

divides the network seven layers that are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and the application layer.

The OSI layers communicate directly with the receiving layer in the receiving host. Data

that passes from layers to layers is called protocol data units (PDU) in each layer data that

are transmitted are referred to in a different way. e.g. Bits, Frames, Packets and Segment.

Networks can be constructed with Internetworking devices.

Repeater- extends the physical length of a cable type in making a connection.

Bridges- it passes data frames between network using MAC addresses.

Hubs- it allows nodes to be interconnected.Switches- it allows communication at the same time between two or more nodes.

Routers- packets are passed between connected networks.

A brief explanation of the above points can be seen in the next few pages.

Types of Network Protocol

TCP/IP

TCP and IP were developed by a Department of Defense (DOD) research project toconnect a number different networks designed by different vendors into a network of

networks (the "Internet"). It was initially successful because it delivered a few basic

services that everyone needs (file transfer, electronic mail, remote logon) across a verylarge number of client and server systems. Several computers in a small department can

use TCP/IP (along with other protocols) on a single LAN. The IP component provides

routing from the department to the enterprise network, then to regional networks, andfinally to the global Internet. On the battlefield a communications network will sustain

damage, so the DOD designed TCP/IP to be robust and automatically recover from any

node or phone line failure. This design allows the construction of very large networks



with less central management. However, because of the automatic recovery, network

problems can go undiagnosed and uncorrected for long periods of time.

As with all other communications protocol, TCP/IP is composed of layers:

• IP - is responsible for moving packet of data from node to node. IP forwards each packet based on a four byte destination address (the IP number). The Internet

authorities assign ranges of numbers to different organizations. The organizationsassign groups of their numbers to departments. IP operates on gateway machinesthat move data from department to organization to region and then around the

world.

• TCP - is responsible for verifying the correct delivery of data from client to

server. Data can be lost in the intermediate network. TCP adds support to detecterrors or lost data and to trigger retransmission until the data is correctly and

completely received.

• Sockets - is a name given to the package of subroutines that provide access toTCP/IP on most systems.

Network of Lowest Bidders

The Army puts out a bid on a computer and DEC wins the bid. The Air Force puts out a

bid and IBM wins. The Navy bid is won by Unisys. Then the President decides to invadeGrenada and the armed forces discover that their computers cannot talk to each other.

The DOD must build a "network" out of systems each of which, by law, was delivered by

the lowest bidder on a single contract.

The Internet Protocol was developed to create a Network of Networks (the "Internet").Individual machines are first connected to a LAN (Ethernet or Token Ring). TCP/IP

shares the LAN with other uses (a Novell file server, Windows for Workgroups peer systems). One device provides the TCP/IP connection between the LAN and the rest of

the world.

To insure that all types of systems from all vendors can communicate, TCP/IP is

absolutely standardized on the LAN. However, larger networks based on long distancesand phone lines are more volatile. In the US, many large corporations would wish to



reuse large internal networks based on IBM's SNA. In Europe, the national phone

companies traditionally standardize on X.25. However, the sudden explosion of high

speed microprocessors, fiber optics, and digital phone systems has created a burst of newoptions: ISDN, frame relay, FDDI, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). New

technologies arise and become obsolete within a few years. With cable TV and phone

companies competing to build the National Information Superhighway, no singlestandard can govern citywide, nationwide, or worldwide communications.

The original design of TCP/IP as a Network of Networks fits nicely within the current

technological uncertainty. TCP/IP data can be sent across a LAN, or it can be carried

within an internal corporate SNA network, or it can piggyback on the cable TV service.Furthermore, machines connected to any of these networks can communicate to any other

network through gateways supplied by the network vendor.

Addresses

Each technology has its own convention for transmitting messages between two

machines within the same network. On a LAN, messages are sent between machines by

supplying the six byte unique identifier (the "MAC" address). In an SNA network, everymachine has Logical Units with their own network address. DECNET, Appletalk, and

Novell IPX all have a scheme for assigning numbers to each local network and to eachworkstation attached to the network.

On top of these local or vendor specific network addresses, TCP/IP assigns a unique

number to every workstation in the world. This "IP number" is a four byte value that, by

convention, is expressed by converting each byte into a decimal number (0 to 255) andseparating the bytes with a period. For example, the PC Lube and Tune server is

130.132.59.234.

