Statutory Construction Digested Cases.doc

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STATUTORY CASES

ase Title:G.R. No. L-19650 (September 29, 1966)

Caltex (Philippines), Inc. vs. Enrico Paloar in his capacit! as ThePostaster "eneral

) $acts

he case before us o! "s a pet"t"o for #ec$arator% re$"ef a&a"st 'ostmaster Geera$ r"co 'a$omar, par%"&*+that u#&met be re#ere# #ec$ar"& "ts a$te/ oo#e# 'ump otest ot to be "o$at"e of the 'osta$ La!# or#er"& respo#et to a$$o! pet"t"oer the use of the ma"$s to br"& the cotest to the attet"o of the pub

1960, a$te/ $auche# a promot"oa$ scheme ca$$e# *+a$te/ oo#e# 'ump otest* !h"ch ca$$s forart"c"pats to *+est"mate the actua$ umber of $"ters a hoo#e# &as pump at each a$te/ stat"o !"$$ #"spesur"& a spec"e# per"o#.* The cotest "s ope to a$$ *+motor eh"c$e o!ers a#7or $"cese# #r"res*. The"ther a fee or cos"#erat"o re8u"re# or a purchase re8u"re# to be ma#e. The forms are aa"$ab$e upo re8

t each a$te/ stat"o a# there "s a$so a sea$e# ca !here accomp$"she# etr% stubs ma% be #epos"te#.

a$te/ !"shes to use ma"$s amo&st the me#"a for pub$"c""& about the cotest, thus, a$te/ set represetat"o the posta$ author"t"es for a#ace c$ear"& for the use of ma"$s for the cotest. o!eer, the posta$ author"t"e

e"e# the"r re8uest " "e! of sect"os 195: (a), 19;2, a# 19;< of the Re"se# =#m""strat"e o#e (=t"-$ottero"s"os of the 'osta$ La!), !h"ch proh"b"ts the use of ma"$ " coe%"& a% "format"o cocer"& o-ma"$chemes, such as $otter%, &"ft eterpr"se, or s"m"$ar scheme.

a$te/ sou&ht for a recos"#erat"o a# stresse# that there !as o cos"#erat"o "o$e# " the part of theotestat(s) but the 'ostmaster Geera$ ma"ta"e# the"r "e! a# ee threatee# a$te/ that "f the cotest o#ucte#, *+a frau# or#er !"$$ hae to be "ssue# a&a"st "t (a$te/) a# a$$ "ts represetat"es*. Th"s $ea#sa$te/s $"& of th"s pet"t"o for #ec$arator% re$"ef.

he court ru$e# that the *+pet"t"oer #oes ot "o$ate the 'osta$ La! a# the respo#et has o r"&ht to bar tub$"c #"str"but"o or sa"# ru$es b% the ma"$s*. The respo#et the appea$e#.

) Iss&e(s)

) >hether or ot the pet"t"o states a su?c"et cause of act"o for #ec$arator% re$"ef) >hether or ot the propose# *+a$te/ oo#e# 'ump otest* "o$ates the 'osta$ La!

) R&lin

ecap"tu$at"&, !e ho$# that the pet"t"o here" states a su?c"et cause of act"o for #ec$arator% re$"ef, a# thaa$te/ oo#e# 'ump otest3 as #escr"be# " the ru$es subm"tte# b% the appe$$ee #oes ot tras&ress thero"s"os of the 'osta$ La!.

ARB4NGLC, the u#&met appea$e# from "s a?rme#. No costs.

) Ratio

ec$arator% Re$"ef "s the "terpretat"o of seera$ cost"tut"oa$ pro"s"os. Dase# o Sect"o 1 Ru$e 6< of the Ruf ourt, a act"o for #ec$arator% re$"ef shou$# be $e# b% a perso "tereste# u#er a #ee#, a !"$$, a cotract other !r"tte "strumet, a# !hose r"&hts are aEecte# b% a statute, a e/ecut"e or#er, a re&u$at"o or ar#"ace.

e*&isites +or eclarator! Relie+:There "s ust"c"ab$e cotroers%The cotroers% "s bet!ee persos !hose "terests are a#erseThe part% seeF"& the re$"ef has a $e&a$ "terest " the cotroers%The "ssue "s r"pe for u#"c"a$ #eterm"at"o

The *+a$te/ oo#e# 'ump otest* "s a mere *+&ratu"tous #"str"but"o of propert% b% chace*. 4t #ot 8ua$"f% as a $otter% #ue to the $acF of cos"#erat"o. = act to be #eeme# as a $otter% must cost"tute a (1)


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r"e, (2) chace, a# (oo#ro#ucts, 4c. (Mambo!oo#). A 1I =pr"$ 19;2, such emp$o%ees char&e# the rm before the same o?ce for#erpa%met of moth$% $""& a$$o!aces. A < a% 19;2, the u"o "ssue# a ot"ce of str"Fe a&a"st the rm$e&"& "$$e&a$ term"at"o of B"o"s"o st"oca, pres"#et of the sa"# $oca$ u"o ufa"r $abor pract"ce opa%mf $""& a$$o!aces a# @emp$o%met of oppress"e a$"e maa&emet persoe$ !"thout proper perm"t. Thetr"Fe be&a o 2< a% 19;2.

9 Hu$% 19;2, Mambo!oo# $e# a comp$a"t !"th the tr"a$ court a&a"st the o?cers a# members of the u"o#ama&es for obstruct"o of pr"ate propert% !"th pra%er for pre$"m"ar% "uct"o a#7or restra""& or#er.3 Th"o $e# a mot"o for the #"sm"ssa$ a# for the #"sso$ut"o of the restra""& or#er, a# oppos"t"o to the "ssuaf the !r"t of pre$"m"ar% "uct"o, cote#"& that the "c"#ets of p"cFet"& are !"th" the e/c$us"e ur"s#"ctf the Labor =rb"ter pursuat to Datas 'ambasa 22I (Labor o#e, =rt"c$e 21I) a# ot to the ourt of J"rst

stace. The mot"o !as #e"e#. ece, the pet"t"o for cert"orar".

ss&e: >hether costruct"o of the $a! "s re8u"re# to #eterm"e ur"s#"ct"o.

el:The rst a# fu#ameta$ #ut% of courts "s to app$% the $a!. ostruct"o a# "terpretat"o come o$% ahas bee #emostrate# that app$"cat"o "s "mposs"b$e or "a#e8uate !"thout them.

r"s#"ct"o oer the subect matter " a u#"c"a$ procee#"& "s coferre# b% the soere"& author"t% !h"ch or&ahe court a# "t "s &"e o$% b% $a!. Hur"s#"ct"o "s eer presume# "t must be coferre# b% $a! " !or#s that #ot a#m"t of #oubt. S"ce the ur"s#"ct"o of courts a# u#"c"a$ tr"bua$s "s #er"e# e/c$us"e$% from the statuteshe forum, the "ssue shou$# be reso$e# o the bas"s of the $a! or statute " force. Therefore, s"ce (1) the or"&"or#"& of =rt"c$e 21I este# the $abor arb"ters !"th ur"s#"ct"o s"ce (2) 'res"#et"a$ Becree 1691 reerte# ther"s#"ct"o !"th respect to moe% c$a"ms of !orFers or c$a"ms for #ama&es ar"s"& from emp$o%er-emp$o%ee

e$at"os to the $abor arb"ters after 'res"#et"a$ Becree 1


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Paat v. CAR 11110I, 10 Hauar% 199I (266 SR= 16I)eco# B""s"o, Torres Hr. (p)K : cocurr"&

acts: A 19 a% 19;9, Q"ctor"a #e Gumas trucF !as se"e# b% Bepartmet of "romet a# Natura$esources persoe$ " =r"tao, Nuea Q"ca%a !h"$e o "ts !a%s to Du$aca from Sa Hose, Da&&ao, a&a%aecause the #r"er cou$# ot pro#uce the re8u"re# #ocumets for the forest pro#ucts fou# cocea$e# " the tru 2< a% 19;9, =r"tao NRAs Ho"to La%u&a "ssue# a or#er of coscat"o of the trucF. 4ts o!er, Beuma, fa"$e# to subm"t the re8u"re# e/p$aat"o !"th" the re&$emetar% per"o# set b% La%u&a. A 22 Hue9;9, BNR Re&"oa$ /ecut"e B"rector Ro&e$"o Da&&a%a susta"e# the =$"tao NRAs act"o of coscat"o r#ere# the forfe"ture of the trucF "oF"& Sect"o 6;-= of 'res"#et"a$ Becree I05, as ame#e# b% /ecut"er#er 2II. Be Guma $e# for recos"#erat"o but !as #e"e#.

he case !as appea$e# to the Secretar% of BNR. 'e#"& reso$ut"o, ho!eer, a su"t for rep$e" (""$ ase :0as $e# b% Be Guma a# compa% a&a"st La%u&a a# Da&&a%a !"th the RT a&a%a (Drach 2),ote#"& that the o$% the court "s author"e# to coscate a# forfe"t coe%aces use# " the trasport"&e&a$ forest pro#ucts, pursuat to the seco# para&raph of Sect"o 6;. Be Guma further cote#e# that the

e"ure "s "$$e&a$, as she #"# ot use the trucF " the comm"ss"o of the cr"me (of 8ua$"e# theft u#er =rt"c$e


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People v. 2apaR L-22


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aoan v. 2&nicipal 3&e o+ San -icolasR L-


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Paras v. Coelec (Resol&tion)R 12


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loresca v. Philex 2ininR L-=). Thereafter, a spec"a$ comm"ttee re

#"cate# that the compa% fa"$e# to pro"#e the m"ers !"th a#e8uate safet% protect"o. The he"rs #ec"#e# to comp$a"t for #ama&es before the ourt of J"rst 4stace (J4) of a"$a. 'h"$e/ $e# a ot"o to B"sm"ss o throu# that the act"o !as base# o a "#ustr"a$ acc"#et !h"ch "s coere# u#er the >= a#, therefore, theas o ur"s#"ct"o oer the case. 'h"$e/ ar&ues that the !orF coecte# "ur"es are compesab$e e/c$us"e$% uect"os 5 a# :6 of the >= a# that the >= coers !orF-coecte# acc"#ets ee "f the emp$o%er !as

e&$"&et as the >= u#er Sect"o :-= "mposes a 50 a##"t"oa$ compesat"o " the eet that the emp$o%ee&$"&et. The he"rs, ho!eer, cote# that the J4 has ur"s#"ct"o, as the"r comp$a"t "s ot base# o the >= the ""$ o#e pro"s"os o #ama&es ar"s"& out of e&$"&ece. The J4 #"sm"sse# the comp$a"t for $acF ofr"s#"ct"o. The he"rs 8uest"oe# the #"sm"ssa$ before the Supreme ourt.

m"c" cur"ae subm"tte# the"r respect"e memora#a, pursuat to the reso$ut"o of 26 Noember 19I6, "o$"&sue !hether the act"o of a "ure# emp$o%ee or !orFer or that of h"s he"rs " case of h"s #eath u#er the

>orFmes ompesat"o =ct "s e/c$us"e, se$ect"e or cumu$at"e ".e. (1K /c$us"e) !hether a "ure# emp$o%r h"s he"rs act"o "s e/c$us"e$% restr"cte# to seeF"& the $"m"te# compesat"o pro"#e# u#er the >orFmesompesat"o =ct, (2K Se$ect"e) !hether a "ure# emp$o%ee or h"s he"rs hae a r"&ht of se$ect"o or cho"ce ofct"o bet!ee aa"$"& of the !orFers r"&ht u#er the >orFmes ompesat"o =ct a# su"& " the re&u$arourts u#er the ""$ o#e for h"&her #ama&es (actua$, mora$ a#7or e/emp$ar%) from the emp$o%er b% "rtue oe&$"&ece (or fau$t) of the emp$o%er or of h"s other emp$o%ees, or (orFmesompesat"o =ct a# sue " a##"t"o for #ama&es " the re&u$ar courts. The op""os of the am"c" cur"ae areerse.

he ourt " th"s same #ec"s"o a&ree# !"th the ar&umet that the act"o "s se$ect"e, ".e. that the "ure# !orFes he"rs hae the cho"ce of reme#"es, but that the% caot pursue both courses of act"o s"mu$taeous$% a#a$ace the re$at"e a#ata&e of recourse u#er the >orFmes ompesat"o =ct as a&a"st a or#"ar% act"further he$# that the pet"t"oers !ho ha# rece"e# the beets u#er the >orFmes ompesat"o =ct, such

ma% ot prec$u#e them from br"&"& a act"o before the re&u$ar court, as the cho"ce of the rst reme#% !asase# o "&orace or a m"staFe of fact, !h"ch u$$"es the cho"ce as "t !as ot a "te$$"&et cho"ce, but that uhe success of such b"#s before the $o!er court, the pa%mets ma#e u#er the >orFmes ompesat"o =cthou$# be #e#ucte# from the #ama&es that ma% be #ecree# " the"r faor.

ss&e:>hether the Supreme ourt, " #eterm""& the act"o to be se$ect"e, "s &u"$t% of u#"c"a$ $e&"s$at"o.

el:The ourt, throu&h "ts maor"t%, #efe#e# "tse$f b% ho$#"& that the ourt #oes ot $e&"s$ate but mere$%pp$"es a# &"es eEect to the cost"tut"oa$ &uaratees of soc"a$ ust"ce the secure# b% Sect"o 5 of =rt"c$e 44 ect"o 6 of =rt"c$e W4Q of the 19


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su?c"ec% of the $a!s.3 Thus, ee the $e&"s$ator h"mse$f reco&"es that " certa" "staces, the court @#o amust $e&"s$ate3 to $$ " the &aps " the $a! because the m"# of the $e&"s$ator, $"Fe a$$ huma be"&s, "s "te aherefore caot e"sa&e a$$ poss"b$e cases to !h"ch the $a! ma% app$%.

