Stephen Twilleager AP Psychology December 6 th 2010.
-
Upload
avice-foster -
Category
Documents
-
view
213 -
download
0
Transcript of Stephen Twilleager AP Psychology December 6 th 2010.
Psychologists often desire to classify people’s intelligence and behaviors
This is done through various forms of testing
Such Tests raise questions about:Their validity and reliabilityImpact of heredity and the environmentImpact of human diversity
Intelligence TestsNeurological EvaluationWechsler ScalesWoodcock-Johnson Scale
Personality ProfilesProjective TestsSelf-Report Questionnaires
Employed t o classify people based on intelligence
Intelligence- Three Key AbilitiesAble to Learn from
ExperienceAble to Solve
ProblemsAble to Adapt to
New Situations
Charles Spearman- General Intelligence (g)
Howard Gardner- Multiple Intelligences
Sternberg- 3 Aspects of Intelligence
EQ- Emotional Intelligence
Based on his factor analysis studies, Spearman concluded that:
A person’s intelligence in all area was measured by general intelligence or g
Good performance on one portion of the test indicated increased likelihood of success on other portions
Gardner’s Counterproposal
Several Types of Intelligence:Visual/Spatial Verbal/Linguistic Logical/MathematicalBodily/Kinesthetic Musical/Rhythmic Interpersonal Intrapersonal Natural
Simplified Version of Multiple Intelligences
Grouped Intelligence into 3 main categories
Conventional/Analytical
Creative/NovelPractical/Everyday
Knowledge
First Called Social Intelligence
Measures Ability to Notice, Display, Understand, and Control Emotions
Impacts Ability to Perform According to Social Expectations and Situations
Differences in intelligence may arise from differences in:Brain StructureChemical Activity
Small Correlations have been found between brain size and intelligence
Tests have shown that glucose consumption is less for more active (i.e. more intelligent) brains
1st Intelligence tests endeavored to assess a person’s mental age
Mental age is base on expected capabilities of person of that age
IQ- Intelligence QuotientIQ= Mental
Age/Chronological Age * 100
Standardization is achieved by
Pre-testing a representative sample of the population
Goal is the formation of a bell curve by the results
Bell Curve demonstratesMajority of Results in the
Middle, Average SectionSmall Percentages of the
Extrema of the Curve
Consistency of Results Over Time
Evaluates Correlation of Results between:
Original TestRetest Using Same or Similar Test
The higher the correlation, the higher the reliability
The extent to which a test measures the variables it is designed to test
A driver’s test can be used to predict driving performanceBut it cannot be used
to measure literacyPredictive Validity of
a test is used to assess future performance
Stanford-Binet I.Q Test is flawed for adults
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) seek to correct this flaw by testing more categories
The Woodcock-Johnson Scale takes a different approach, evaluating from a multiple intelligence view
Wechsler’s Test Evaluate Test Takers in Several Categories
14 SubtestsScores in Verbal and
Performance Categories
Combined to Generate a General Intelligence Score
Based on the multiple intelligence principle, these tests test each element of intelligence directly
Two different tests are provided for each type of intelligence
Some tests are similar to WAIS while others are different
School psychologists use tests such as W.A.I.S and W.C to begin diagnostic processes for learning disabilities, mental retardation and A.D.D/A.D.H.D
They can then begin recommending classroom modifications to aid the student
Aptitude Tests are designed to predict future performance.
SAT, ACT Estimate College Readiness
GRE, MCAT, LSAT Measure Preparedness for Graduate and Professional Schools
Tests skills learned in particular subject or course.
Can be general overviews of knowledge or detailed examinations
TAKS, AP, IB, and Professional Certification Tests
As the test simply measures your intelligence, you cannot really fail.
However, a low score may indicated mental retardation
This condition is diagnosed with a test score and difficulty living independently
LEVEL SCORE % OF PEOPLE W/ RETAR-DATION
ACADEMIC POTENTIAL AND INDEPENDENCE
Mild 50-70 85% 6th Grade , Assisted Living
Moderate 35-49 10% 2nd Grade, Can Help Support Themselves through Limited Labor
Severe 20-34 3-4% Able to Talk and Perform Simple Tasks, No Profit from Vocational Training
Profound <20 1-2% Require Constant Aid and Supervision
High I.Q scores, particularly those over 130, may indicate giftedness
These are the students that often succeed as doctors, lawyers, professors, scientists, and writers.
Also among this group are the prodigies of math, music, science, and other skills
Intelligence Tests Reveal Trends in Influences on Intelligence
Genetic InfluencesEnvironmental InfluencesSerious Implications for Determining
Roles in Society
Intelligence tests are used to evaluate similarities between the mental abilities of those sharing the same genes.