An organization begins by sending electronic mail to [email protected] assignment of a network number. It is still possible for almost anyone to getassignment of a number for a small "Class C" network in which the first three bytes

identify the network and the last byte identifies the individual computer. The author

followed this procedure and was assigned the numbers 192.35.91.* for a network of computers at his house. Larger organizations can get a "Class B" network where the first

two bytes identify the network and the last two bytes identify each of up to 64 thousand

individual workstations. Yale's Class B network is 130.132, so all computers with IPaddress 130.132.*.* are connected through Yale.

The organization then connects to the Internet through one of a dozen regional or

specialized network suppliers. The network vendor is given the subscriber network number and adds it to the routing configuration in its own machines and those of theother major network suppliers.

Subnets

Although the individual subscribers do not need to tabulate network numbers or provide

explicit routing, it is convenient for most Class B networks to be internally managed as amuch smaller and simpler version of the larger network organizations. It is common to



subdivide the two bytes available for internal assignment into a one byte department

number and a one byte workstation ID.

The enterprise network is built using commercially available TCP/IP router boxes. Eachrouter has small tables with 255 entries to translate the one byte department number into

selection of a destination Ethernet connected to one of the routers. Messages to the PC

Lube and Tune server (130.132.59.234) are sent through the national and New England

regional networks based on the 130.132 part of the number. Arriving at Yale, the 59department ID selects an Ethernet connector in the C& IS building. The 234 selects a

particular workstation on that LAN. The Yale network must be updated as new Ethernets

and departments are added, but it is not effected by changes outside the university or themovement of machines within the department.

A Uncertain Path

Every time a message arrives at an IP router, it makes an individual decision about where

to send it next. There is concept of a session with a preselected path for all traffic.Consider a company with facilities in New York, Los Angeles, Chicago and Atlanta. It

could build a network from four phone lines forming a loop (NY to Chicago to LA to

Atlanta to NY). A message arriving at the NY router could go to LA via either Chicago

or Atlanta. The reply could come back the other way.

How does the router make a decision between routes? There is no correct answer. Traffic

could be routed by the "clockwise" algorithm (go NY to Atlanta, LA to Chicago). The

routers could alternate, sending one message to Atlanta and the next to Chicago. Moresophisticated routing measures traffic patterns and sends data through the least busy link.

If one phone line in this network breaks down, traffic can still reach its destination

through a roundabout path. After losing the NY to Chicago line, data can be sent NY to

Atlanta to LA to Chicago. This provides continued service though with degraded performance. This kind of recovery is the primary design feature of IP. The loss of the

line is immediately detected by the routers in NY and Chicago, but somehow this

information must be sent to the other nodes. Otherwise, LA could continue to send NY

messages through Chicago, where they arrive at a "dead end." Each network adopts some



Router Protocol which periodically updates the routing tables throughout the network

with information about changes in route status.

If the size of the network grows, then the complexity of the routing updates will increase

as will the cost of transmitting them. Building a single network that covers the entire USwould be unreasonably complicated. Fortunately, the Internet is designed as a Network of

Networks. This means that loops and redundancy are built into each regional carrier. The

regional network handles its own problems and reroutes messages internally. Its Router Protocol updates the tables in its own routers, but no routing updates need to propagate

from a regional carrier to the NSF spine or to the other regions (unless, of course, a

subscriber switches permanently from one region to another).

Undiagnosed Problems

IBM designs its SNA networks to be centrally managed. If any error occurs, it is reported

to the network authorities. By design, any error is a problem that should be corrected or

repaired. IP networks, however, were designed to be robust. In battlefield conditions, the

loss of a node or line is a normal circumstance. Casualties can be sorted out later on, but

the network must stay up. So IP networks are robust. They automatically (and silently)reconfigure themselves when something goes wrong. If there is enough redundancy built

into the system, then communication is maintained.

In 1975 when SNA was designed, such redundancy would be prohibitively expensive, or

it might have been argued that only the Defense Department could afford it. Today,

however, simple routers cost no more than a PC. However, the TCP/IP design that,

"Errors are normal and can be largely ignored," produces problems of its own.