Rep&0lic v. CA an 2olina"R10;I6


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o#e as re&ar#s parets a# the"r ch"$#re (I) "terpretat"o ma#e b% the Nat"oa$ =ppe$$ate atr"mo"a$ Tr"buf the atho$"c hurch, a# (;) the tr"a$ must or#er the sca$ a# the So$"c"tor-Geera$ to appea$ as couse$s fortate.

he Supreme ourt &rate# the pet"t"o, a# reerse# a# set as"#e the assa"$e# #ec"s"o coc$u#"& that themarr"a&e of Ror"#e$ A$a"ao to Re%a$#o o$"a subs"sts a# rema"s a$"#.

Aisporna v. CAR L-


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he Supreme ourt reerse# the appea$e# u#&met a# ac8u"tte# the accuse# of the cr"me char&e#, !"th cost

c"o.

hina 4an5 v. Ortea (3)R L-hether or ot a baF"& "st"tut"o ma% a$"#$% refuse to comp$% !"th a court process &ar"sh"& the ba

epos"t of a u#&met #ebtor, b% "oF"& the pro"s"os of Repub$"c =ct 1:05.


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el: Jrom the #"scuss"o of the coferece comm"ttee report of the t!o houses of o&ress that the proh"b"t"o

&a"st e/am"at"o of or "8u"r% "to a baF #epos"t u#er Repub$"c =ct 1:05 #oes ot prec$u#e "ts be"&

ar"she# to "sure sat"sfact"o of a u#&met. 4#ee#, there "s o rea$ "8u"r% " such a case, a# "f the e/"ste

f the #epos"t "s #"sc$ose#, the #"sc$osure "s pure$% "c"#eta$ to the e/ecut"o process. 4mportat$%, "t !as ot t

tet"o of the $a!maFers to p$ace baF #epos"ts be%o# the reach of e/ecut"o to sat"sf% a u#&met. 4 the

reset case, the $o!er court #"# ot or#er a e/am"at"o of or "8u"r% "to the #epos"t of D X D Jorest

ee$opmet orporat"o, as cotemp$ate# " the $a!. 4t mere$% re8u"re# Ta U"m L"o& to "form the court !he

X D Jorest Bee$opmet orporat"o ha# a #epos"t " the h"a DaF"& orporat"o o$% for purposes of the

ar"shmet "ssue# b% "t, so that the baF !ou$# ho$# the same "tact a# ot a$$o! a% !"th#ra!a$ ut"$ furthe

r#er.

he Supreme ourt a?rme# the or#ers of the $o!er court #ate# : a# 2I arch 19I2, !"th costs a&a"st the

et"t"oers.

4oar o+ Ainistrators o+ the P6A v. 4a&tistaR L-


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f the "crease. A 15 Hauar% 19I2, more fu#s !ere re$ease# to "mp$emet fu$$% Repub$"c =ct 5I5< a# a$$o!

a%met " fu$$ of the beets thereu#er from sa"# #ate.

19Ihether Gas"$ao "s et"t$e# to the pes"o from 1955 "stea# of from 196;.

el: =s "t "s &eera$$% Fo!, the purpose of o&ress " &rat"& etera pes"os "s to compesate a c$ass

me !ho suEere# " the ser"ce for the har#sh"ps the% e#ure# a# the #a&ers the% ecoutere#, a# more

art"cu$ar$%, those !ho hae become "capac"tate# for !orF o!"& to s"cFess, #"sease or "ur"es susta"e# !h

e of #ut%. = etera pes"o $a! "s, therefore, a &oermeta$ e/press"o of &rat"tu#e to a# reco&"t"o of th

ho re#ere# ser"ce for the coutr%, espec"a$$% #ur"& t"mes of !ar or reo$ut"o, b% e/te#"& to them re&u$a

moetar% a"#. Jor th"s reaso, "t "s the &eera$ ru$e that a $"bera$ costruct"o "s &"e to pes"o statutes " fa

hose et"t$e# to pes"o. ourts te# to faor the pes"oer, but such costruct"oa$ preferece "s to be

os"#ere# !"th other &u"#es to "terpretat"o, a# a costruct"o of pes"o $a!s must #epe# o "ts o!

art"cu$ar $a&ua&e. 4 the preset case, Repub$"c =ct 65 "s a etera pes"o $a! !h"ch must be accor#e# a $"b

ostruct"o a# "terpretat"o " or#er to faor those et"t$e# to r"&hts, pr""$e&es, a# beets &rate#

hereu#er, amo& !h"ch are the r"&ht to resume o$# pos"t"os " &oermet, e#ucat"oa$ beets, the pr""$e&

aFe promot"o e/am"at"os, a $"fe pes"o for the "capac"te#, pes"o for !"#o! a# ch"$#re, a# hosp"ta$"a

# me#"ca$ beets. Vpho$#"& the Doar# that the pes"o a!ar#s are ma#e eEect"e o$% upo approa$ of th

pp$"cat"o, th"s !ou$# be #epe#et upo the #"scret"o of the Doar# !h"ch ha# bee abuse# " th"s case throu

act"o e/te#"& for 12 %ears. Such sta#, therefore #oes ot appear to be, or s"mp$% "s ot, " cosoace !

he sp"r"t a# "tet of the $a!. Gas"$aos c$a"m !as susta"e#.

he Supreme ourt mo#"e# the u#&met of the court a 8uo, or#er"& the Doar# of =#m""strators of the 'h"$"p

eteras =#m""strat"o (o! the 'h"$"pp"e Qeteras =Ea"rs A?ce) to maFe Gas"$aos pes"o eEect"e 1;

ecember 1955 at the rate of '50.00 per moth p$us '10.00 per moth for each of h"s the umarr"e# m"or

h"$#re be$o! 1;, a# the former amout "crease# to '100.00 from 22 Hue 195I to I =u&ust 196; a# #ec$a

he #"Eeret"a$s " pes"o to !h"ch sa"# Gas"$ao, h"s !"fe a# h"s umarr"e# m"or ch"$#re be$o! 1; are et"t$e

or the per"o# from 22 Hue 1969 to 1: Hauar% 19I2 b% "rtue of Repub$"c =ct 5I5< subect to the aa"$ab"$"t% ooermet fu#s appropr"ate# for the purpose.

Salvatierra v. CAR 10II9I, 26 =u&ust 1996 (261 SR= :5)

rst B""s"o, ermos"s"ma (p)K < cocur, 1 o $eae

acts: 4 19


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6 !as outs"#e Lo&a$o&s fece as =se$mo Sa$at"erra !as ab$e to obta" a t"t$e " h"s ame (Ar"&"a$ ert"

f T"t$e 0-:221) coer"& the !ho$e of Lot 26). Eorts to sett$e the matter at the bara&a% $ee$ proe# fut"$e

ecause 'ur"ta Sa$at"erra (!"#o! of =se$mo) refuse# to %"e$# to the #ema# of L"o Lo&a$o& to retur to the

tter the 1:9 s8uare meter port"o of Lot 26.

o&a$o& $e# a case !"th the Re&"oa$ Tr"a$ ourt for the recoe%ace of the sa"# port"o of Lot 26. The court

uo #"sm"sse# the case o the &rou#s that Lo&a$o& fa"$e# to estab$"sh o!ersh"p of the port"o of the $a# "

uest"o, a# that the prescr"pt"e per"o# of four %ears from #"scoer% of the a$$e&e# frau# comm"tte# b%

efe#ats pre#ecessor =se$mo Sa$at"erra !"th" !h"ch p$a"t"Es shou$# hae $e# the"r act"o ha# a$rea#%

apse#. A appea$, the ourt of =ppea$s reerse# the #ec"s"o, ru$"& that a e#or ca se$$ o$% !hat he o!s

hat he "s author"e# to se$$ a# as to the co-o!er of a p"ece of $a#, he ca of course se$$ h"s pro "#""so shahere" to, but he caot se$$ more tha h"s share there". ece, the appea$.

ss&e: >hether Lo&a$o& "s et"t$e# to recoe%ace of the 1:9 s8uare meters " Lot 26

el: >he the terms of the a&reemet are c$ear a# ue8u"oca$, the $"tera$ a# p$a" mea"& thereof shou$

bsere#, pursuat to =rt"c$e 1


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el: >here the statutor% orm speaFs ue8u"oca$$%, there "s oth"& for the courts to #o e/cept to app$% "t. T

!, $ea"& o #oubt as to the scope of "ts operat"o, must be obe%e#. The e/press pro"s"os of the Ne! ""$

o#e, =rt"c$es 22:1, 22:2 a# 22:: sho! the $e&"s$at"e "tet o preferece of cre#"ts. 4 the preset case, the

pp$"cab$e pro"s"o of Repub$"c =ct 202< speaFs for "tse$f there be"& o amb"&u"t%, "t "s to be app$"e#. 4f the

&"s$at"e "tet " eact"& para&raphs 1 a# 2 of Sect"o 62 of R= 202< !ere to &"e rst pr"or"t% " the matte

a%mets to the ob$"&at"os of emp$o%ees " faor of the"r cre#"t u"os, the, the $a! !ou$# hae so e/press$%

ec$are#. There "s oth"& " the pro"s"o of Repub$"c =ct 202< !h"ch pro"#es that ob$"&at"o of $aborers a#

mp$o%ees pa%ab$e to cre#"t u"os sha$$ eo% rst pr"or"t% " the #e#uct"o from the emp$o%ees !a&es a#

a$ar"es.

he Supreme ourt a?rme# the appea$e# #ec"s"o, !"thout prooucemet as to costs.

A0ellana v. 2arava 9"R /%;; 2a! #>;?eco# B""s"o, Jera#o (p)K : cocur, 1 cocur base# o para&raph 2 X < of op""o

acts:Jrac"sco =be$$aa !as char&e# !"th the "t% ourt of Aam"s "t% !"th the cr"me of ph%s"ca$ "ur"es

hrou&h recF$ess "mpru#ece " #r""& h"s car&o trucF, h"tt"& a motor"e# pe#"cab resu$t"& " "ur"es to "ts

asse&ers, ame$%, arce$o Lamaso, ar"a Gurrea, 'ac"ec"osa J$ores, a# ste$"ta NemeYo. =be$$aa !as fo

u"$t% as char&e#, #ama&es " faor of the oEe#e# part"es $"Fe!"se be"& a!ar#e#.


