Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering...

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Transcript of Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering...

Page 1: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Steering Systems

Chapter 44

Page 2: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service

(recirculating-ball type) Steering linkage service Manual rack-and-pinion service Power steering system service

Page 3: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Symptoms of steering problems include play in the steering wheel, hard steering, and abnormal noises when turning

Inspect and test the steering system to find the source of the trouble

Page 4: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Steering System Problems

Page 5: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Steering Wheel Play

Amount that you can turn the steering wheel without front wheel movement

Caused by worn ball sockets, a worn idler arm, or too much clearance in the steering gearbox

Compare the play to service manual specifications e.g. 1 1/2” (33 mm)

Page 6: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Dry Park Test

With the vehicle on the ground, rotate the steering wheel back and forth while

someone watches for part wear

Page 7: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Steering Inspection

Raise the vehicle on a lift. Wiggle thetires back and forth while watching

for steering play

Page 8: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Hard Steering Caused by problems with the steering

gear, power steering components, ball sockets, and the suspension system

Check the power steering pump belt for condition and tension

If the belt is slipping, hard steering could result

Check for cracks and glazing and compare tension to specs

Page 9: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Steering System Noise Noise can be a sign of worn parts, dry

bearings or ball sockets, loose parts, slipping belts, or low power steering fluid level

Belt squeal and power steering pump noise both occur when the steering wheel is turned

Pump noise can result from low fluid level or aerated fluid

Page 10: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Maintenance involves checking for low fluid level, incorrect belt adjustment, system leaks, and other problems

Ball socket lubrication may be necessary

Page 11: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Checking the Fluid

Check most systems at operating temperature, with the engine off

Page 12: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Servicing the Belt

When changing a belt, pry on a

recommended point and adjusttension to specs

Page 13: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Service is needed after a collision or when internal parts of the column fail

Most repairs can be done without column removal

Page 14: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Steering Column

Page 15: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Steering Wheel Removal

Remove the horn button and steering shaft nut

Scribe alignment marks on the steering wheel and the steering shaft

Mount a wheel puller over the steering wheel

Screw the bolts into the threaded holes in the steering wheel

Page 16: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Steering Wheel Removal

Tighten the puller down against the steering shaft to remove the wheel

Page 17: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Steering Wheel Installation

When installing the steering wheel, match any alignment marks

Many steering shafts use a master spline so that the wheel only installs in one position

Ignition lock, turn signal mechanism, and horn and cruise control slip rings are all accessible below the steering wheel

Page 18: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Service involves the adjustment or the replacement of worn parts (bearings, seals, and bushings)

Gearbox repair or overhaul may be necessary when adjustment will not provide proper operation

Page 19: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Gearbox Adjustment Two basic adjustments are performed on

manual recirculating-ball gearboxes: Worm bearing preload

preloads the bearings to ensure that the worm shaft is held snugly in the housing

Over-center clearance controls the amount of lash between the

pitman shaft gear and the teeth on the ball nut

Page 20: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Gearbox Adjustment

Page 21: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Worm Bearing Preload Adjustment

Disconnect the pitman arm Loosen the pitman shaft over-center locknut

and adjusting screw Using a torque wrench or spring scale, turn

the steering wheel slowly from side-to-side

Page 22: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Worm Bearing Preload Adjustment

Compare the required force to

specs

If needed, tighten or loosen the

adjustment nut

Page 23: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Over-Center Clearance Adjustment

Center the steering gear in its travel Preload is produced in the center of travel to

avoid steering wheel play during straight-ahead driving

Page 24: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Over-Center Clearance Adjustment

Loosen the locknut and bottom the adjustment screw lightly

Page 25: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Over-Center Clearance Adjustment

Use a torque wrench or spring scale to measure the amount of force needed to move the shaft back and forth through center

Tighten or loosen the adjusting screw until the amount of force needed to move the shaft is within specs

Tighten the locknut after adjustment and recheck the required force

Page 26: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Over-Center Clearance Adjustment

Page 27: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

When your inspection finds worn steering linkage parts, new parts must be installed

Page 28: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Steering System Inspection

Page 29: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Idler Arm Service Idler arm wear will cause play in the

steering wheel To check an idler arm, force it up and

down using a spring scale When the specified force is applied to the

spring scale each way, note the idler arm movement and compare to specs e.g. at 20 lbs (9.0 kg) of force, maximum 1/4”

(6.5 mm) travel

Page 30: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Idler Arm Service To replace the idler arm, remove the cotter

pin and castle nut Use a fork tool or puller to force the ball

stud out of the hole in the center link Unbolt the idler arm from the frame Install the new part Torque the idler arm to specifications Install a new cotter pin

Page 31: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Tie-Rod End Service

Tie-rod end wear will cause steering play To remove a tie-rod end, separate the tie-rod

end from the steering knuckle or center link

Page 32: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Tie-Rod End Service

Use a fork or puller to separate the tie-rod end from the steering knuckle

Page 33: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Tie-Rod End Service

Loosen the adjusting sleeve, and count the number of turns required to remove the tie-

rod from the sleeve

Page 34: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Tie-Rod End Service Install the new part the exact same

number of turns Install the tie-rod ball stud into the center

link or steering knuckle Tighten all of the fasteners to specs and

install a new cotter pin Check toe adjustment with an alignment

machine

Page 35: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Service involves the adjustment or the replacement of worn bearings, seals, and bushings

Hoses, a pump, a power piston, and a control valve are added these parts can require repair or replacement

Page 36: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Power Steering Leaks

To check for leaks, wipe fluid-soaked areas clean

Have a helper idle the engine and turn the steering wheel to the right and left

Watch for leaks as the wheels are turned, raising system pressure

Page 37: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Leakage Points(Rack-and-Pinion)

Page 38: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Leakage Points(Linkage System)

Page 39: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Servicing Hoses Always check hose condition when

servicing a power steering system High-pressure hoses are exposed to

tremendous pressures over 1000 psi (6895 kPa)

When installing a new hose, start fittings by hand

Use a tubing wrench to tighten the hose fittings properly

Page 40: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Pump Replacement

Bolts, hoses, and brackets that must be

removed when replacing a pump

Page 41: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Pump Service

During a pump rebuild, clean and inspect all the parts

Check the pump vanes, thrust plate, and pump ring (included in a pump rebuild kit)

Replace all o-rings, gaskets, and seals Lubricate the components with fluid and

reassemble the pump

Page 42: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Bleeding the System

When hydraulic components are serviced, bleed any air out of the system

Idle the engine and turn the steering wheel fully from side to side

Check the fluid level often Cycling the system will force air from the

steering gear, back to the reservoir

Page 43: Steering Systems Chapter 44. Steering system problem diagnosis Steering system maintenance Steering column service Manual steering gearbox service (recirculating-ball.

Electronic Assist Steering Service

Refer to service manual diagrams, part locations, and electrical value charts

Use a scan tool to check for diagnostic trouble codes

Check scan data for input and output data that could help isolate a problem

Perform pinpoint tests with a multimeter to verify the source of any problems