A full range to fit your needs

POWER

STEAM TURBINES

“Dynamic” is the only way to describe the electricity market. Fast-growing demand in developingcountries requires new power production capacity. Elsewhere, ageing fleets need to be replaced.Despite increased focus on renewables, thermal power plants continue to dominate electricityproduction – and will do so for many years to come. However, environmental concern will obligethermal power plant operators to use the best available technology to conserve the Earth’s resources.The best Steam turbine technology is the obvious choice.

Alstom has been designing and building steam turbines for over 100 years. In that time, we haveconstantly driven their performance, efficiency and reliability. Today, Alstom offers a complete rangeof advanced, highly efficient and reliable steam turbine generator sets. They are designedfor clean power production for all kinds of fossil applications up to 1,200 MW and up to 1,800 MWfor nuclear plants, in 50 Hz and 60 Hz networks.

Alstom steam turbines are engineered for optimum performance and flexibility. Their modulardesign means they can be customised to provide a truly tailored solution. They are optimised forfast erection and commissioning and reduced maintenance. In other words, fast and sustainedrevenue flow for power plant operators. Whatever your needs, you will find a high-value solutionin the Alstom steam turbine fleet.

Right technology, right productsThe Alstom Turbomachines group (TMG) is one of the fourbusinesses that make up Alstom Power. TMG comprises:T Gas turbinesT Steam turbinesT Steam turbine retrofits and integrated retrofit solutionsT Nuclear turbine islandsT Turbogenerators

steam turbinesAlstom

Leading the way inefficiency and reliability

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Reliability and availabilityT Outstanding reliability by using proven modules for any size and process.T Proven design principles, even for most advanced steam parameters.T Welded rotors – no rupture since introduction almost 80 years ago.T Single bearing design for excellent and sustained rotor dynamics.T Maintenance-friendly design for shorter outage times.T Extended overhaul periods for higher availability.

Efficiency and performanceT Designed to adapt to the highest inlet steam parameters for the most

advanced ultra-supercritical cycles.T Project-specific steam path for optimal economic efficiency.T Advanced 3-D blades and optimized flow path.T A comprehensive portfolio of high-performance last stage blades to adapt to

all unit sizes and cooling conditions in any climate.T Shrink ring design in high-pressure turbines and optimised inner shell of the

intermediate pressure turbine for thermal flexibility and sustained efficiency.T Welded rotor for better thermal flexibility – faster to the grid and lower start-

up costs.

Clean powerLess fuel consumption and lower emmissions through:T A design for the highest steam parameters that the materials sustain.T Utmost exploitation of cooling conditions at the cold end.T Long-term sustained efficiency through unique design features.T Shorter start-up times through more flexible thermal design.

Steam turbines: the benefits

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To date, Alstom has supplied steam turbines totallingmore than 570 GW and its fleet has conqueredabout 23% of the world’s installed steam turbine capacity.Alstom is the European leader of large capacity ultra-supercritical units and builds the world’s largest single-shaftsteam turbine generator sets with a power output of morethan 1,100 MW. The world’s seven largest fossil units, eachproducing 1,300 MW in a cross-compound arrangement,were designed and built by Alstom.

Alstom is also recognised as a leading supplier for steam turbinegenerator sets in combined cycle and cogeneration applications.

Over 30% of nuclear power plants feature Alstom steam turbinegenerator sets. The world’s four largest operating nuclear units,with a capacity of 1,550 MW each, are ARABELLETM steamturbines from Alstom. And the 1,750 MW unit capacity of theAlstom ARABELLETM steam turbine combined with the AlstomGIGATOP 4-pole turbogenerator for Flamanville 3 in France seta new world record.

Technology you can trustFlexibility to meet your needs –today and tomorrowT In combined cycle plants with advanced gas turbines,

the flexible thermal design of the Alstom steam turbinegenerator sets results in a highly efficient heat-recoverycycle and fast start-up.

T In fossil-fired steam plants, Alstom steam turbinesdrive efficiency improvements because they can copewith the highest ultra-supercritical steam parameterstoday’s materials can deliver.