15/63

be$$aa appea$e# such #ec"s"o to the J4. =t th"s sta&e, Lamaso et.a$. $e# !"th aother brach of the J4 of

"sam"s Acc"#eta$ a separate a# "#epe#et c""$ act"o for #ama&es a$$e&e#$% suEere# b% them from the

ecF$ess #r""& of =be$$aa. 4 such comp$a"t, r"sp" =be$$aa, the a$$e&e# emp$o%er, !as "c$u#e# as

efe#at. Doth of them the sou&ht the #"sm"ssa$ of such act"o pr"c"pa$$% o the &rou# that there !as o

eserat"o for the $"& thereof " the "t% ourt of Aam"s. 4t !as ar&ue# b% them that "t !as ot a$$o!ab$e at

ta&e !here the cr"m"a$ case !as a$rea#% o appea$. The u#&e " the $atter J4 or#ere# o 2; =pr"$ 196I that

"t% ourt u#&met "s acate# a# a tra"$ #e oo be co#ucte#. e ote# that the oEe#e# part"es fa"$e# to

/press$% !a"e the c""$ act"o or resere# the"r r"&ht to "st"tute "t separate$% " the "t% ourt but !h"ch the%

e# " the J4. 4 "e! of the !a"er a# reserat"o, the ourt !ou$# be prec$u#e# from u#&"& c""$ #ama&es

&a"st the accuse# a# " faor of the oEe#e# part"es. the mot"o to #"sm"ss "s #e"e#. = mot"o for

ecos"#erat"o !as $"Fe!"se #e"e#. ece, the pet"t"o.

he Supreme ourt #"sm"sse# the pet"t"o !"th costs a&a"st pet"t"oers.

. Appeal o+ @&ent in &nicipal trial co&rt, ne8 trial as i+ oriinall! instit&te in the C$I

he ru$e " the ur"s#"ct"o of the ourt "s that upo appea$ b% the #efe#at from a u#&met of co"ct"o b% t

mu"c"pa$ court, the appea$e# #ec"s"o "s acate# a# the appea$e# case sha$$ be tr"e# " a$$ respects ae! " t

J4 as "f "t ha# bee or"&"a$$% "st"tute# " that court (Sect"o I of Ru$e 12


16/63

PA$/U v. 4&rea& o+ /a0or RelationsR L-:hether B"rector Nor"e$ acte# !"th &rae abuse of #"scret"o " &rat"& N=JLV as the e/c$us"e bar&a"

&et of a$$ the emp$o%ees " the 'h"$"pp"e D$oom"& "$$s

el: B"rector Nor"e$ #"# ot act !"th &rae abuse of #"scret"o. ert"orar" #oes ot $"e. The coc$us"o reache#

he ourt #er"es support from the #esere#$% h"&h repute attache# to the costruct"o p$ace# b% the e/ecut"e

?c"a$s etruste# !"th the respos"b"$"t% of app$%"& a statute. The Ru$es a# Re&u$at"os "mp$emet"& the pre

abor o#e !ere "ssue# b% Secretar% D$as Ap$e of the Bepartmet of Labor a# tooF eEect o < Jebruar% 19I5

reset Labor o#e ha"& bee ma#e Fo! to the pub$"c as far bacF as 1 a% 19I:, a$thou&h "ts #ate ofEect""t% !as postpoe# to 1 Noember 19I:,. 4t !ou$# appear the that there !as more tha eou&h t"me fo

ea$$% ser"ous a# carefu$ stu#% of such supp$etor% ru$es a# re&u$at"os to ao"# a% "cos"stec% !"th the o

h"s ourt certa"$% caot "&ore the "terpretat"o thereafter embo#"e# " the Ru$es. =s far bacF as 4 re =$$e

90< #ec"s"o, Hust"ce cBoou&h, as poete, c"te# th"s e/cerpt from the $ea#"& =mer"ca case of 'eo%er

coau&h%, #ec"#e# " 1;91K @The pr"c"p$e that the cotemporaeous costruct"o of a statute b% the

/ecut"e o?cers of the &oermet, !hose #ut% "t "s to e/ecute "t, "s et"t$e# to &reat respect, a# shou$#

r#"ar"$% cotro$ the costruct"o of the statute b% the courts, "s so rm$% embe##e# " our ur"spru#ece that

uthor"t"es ee# be c"te# to support "t.3 There !as a paraphrase b% Hust"ce a$co$m of such a prooucemet "

o$"a . RaEert%,3 a 191; #ec"s"oK @ourts !"$$ a# shou$# respect the cotemporaeous costruct"o p$ace#

po a statute b% the e/ecut"e o?cers !hose #ut% "t "s to eforce "t, a# u$ess such "terpretat"o "s c$ear$%

rroeous !"$$ or#"ar"$% be cotro$$e# thereb%.3 S"ce the, such a #octr"e has bee re"terate# " umerous

ec"s"os. =s !as emphas"e# b% h"ef Hust"ce astro, @the costruct"o p$ace# b% the o?ce char&e# !"thmp$emet"& a# eforc"& the pro"s"os of a o#e shou$# he &"e cotro$$"& !e"&ht.3

he Supreme ourt #"sm"sse# the pet"t"o, !"th costs a&a"st pet"t"oer '=JLV.


17/63

Philippine Apparel Bor5ers Union v. -/RCR L-50


18/63

0.;0 #a"$% eEect"e 1 =pr"$ 19II as !e$$ as a$$ other !a&e "creases embo#"e# " the o$$ect"e Dar&a""&

&reemet, to a$$ coere# emp$o%ees !"th costs a&a"st the compa%.

4AA Eplo!ees Union v. IncionR L52:15, 2< Actober 19;: (1hether the ""str% of Labor "s correct " #eterm""& that moth$% pa"# emp$o%ees are e/c$u#e# from

eets of ho$"#a% pa%.

el:Jrom =rt"c$e 92 of the Labor o#e, as ame#e# b% 'res"#et"a$ Becree ;50, a# =rt"c$e ;2 of the same o

"s c$ear that moth$% pa"# emp$o%ees are ot e/c$u#e# from the beets of ho$"#a% pa%. o!eer, the

mp$emet"& ru$es o ho$"#a% pa% promu$&ate# b% the the Secretar% of Labor e/c$u#es moth$% pa"# emp$o%e

om the sa"# beets b% "sert"&, u#er Ru$e 4Q, DooF 4$$ of the "mp$emet"& ru$es, Sect"o 2, !h"ch pro"#es

emp$o%ees !ho are u"form$% pa"# b% the moth, "rrespect"e of the umber of !orF"& #a%s there", !"th a sa

f ot $ess tha the statutor% or estab$"she# m""mum !a&e sha$$ be presume# to be pa"# for a$$ #a%s " the mo

hether !orFe# or ot.3 e "f cotemporaeous costruct"o p$ace# upo a statute b% e/ecut"e o?cers !ho


19/63

ut% "s to eforce "t "s &"e &reat !e"&ht b% the courts, st"$$ "f such costruct"o "s so erroeous, the same must

ec$are# as u$$ a# o"#. So $o&, as the re&u$at"os re$ate so$e$% to carr%"& "to eEect the pro"s"os of the $a

he% are a$"#. >here a a#m""strat"e or#er betra%s "cos"stec% or repu&ac% to the pro"s"os of the =ct,

ma#ate of the =ct must prea"$ a# must be fo$$o!e#. = ru$e "s b"#"& o the ourts so $o& as the proce#ure

/e# for "ts promu$&at"o "s fo$$o!e# a# "ts scope "s !"th" the statutor% author"t% &rate# b% the $e&"s$ature, e

the courts are ot " a&reemet !"th the po$"c% state# there" or "ts "ate !"s#om. Jurther, a#m""strat"e

terpretat"o of the $a! "s at best mere$% a#"sor%, for "t "s the courts that a$$% #eterm"e !hat the $a! mea

he Supreme ourt &rate# the pet"t"o, set as"#e the or#er of the Beput% ""ster of Labor, a# re"state# the

u&ust 19I5 #ec"s"o of the Labor =rb"ter R"carte T. Sor"ao.

hartere 4an5 Eplo!ees Association v. Ople

R L-::I1I, 2; =u&ust 19;5 (1hether the ""str% of Labor "s correct " ma"ta""& that moth$% pa"# emp$o%ees are ot et"t$e# to t

o$"#a% pa% or a$$ emp$o%ees !ho re#ere# !orF #ur"& sa"# $e&a$ ho$"#a%s are et"t$e# to the prem"um or

ert"me pa% #"Eeret"a$s.

el: >he the $a&ua&e of the $a! "s c$ear a# ue8u"oca$ the $a! must be taFe to mea e/act$% !hat "t sa a#m""strat"e "terpretat"o, !h"ch #"m""shes the beets of $abor more tha !hat the statute #e$"m"ts or

"thho$#s, "s ob"ous$% u$tra "res. 4 the preset case, the pro"s"os of the Labor o#e o the et"t$emet to th

eets of ho$"#a% pa% are c$ear a# e/p$"c"t, "t pro"#es for both the coera&e of a# e/c$us"o from the bee

o$"c% 4struct"o 9, the Secretar% of Labor !et as far as to cate&or"ca$$% state that the beet "s pr"c"pa$$%

te#e# for #a"$% pa"# emp$o%ees, !he the $a! c$ear$% states that eer% !orFer sha$$ be pa"# the"r re&u$ar ho$

a%.

>h"$e "t "s true that the cotemporaeous costruct"o p$ace# upo a statute b% e/ecut"e o?cers !hose #ut%

force "t shou$# be &"e &reat !e"&ht b% the courts, st"$$ "f such costruct"o "s so erroeous, the same must b

ec$are# as u$$ a# o"#. 4t "s the ro$e of the Hu#"c"ar% to ree a#, !he ecessar%, correct cost"tut"oa$ (a#

tatutor%) "terpretat"o, " the cote/t of the "teract"os of the three braches of the &oermet, a$most a$!

s"tuat"os !here some a&ec% of the State has e&a&e# " act"o that stems u$t"mate$% from some $e&"t"mate


20/63

rea of &oermeta$ po!er. Sect"o 2, Ru$e 4Q, DooF 444 of the Ru$es to "mp$emet the Labor o#e a# 'o$"c%

struct"o !as #ec$are# u$$ a# o"# " 4D==V . 4c"o&, a# thus app$"es " the case at bar. S"ce the pr"at

espo#et prem"ses "ts act"o o the "a$"#ate# ru$e a# po$"c% "struct"o, "t "s c$ear that the emp$o%ees

e$o&"& to the pet"t"oer assoc"at"o are et"t$e# to the pa%met of 10 $e&a$ ho$"#a%s u#er =rt"c$es ;2 a# 9:

he Labor o#e, as"#e from the"r moth$% sa$ar%. The% are ot amo& those e/c$u#e# b% $a! from the beets o

uch ho$"#a% pa%

he Supreme ourt reerse# a# set as"#e the Labor ""sters I September 19I6 or#er, a# re"state# !"th

mo#"cat"o (#e$et"& the "terest pa%mets) the 2: arch 19I6 #ec"s"o of the NLR a?rm"& the


21/63

#"& o the courts so $o& as the proce#ure /e# for "ts promu$&at"o "s fo$$o!e# a# "ts scope "s !"th" the

tatutor% author"t% &rate# b% the $e&"s$ature, ee "f the courts are ot " a&reemet !"th the po$"c% state# the

r "ts "ate !"s#om A the other ha#, a#m""strat"e "terpretat"o of the $a! "s at best mere$% a#"sor%, for "

he courts that a$$% #eterm"e !hat the $a! meas.

>h"$e "t "s true that terms or !or#s are to be "terprete# " accor#ace !"th the"r !e$$-accepte# mea"& " $a!

eerthe$ess, !he such term or !or# "s spec"ca$$% #ee# " a part"cu$ar $a!, such "terpretat"o must be

#opte# " eforc"& that part"cu$ar $a!, for "t ca ot be &a"sa"# that a part"cu$ar phrase or term ma% hae o

mea"& for oe purpose a# aother mea"& for some other purpose. R= 1161 spec"ca$$% #ee# !hat

compesat"o3 shou$# mea @Jor the purposes of th"s =ct3. R=1I92 ame#e# such #e"t"o b% #e$et"& some

/cept"os author"e# " the or"&"a$ =ct. D% "rtue of th"s e/press substat"a$ cha&e " the phraseo$o&% of the hateer pr"or e/ecut"e or u#"c"a$ costruct"o ma% hae bee &"e to the phrase " 8uest"o shou$# &"e !a

he c$ear ma#ate of the e! $a!.

he Supreme ourt a?rme# the appea$e# reso$ut"o, !"th costs a&a"st appe$$at.

ariento v. 2ison 9"R /;>>;, #; ece0er #>D;? Dac, 'a#"$$a (p)K ; cocur

acts:'et"t"oers, !ho are ta/pa%ers, $a!%ers, members of the 4D' a# professors of ost"tut"oa$ La!, seeF

o" Sa$a#or "so from perform"& the fuct"os of the A?ce of omm"ss"oer of the Dureau of ustoms a

u"$$ermo ara&ue, as Secretar% of the Bepartmet of Du#&et, from eEect"& #"sbursemets " pa%met of "so

a$ar"es a# emo$umets, o the &rou# that "sos appo"tmet as omm"ss"oer of the Dureau of ustoms

cost"tut"oa$ b% reaso of "ts ot ha"& bee corme# b% the omm"ss"o o =ppo"tmets. The respo#e

the other ha#, ma"ta" the cost"tut"oa$"t% of "sos appo"tmet !"thout the cormat"o of the

omm"ss"o o =ppo"tmets.

he Supreme ourt he$# that the 'res"#et has the author"t% to appo"t "so as omm"ss"oer of the Dureau oustoms !"thout subm"tt"& h"s om"at"o to the omm"ss"o o =ppo"tmets for cormat"o, a# thus, the

tter "s et"t$e# the fu$$ author"t% a# fuct"os of the o?ce a# rece"e a$$ the sa$ar"es a# emo$umets perta"

hereto. Thus, the Supreme ourt #"sm"sse# the pet"t"o a# the pet"t"o " "teret"o, !"thout costs.