Data traffic is frequently organized around "hubs," much like airline traffic. One could

imagine an IP router in Atlanta routing messages for smaller cities throughout the

Southeast. The problem is that data arrives without a reservation. Airline companiesexperience the problem around major events, like the Super Bowl. Just before the game,everyone wants to fly into the city. After the game, everyone wants to fly out. Imbalance

occurs on the network when something new gets advertised. Adam Curry announced the

server at "mtv.com" and his regional carrier was swamped with traffic the next day. The problem is that messages come in from the entire world over high speed lines, but they go

out to mtv.com over what was then a slow speed phone line.

Occasionally a snow storm cancels flights and airports fill up with stranded passengers.

Many go off to hotels in town. When data arrives at a congested router, there is no placeto send the overflow. Excess packets are simply discarded. It becomes the responsibility

of the sender to retry the data a few seconds later and to persist until it finally getsthrough. This recovery is provided by the TCP component of the Internet protocol.

TCP was designed to recover from node or line failures where the network propagatesrouting table changes to all router nodes. Since the update takes some time, TCP is slow

to initiate recovery. The TCP algorithms are not tuned to optimally handle packet loss

due to traffic congestion. Instead, the traditional Internet response to traffic problems has been to increase the speed of lines and equipment in order to say ahead of growth in

demand.



TCP treats the data as a stream of bytes. It logically assigns a sequence number to each

byte. The TCP packet has a header that says, in effect, "This packet starts with byte

379642 and contains 200 bytes of data." The receiver can detect missing or incorrectlysequenced packets. TCP acknowledges data that has been received and retransmits data

that has been lost. The TCP design means that error recovery is done end-to-end between

the Client and Server machine. There is no formal standard for tracking problems in themiddle of the network, though each network has adopted some ad hoc tools.

File Transfer Protocol(FTP)

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to copy a file from

one host to another over a TCP/IP-based network, such as the Internet. FTP is built on aclient-server architecture and utilizes separate control and data connections between the

client and server. FTP users may authenticate themselves using a clear-text sign-in

protocol but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it.

The first FTP client applications were interactive command-line tools, implementingstandard commands and syntax. Graphical user interface clients have since been

developed for many of the popular desktop operating systems in use today.

The protocol is specified in RFC 959, which is summarized below.

A client makes a TCP connection to the server's port 21. This connection, called thecontrol connection, remains open for the duration of the session, with a second

connection, called the data connection, opened by the server from its port 20 to a client

port (specified in the negotiation dialog) as required to transfer file data. The control

connection is used for session administration (i.e., commands, identification, passwords)exchanged between the client and server using a telnet-like protocol. For example "RETR

filename" would transfer the specified file from the server to the client. Due to this two-

port structure, FTP is considered an out-of-band , as opposed to an in-band protocol suchas HTTP.

The server responds on the control connection with three digit status codes in ASCII with

an optional text message, for example "200" (or "200 OK.") means that the last command

was successful. The numbers represent the code number and the optional text representexplanations (i.e., <OK>) or needed parameters (i.e., <Need account for storing file>). A

file transfer in progress over the data connection can be aborted using an interrupt

message sent over the control connection.

FTP can be run in active or passive mode, which determine how the data connection is

established. In active mode, the client sends the server the IP address and port number onwhich the client will listen, and the server initiates the TCP connection. In situations

where the client is behind a firewall and unable to accept incoming TCP connections, passive mode may be used. In this mode the client sends a PASV command to the server

and receives an IP address and port number in return. The client uses these to open the

data connection to the server. Both modes were updated in September 1998 to addsupport for IPv6. Other changes were made to passive mode at that time, making it

extended passive mode.



While transferring data over the network, four data representations can be used:

• ASCII mode: used for text. Data is converted, if needed, from the sending host's

character representation to "8-bit ASCII" before transmission, and (again, if

necessary) to the receiving host's character representation. As a consequence, thismode is inappropriate for files that contain data other than plain text.

• Image mode (commonly called Binary mode): the sending machine sends each

file byte for byte, and the recipient stores the bytestream as it receives it. (Imagemode support has been recommended for all implementations of FTP).