T In cogeneration plants, Alstom steam turbines enablehighly flexible operation between power and heatdemand and efficiently accommodate wide variationsin process steam flows.

T The Alstom ARABELLETM nuclear steam turbines fit anyreactor type; its unique design and reliability provideoptimum efficiency.

Thanks to this flexibility and robust design, Alstom steamturbines will continue to meet your needs even if youroperational conditions change in the future.

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A modular design for reliability and performance Alstom steam turbines are configured from pre-engineered standard modules. This modular concept governs all engineering and manufacturing processes and results in the shortest possible erection andcommissioning times, high reliability and optimumefficiency.

However, to maximise performance, the steam path is always adapted to the specific project requirements, and that includes material selection. This means that thematerials for casings and rotors or rotor sections are selected according to the specific steam conditions.

Although steam turbine technology is often consideredmature, improvements and new developments continue, with the aim of increasing plant efficiency and consequently reducing the environmental impact of thermal power production.

T Efficiency is continuously being improved withoutcompromising reliability and flexibility.

T Mechanical integrity is a governing principle in allAlstom's steam turbine development programmes.

T New features are developed from proven elements, andcritical components introduced only after comprehensivemodel testing.

Operational feedback is systematically used to createcustomer value. And because of Alstom's modular turbineconcept, such feedback benefits the entire product portfolio.

Alstom generally supplies the steam turbine together withthe turbogenerator and the associated auxiliaries. That way,you get a matched system with high performance andoptimised shaft dynamics.

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Comprehensive portfolio on a proven modulardesign offering high value to our customer

700 - 1,200 MW

500 - 900 MW

250 - 700 MW

100 - 350 MW

150 - 400 MW

100 - 250 MW

100 - 400 MW

ARABELLE™

STF100

STF60

STF40

STF25

STF30C

STF15C

COMAX

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Alstom steam turbines aredesigned for customers whooperate in a competitiveenvironment. They all havecommon features thatdirectly yield competitivebenefit – features that havebeen developed afteryears of intensive researchand operational feedback.

Alstom’s unique reheat turbines infossil applications feature a separate,compact high-pressure turbine forhighest efficiency and thermal flexibility.

Shrink ring designThe high-pressure steam turbine modulesare of a unique double-shell design.Shrink rings hold the two halves of theinner shell together, forming a rotational-symmetrical inner casing withcircumferential uniform mass distribution.This contributes to the unique thermalflexibility of the entire turbine.Shrink rings also require less space thanflanges with bolts. The HP turbine istherefore more compact and lighter.Both shells have comparatively smallwall thicknesses, allowing fast steamtemperature changes. The advantage ofthis design is not only outstandingoperational flexibility, but also long-termstable clearances and efficiencies.

Alstom’s intermediate-pressureturbines are also of double shell design,which has been enhanced to minimisethe casing distortions, particularly atvery high temperature applications.This ensures sustained clearances andtherefore efficiencies.

Based on Alstom’s design principles,the turbine casings do not limit theturbine’s thermal flexibility.No preheating before start-up is required.The rotor is the guiding componentduring start-up and load changes.

Welded HP and IPturbine rotorsAlstom large-diameter rotors aremanufactured by welding togetherseparate smaller forgings. The material isselected according to the mechanicalrequirements of the respective rotorsection, with special advantages in caseof very high temperature applications.

Designed to last

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A further gain lies in the fact that thestress levels of welded rotors aresignificantly lower compared to mono-block rotors – in particular duringthermal transients. Welded rotors eitherallow faster start-up and load cycling orconsume less life rate than mono-blockrotors.

Welded LP turbine rotorsThe small forging disks for Alstomwelded rotors are manufactured with ahigh level of integrity before weldingtogether into a large rotor. Large weldedrotors invariably have a bettermetallurgical structure than equivalentmonoblock rotors. Centre bores are notrequired with welded rotors and theirsize is not constrained by considerationsof material properties.The prime benefit is the high inherentsafety of this design. No Alstom weldedrotor has ever suffered rupture orsimilar failure. Alstom has by far the

most experience in welded rotortechnology (introduced in 1930).