. Stanin to le s&it F Prohi0ition as proper ree!: Proce&ral *&estions set asie &e to

eans o+ p&0lic interest

ecause of the #ema#s of pub$"c "terest, "c$u#"& the ee# for stab"$"t% " the pub$"c ser"ce, the ourt reso$

o &"e #ue course to the pet"t"o a# #ec"#e, sett"& as"#e the er proce#ura$ 8uest"os of !hether proh"b"t"o

he proper reme#% to test "sos r"&ht to the o?ce of omm"ss"oer of the Dureau of ustoms a# of !hether

et"t"oers hae a sta#"& to br"& th"s su"t.


22/63

. Constit&tional Constr&ction

he fu#ameta$ pr"c"p$e of cost"tut"oa$ costruct"o "s to &"e eEect to the "tet of the framers of the or&a

! a# of the peop$e a#opt"& "t. The "tet"o to !h"ch force "s to be &"e "s that !h"ch "s embo#"e# a#

/presse# " the cost"tut"oa$ pro"s"os themse$es. (Go$# reeF ""& . Ro#r"&ue) The ourt !"$$ thus

ostrue the app$"cab$e cost"tut"oa$ pro"s"os, ot " accor#ace !"th ho! the e/ecut"e or the $e&"s$at"e

epartmet ma% !at them costrue#, but " accor#ace !"th !hat the% sa% a# pro"#e.

. Presients po8er to appoint

ect"o 16, =rt"c$e Q44 of the 19;I ost"tut"o empo!ers the 'res"#et to appo"t : &roups of o?cersK (1) the

ea#s of the e/ecut"e #epartmets, ambassa#ors, other pub$"c m""sters a# cosu$s, o?cers of the arme# for

om the raF of co$oe$ or aa$ capta", a# other o?cers !hose appo"tmets are este# " h"m " th"sost"tut"o (2) a$$ other o?cers of the Goermet !hose appo"tmets are ot other!"se pro"#e# for b% $a


23/63

o!er shou$# be str"ct$% costrue#. Such $"m"tat"os or 8ua$"cat"os must be c$ear$% state# " or#er to be

eco&"e#. 4 the case at bar, the rst setece of Sec. 16, =rt. Q44 c$ear$% state# that appo"tmets b% the

res"#et to the pos"t"os there" eumerate# re8u"re the coset of the omm"ss"o o =ppo"tmets.

. The &se o+ 8or Halone a+ter HPresient in thir sentence is a lapse in ra+tsanship, a liter

port eee re&nant

fter a carefu$ stu#% of the #e$"berat"os of the 19;6 ost"tut"oa$ omm"ss"o, the ourt fou# the use of the

or# @a$oe3 after the !or# @'res"#et3 " sa"# th"r# setece of Sec. 16, =rt"c$e Q44 "s, more tha a%th"& e$se,

"p or $apsus " #raftmash"p. 4 the 19;I ost"tut"o, the c$ear a# e/presse# "tet of "ts framers !as to

/c$u#e pres"#et"a$ appo"tmets from cormat"o b% the omm"ss"o o =ppo"tmets, e/cept appo"tme

?ces e/press$% met"oe# " the rst setece. ose8uet$%, there !as o reaso to use " the th"r# seteche !or# @a$oe3 after the !or# @'res"#et3 " pro"#"& that o&ress ma% b% $a! est the appo"tmet of $o!

aFe# o?cers " the 'res"#et a$oe, or " the courts, or " the hea#s of #epartmets, because the po!er to

ppo"t o?cers !hom the 'res"#et ma% be author"e# b% $a! to appo"t "s a$rea#% este# " h"m, !"thout ee#

ormat"o b% the omm"ss"o o =ppo"tmets, " the seco# setece. The !or# @a$oe3 " the th"r# sete

s a $"tera$ "mport from the $ast part of par.


24/63

Per+ecto v. 2eerR L-2hether the "mpos"t"o of a "come ta/ upo the sa$ar% of a member of the Hu#"c"ar% amout to a

m"ut"o thereof., a# thus "o$ate the ost"tut"o.

el:The "mpos"t"o of a "come ta/ upo the sa$ar% of a member of the u#"c"ar% amouts to a #"m"ut"o

hereof. 4f sa"# "mpos"t"o !ou$# ot be cos"#ere# as a #"m"ut"o, "t !ou$# appear that, " the matter of

ompesat"o a# po!er a# ee# of secur"t%, the u#"c"ar% "s o a par !"th the /ecut"e. Such assumpt"o

erta"$% "&ores the prea"$"& state of aEa"rs. Jurther, the ost"tut"o pro"#es that u#&es sha$$ ho$# the"r o?

ur"& &oo# beha"or, a# sha$$ at state# t"mes rece"e for the"r ser"ces a compesat"o !h"ch sha$$ ot be

m""she# #ur"& the"r cot"uace " o?ce. Thus, e/t to permaec% " o?ce, oth"& ca cotr"bute more t

he "#epe#ece of the u#&es tha a /e# pro"s"o for the"r support. 4 the &eera$ course of huma ature,

o!er oer a mas subs"stece amouts to a po!er oer h"s !"$$. The "#epe#ece of the u#&es as of far &re

mportace tha a% reeue that cou$# come from ta/"& the"r sa$ar"es.

/empt"o of the u#"c"a$ sa$ar% from re#uct"o b% ta/at"o "s ot rea$$% a &ratu"t% or pr""$e&e. 4t "s esset"a$$% a

r"mar"$% compesat"o base# upo a$uab$e cos"#erat"o. The coeat o the part of the &oermet "s a

uarat% !hose fu$$$met "s as much as part of the cos"#erat"o a&ree# as "s the moe% sa$ar%. The u#ertaF

as "ts o! part"cu$ar a$ue to the c"t"es " secur"& the "#epe#ece of the u#"c"ar% " cr"ses a# " thestab$"shmet of the compesat"o upo a permaet fou#at"o !hereb% u#"c"a$ prefermet ma% be pru#et

ccepte# b% those !ho are 8ua$"e# b% ta$et, Fo!$e#&e, "te&r"t% a# capac"t%, but are ot possesse# of such

r"ate fortue as to maFe a assure# sa$ar% a obect of persoa$ cocer. A the other ha#, the members o

#"c"ar% re$"8u"sh the"r pos"t"o at the bar, !"th a$$ "ts profess"oa$ emo$umets, seer the"r coect"o !"th th

"ets, a# #e#"cate themse$es e/c$us"e$% to the #"schar&e of the oerous #ut"es of the"r h"&h o?ce. So, "t "s

refutab$e that the &uarat% a&a"st a re#uct"o of sa$ar% b% the "mpos"t"o of a ta/ "s ot a e/empt"o from

a/at"o " the sese of free#om from a bur#e or ser"ce to !h"ch others are $"ab$e. The e/empt"o for a pub$"c

urpose or a a$"# cos"#erat"o "s mere$% a om"a$ e/empt"o, s"ce the a$"# a# fu$$ cos"#erat"o or the pu

urpose promote# "s rece"e# " the p$ace of the ta/.

he Supreme ourt a?rme# the u#&met.


25/63

nencia v. aviR L-6hether the Le&"s$ature ma% $a!fu$$% #ec$are the co$$ect"o of "come ta/ o the sa$ar% of a pub$"c o?c

pec"a$$% a u#"c"a$ o?cer, ot a #ecrease of h"s sa$ar%, after the Supreme ourt has fou# a# #ec"#e# other!"

el:The Le&"s$ature caot $a!fu$$% #ec$are the co$$ect"o of "come ta/ o the sa$ar% of a pub$"c o?c"a$, spec

u#"c"a$ o?cer, ot a #ecrease of h"s sa$ar%, after the Supreme ourt has fou# a# #ec"#e# other!"se. The

terpretat"o a# app$"cat"o of the ost"tut"o a# of statutes "s !"th" the e/c$us"e pro"ce a# ur"s#"ct"o

he u#"c"a$ #epartmet, a# that " eact"& a $a!, the Le&"s$ature ma% ot $e&a$$% pro"#e there" that "t be

terprete# " such a !a% that "t ma% ot "o$ate a ost"tut"oa$ proh"b"t"o, thereb% t%"& the ha#s of the cou

the"r tasF of $ater "terpret"& sa"# statute, spec"a$$% !he the "terpretat"o sou&ht a# pro"#e# " sa"# stat

us couter to a pre"ous "terpretat"o a$rea#% &"e " a case b% the h"&hest court of the $a#. 4 the case at

ect"o 1< of Repub$"c =ct 590 "terprete# or ascerta"e# the mea"& of the phrase @!h"ch sha$$ ot be #"m""s

ur"& the"r cot"uace " o?ce,3 fou# " sect"o 9, =rt"c$e Q444 of the ost"tut"o, referr"& to the sa$ar"es of

#"c"a$ o?cers. Th"s act of "terpret"& the ost"tut"o or a% part thereof b% the Le&"s$ature "s a "as"o of e$$-#ee# a# estab$"she# pro"ce a# ur"s#"ct"o of the Hu#"c"ar%. The Le&"s$ature u#er our form of

oermet "s ass"&e# the tasF a# the po!er to maFe a# eact $a!s, but ot to "terpret them. Th"s "s more

ue !"th re&ar# to the "terpretat"o of the bas"c $a!, the ost"tut"o, !h"ch "s ot !"th" the sphere of the

e&"s$at"e #epartmet. =$$o!"& the $e&"s$ature to "terpret the $a! !ou$# br"& cofus"o a# "stab"$"t% " u#

rocesses a# court #ec"s"os.

urther, u#er the 'h"$"pp"e s%stem of cost"tut"oa$ &oermet, the Le&"s$at"e #epartmet "s ass"&e# the

o!er to maFe a# eact $a!s. The /ecut"e #epartmet "s char&e# !"th the e/ecut"o or carr%"& out of the

ro"s"os of sa"# $a!s. Dut the "terpretat"o a# app$"cat"o of sa"# $a!s be$o& e/c$us"e$% to the Hu#"c"a$

epartmet. =# th"s author"t% to "terpret a# app$% the $a!s e/te#s to the ost"tut"o. Defore the courts ca

eterm"e !hether a $a! "s cost"tut"oa$ or ot, "t !"$$ hae to "terpret a# ascerta" the mea"& ot o$% of

!, but a$so of the pert"et port"o of the ost"tut"o " or#er to #ec"#e !hether there "s a co"ct bet!ee t!o, because "f there "s, the the $a! !"$$ hae to &"e !a% a# has to be #ec$are# "a$"# a# ucost"tut"oa$.

herefore, the #octr"e $a"# #o! " the case of 'erfecto s. eer to the eEect that the co$$ect"o of "come ta/

he sa$ar% of a u#"c"a$ o?cer "s a #"m"ut"o thereof a# so "o$ates the ost"tut"o, "s re"terate#.

he Supreme ourt a?rme# the #ec"s"o, a?rm"& the ru$"& " 'erferto . eer a# ho$#"& the "terpretat"o

pp$"cat"o of $a!s be$o& to the Hu#"c"ar%.