Identical twins have eerily similar test scores
Intelligence Influencing genes have discovered
Genes Do Not Explain Every Aspect of intelligence
Unfavorable Environments such as malnutrition, social isolation, and sensory deprivation adversely affect intellectual and cognitive development
Aptitude Scores Showed Pronounced Differences Between Different Groups
Racial GroupsEthnic GroupsGender GroupsDisabled vs. HealthyAre these differences
hereditary or environmental?
Bell Curve of White IQ centers around 100Bell Curve of Black IQ centers around 85Bell Curve of Hispanic IQ falls in betweenDifferences have diminished recently but are still
noticeable
Ethnic Groups Have Variations in IQEuropean New Zealanders generally
outscore native MaoriIsraeli Jews outscore Palestinian and Israeli
ArabsJapanese Minorities Outscore by
Mainstream
Asian Math Superiority- Cultural Dedication and 30% More Time in School than American Students
Historical “Golden Ages”Occurred in Different
Cultures at Different Times
Makes it Hard to Claim Superiority
Study of Racial Differences Beyond Tests
Most Evident in those with Sensory Loss
Deaf people will often score less than healthy peers on language and verbal tests
Blind will unsurprisingly have lower scores on visual/spatial reasoning than peers with sight
No Gender Gap in Overall Intelligence
However, there are differences in specific skills
Girls are Better Spellers
Females Higher in Math Computation
Males Better in Math Problem-Solving
Culture ImpactMen Traditionally in
Math, Engineering, Science
Women Traditionally, English and Arts
Males hold edge in spatial reason due to historical position as hunters
Females hold edge in memory due to role as gatherers
The question of bias appears in regards to any test, particularly intelligence tests
The tendency of such tests to be interpreted as the sole measure of a person’s value makes bias accusations particularly tricky
Some claim that bias towards one group makes results invalid for another group
Proponents say predictions are unaffected by differences in groups taking the same test.
They say that revealing differences between groups is not bias
Another Type of Testing designed to classify personality traits
Different testing methods for differing schools of thought
Two Main Types are Projective Test and Self-Report
Favored by Psychoanalysts
Follows Traditions of Freud
Unconscious Meaning to Responses
Provide Ambiguous Stimuli and Measure Emotional Response
Presents Ambiguous Pictures
Test-Taker Asked to Describe story behind the scene
Test-Takers choices reveal some of their inner conscious
Projective Test in Which:
Ten Inkblots are presented
The feelings and thoughts of the test-take regarding them reflects their inner feeling and conflicts
In contrast with psychoanalysts, who view unconscious influences, trait theorists view conscious perceptions
Favor self-report questionnaires that reveal a person’s perception of themselves
Developed originally to help diagnose emotional disorders. Now used for additional screening purposes.
Contains 10 clinical scales of true-false statements
Can be scored objectively, unlike projection test
Among the biggest criticisms of personality profiles are their lack of situational context for many of their judgments.
Also, the test’s predictive value of specific behavior in a situation is not highly accepted
Testing is a good method for predicting average behavior and classifying people by such behaviors
It is limited by the individuality and free choice of people but can still accurately display qualities such as intelligence
The validity and reliability of tests are maintained by ensuring that the test measure what they are supposed to and that the test works with a control group during a retest
Intelligence testing’s results can be influenced by both hereditary and environmental factors that can be identified by the tests.
Human diversity has great impact on the tests
Intelligence and personality values are culturally subjective in most cases
Any test must be able to take this into account to maintain its usefulness
"Psychology." Hippo Campus. Monterey Institute of Technology, n.d. Web. 5 Dec 2010. <http://www.hippocampus.org/myHippo/;jsessionid=687092B15B5880B3ED3177A59FCAB403?subject=10&user=avrittj>.
Kaplan, Heath. "Intelligence." AP Psychology Commune (www.appsychology.com). Harrison High School AP Psychology, n.d. Web. 5 Dec 2010. <http://www.appsychology.com/appsychPP/appsychology/APpresentationshome.htm
Kaplan, Heath. "Psychoanalytic." AP Psychology Commune (www.appsychology.com). Harrison High School AP Psychology, n.d. Web. 5 Dec 2010. <http://www.appsychology.com/appsychPP/appsychology/APpresentationshome.htm
Kaplan, Heath. "Trait Perspective." AP Psychology Commune (www.appsychology.com). Harrison High School AP Psychology, n.d. Web. 5 Dec 2010. <http://www.appsychology.com/appsychPP/appsychology/APpresentationshome.htm
Meyer, David. "Chapters 11 & 14." Psychology, 6th ed.. Ed. Christine Brune. New York: Worth Publishers, 2001. Print.
www.appsychology.comwww.hippocampus.orghttp://www.ccisd.com/989208121450
2570/site/default.asp