Alstom low pressure turbine rotors arenot subject to mechanical shrinkagestresses, as are rotors of shrunk-ondisk design. The blade attachmentintegrity of Alstom rotors is far superiorto that of monoblock designs. Thematerial used is highly ductile low-alloyed steel. The combination of thematerials and mechanical designeliminates critical conditions that canlead to stress corrosion cracking.The result is increased rotor lifetime.Turbine rotors are coupled withexpansion sleeves instead of fitting bolts.The sleeves provide zero-clearance seatand yield better torque transmission,even in exceptional operating situations.

Single bearing designAlstom multiple-casing turbines haveone single bearing between each turbine

section. Load shifting between adjacentbearings is not possible. Problems withoil whip, foaming and vibrationexcitation through partially loadedbearings cannot occur. The result isincreased turbine availability.

Shaft-driven main oilpumpShaft-driven gear pumps supply themain lubrication oil.Gear pumps ensure turbine lubricationuntil the shaft comes to rest – even if DCemergency systems should fail.Hence this principle contributes to thehigh operational safety of Alstom steamturbines.

Alstom has by far the most experiencein welded rotor technology

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Alstom is constantlyenhancing turbine efficiencyand reliability. This alsocontributes to ourcommitment to clean power.

Advanced bladingIn its over 100-year history, Alstom hasalways driven steam turbine efficiency,in reaction as well as in impulsetechnology. Today, Alstom steamturbines have blades with the mostmodern three-dimensional airfoildesigns in both technologies, withspecial characteristics to achievegreatest performance. The impulsedesign is used in new nuclear units,whereas all new steam turbines infossil applications are based onreaction technology.

So-called ‘aft-loaded’ profiles produceless turbulence and lower secondaryflows. Enhanced blade hub and tipshapes ensure that the leakage flowsmerge smoothly with the main flow.This reduces flow disturbances andleads to the highest possible steampath efficiencies.

The Alstom single-piece blade designdelivers high turbine efficiencycombined with excellent mechanicalintegrity. It also raises availabilitythroughout a prolonged turbine life.

LP large last stage bladesThe large last stage blades of the LPturbines are a key feature for improvedsteam turbine efficiency. Alstom’s LPturbine last stage blades can beselected based on the project-specificcold end conditions. For very largeexhaust areas, Alstom employstitanium blades to optimise theaerodynamics without compromisingmechanical integrity.

Designed for efficiency

Single-piece blades for HP and IP turbinesand the LP turbine front stages forming aprestressed rigid ring

Large last stage blade

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Low admission lossesHigh-pressure turbines for slidingpressure operation and allintermediate-pressure turbines haveone or two spiral-shaped inlet scrolls;all double-flow LP turbines areequipped with a single scroll. Theyhelp convert the steam's kineticenergy into mechanical energy withlower losses, contributing directly tohigher overall turbine efficiency. Thisdesign is of particular advantage forhigh temperature applications.Optionally, HP turbines with inletscrolls can be equipped withintegrated second main steaminjection bypassing the first stages

by means of integrated overload valves.This method provides additional loadreserve at constant pressure.

For hybrid pressure operation with awide constant pressure range, mainlyused in subcritical applications, Alstomoffers an inlet module with a controlstage that efficiently allows partial arcadmission. The control wheel is formedout of a solid ring and welded onto therotor. The resulting absence ofmechanical fixation means highmechanical integrity, robustness, anda long maintenance-free componentlifetime.

Separate HP and IPturbine modulesFor reheat applications, Alstom turbinesfeature separate HP and IP modules.For outputs up to 350 MW, single-flowmodules can be combined with single-flow low-pressure modules to form highlycompact IP/LP turbines. Turbines up to500 MW can be configured with single-flow IP modules. Above that, double-flowIP modules are used. The high powerdensity of these cylinders, together withthe compact single-bearing concept, leadsto footprints no larger than those ofcombined HP/IP turbines. Simplicity,robustness, and higher, sustained efficiencyare the main advantages of this concept.