26/63

-ita+an v. Coissioner o+ Internal Reven&e (Resol&tion)R L-I;I;0, 2< Hu$% 19;I

Dac, e$ec"o-errera (p)K 12 cocur, 1 o $eae

acts:The h"ef Hust"ce has pre"ous$% "ssue# a #"rect"e to the J"sca$ aa&emet a# Du#&et A?ce to cot"

he #e#uct"o of !"thho$#"& ta/es from sa$ar"es of the Hust"ces of the Supreme ourt a# other members of the

#"c"ar%. Th"s !as a?rme# b% the Supreme ourt e bac o : Becember 19;I.

et"t"oers are the #u$% appo"te# a# 8ua$"e# Hu#&es pres"#"& oer Draches 52, 19 a# 5


27/63

Alipa! v. R&iKR :5:59, 1< arch 19hether the "ssuace of the posta&e stamps !as " "o$at"o of the ost"tut"o.

el: Re$"&"ous free#om as a cost"tut"oa$ ma#ate "s ot "h"b"t"o of profou# reerece for re$"&"o a# "s

e"a$ of "ts "uece " huma aEa"rs. Re$"&"o as a profess"o of fa"th to a act"e po!er that b"#s a# e$ea

ma to h"s reator "s reco&"e#. =#, " so far as "t "st"$$s "to the m"#s the purest pr"c"p$es of mora$"t%, "ts

uece "s #eep$% fe$t a# h"&h$% apprec"ate#. >he the J"$"p"o peop$e, " the preamb$e of the"r ost"tut"o,mp$ore# @the a"# of B""e 'ro"#ece, " or#er to estab$"sh a &oermet that sha$$ embo#% the"r "#ea$s, cose

# #ee$op the patr"mo% of the at"o, promote the &eera$ !e$fare, a# secure to themse$es a# the"r

oster"t% the b$ess"&s of "#epe#ece u#er a re&"me of ust"ce, $"bert% a# #emocrac%,3 the% thereb%

ma"feste# the"r "tese re$"&"ous ature a# p$ace# ufa$ter"& re$"ace upo "m !ho &u"#es the #est""es of

# at"os. The e$eat"& "uece of re$"&"o " huma soc"et% "s reco&"e# here as e$se!here.

ct :052 cotemp$ates o re$"&"ous purpose " "e!. >hat "t &"es the B"rector of 'osts "s the #"scret"oar% po!e

eterm"e !he the "ssuace of spec"a$ posta&e stamps !ou$# be @a#ata&eous to the Goermet.3 Af cours

he phrase @a#ata&eous to the Goermet3 #oes ot author"e the "o$at"o of the ost"tut"o ".e. to

ppropr"ate, use or app$% of pub$"c moe% or propert% for the use, beet or support of a part"cu$ar sect or chur

the case at bar, the "ssuace of the posta&e stamps !as ot "sp"re# b% a% sectar"a fee$"& to faor a

art"cu$ar church or re$"&"ous #eom"at"os. The stamps !ere ot "ssue# a# so$# for the beet of the Roma

atho$"c hurch, or !ere moe% #er"e# from the sa$e of the stamps &"e to that church. The purpose of the

su"& of the stamps !as to taFe a#ata&e of a eet cos"#ere# of "terat"oa$ "mportace to &"e pub$"c"t

he 'h"$"pp"es a# "ts peop$e a# attract more tour"sts to the coutr%. Thus, "stea# of sho!"& a atho$"c cha$

he stamp cota"e# a map of the 'h"$"pp"es, the $ocat"o of the "t% of a"$a, a# a "scr"pt"o that rea#s @S

WW444 4terat"oa$ uchar"st"c o&ress, Jeb.


28/63

2anila Prince 1otel v. "SISR 122156, < Jebruar% 199I

bac, De$$os"$$o (p)K 6 cocur, others #"sset

acts:The Goermet Ser"ce 4surace S%stem (GS4S), pursuat to the pr"at"at"o pro&ram of the 'h"$"pp"

oermet u#er 'roc$amat"o 50 #ate# ; Becember 19;6, #ec"#e# to se$$ throu&h pub$"c b"##"& hether the pro"s"os of the ost"tut"o, part"cu$ar$% =rt"c$e W44

Sect"o 10, are se$f-e/ecut"&. >hether the 51 share "s part of the at"oa$ patr"mo%.

el: = pro"s"o !h"ch $a%s #o! a &eera$ pr"c"p$e, such as those fou# " =rt"c$e 44 of the 19;I ost"tut"o

sua$$% ot se$f-e/ecut"&. Dut a pro"s"o !h"ch "s comp$ete " "tse$f a# becomes operat"e !"thout the a"# of

upp$emetar% or eab$"& $e&"s$at"o, or that !h"ch supp$"es su?c"et ru$e b% meas of !h"ch the r"&ht "t &rat

ma% be eo%e# or protecte#, "s se$f-e/ecut"&. Thus a cost"tut"oa$ pro"s"o "s se$f-e/ecut"& "f the ature a#

/tet of the r"&ht coferre# a# the $"ab"$"t% "mpose# are /e# b% the cost"tut"o "tse$f, so that the% ca be

eterm"e# b% a e/am"at"o a# costruct"o of "ts terms, a# there "s o $a&ua&e "#"cat"& that the subeeferre# to the $e&"s$ature for act"o. 4 se$f-e/ecut"& cost"tut"oa$ pro"s"os, the $e&"s$ature ma% st"$$ eact

&"s$at"o to fac"$"tate the e/erc"se of po!ers #"rect$% &rate# b% the cost"tut"o, further the operat"o of such

ro"s"o, prescr"be a pract"ce to be use# for "ts eforcemet, pro"#e a coe"et reme#% for the protect"o o

&hts secure# or the #eterm"at"o thereof, or p$ace reasoab$e safe&uar#s arou# the e/erc"se of the r"&ht. Th

mere fact that $e&"s$at"o ma% supp$emet a# a## to or prescr"be a pea$t% for the "o$at"o of a se$f-e/ecut"&

ost"tut"oa$ pro"s"o #oes ot re#er such a pro"s"o "eEect"e " the absece of such $e&"s$at"o. The om"s

om a cost"tut"o of a% e/press pro"s"o for a reme#% for eforc"& a r"&ht or $"ab"$"t% "s ot ecessar"$% a

#"cat"o that "t !as ot "te#e# to be se$f-e/ecut"&. The ru$e "s that a se$f-e/ecut"& pro"s"o of the cost"tu

oes ot ecessar"$% e/haust $e&"s$at"e po!er o the subect, but a% $e&"s$at"o must be " harmo% !"th the

ost"tut"o, further the e/erc"se of cost"tut"oa$ r"&ht a# maFe "t more aa"$ab$e. Subse8uet $e&"s$at"o ho!

oes ot ecessar"$% mea that the subect cost"tut"oa$ pro"s"o "s ot, b% "tse$f, fu$$% eforceab$e. =s a&a"s


29/63

ost"tut"os of the past, mo#er cost"tut"os hae bee &eera$$% #rafte# upo a #"Eeret pr"c"p$e a# hae

fte become " eEect e/tes"e co#es of $a!s "te#e# to operate #"rect$% upo the peop$e " a maer s"m"$a

hat of statutor% eactmets, a# the fuct"o of cost"tut"oa$ coet"os has eo$e# "to oe more $"Fe tha

$e&"s$at"e bo#%. ece, u$ess "t "s e/press$% pro"#e# that a $e&"s$at"e act "s ecessar% to eforce a

ost"tut"oa$ ma#ate, the presumpt"o o! "s that a$$ pro"s"os of the cost"tut"o are se$f-e/ecut"&. 4f the

ost"tut"oa$ pro"s"os are treate# as re8u"r"& $e&"s$at"o "stea# of se$f-e/ecut"&, the $e&"s$ature !ou$# hae

o!er to "&ore a# pract"ca$$% u$$"f% the ma#ate of the fu#ameta$ $a!. 4 e, Sect"o 10, seco# para&ra

rt. W44 of the 19;I ost"tut"o "s a ma#ator%, pos"t"e comma# !h"ch "s comp$ete " "tse$f a# !h"ch ee#s

rther &u"#e$"es or "mp$emet"& $a!s or ru$es for "ts eforcemet. Jrom "ts er% !or#s the pro"s"o #oes ot

e8u"re a% $e&"s$at"o to put "t " operat"o.

"ts p$a" a# or#"ar% mea"&, the term patr"mo% perta"s to her"ta&e. >he the ost"tut"o speaFs of

at"oa$ patr"mo%, "t refers ot o$% to the atura$ resources of the 'h"$"pp"es, as the ost"tut"o cou$# hae

e$$ use# the term atura$ resources, but a$so to the cu$tura$ her"ta&e of the J"$"p"os. 4t a$so refers to J"$"p"os

te$$"&ece " arts, sc"eces a# $etters. 4 the preset case, a"$a ote$ has become a $a#marF, a $""&

est"mo"a$ of 'h"$"pp"e her"ta&e. >h"$e "t !as restr"ct"e$% a =mer"ca hote$ !he "t rst opee# " 1912, a

ocourse for the e$"te, "t has s"ce the become the eue of ar"ous s"&"cat eets !h"ch hae shape#

h"$"pp"e h"stor%. 4 the &rat"& of ecoom"c r"&hts, pr""$e&es, a# cocess"os, espec"a$$% o matters "o$"

at"oa$ patr"mo%, !he a cho"ce has to be ma#e bet!ee a @8ua$"e# fore"&er3 a# a @8ua$"e# J"$"p"o,3 th

tter sha$$ be chose oer the former.

he Supreme ourt #"recte# the GS4S, the a"$a ote$ orporat"o, the omm"ttee o 'r"at"at"o a# the A?f the Goermet orporate ouse$ to cease a# #es"st from se$$"& 51 of the Share of the to Reo&

erha#, a# to accept the match"& b"# of a"$a 'r"ce ote$ at ':: per shere a# thereafter e/ecute the

ecessar% a&reemets a# #ocumet to eEect the sa$e, to "ssue the ecessar% c$earaces a# to #o such other

cts a# #ee#s as ma% be ecessar% for the purpose

anaa v. T&veraR L-6


30/63

reset case, 'res"#et"a$ "ssuaces of &eera$ app$"cat"o, !h"ch hae ot bee pub$"she#, sha$$ hae o force

Eect. The "mp$emetat"o7eforcemet of pres"#et"a$ #ecrees pr"or to the"r pub$"cat"o " the A?c"a$ Gaette

operat"e fact, !h"ch ma% hae cose8ueces !h"ch caot be ust$% "&ore#. The past caot a$!a%s be er

% a e! u#"c"a$ #ec$arat"o that a a$$-"c$us"e statemet of a pr"c"p$e of abso$ute retroact"e "a$"#"t% ca

e ust"e#.

he Supreme ourt or#ere# the respo#ets to pub$"sh " the A?c"a$ Gaette a$$ upub$"she# pres"#et"a$ "ssua

h"ch are of &eera$ app$"cat"o, a# that u$ess so pub$"she#, the% sha$$ hae o b"#"& force a# eEect.

anaa v. T&vera (Resol&tion)R L-6


31/63

aF =ct !h"ch that bo#% "s suppose# to eforce. Jurther, pub$"cat"o must be " fu$$ or "t "s o pub$"cat"o at a$

ce "ts purpose "s to "form the pub$"c of the cotets of the $a!s.

he Supreme ourt #ec$are# that a$$ $a!s as aboe #ee# sha$$ "mme#"ate$% upo the"r approa$, or as soo

hereafter as poss"b$e, be pub$"she# " fu$$ " the A?c"a$ Gaette, to become eEect"e o$% after 15 #a%s from th

ub$"cat"o, or o aother #ate spec"e# b% the $e&"s$ature, " accor#ace !"th =rt"c$e 2 of the ""$ o#e.

