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Stem Cell Research 101

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Stem Cell Research

Stem Cell Research 101: A promisingtype of bioscience research

the induced pluripotent stem cell


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Wh Is Vocabular Im ortant?

ey erms rame e e a eMature versus adult stem cells

Therapeutic versus reproductive cloning

DefinitionsMultipotent Give rise to multiple but limited cell

typesPluripotent Flexible, give rise to any cell type in

the bod


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What Is a Stem Cell? Unspecialized cells

Give rise to morethan 250spec a ze ce s nthe body

bodys repair

Renew itself

Replenish other


cells

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Mature Stem Cells (MSC)

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What Are the Sources of

Brain

Neural cells

Heart

Cardiac muscle

Bonemarrow


Blood cells

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What Is a Treatment Exam le?


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Umbilical Cord & Placenta SC Research

Iso ateimmediatelyfollowin birth

Whartons Jelly

showing promise More flexibility =

some luri otentcharacteristics

Research is limited


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Early Stem Cells (ESC)

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What Are the Sources of Earl Stem Cells?


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Where Are Earl Stem Cells Found?

5 da s ofdevelopment

In 1998,

research teamisolates stem

cells fromIVF-blastocysts


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How Bi Is a Blastoc st?


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What Are the Characteristics?

Earl stem

cells arepluripotent

Retain t especial

developinto nearly

any cetype


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(SCNT)

Sometimes referred to astherapeutic cloning

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SCNT: Asexual Re roduction No sperm involved

Transfers nucleusfrom a mature cell intoa donor egg

Requires electric orc em ca s mu us obegin dividing

u ydifferent from regular


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How Would SCNT Treat Disease?


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What Should You Know About SCNT?

Find cures and therapies for diseases-

that resides in our genes

Potential Results:Patients will receive own stem cells to

treat disease

No need for donor match Like transplantation, but without rejection


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What Should You Know About SCNT?

human beings

Unless implanted in uterus, you can notgenerate a etus

Evidence suggests that SCNT stem cells

may never develop into a human evenwhen implanted


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Most Recent Discovery

Induced pluripotent stem cell

2006/2007 - mouse andhuman induced pluripotentstem cells were produced.

Introduce 3/4 genes found in

stem cells into adult fibroblastce s

Ethical concerns eliminated,

u erapeu c concernsremain


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Most Recent Discovery

Embryonic Stem Cells

(skin) Cells

Stem iPS)

Addition ofGenes


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Curing Mice of Sickle Cell Anemia

Remove sickle cellDNAMarrow cells

Skin cells from micewith sickle cell anemia

genetic code

Induce genetic

pro uc ng oo ce sfree of sickle cell

mutation

marrow cells

Infuse each mouseiPS cells

marrow cells madefrom its own skin cells


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Public Policy and Ethics

How Is Stem Cell ResearchFunded and Regulated?

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Both Kinds of SCR are Needed

First isolated in 1960s First isolated in 1998

~50 years of research 10 years of research

Federal Funding = Federal Funding =>$2.462 Billion (FY04-FY07)

$144 Million (FY04-FY07)

therapies trials; No human trials


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Who Funds Stem Cell Research? NIH All Stem Cell Research

FY04 to FY07 = $2.462 Billion

FY04 to FY07 = $144 Million

NIH Funding ($ in millions and rounded)

Research FY04Actual

FY05Actual

FY06Actual

FY07Actual

FY08Estimate

FY09Estimate

Stem CellResearch

553 609 643 657 656 655

HumanEmbryonic

Stem CellResearch

24 40 38 42 42 41


Source: NIH Budget Office (as of Feb. 2008)

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Wh Is Federal Fundin Im ortant?

Basic research requires millions of dollars

Difficult to find private funding for research

It will be difficult for ESC research to


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Who Is Overseein Research Ethics in the U.S.?

Issued recommended guidelines in April 2005

No government involvement

funded early stem cell research byencoura in res onsible ractices

Urged all institutions to establish oversightcommittees com liance is voluntar


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What Are the Current Federal Restrictions?

Bush Au ust 2001

decision Limits federal funding to

s em ce nes e g e[global]

21 stem cell lines stillviable [global]

Concerns aboutcontamination, ability to

use in actual treatments,and long-term viability ofstem cells


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What Are the Current State Restrictions?Current State Policies


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uestions?


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