High pressure and intermediatepressure turbines with inletscrolls for smooth circumferentialsteam admission

Alstom steam turbines aredesigned to providemaximum availability for thecustomer. Special featuresminimise non-operatinghours during the entirelifetime – starting from theday of commissioning.

Axial and lateral exhaustoptions for lower initialplant costAlstom steam turbines can be arrangedon the floor level, so the condenser canbe placed in the axial direction or atthe side of the steam turbine. As noturbine table is required, the foundationcan be kept very simple. In addition,the size of the turbine hall can besignificantly reduced – which alsosimplifies such things as piping, HVAC,stairways, intermediate floors, etc.This significantly reduces initial costs.

Compact reheat steam turbinegenerator sets up to 350 MW with axialLP exhaust – saving plant first cost.

The unique Alstom lateral LP exhaustdesign has been working successfullyfor many years; it is applied not only tosingle and double flow exhausts, butalso to multiple-flow arrangements.

Short erection timeAlstom steam turbines are fully assembledon leaving the factory. Site assembly oropening for commissioning is notnecessary. The only exceptions are largeLP turbines that cannot be transported inone piece to the country of destination.In such cases, their outer casing parts andfully bladed inner casings and rotors areshipped separately and assembled on site.

Auxiliary equipment, such as the controloil and lube oil skids, is assembledbefore shipping. Pipes and supports arepre-manufactured and shipped ready forinstallation. Electronic control cubiclesare completely wired and tested.

On site, erection is greatly simplified byAlstom's single-bearing concept, whichalso includes the large turbogenerators.Moreover, the axial/lateral LP exhaustdesign enables parallel erection of thesteam turbine generator set and thecondenser. This significantly saveserection time.

These features directly contribute tocustomer profit by shortening theproject cycle time, lowering initial costsand reducing the construction risks.

Designed to reduce costs

Completely shop-assembled 200 MWcogeneration steam turbine at site installation

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Compact reheat turbine generatorset on low level foundation

Single side lateral exhaust – the favorablesolution in connection with air-cooledcondensers up to the highest output class

Few overhaulsAlstom steam turbines need fewoverhauls; they can be timed to matchthe required gas turbine or boiler orgenerator maintenance periods. Therobust design allows extended periodsfor major overhauls. Mediuminspections are usually performed every25,000 EOH. However, there is a trendto condition-oriented and proactivemaintenance instead of acting basedon fixed time intervals. Thanks to themaintenance-friendly design, the easyaccessibility and modern tools, theoutage times are relatively short, whichfurther raises availability.

Easy inspectionsThe first and last rows of each turbinemodule are accessible for visualinspection by boroscopic instruments.Disassembling the turbine cylinders isonly required for major inspections.

Opening or closing the HP inner casingis straightforward and can be done atsite easily. Shrink rings are removed ormounted by heating with an annulargas burner. Less than half the time isrequired compared to opening tensionbolts.

When rotor elements need to beremoved, their separation from theshaftline is facilitated by the expansionsleeve coupling, which is easy todismantle, even after abnormal torquetransmission. And Alstom’s bearingdesign makes shaft re-alignment easy.

All these features result in shorteroverhaul times, so that the unit canget quickly back on line.

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Alstom steam turbines in action

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Sohar / OMANCOMAX-1 steam turbine 220 MWand TOPAIR turbogenerator in acogeneration plantSOHAR is an example of the newgeneration of large cogeneration plantswhere electrical generation is asimportant as steam production. Alstomwas contracted to provide a singlecasing, single flow (COMAX-1) steamturbine coupled with a TOPAIRgenerator to meet the plant's operatingneeds. The COMAX-1’s flexible andlarge extraction capability met the steamneeds of the desalination plant whileproviding efficient electrical generatingcapacity. In addition, Alstom’s ability toprovide this large industrial turbine in anassembled package reduced cost,assembly time and risk.