Priicias v. UranetaR L-26I02, 1; Actober 19I9 (9< SR= :62)

rst B""s"o, #e astro (p)K ; cocurr"&, 1 o $eae, 1 #"# ot taFe part.

acts: A 1< arch 196:, Ar#"ace < (Ser"es of 196:) !as eacte# b% the u"c"pa$ ouc"$ of Vr#aeta,

a&as"a. Ar#"ace "s pattere# after a# base# o Sect"o 5


32/63

rst 4stace L"&a%e he$# " "ts #ec"s"o that the or#"ace !as u$$ a# o"# a# ha# bee repea$e# b% R= :

he !r"t of pre$"m"ar% "uct"o a&a"st Hu#&e Sor"ao #e"te a# permaet. 4t a$so restra"e# 'ere, Su%at,

#ra#a from eforc"& sa"# or#"ace throu&hout Vr#aeta, or#er"& them to retur the p$a"t"Es #r"ers $"ce

# to pa% the cost of the su"t. The pub$"c o?c"a$s appea$e# to the Supreme ourt.

ss&e: >hether the or#"ace "s a$"#.

el:The &eera$ ru$e "s that a $ater $a! prea"$s oer a ear$"er $a!. The or#"aces a$"#"t% shou$# be #eterm

s-a-"s R= :1


33/63

ppea$e# to the =u#"tor Geera$ of the 'h"$"pp"es. A 1; Hauar% 195I, the =u#"tor Geera$ a?rme# the ru$"&

he =u#"tor of the etra$ DaF upo the &rou# that the "mportat"o of the fert"$"ers #oes ot fa$$ !"th" the sc

f the e/empt"& pro"s"os of Sect"o 2 of R= 601, as ame#e# b% R= 1


34/63

&a&e# " soc"a$ sc"ece stu#"es of 'h"$"pp"e soc"et% a# cu$ture. Accas"oa$$%, "t accepts sposorsh"ps for "ts

esearch act""t"es from "terat"oa$ or&a"at"os, pr"ate fou#at"os a# &oermet a&ec"es. A ; Hu$% 19

r"ate respo#et rece"e# from omm"ss"oer of 4tera$ Reeue (4R) a #ema# $etter #ate# < Hue 19;h"$e the pet"t"o !as pe#"& before the respo#et court, pet"t"oer "ssue# a a$ #ec"s"o #ate# < =u&ust 19

e#uc"& the assessmet for #ec"ec% cotractors ta/ from '19


35/63

2actan Ce0& (2CIAA) v. 2arcosR 1200;2, 11 September 1996 (261 SR= 66I)

h"r# B""s"o, Ba"#e Hr. (p)K : cocurr"&.

acts: acta ebu 4terat"oa$ ="rport =uthor"t% (4==) !as create# b% "rtue of Repub$"c =ct 695;. S"ce t

me of "ts creat"o, 4== eo%e# the pr""$e&e of e/empt"o from pa%met of rea$t% ta/es " accor#ace !"th

ect"o 1: of "ts harter. o!eer o 11 Actober 199:, the A?ce of the Treasurer of ebu, #ema#e# for the

a%met of rea$t% ta/es o seera$ parce$s of $a# be$o&"& to the pet"t"oer. 'et"t"oer obecte# to such #ema

or pa%met as base$ess a# uust"e#. 4t a$so asserte# that "t "s a "strumeta$"t% of the &oermet perform&oermeta$ fuct"os, !h"ch puts $"m"tat"os o the ta/"& po!ers of $oca$ &oermet u"ts. 4t oethe$ess

ta#s " the same foot"& as a a&ec% or "strumeta$"t% of the at"oa$ &oermet b% the er% ature of "ts

o!ers a# fuct"os. The "t% refuse# to cace$ a# set as"#e pet"t"oers rea$t% ta/ accout, "s"st"& that the

4== "s a &oermet cotro$$e# corporat"o !hose ta/ e/empt"o pr""$e&e has bee !"th#ra! b% "rtue of

ect"os 19< a# 2hether the 4== "s e/empte# from rea$t% ta/es.

el:Ta/ statutes are costrue# str"ct$% a&a"st the &oermet a# $"bera$$% " faor of the ta/pa%er. Dut s"c

a/es are pa"# for c""$"e# soc"et%, or are the $"feb$oo# of the at"o, the $a! fro!s a&a"st e/empt"os from

a/at"o a# statutes &rat"& ta/ e/empt"os are thus costrue# str"ct"ss"m" ur"s a&a"st the ta/pa%er a#

bera$$% " faor of the ta/"& author"t%. = c$a"m of e/empt"o from ta/ pa%mets must be c$ear$% sho! a# ba

$a&ua&e " the $a! too p$a" to be m"staFe. $se!"se state#, ta/at"o "s the ru$e, e/empt"o therefrom "s th/cept"o. o!eer, "f the &ratee of the e/empt"o "s a po$"t"ca$ sub#""s"o or "strumeta$"t%, the r"&"# ru$e of

ostruct"o #oes ot app$% because the pract"ca$ eEect of the e/empt"o "s mere$% to re#uce the amout of mo

hat has to be ha#$e# b% the &oermet " the course of "ts operat"os. Jurther, s"ce ta/at"o "s the ru$e a#

/empt"o therefrom the e/cept"o, the e/empt"o ma% be !"th#ra! at the p$easure of the ta/"& author"t%. T

$% e/cept"o to th"s ru$e "s !here the e/empt"o !as &rate# to pr"ate part"es base# o mater"a$ cos"#erat"

f a mutua$ ature, !h"ch the becomes cotractua$ a# "s thus coere# b% the o-"mpa"rmet c$ause of the

ost"tut"o.

acta ebu 4terat"oa$ ="rport =uthor"t% (4==) "s a @ta/ab$e perso3 u#er "ts harter (R= 695;), a# !as

$% e/empte# from the pa%met of rea$ propert% ta/es. The &rat of the pr""$e&e o$% " respect of th"s ta/ "s

oc$us"e proof of the $e&"s$at"e "tet to maFe "t a ta/ab$e perso subect to a$$ ta/es, e/cept rea$ propert% ta

ce Repub$"c =ct I160 or the Loca$ Goermet o#e (LG) e/press$% pro"#es that @=$$ &eera$ a# spec"a$ $a

cts, c"t% charters, #ecrees Os"cP, e/ecut"e or#ers, proc$amat"os a# a#m""strat"e re&u$at"os, or part of part

hereof !h"ch are "cos"stet !"th a% of the pro"s"os of th"s o#e are hereb% repea$e# or mo#"e# accor#"&

>"th that repea$"& c$ause " the LG, the ta/ e/empt"o pro"#e# for " R= 695; ha# bee e/press$% repea$e# b

he pro"s"os of the LG. Therefore, 4== has to pa% the assesse# rea$t% ta/ of "ts propert"es eEect"e after

uar% 1, 1992 ut"$ the preset.

he Supreme ourt #e"e# the pet"t"o, a# a?rme# the cha$$e&e# #ec"s"o a# or#er of the RT ebu !"tho

rooucemet as to costs.


36/63

erno v. CAR L-:0;5;, 15 September 19;Ieco# B""s"o, 'aras (p)K : cocurr"&.

acts:A 25 =u&ust 19


37/63

2anahan v. ECCR L-::;99, 22 =pr"$ 19;1 (10: SR= 19;)

rst B""s"o, Jera#e (p)K : cocurr"&.

acts: ar"a . aaha, the pet"t"oer, "s the !"#o! of Naar"o aaha, Hr., !ho #"e# of @ter"c Jeer3 !h"$e

mp$o%e# as c$assroom teacher " Las '"Yas u"c"pa$ "&h Schoo$, Las '"Yas, R"a$, o ; a%, 19I5. The #ecea

as " perfect hea$th !he he etere# &oermet ser"ce o 20 Hu$% 1969, a# that " the course of h"s

mp$o%met " 19I:, he !as treate# for ep"&astr"c pa". e succumbe# to eter"c feer o a% ;, 19I5. Thus, t

et"t"oer $e# a c$a"m !"th the Goermet Ser"ce 4surace S%stem (GS4S) for #eath beet u#er 'res"#et

ecree 626. 4 a $etter #ate# 19 Hue 19I5, the GS4S #e"e# the c$a"m o a #"& that the a"$met of Naar"o

aaha, Hr., t%pho"# feer, "s ot a occupat"oa$ #"sease, a# that eter"c feer or parat%pho"# "s s"m"$ar " e

o t%pho"# feer, " the sese that both are pro#uce# b% Sa$moe$$a or&a"sms.

he pet"t"oer appea$e# to the mp$o%ees ompesat"o omm"ss"o (), !h"ch a?rme# the #ec"s"o of the

S4S o a #"& that the a"$met of the #ecease#, eter"c feer, !as ot "#uce# b% or a&&raate# b% the atuf the #ut"es of Naar"o aaha, Hr. as a teacher. Thus, the appea$.

ss&e: >hether the >orFmes ompesat"o shou$# be reso$e# " faor of the !orFer

el:The Tras"tor% a# J"a$ 'ro"s"os of the Ne! Labor o#e pro"#es that a$$ act"os a# c$a"ms accru"& p

o the eEect""t% of th"s o#e sha$$ be #eterm"e# " accor#ace !"th the $a!s " force at the t"me of the"r accru

# u#er the th"r# para&raph of =rt"c$e 292, T"t$e 44 ('rescr"pt"o of AEeses a# $a"ms), !orFmes

ompesat"o c$a"ms accru"& pr"or to the eEect""t% of th"s o#e a# #ur"& the per"o# from 1 Noember 19I:

o orFmes ompes

ct a# the Labor o#e Z shou$# be $"bera$$% costrue# to atta" the"r $au#ab$e obect"e, ".e., to &"e re$"ef to th

orFma a#7or h"s #epe#ets " the eet that the former shou$# #"e or susta" a "ur%. 'ursuat to such

octr"e a# app$%"& o! the pro"s"os of the >orFmes ompesat"o =ct " th"s case, the presumpt"o of

ompesab"$"t% subs"sts " faor of the c$a"mat.

he Supreme ourt set as"#e the #ec"s"o of the a# or#ere# the GS4S to pa% the pet"t"oer the amout of

6,000.00 as #eath compesat"o beet a# '600.00 as attore%s fees, to re"mburse the pet"t"oers e/pes

curre# for me#"ca$ ser"ces, hosp"ta$"at"o a# me#"c"es of the #ecease# Naar"o aaha, Hr., #u$% support

% proper rece"pts, a# to pa% a#m""strat"e fees.


38/63

6illavert v. ECCR L-:;605, 1: Becember 19;1 (110 SR= 2


39/63

ostabu$ar%. Jurther, =rt"c$e : of the Labor o#e of the 'h"$"pp"es, as ame#e#, pro"#es that @a$$ #oubts " th

mp$emetat"o a# "terpretat"o of th"s o#e, "c$u#"& "ts "mp$emet"& ru$es a# re&u$at"os sha$$ be reso$

faor of $abor.3

he Supreme ourt set as"#e the #ec"s"o of the a# or#ere# the GS4S to pa% the pet"t"oer #eath beets

he amout of '6,000.00.

R L-6:20:,


40/63

>hether the forma$ #efects of the appea$ of the secur"t% a&ec%

"a$"#ate the appea$. >hether the secur"t% &uar#s from the a&ec% are et"t$e# to beets

c$a"me# from the compa%

el:The forma$ #efects " the appea$ of the Secur"t% =&ec% !ere ot fata$ #efects. The $acF of er"cat"o co

ae bee eas"$% correcte# b% re8u"r"& a oath. The appea$ fee ha# bee pa"# a$thou&h "t !as #e$a%e#. Ja"$ure

a% the #ocFet"& fees #oes ot automat"ca$$% resu$t " the #"sm"ssa$ of the appea$. B"sm"ssa$ "s #"scret"oar% !

he =ppe$$ate ourt a# #"scret"o must be e/erc"se# !"se$% a# pru#et$%, eer capr"c"ous$%, !"th a "e! to

ubstat"a$ ust"ce. Ja"$ure to pa% the appea$ #ocFet"& fee cofers a #"rector% a# ot a ma#ator% po!er to

sm"ss a appea$ a# such po!er must be e/erc"se# !"th sou# #"scret"o a# !"th a &reat #ea$ of c"rcumspec

os"#er"& a$$ atte#at c"rcumstaces.3 oreoer, as pro"#e# for b% =rt"c$e 221 of the Labor o#e @" a%

rocee#"& before the omm"ss"o or a% of the Labor =rb"ters, the ru$es of e"#ece prea"$"& " ourts of $a!