• EBCDIC mode: use for plain text between hosts using the EBCDIC character set.

This mode is otherwise like ASCII mode.

• Local mode: Allows two computers with identical setups to send data in a

proprietary format without the need to convert it to ASCII

For text files, different format control and record structure options are provided. These

features were designed to facilitate files containing Telnet or ASA formatting.

Data transfer can be done in any of three modes:

• Stream mode: Data is sent as a continuous stream, relieving FTP from doing any

processing. Rather, all processing is left up to TCP. No End-of-file indicator is

needed, unless the data is divided into records.

• Block mode: FTP breaks the data into several blocks (block header, byte count,

and data field) and then passes it on to TCP.

• Compressed mode: Data is compressed using a single algorithm (usually Run-

length encoding).

Security

FTP was not designed to be a secure protocol—especially by today's standards—and hasmany security weaknesses. In May 1999, the authors of RFC 2577 enumerated the

following flaws:

• Bounce Attacks• Spoof Attacks

• Brute Force Attacks

• Packet Capture (Sniffing)

• Username Protection

• Port Stealing

FTP was not designed to encrypt its traffic; all transmissions are in clear text, and user names, passwords, commands and data can be easily read by anyone able to perform packet capture (sniffing) on the network. This problem is common to many Internet

Protocol specifications (such as SMTP, Telnet, POP and IMAP) designed prior to the

creation of encryption mechanisms such as TLS or SSL. A common solution to this problem is use of the "secure", TLS-protected versions of the insecure protocols (e.g.

FTPS for FTP, TelnetS for Telnet, etc.) or selection of a different, more secure protocol

that can handle the job, such as the SFTP/SCP tools included with most implementationsof the Secure Shell protocol.



Anonymous FTP

A host that provides an FTP service may additionally provide anonymous FTP access.

Users typically log into the service with an 'anonymous' account when prompted for user

name. Although users are commonly asked to send their email address in lieu of a password, no verification is actually performed on the supplied data.

Remote FTP or FTPmail

Where FTP access is restricted, a remote FTP (or FTPmail) service can be used to

circumvent the problem. An e-mail containing the FTP commands to be performed is sentto a remote FTP server, which is a mail server that parses the incoming e-mail, executes

the FTP commands, and sends back an e-mail with any downloaded files as an

attachment. Obviously this is less flexible than an FTP client, as it is not possible to viewdirectories interactively or to modify commands, and there can also be problems with

large file attachments in the response not getting through mail servers. The service was

used when some users' only internet access was via email through gateways such as a

BBS or online service. As most internet users these days have ready access to FTP, this

procedure is no longer in everyday use.

TELNET

Telnet is a network protocol used on the Internet or local area networks to provide a bidirectional interactive text-oriented communications facility using a virtual terminal

connection. User data is interspersed in-band with Telnet control information in an 8-bit

byte oriented data connection over the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).

Telnet was developed in 1969 beginning with RFC 15,extended in RFC 854, andstandardized as Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Standard STD 8, one of

the first Internet standards.

Historically, Telnet provided access to a command-line interface (usually, of an operating

system) on a remote host. Most network equipment and operating systems with a TCP/IPstack support a Telnet service for remote configuration (including systems based on

Windows NT). Because of security issues with Telnet, its use for this purpose has waned

in favor of SSH.

The term telnet may also refer to the software that implements the client part of the protocol. Telnet client applications are available for virtually all computer platforms.

Telnet is also used as a verb. To telnet means to establish a connection with the Telnet

protocol, either with command line client or with a programmatic interface. For example,a common directive might be: "To change your password, telnet to the server, login and

run the passwd command." Most often, a user will be telnetting to a Unix-like server

system or a network device (such as a router) and obtain a login prompt to a command

line text interface or a character-based full-screen manager.



Security

When Telnet was initially developed in 1969, most users of networked computers were in

the computer departments of academic institutions, or at large private and governmentresearch facilities. In this environment, security was not nearly as much of a concern as it

became after the bandwidth explosion of the 1990s. The rise in the number of people withaccess to the Internet, and by extension, the number of people attempting to hack other people's servers made encrypted alternatives much more of a necessity.