Neurath / GERMANYMaasvlakte / NETHERLANDSSTF100 steam turbine andGIGATOP 2-pole turbogenerator in STPPsWith its 2 x 1100 MW steam powerplant at Neurath, Germany, RWE has seta new size and efficiency benchmark forlignite-fired power plants. Alstom’s scopeincludes the steam turbine generator sets,condenser and the power plantengineering.

Maasvlakte in the Netherlands is one ofa 4 x 1100 MW convoy E.ON Kraftwerkeplaced with Alstom. It’s another newbenchmark for hard coal-fired powerplants. Alstom’s scope includes the steamturbine generator set, the condenser andthe boiler feed pump turbine (1 x 100%).It is the largest single-shaft full-speed unitworldwide. Because unit output exceeds1100 MW, the Alstom GIGATOP 2-poleturbogenerator is designed for 1400 MVA– a new milestone in 2-pole technology.

The steam turbine and turbogeneratordesigns of these units are evolutionarydevelopments, based on the Lippendorfunits in Germany with 2 x 930 MW,which have been operating successfullysince 1999/2000.

Front Range / USASTF30C steam turbine 2 x 230 MWand TOPAIR turbogenerator in a CCPPAlstom developed its products to meetthe needs of large combined cycle powerplants using air-cooled condensors. TheSTF30C with the TOPAIR generator wasthe ideal match. Alstom's unique lateralexhaust reduced cost and improvedefficiency by keeping the foundationheight low and exhaust ducts to theACC short. Standardised modules led tofast delivery, and the customised steampath optimised performance.

Maasvlakte 4 x 1100 MW,Netherlands,E.ON KraftwerkeWorld’s largest and most advanced singleshaft unit in a hard coal-fired power plant

Neurath 2 x 1100 MW, GermanyRWE PowerWorlds largest and most advanced single shaftunits in a lignite-fired power plant

Alstom Power R&D is decidedly market andcustomer-oriented and focuses on creatinginnovative technologies to apply at all stagesof our products’ life cycles.

Alstom aims for the best utilisation of the customers’investment, the Earth’s materials and the fuel used, throughefficiency, availability and cost reduction. The increasedenvironmental concern means that we place a focus onminimising power and water consumption of nuclear turbineauxiliaries such as condensers and pumps, as well as on thereduction of CO2 emissions of thermal plants, through thedevelopment of mitigation and renewable technologiesfor application in new and retrofit installations.

The engineering and R&D workforce totals 5,500 people,of which 4,000 are in engineering and 1,500 in R&D in22 R&D centres. There are 13 laboratories with dedicatedinfrastructure, equipment and testing facilities.

Alstom Power R&D policy takes a global approach,which has several benefits. First, it puts the work wherethe expertise is located. Secondly, it helps to nurture closecontacts with universities and design institutes that cancomplement our in-house efforts. Thirdly, it enables usto stay in touch with global customers' expectations,anticipate their needs and lead the technology trends.

Alstom Power works with more than 30 universitiesworldwide. We establish close, long-term links withinstitutions and professors who are experts in fields thatare important to us, for example, with MIT and StanfordResearch Institute on CO2, Grenoble and Lausanneuniversities on hydro turbines and fluid dynamics, Cologne'sDLR on combustion, Oxford University on heat transfer aswell as with engineering institutes in China, India and Russia.

In the field of international collaboration, Alstom Power hasplayed a leading role in establishing the European technologyplatform for zero emission fossil fuel power generation (ZEP).

AlstomPower R&D

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LP rotor in model test turbineVerification of calculation results, a central part of Alstom R&D

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Extensive service experienceAlstom has a full range of services from traditional spare partssupply, through performance upgrades, plant optimisation, andlifetime extensions, to full operation and maintenance of steamturbine power plants. The resulting efficiency improvementsreduce emissions and lessen the impact on the environment.Through our 200 Local Service Centres in 70 countries, youhave direct access to Alstom Power Service’s local facilitiesand expertise. They offer remote, comprehensive technicalsupport for steam turbine generator units.