8u"t% sha$$ ot be cotro$$"& a# "t "s the sp"r"t a# "tet"o of th"s o#e that the omm"ss"o a# "ts membe

# the Labor =rb"ters sha$$ use eer% a# a$$ reasoab$e meas to ascerta" the facts " each case spee#"$% a

bect"e$% a# !"thout re&ar# to tech"ca$"t"es of $a! or proce#ure, a$$ " the "terest of #ue process.

urther, =rt"c$es 106 of the Labor o#e pro"#es that @" the eet that the cotractor or subcotractor fa"$s to p

he !a&es of h"s emp$o%ees " accor#ace !"th th"s o#e, the emp$o%er sha$$ be o"t$% a# seera$$% $"ab$e !"th

otractor or subcotractor to such emp$o%ees to the e/tet of the !orF performe# u#er the cotract, " the s

maer a# e/tet that he "s $"ab$e to emp$o%ees #"rect$% emp$o%e# b% h"m,3 a# =rt"c$e 10I pro"#es that @thero"s"os of the "mme#"ate$% prece#"& =rt"c$e sha$$ $"Fe!"se app$% to a% perso, partersh"p, assoc"at"o or

orporat"o !h"ch, ot be"& a emp$o%er, cotracts !"th a "#epe#et cotractor for the performace of a%

orF, tasF, ob or proect.3 4 the case at bar, pet"t"oer became a "#"rect emp$o%er of respo#ets-comp$a"a

he pet"t"oer etere# "to a otract of Ser"ces !"th the Secur"t% =&ec% a# the $atter h"re# the comp$a"a

o !orF as &uar#s for the former. o!eer, the pet"t"oers $"ab"$"t% shou$# be !"thout preu#"ce to a c$a"m for

e"mbursemet a&a"st the Secur"t% =&ec% for such amouts as pet"t"oer ma% hae to pa% to comp$a"ats. T

ecur"t% =&ec% ma% ot seeF e/cu$pat"o b% c$a"m"& that pet"t"oers pa%mets to "t !ere "a#e8uate. =s a

mp$o%er, "t "s char&e# !"th Fo!$e#&e of $abor $a!s a# the a#e8uac% of the compesat"o that "t #ema#s fo

otractua$ ser"ces "s "ts pr"c"pa$ cocer a# ot a% others.

he Supreme ourt a?rme# the u#&met u#er re"e!, !"thout preu#"ce to pet"t"oers r"&ht to seeF

e"mbursemet from a$mar Secur"t% =&ec% for such amouts as pet"t"oer ma% hae to pa% to comp$a"ats.

osts a&a"st the pr"ate respo#et.

! v. $irst -ational S&ret!R L-161


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a"t"E sue# the #efe#ats " the u"c"pa$"t% ourt of th"s "t%, !h"ch #"sm"sse# h"s comp$a"ts. Thereafter, t

a"t"E appea$e# to the ourt of J"rst 4stace a"$a, pres"#e# b% Hu#&e Gre&or"o S. Narasa, !h"ch abso$e# t

efe#ats from the comp$a"ts. ece, the appea$.

ss&e:>hether B"os#a#o T% "s et"t$e# to "#em"t% u#er the "surace po$"c% for the #"sab"$"t% of h"s $eft ha#

el:The a&reemet cota"e# " the "surace po$"c"es "s the $a! bet!ee the part"es. =s the terms of the

o$"c"es are c$ear, e/press a# spec"c that o$% amputat"o of the $eft ha# shou$# be cos"#ere# as a $oss the

"terpretat"o that !ou$# "c$u#e the mere fracture or other temporar% #"sab"$"t% ot coere# b% the po$"c"es

ou$# certa"$% be u!arrate#. 4 the case at bar, #ue to the c$ar"t% of the st"pu$at"o, #"st"ct"o bet!ee

temporar% #"sab"$"t%3 a# @tota$ #"sab"$"t%3 ee# ot be ma#e " re$at"o to oes occupat"o meas that theo#"t"o of the "surace "s such that commo pru#ece re8u"res h"m to #es"st from trasact"& h"s bus"ess o

e#ers h"m "capab$e of !orF"&. >h"$e the ourt s%mpath"es !"th the p$a"t"E or h"s emp$o%er, for !hose be

he po$"c"es !ere "ssue#, "t ca ot &o be%o# the c$ear a# e/press co#"t"os of the "surace po$"c"es, a$$ of

h"ch #ee part"a$ #"sab"$"t% as $oss of e"ther ha# b% a amputat"o throu&h the boes of the !r"st.3 There !as

uch amputat"o " the case at bar.

he Supreme ourt a?rme# the appea$e# #ec"s"o, !"th costs a&a"st the p$a"t"E-appe$$at.

e la Cr&K v. Capital Ins&rance

R L-215I:,


42/63

a&as"a (". ase No. V-265)) for spec"c performace. Befe#at "surer set up the #efese that the #eat

he "sure#, cause# b% h"s part"c"pat"o " a bo/"& cotest, !as ot acc"#eta$ a#, therefore, ot coere# b%

surace. =fter #ue hear"&, the court re#ere# the #ec"s"o " faor of the p$a"t"E or#er"& the "surace

ompa% to "#em"f% p$a"t"E for the #eath of the $atters so, to pa% the bur"a$ e/peses, a# attore%s fees

ece, the appea$.

ss&e: >hether the #eath of the "sure# "s coere# b% the po$"c%.

el:The terms @acc"#et3 a# @acc"#eta$3 hae ot ac8u"re# a% tech"ca$ mea"&, a# are costrue# b% t

ourts " the"r or#"ar% a# commo acceptat"o. The terms mea that !h"ch happe b% chace or fortu"tous$%

"thout "tet"o a# #es"&, a# !h"ch "s ue/pecte#, uusua$, a# uforesee. = acc"#et "s a eet that tace !"thout oes fores"&ht or e/pectat"oK a eet that procee#s from a uFo! cause, or "s a uusua$

Eect of a Fo! cause a#, therefore, ot e/pecte#. There "s o acc"#et !he a #e$"berate act "s performe#

$ess some a##"t"oa$, ue/pecte#, "#epe#et, a# uforesee happe"& occurs !h"ch pro#uces or br"&s

bout the resu$t of "ur% or #eath. >here the #eath or "ur% "s ot the atura$ or probab$e resu$t of the "sure#

o$utar% act, !h"ch pro#uces the "ur%, the resu$t"& #eath "s !"th" the protect"o of po$"c"es "sur"& a&a"st

eath or "ur% from acc"#et. 4 the preset case, !h"$e the part"c"pat"o of the "sure# " the bo/"& cotest "s

o$utar%, "f !"thout the u"tet"oa$ s$"pp"& of the #ecease#, perhaps he cou$# ot hae rece"e# that b$o! "

he hea# a# !ou$# ot hae #"e#. Jurther, #eath or #"sab$emet resu$t"& from e&a&emet " bo/"& cotest

as ot #ec$are# outs"#e of the protect"o of the "surace cotract (>hat !as "c$u#e# !as #eath or #"sab$em

ose8uet upo the 4sure# e&a&"& " footba$$, hut"&, p"&st"cF"&, steep$echas"&, po$o-p$a%"&, rac"& of

#, mouta"eer"&, or motorc%c$"&). Ja"$ure of the #efe#at "surace compa% to "c$u#e #eath resu$t"& fbo/"& match or other sports amo& the proh"b"t"e r"sFs $ea#s "e"tab$% to the coc$us"o that "t #"# ot "te

o $"m"t or e/empt "tse$f from $"ab"$"t% for such #eath.

he Supreme ourt a?rme# the appea$e# #ec"s"o, !"th costs a&a"st appe$$at.

L&a Chee "an v. /a8 Union an Roc5 Ins&ranceR L-:611, 1I Becember 1955 (52 AG 19;2)

rst B""s"o, Re%es HDL (p)K I cocurr"&.

acts: Defore >>44, ua hee Ga, a merchat of =$ba%, o!e# : !arehouses " Tabaco, =$ba% use# for the

tora&e of stocFs of copra a# of hemp " !h"ch he #ea$t e/tes"e$%. The% ha# bee, !"th the"r cotets, "sure

"th the 4surace ompa% s"ce 19


43/63

ste# a$most oe !eeF, &utte# a# comp$ete$% #estro%e# Do#e&as Nos. 1, < a# :, !"th the mercha#"se store

here". '$a"t"E-appe$$ee "forme# the "surer b% te$e&ram o the same #ate. The "surace ompa% res"ste#

a%met, c$a"m"& "o$at"o of !arrat"es a# co#"t"os, $"& of frau#u$et c$a"ms, a# that the re ha# bee

e$"berate$% cause# b% the "sure# or b% other persos " co"ace !"th h"m. ua hee Ga, h"s brother ua

hee 'ao, a# some emp$o%ees of h"s !ere "#"cte# a# tr"e# " 19:0 for the cr"me of arso but !ere ac8u"tte#

he tr"a$ court " a a$ #ec"s"o o 9 Hu$% 19:1.

>"th the c""$ case, ua hee Ga "st"tute# the act"o " 19:0 !"th the ourt of J"rst 4stace of =$ba%, seeF"&

ecoer the procee#s of certa" re "surace po$"c"es tota$$"& '


44/63

1oe Ins&rance v. Eastern Shippin /inesR L-hether a fore"& corporat"o #o"& bus"ess " the 'h"$"pp"es ""t"a$$% !"thout a $"cese ca c$a"m

#em"t% throu&h 'h"$"pp"e ourts.

el:The obect"e of the $a! !as to subect the fore"& corporat"o to the ur"s#"ct"o of our courts. The

orporat"o La! must be &"e a reasoab$e, ot a u#u$% harsh, "terpretat"o !h"ch #oes ot hamper the

ee$opmet of tra#e re$at"os a# !h"ch fosters fr"e#$% commerc"a$ "tercourse amo& coutr"es. = harsh

terpretat"o !ou$# #"sastrous$% embarrass tra#e, u$"Fe "f the $a! "s &"e a reasoab$e "terpretat"o, "t !ou$

marFe#$% he$p " the #ee$opmet of tra#e. The $a! s"mp$% meas that o fore"& corporat"o sha$$ be perm"tte

asact bus"ess " the 'h"$"pp"e 4s$a#s, as th"s phrase "s Fo! " corporat"o $a!, u$ess "t sha$$ hae thecese re8u"re# b% $a!, a#, ut"$ "t comp$"es !"th the $a!, sha$$ ot be perm"tte# to ma"ta" a% su"t " the $oc

ourts. = cotrar% ho$#"& !ou$# br"& the $a! to the er&e of ucost"tut"oa$"t%, a resu$t !h"ch shou$# be a#

e eas"$% ao"#e#. 4 the preset case, the $acF of capac"t% at the t"me of the e/ecut"o of the cotracts !as cu

% the subse8uet re&"strat"o. Such "s a$so stre&thee# b% the proce#ura$ aspects of these cases.The pet"t"o

u?c"et$% a$$e&e# "ts capac"t% to sue !he "t aerre# " "ts comp$a"ts that "t "s a fore"& "surace compa%, t

"s author"e# to #o bus"ess " the 'h"$"pp"es, that "ts a&et "s r. Q"ctor . De$$o, a# that "ts o?ce a##ress "

he A$e#a Du"$#"& at =%a$a =eue, aFat" as re8u"re# b% Sect"o :, Ru$e ; of the Ru$es of ourt. Geera$ #e

a#e8uate to attacF the fore"& corporat"os $acF of capac"t% to sue " the $"&ht of "ts pos"t"e aermet that "t

uthor"e# to #o so. Neerthe$ess, ee "f the p$a"t"Es $acF of capac"t% to sue !as ot proper$% ra"se# as a "s

% the as!ers, the pet"t"oer "tro#uce# #ocumetar% e"#ece that "t ha# the author"t% to e&a&e " the

surace bus"ess at the t"me "t $e# the comp$a"ts.

he Supreme ourt coso$"#ate# a# &rate# the pet"t"os, reerse# a# set as"#e the J4 #ec"s"os. 4 L-


45/63

o v. Rep&0licR L-12150, 26 a% 1960 (10; 'h"$ II5)rst B"s"o, Daut"sta =&e$o (p)K 6 cocurr"&

acts:'et"t"oer !as bor " =bra a# h"s parets are both h"ese. e o!es h"s a$$e&"ace to the Nat"oa$"st

oermet of h"a. e "s marr"e# to Leoor Go, the marr"a&e ha"& bee ce$ebrate# " the atho$"c church o

a&ue#. e speaFs a# !r"tes &$"sh as !e$$ as the 4$ocao a# Ta&a$o& #"a$ects. e &ra#uate# from the =bra

a$$e% o$$e&e, a# "she# h"s pr"mar% stu#"es " the @o$e&"o3 " Da&ue#, both schoo$s be"& reco&"e# b% t

oermet. e has a ch"$# t!o moths o$#. e has eer bee accuse# of a% cr"me "o$"& mora$ turp"tu#e

ot oppose# to or&a"e# &oermet, or "s he a member of a% subers"e or&a"at"o. e #oes ot be$"e

, or pract"ce, po$%&am%. S"ce h"s b"rth, he has eer &oe abroa#. e m"&$es !"th the J"$"p"os. e prefers a

emocrat"c form of &oermet a# state# that "f h"s pet"t"o "s &rate# he !ou$# sere the &oermet e"ther

he m"$"tar% or c""$ #epartmet. e "s a merchat #ea$"& " the bu% a# se$$ of tobacco. e a$so "s part o!er otore " Da&ue#. 4 h"s tobacco bus"ess, he has a !orF"& cap"ta$ of '10,000.00 !h"ch he c$a"ms to hae bee

ccumu$ate# thru sa"&s. e cotr"butes to c""c a# char"tab$e or&a"at"os $"Fe the Ha%cees, Rotar%, Re# ro