Experts in computer security, such as SANS Institute, recommend that the use of Telnet

for remote logins should be discontinued under all normal circumstances, for the

following reasons:

• Telnet, by default, does not encrypt any data sent over the connection (including

passwords), and so it is often practical to eavesdrop on the communications and

use the password later for malicious purposes; anybody who has access to a

router, switch, hub or gateway located on the network between the two hostswhere Telnet is being used can intercept the packets passing by and obtain login

and password information (and whatever else is typed) with any of several

common utilities like tcpdump and Wireshark.

• Most implementations of Telnet have no authentication that would ensure

communication is carried out between the two desired hosts and not intercepted in

the middle.

• Commonly used Telnet daemons have several vulnerabilities discovered over the

years.

These security-related shortcomings have seen the usage of the Telnet protocol drop

rapidly, especially on the public Internet, in favor of the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol,first released in 1995. SSH provides much of the functionality of telnet, with the addition

of strong encryption to prevent sensitive data such as passwords from being intercepted,

and public key authentication, to ensure that the remote computer is actually who itclaims to be. As has happened with other early Internet protocols, extensions to the

Telnet protocol provide Transport Layer Security (TLS) security and Simple

Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) authentication that address the above issues.

However, most Telnet implementations do not support these extensions; and there has been relatively little interest in implementing these as SSH is adequate for most purposes.

The main advantage of TLS-Telnet would be the ability to use certificate-authority signed

server certificates to authenticate a server host to a client that does not yet have the server

key stored. In SSH, there is a weakness in that the user must trust the first session to ahost when it has not yet acquired the server key.

Telnet 5250

IBM 5250 or 3270 workstation emulation is supported via custom telnet clients,TN5250/TN3270, and IBM servers. Clients and servers designed to pass IBM 5250 data

streams over Telnet generally do support SSL encryption, as SSH does not include 5250

emulation. Under OS/400, port 992 is the default port for secured telnet.



Telnet data

All data octets except \377 are transmitted over the TCP transport as is. Therefore, a

Telnet client application may also be used to establish an interactive raw TCP session,and it is commonly believed that such session which does not use the IAC (\377

character, or 255 in decimal) is functionally identical. This is not the case, however, because there are other network virtual terminal (NVT) rules, such as the requirement for a bare carriage return character (CR, ASCII 13) to be followed by a NULL (ASCII 0)

character, that distinguish the telnet protocol from raw TCP sessions. On the other hand,

many systems now possess true raw TCP clients, such as netcat or socat on UNIX andPuTTY on Windows, which also can be used to manually "talk" to other services without

specialized client software. Nevertheless, Telnet is still sometimes used in debugging

network services such as SMTP, IRC, HTTP, FTP or POP3 servers, to issue commandsto a server and examine the responses, but of all these protocols only FTP really uses

Telnet data format.

Another difference of Telnet from a raw TCP session is that Telnet is not 8-bit clean bydefault. 8-bit mode may be negotiated, but high-bit-set octets may be garbled until thismode was requested, and it obviously will not be requested in non-Telnet connection.

The 8-bit mode (so named binary option) is intended to transmit binary data, not

characters though. The standard suggests the interpretation of codes \000–\176 as ASCII,

but does not offer any meaning for high-bit-set data octets. There was an attempt tointroduce a switchable character encoding support like HTTP has, but nothing is known

about its actual software support.

Types of Internet Connections

As technology grows, so does our need for bigger, better and faster Internet connections.Over the years, the way content is presented via the Web has changed drastically. Ten

years ago being able to center bold, colored text was something to admire, while today

Flash, animations, online gaming, streaming video, database-driven Web sites, e-commerce and virtual offices — to name but a few — are becoming standards. The need

for speed has changed the options available to consumers and businesses alike in terms of

how and how fast we can connect to the Internet.

While technology changes at a rapid pace, so do Internet connections. The connectionspeeds listed below represent a snapshot of general average to maximum speeds at the

time of publication. This is no doubt will change over time and Internet connectionspeeds also vary between Internet Service Providers (ISP).

Analog (up to 56k)

Also called dial-up access, it is both economical and slow. Using a modem connected to

your PC, users connect to the Internet when the computer dials a phone number (which is

provided by your ISP) and connects to the network. Dial-up is an analog connection because data is sent over an analog, public telephone network. The modem converts



received analog data to digital and vise versa. Because dial-up access uses normal

telephone lines the quality of the connection is not always good and data rates are limited.

