Steps … a Tc y p Ro Gr a m

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LECTURE NOTES BIOLOGY STEPS A TCY Program _______________________________________________________________________________________

STEPS____________________________________________________________G e t f r e e c h a p t e r w i s e t e s t s f o r C l a s s X

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TRANSPORT & EXCRETIONRevision synopsis

BLOOD Connective tissue (softest, mobile)

Blood = plasma + corpuscles

* Liquid (colorless) = water (90%) + Dissolved Substances

Proteins

digested food

NaCl

CO2 + Urea

hormones

RBCs:

Red pigment (Haemoglobin) responsible for red color

carrier of O2

Nucleus absent

Life span 120 days [small of absence of nucleus] 4 mths

produced by Bone narrow & are made very quickly.

WBCs:

Soldiers of body fight inflections & protect form diseases

Phagocytic in function

Make antibodies to fight against infection

Spherical / irregular in shape.

nucleus +tnt. thou shape of nucleus is different in different cells.

+nt (Present) Lesser in no, than RBC.

Flatelets:

formed in Bone marrow

Nucleus absent

Help in coagulation

Functions of Blood

(1) Carries O2 from Lungs & Body parts.

(2) Carries O2 from cells to Lungs for [Expiration]

WBCs (Leucocytes)

RBCs (Erythrocytes)

WBCs (Leucocytes)


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(3) Carries digested food from small lnlestine to Body parts.

(4) Carries hormones form Endocrine glands to target organs.

(5) Carries urea from liver to Kidneys for excretion in urine

(6) Protects body from diseases [WBCs]

(7) Regulates body temp (370 C)

Blood Clotting / Coagulation of Blood

It is a complex process in which a series of chemical reactions occur in the blood as it gets

exposed to air.

Blood Clot dries up leaving a fluid

Antibody:-

Protein synthesized by antigens

Present in plasma

react c foreign subs. in blood

represented by small letter a & b

Antibody:-

tnt on surface of RBCs

Act as detectors

Stimulate synthesis of antibody in blood represented by capital letters.

A & B

SERUM

(1) Injured tissue + Platelets Thromboplastin(exposure)

(2) Prothrombin Thrombin(present in blood) (active enzyme)

(3) Fibrinogen Fibrin (insoluble protein)(Soluble protein

present in blood)

(4) Fibrin + RBCs Clot/ Thrombus blocks the ruptured blood vessel &

from (thickmeshof stops bleeding

fibers)

RBCs get entangled in fibrin

Plasma - fibrinogen

+Ca++


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BLOOD GROUPING

4 Blood groups in human beings

Antigen Antiobdy Normal combination ofAntigen & antibody

A A b Ab

B B b Ba

AB A & B AB

O a & b ab

on RBC In plasma

Antigen & Blood gp are represented in same letters

BLOOD TRANSFUSION

Need for blood transfusion Loss of blood in considerable amounts from body accidents surgical operation

Blood is not formed properly in body Blood deficiency Diseased condition

The transfusion/transferring of blood from one person to another person is calledBlood Transfusion

(Healthy) person who dcnates blood DONOR

(Diseased) who receves blood RECIP IENT

Blood Should be transfused only if the two blood groups match. Otherwise if it is notdone properly it will lead to Agglutination leads to blocking of vessels & leads to Death.

The blood gps which mix together without agglutination are said to be COMPATIBLE(they match)

The blood gps which aggluturate on Mixing together are called INCOMPATIBLE

RBC

PLASMA

Antibodies (Protein)

Antigen (Protein) Blood vessel


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General rule for Blood transfusion: the denors red cells must be compatible c the Recipients

plasma

So it concludes: Red cells contain Antigens

Plasma Contains Antibodies

So reaction always takes place bt. these two

On the basis of these we can make the compatibility & incompatibility chart of various blood

gps.

Blood gp Antigen Antibody (Compatible) Can donate to

A A b A & AB

B B a B & AB

AB A & B AB

0 a & b All

No antigen so it cannot be agglutinated by the blood (plasma) of any other gp.

O = universal donorAB = universal recipient

Rh Factor: Blood with the red cells containing an antigen called Rh factor is called Rh + ve.

The remaining are the Rh ve

The practical importance of the same is when Rhve mother bears Rh+ve baby.

Mother ve

Baby + ve] Same blood may be lost with mothers blood circulation which then starts

producing Rh antibodies

If these antibodies reach babys blood they can destroy red eels of baby & make baby weak,anaemic

In such cases, it leads to sure short terminal case in 2nd pregnancy if the blood groups

are again different.

In 2nd pregnancy

Mother blood coantins Rh Antibodies

Baby Rh + ve Agglulnation

Death of baby

LYMP HATIC SYSTEM

Lymphatic System consists of the following parts.

1. Lymph Capillaries

2. Larger Lymph vessels

3. Lymph nodes (Lymph glands)

4. Lymph


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Definition of Lymphatic System

A system of tiny tubes called vessels and lymph nodes in human body which transports the

liquid called lymph from the body tissues to the blood circulatory system is called system.

Features of Lymphatic System

1. Lymph capillaries: closed end capillaries

pores in lymph capillaries are bigger than ordinary capillaries

2. Lymph vessels: Capillaries join to form larger lymph vessels

3. Lymph nodes: They contain special cells Lymphocytes

They clean the lymph & protect the body from diseases

4. Lymph: It flows unidirectional (capillaries are blind)

Color: Light yellow liquid

Composition: Similar to plasma, Lack RBC

It contains

(i) Large protein molecules

(ii) digested food

(iii) germs & fragments of dead cells

Since lymph is derived from tissue fluid c remain outside the cells of the body it in called ECF.

In lymph nodes lymph is cleaned by lymphocyte c eat germs & dead cells & also make

antibodies to protect the body from disease.

Functions:

1. Carries digested fat for nutritive process

2. Protects body by buling germs with the help of lymphocytes contained in lymph nodes.

3. They also help in making antibodies

4. Help in removing waste products like dead cells.

Steps … a Tc y p Ro Gr a m

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