Plant optimisation: ECO|RAM™ has been developed tosystematically identify plant improvement potential. The resultis a portfolio of improvement measures for plant equipment,operation and maintenance. The STEP|x™ set ofimprovement tools analyses possibilities to increase plantcapacity, availability and lifetime. Upgrades offer a veryeconomic opportunity to benefit from Alstom’s latesttechnology. Various upgrade packages have been developedto match your operating strategy. Increased power output,improved operational flexibility or reliability are the major aims.

Alstom has service packages to establish the residual life ofthe salient turbine components. This enables Alstom toextend plant life while incorporating upgrades to improveperformance, ensuring that a plant remains competitivelonger with optimised costs.Alstom’s long-term service contracts will meet your uniquerequirements. You can choose from traditional PurchaseOrder Contracts, Service Agreements, and Operationsand Maintenance Contracts.

Service duringoperation

Plant Integrator™creating customervaluePlant Integrator™ is Alstom's solutionmethodology designed to create added valuefor customers. Plant Integrator™’s startingpoint is the customers’ viewpoint. It thensystematically analyses, measures andoptimises the specific customer benefitsdesired, technically, economically andecologically. As a result, Plant Integrator™matches customer needs and priorities withproducts and services, delivering a thoroughlytailored solution and maximising customervalue. This then becomes the benchmark forfuture fine-tuning and upgrades.

The unrivalled Plant Integrator™ offering fromAlstom covers the full palette, from singlecomponent packages and control systems toturbine islands, operation and maintenanceservices, as well as retrofit solutions.

Plant Integrator™ benefits to customers:T Improve cash flow – by achieving lowest

costsT Generate more powerT Increase installation efficiencyT Optimise operational availability and

reliabilityT Certify licenses quickly through fast and

complete safety analysis

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A world leaderin clean powergenerationAlstom is a global leader in power generationand sets the benchmark for innovative andenvironmentally friendly technologies.

The company designs, manufactures and delivers state-of-the-art products and systems to the power generation (gas,coal, wind and hydro power plants) and industrial markets.In addition, Alstom provides the conventional equipmentfor nuclear power plants.

Our objective is to build the cleanest integrated powersolutions for our customers. We supply and integrate allcomponents of a clean power system, from boilers to airquality control and energy recovery systems. Alstom notonly has extensive experience in retrofitting, upgradingand modernising existing power plant equipment, but alsoboasts unrivalled expertise in project management for alltypes and sizes of power generation systems, includingturnkey solutions.

Alstom’s unique offering brings real value to customers.With our innovative plant integration concept, we helpoperators to maximise their plant performance, while fullycomplying with environmental regulations and obligations.

Expertise in clean power solutionsPlant operators face multiple challenges in their efforts tomake their plants more competitive, while complying withthe different environmental regulations. Alstom is deliveringclean power solutions now. As the uncontested leader in cleanpower generation technologies, we provide the cleanestintegrated power solutions on the market. They cover allplants (both existing and new ones), all energy sources(from fossil fuels to hydro and nuclear), and all emissions(NOx, SOx, Mercury, particulate matter).

Alstom offers the complete range of products designed tohelp power plants to either reduce pollutants and CO2emissions, or to produce clean electricity from the outset.For example, we deliver new coal-fired power plants with anadvanced supercritical design using proven clean combustionsolutions that are integrated with state-of-the-art emissioncontrols. Retrofitting plant components or upgrading thewhole system similarly improves the thermal andenvironmental efficiency of existing power plants.

Investing in the future of clean powerAlstom is uniquely placed as plant integrator and full-serviceprovider to design and manufacture all the components ofa clean power plant. Alstom also invests in the research anddevelopment of new environmentally friendly power solutions.Together with partners, universities and customers, we areworking on collaborative projects to develop solutions forpre- and post-combustion CO2 capture and oxy-firing.

Lignite-fired power plant in Lippendorf, Germany, 2 x 930 MW– successful operation since 1999/2000, Vattenfall

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Alstom (Switzerland) LtdBrown-Boveri Strasse 7CH-5401 BadenSwitzerlandPhone +41 56 205 70 58Fax +41 56 205 28 88

www.alstom.com