Typical Dial-up connection speeds range from 2400 bps to 56 Kbps.

ISDN

Integrated services digital network (ISDN) is an international communications standard

for sending voice, video, and data over digital telephone lines or normal telephone wires.

• Typical ISDN speeds range from 64 Kbps to 128 Kbps.

B-ISDN

Broadband ISDN is similar in function to ISDN but it transfers data over fiber optictelephone lines, not normal telephone wires. SONET is the physical transport backbone

of B-ISDN. Broadband ISDN has not been widely implemented.

DSL

DSL is also called an always on connection because it uses existing 2-wire copper

telephone line connected to the premise and will not tie up your phone as a dial-upconnection does. There is no need to dial-in to your ISP as DSL is always on. The two

main categories of DSL for home subscribers are called ADSL and SDSL.

ADSL

ADSL is the most commonly deployed types of DSL in North America. Short for

asymmetric digital subscriber line ADSL supports data rates of from 1.5 to 9 Mbps whenreceiving data (known as the downstream rate) and from 16 to 640 Kbps when sending

data (known as the upstream rate). ADSL requires a special ADSL modem.

ADSL+2

ADSL+2 A is an extension to ADSL broadband technology that provides subscriberswith significantly faster download speeds when compared to traditional ADSLconnections. ADSL+2 works in the same fashion as ADSL a special filter is installed on a

subscriber's telephone line to split existing copper telephone lines (POTS) between

regular telephone (voice) and ADSL+2. ADSL2+ service is most commonly offered inhighly-populated metropolitan areas and subscribers must be in close geographical

locations to the provider's central office to receive ADSL2+ service.

SDSL

SDSL is still more common in Europe. Short for symmetric digital subscriber line, a

technology that allows more data to be sent over existing copper telephone lines (POTS).

SDSL supports data rates up to 3 Mbps. SDSL works by sending digital pulses in thehigh-frequency area of telephone wires and can not operate simultaneously with voice

connections over the same wires. SDSL requires a special SDSL modem. SDSL is calledsymmetric because it supports the same data rates for upstream and downstream traffic.

VDSL

Very High DSL (VDSL) is a DSL technology that offers fast data rates over relatively

short distances — the shorter the distance, the faster the connection rate.



• All types of DSL technologies are collectively referred to as xDSL.

• xDSL connection speeds range from 128 Kbps to 8 Mbps.

Cable

Through the use of a cable modem you can have a broadband Internet connection that isdesigned to operate over cable TV lines. Cable Internet works by using TV channel space

for data transmission, with certain channels used for downstream transmission, and other

channels for upstream transmission. Because the coaxial cable used by cable TV providesmuch greater bandwidth than telephone lines, a cable modem can be used to achieve

extremely fast access.

• Cable speeds range from 512 Kbps to 20 Mbps.

Wireless Internet Connections

Wireless Internet, or wireless broadband is one of the newest Internet connection types.Instead of using telephone or cable networks for your Internet connection, you use radio

frequency bands. Wireless Internet provides an always-on connection which can be

accessed from anywhere — as long as you geographically within a network coverage

area. Wireless access is still considered to be relatively new, and it may be difficult tofind a wireless service provider in some areas. It is typically more expensive and mainly

available in metropolitan areas

T-1 Lines

T-1 lines are a popular leased line option for businesses connecting to the Internet and for

Internet Service Providers (ISPs) connecting to the Internet backbone. It is a dedicated phone connection supporting data rates of 1.544Mbps. A T-1 line actually consists of 24

individual channels, each of which supports 64Kbits per second. Each 64Kbit/second

channel can be configured to carry voice or data traffic. Most telephone companies allowyou to buy just one or some of these individual channels. This is known as fractional T-1

access.

Bonded T-1

A bonded T-1 is two or more T-1 lines that have been joined (bonded) together to

increase bandwidth. Where a single T-1 provides approximately 1.5Mbps, two bondedT1s provide 3Mbps or 46 channels for voice or data. Two bonded T-1s allow you to use

the full bandwidth of 3Mbps where two individual T-1s can still only use a maximum of

1.5Mbps at one time. To be bonded the T-1 must run into the same router at the end,meaning they must run to the same ISP.

• T-1 Lines support speeds of 1.544 Mbps

• Fractional T-1 speeds are 64 Kbps per channel (up to 1.544 Mbps), depending onnumber of leased channels.

• Typical Bonded T-1 (two bonded T-1 lines) speed is around 3 Mbps.

T-3 Lines

T-3 lines are dedicated phone connections supporting data rates of about 43 to 45 Mbps.

It too is a popular leased line option. A T-3 line actually consists of 672 individual

channels, each of which supports 64 Kbps. T-3 lines are used mainly by Internet ServiceProviders (ISPs) connecting to the Internet backbone and for the backbone itself.



• Typical T-3 supports speeds ranging from 43 to 45 Mbps.

OC3

Short for Optical Carrier, level 3 it is used to specify the speed of fiber optic networks

conforming to the SONET standard. OC3 is typically used as a fiber optic backbone for large networks with large voice, data, video, and traffic needs.

• Speeds are 155.52 Mbps, or roughly the speed of 100 T1 lines.

Satellite

Internet over Satellite (IoS) allows a user to access the Internet via a satellite that orbits

the earth. A satellite is placed at a static point above the earth's surface, in a fixed position. Because of the enormous distances signals must travel from the earth up to the

satellite and back again, IoS is slightly slower than high-speed terrestrial connections

over copper or fiber optic cables.Typical Internet over Satellite connection speeds (standard IP services) average around

492 up to 512 Kbps.

EMAIL

Electronic mail, commonly called email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital

messages across the Internet or other computer networks. Originally, email wastransmitted directly from one user to another computer. This required both computers to

be online at the same time, a la instant messaging. Today's email systems are based on a

store-and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver and store messages.

Users no longer need be online simultaneously and need only connect briefly, typically toan email server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages.

An email message consists of two components, the message header , and the messagebody, which is the email's content. The message header contains control information,

including, minimally, an originator's email address and one or more recipient addresses.Usually additional information is added, such as a subject header field.

Originally a text only (7 bit ASCII and others) communications medium, email was

extended to carry multi-media content attachments, a process standardized in RFC 2045through 2049. Collectively, these RFCs have come to be called Multipurpose Internet

Mail Extensions (MIME).

The history of modern, global Internet email services reaches back to the early

ARPANET. Standards for encoding email messages were proposed as early as 1973(RFC 561). Conversion from ARPANET to the Internet in the early 1980s produced the

core of the current services. An email sent in the early 1970s looks quite similar to one

sent on the Internet today.

Network-based email was initially exchanged on the ARPANET in extensions to the FileTransfer Protocol (FTP), but is now carried by the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

(SMTP), first published as Internet standard 10 (RFC 821) in 1982. In the process of

transporting email messages between systems, SMTP communicates delivery parametersusing a message envelope separate from the message (header and body) itself.



Origin

Electronic mail predates the inception of the Internet, and was in fact a crucial tool in

creating it.

MIT first demonstrated the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) in 1961. It allowedmultiple users to log into the IBM 7094 from remote dial-up terminals, and to store files

online on disk. This new ability encouraged users to share information in new ways.Email started in 1965 as a way for multiple users of a time-sharing mainframe computer

to communicate. Among the first systems to have such a facility were SDC's Q32 and

MIT's CTSS.

Host-based mail systems

The original email systems allowed communication only between users who logged intothe same host or "mainframe". This could be hundreds or even thousands of users within

an organization.

By 1966 (or earlier, it is possible that the SAGE system had something similar some time

before), such systems allowed email between different organizations, so long as they rancompatible operating systems.

Examples include BITNET, IBM PROFS, Digital Equipment Corporation ALL-IN-1 and

the original Unix mail.

LAN-based mail systems

From the early 1980s, networked personal computers on LANs became increasinglyimportant. Server-based systems similar to the earlier mainframe systems were

developed. Again these systems initially allowed communication only between users

logged into the same server infrastructure. Eventually these systems could also be linked between different organizations, as long as they ran the same email system and

proprietary protocol.

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