# to to! estas. e $"Fes the customs of the J"$"p"os because he has res"#e# " the 'h"$"pp"es for a $o& t"m

ur"& the %ear 1956, he c$a"ms to hae eare# '1,000.00 " h"s tobacco bus"ess. >"th respect to the store of

h"ch he c$a"ms to be a part o!er, he state# that h"s father &ae h"m a sum of $ess tha 'hether pet"t"oer fa"$e# to comp$% !"th the re8u"remets prescr"be# b% $a! " or#er to 8ua$"f% h"m to

ecome a J"$"p"o c"t"e.

el:The scope of the !or# $a! " or#"ar% $e&a$ par$ace #oes ot ecessar"$% "c$u#e the cost"tut"o, !h"chhe fu#ameta$ $a! of the $a#, or #oes "t coer a$$ the pr"c"p$es u#er$%"& our cost"tut"o. Jurther, 'h"$"pp

! re8u"res that a a$"e to co#ucte# h"mse$f " a proper a# "rreproachab$e maer #ur"& the et"re per"o#

s res"#ece " the 'h"$"pp"es " h"s re$at"o !"th the cost"tute# &oermet as !e$$ as !"th the commu"t% "

h"ch he "s $""&. 4 the preset case, " so stat"& that he be$"ees mere$% " our $a!s, he #"# ot ecessar"$% r

o those pr"c"p$es embo#"e# " our cost"tut"o !h"ch are referre# to " the $a! the be$"ef " #emocrac% or " a

emocrat"c form of &oermet "s ot su?c"et to comp$% !"th the re8u"remet of the $a! that oe must be$"e

he pr"c"p$es u#er$%"& our cost"tut"o. Jurther, pet"t"oer fa"$e# to sho! that he has comp$"e# !"th h"s ob$"&a

o re&"ster h"s !"fe a# ch"$# !"th the Dureau of 4mm"&rat"o as re8u"re# b% the =$"e Re&"strat"o =ct$ a# furth

"$e# to $e h"s "come ta/ retur #esp"te h"s /e# sa$ar% of '1,::0.00 a %ear a# h"s prot of '1,000.00 " h"s

obacco bus"ess, a# rece"e# a amout $ess tha '


46/63

he Supreme ourt reerse# the appea$e# #ec"s"o, ho$# that the tr"a$ court erre# " &rat"& the pet"t"o for

atura$"at"o, !"thout prooucemet as to costs.

ee Cho (M Se /ee) v. Rep&0licR L-12:0;, 2; Becember 1959 (106 'h"$ II5)

Dac, Daut"sta =&e$o (p)K 9 cocurr"&

acts:A 22 September 190I, pet"t"oer !as bor " =mo%, h"a, of h"ese parets. e came to the 'h"$"pp

omet"me " Jebruar% 1921 a# !as &"e the correspo#"& a$"e cert"cate of res"#ece a# re&"strat"o. e

ett$e# " ebu "t% (!here he as cot"uous$% res"#e# up to the preset t"me). 'et"t"oer stu#"e# 1st to Ith &ra

ebu h"ese "&h Schoo$, a pr"ate "st"tut"o reco&"e# b% the &oermet. e speaFs a# !r"tes &$"sh

# the ebu #"a$ect. e, ha"& assoc"ate# !"th some J"$"p"os, e&a&e# " the cor bus"ess " ebu "t% (19

>>44) a# " the $umber bus"ess (19:6-preset). e "este# '5,000.00 cap"ta$ " the bus"ess a# at prese

ctua$ !orth of h"s share "s about '20,000.00. 'et"t"oer "s rece""& a moth$% sa$ar% of ':00.00 a# rea$"es a

rot share !orth '10,000.00 eer% %ear. e has o ta/ $"ab"$"t% to the &oermet. e possesses a$$ the

ua$"cat"os a# oe of the #"s8ua$"cat"os prescr"be# b% $a!. =s to h"s fam"$%, he marr"e# oe S% S"oF D" o

ecember 1929 !"th !hom he ha# 1< ch"$#re, a$$ bor " the ebu "t%. =$$ these ch"$#re ha# bee "ssue# the

orrespo#"& a$"e cert"cate of re&"strat"o, !"th the e/cept"o of Lour#es Lee !ho marr"e# a atura$"e# J"$"p

t"e ame# L"m Uee Gua. >"th the e/cept"o of >"$$"am Lee !ho "s ot of schoo$ a&e, =&e$"ta !ho reache#ra#e a# Lour#es !ho stoppe# " hether pet"t"oer !as ab$e to comp$% !"th the re8u"remets for atura$"at"o.

el:The pro"s"os of the Natura$"at"o La! shou$# be str"ct$% costrue# " or#er that "ts $au#ab$e a#

at"oa$"st"c purpose ma% be fu$$% fu$$$e#. 4 the preset case, the pet"t"oer has ot $e# a% #ec$arat"o of

tet"o to become a J"$"p"o c"t"e because, as he c$a"ms, he has res"#e# cot"uous$% " the 'h"$"pp"es for a

er"o# of more tha


47/63

he Supreme ourt ru$e# that appea$e# #ec"s"o "s reerse#, !"th costs a&a"st pet"t"oer.

"&errero v. CAR L-::5I0, hether De"te "s a teat !"th" the mea"& of the teac% $a! to !arrat re"statemet to the

atat"o

el:Lo&sta#"& possess"o "s a esset"a$ #"st"ct"o bet!ee a mere a&r"cu$tura$ $aborer a# a rea$ tea

"th" the mea"& of the teac% $a!, a teat be"& oe !ho has the temporar% use a# occupat"o of $a# o

eemets be$o&"& to aother for the purpose of pro#uct"o. = h"re# $aborer !ho bu"$t h"s o! house at h"s


48/63

/pese at the r"sF of $os"& the same upo h"s #"sm"ssa$ or term"at"o a% t"me, "s more cos"stet !"th that

&r"cu$tura$ teat !ho eo%s secur"t% of teure u#er the $a!. u$t"at"o "s aother "mportat factor "

eterm""& the e/"stece of teac% re$at"osh"ps. u$t"at"o "s ot $"m"te# mere$% to the t"$$"&, p$o!"& or

arro!"& of the $a# but a$so "c$u#es the promot"o of &ro!th a# the care of the p$ats, or husba#"& the

rou# to for!ar# the pro#ucts of the earth b% &eera$ "#ustr%. =&reemet to share the pro#uce or harest o

terc"o bas"s3 that "s, a 17< to 27< shar"& " faor of the $a#o!ers bo$sters the teac% c$a"m. The a&r"cu$tura

borer !orFs for the emp$o%er, a# for h"s $abor he rece"es a sa$ar% or !a&e, re&ar#$ess of !hether the emp$o

maFes a prot. A the other ha#, the share teat part"c"pates " the a&r"cu$tura$ pro#uce. "s share "s ecess

epe#et o the amout of harest. Ace a teac% re$at"osh"p "s estab$"she#, the teat has the r"&ht to

ot"ue !orF"& ut"$ such re$at"osh"p "s e/t"&u"she# accor#"& to $a!. 4 the preset case, bes"#es these

#"cat"os, the a&reemet ma#e o 2 a% 19I< "s c$ear a# cate&or"ca$ term that the De"te "s a teat. =r&u

hat the "tet !as #"Eeret, be"& that of a h"re# farmha#, the $a! e/"st"& at that t"me the a&reemet !as m

m"$"tate a&a"st the c$a"m. De"te #"# ot comm"t a% of the causes that !ou$# !arrat h"s eectmet, a# thu

as u$a!fu$$% #epr"e# of h"s r"&ht to secur"t% of teure a# the ourt of =&rar"a Reforms #"# ot err " or#er"

he re"statemet of respo#et as teat a# &rat"& h"m #ama&es therefor.

he Supreme ourt #"sm"sse# the pet"t"o for $acF of mer"t, a# a?rme# the = #ec"s"o. No costs.

4ello v. CAR L-


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ppea$ to be e#orse# to the ourt of =ppea$s, "t he$# that s"ce pet"t"oers #"# ot "mp$ea# the J4 as pr"c"pa

art% respo#et "t cou$# ot &rat a% re$"ef at a$$ ee o the assumpt"o that pet"t"oers ca be sa"# to #ese

ome e8u"t"es. >"th the"r mot"o for recos"#erat"o #e"e#, pet"t"oers $e# the pet"t"o for re"e!.

ss&e: >hether the forma$ "mp$ea#"& of the ourt of J"rst 4stace "s "#"spesab$e a# the proce#ura$ "rm"t

m"s#"rect"& the appea$ to ourt of J"rst 4stace are fata$ to the appe$$ees cause

el:The costruct"o of statutes "s a$!a%s caut"oe# a&a"st arro!$% "terpret"& a statute as to #efeat the

urpose of the $e&"s$ator a# "t "s of the essece of u#"c"a$ #ut% to costrue statutes so as to ao"# such a

ep$orab$e resu$t (of "ust"ce or absur#"t%3 a# therefore a $"tera$ "terpretat"o "s to be reecte# "f "t !ou$# be

ust or $ea# to absur# resu$ts. Thus, " the costruct"o of "ts o! Ru$es of ourt, the ourt "s a$$ the more soou# to $"bera$$% costrue them to ao"# "ust"ce, #"scr"m"at"o a# ufa"ress a# to supp$% the o"# b% ho$#

hat ourts of J"rst 4stace are e8ua$$% bou# as the h"&her courts ot to #"sm"ss m"s#"recte# appea$s t"me$% m

ut to cert"f% them to the proper appe$$ate court.

he forma$ "mp$ea#"& of the J4 !h"ch "ssue# the cha$$e&e# or#er of #"sm"ssa$ !as ot "#"spesab$e a# cou

e @oer$ooFe# " the "terest of spee#% a#u#"cat"o. The ourt of =ppea$s act of #"sm"ss"& the pet"t"o a#

e%"& the re$"ef sou&ht of e#ors"& the appea$ to the proper court s"mp$% because of the o-"mp$ea#er of th

J4 as a om"a$ part% !as tatamout to sacr"c"& substace to form a# to subor#"at"& substat"a$ ust"ce

mere matter of proce#ura$ tech"ca$"t%. The proce#ura$ "rm"t% of pet"t"oers m"s#"rect"& the"r appea$ to the

ather tha to the ourt of =ppea$s, !h"ch the% ha# t"me$% sou&ht to correct " the J4 "tse$f b% asF"& that cour

ert"f% the appea$ to the ourt of =ppea$s as the proper court, shou$# ot be oer-ma&"e# as to tota$$% #epr"

hem of the"r substat"a$ r"&ht of appea$ a# $eae them !"thout a% reme#%.

he Supreme ourt set as"#e the = #ec"s"o #"sm"ss"& the pet"t"o a# " $"eu thereof, u#&met !as re#ere#

rat"& the pet"t"o for proh"b"t"o a&a"st "t% court, eo""& "t from e/ecut"& "ts u#&met of co"ct"o

&a"st pet"t"oers-accuse# a# further comma#"& sa"# c"t% court to e$eate pet"t"oers appea$ from "ts

#&met to the = for the $atters #"spos"t"o o the mer"ts !"thout costs.

it! o+ 2anila v. Chinese Co&nit! o+ 2anilaGR 1:


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el:The e/erc"se of the r"&ht of em"et #oma", !hether #"rect$% b% the State, or b% "ts author"e# a&ets, "s

ecessar"$% " #ero&at"o of pr"ate r"&hts, a# the ru$e " that case "s that the author"t% must be str"ct$% costr

o spec"es of propert% "s he$# b% "#""#ua$s !"th &reater teac"t%, a# oe "s &uar#e# b% the cost"tut"o a#

!s more se#u$ous$%, tha the r"&ht to the freeho$# of "hab"tats. >he the $e&"s$ature "terferes !"th that r"&

#, for &reater pub$"c purposes, appropr"ates the $a# of a "#""#ua$ !"thout h"s coset, the p$a" mea"& o

he $a! shou$# ot be e$ar&e# b% #oubt$% "terpretat"o.

he r"&ht of e/propr"at"o "s ot a "heret po!er " a mu"c"pa$ corporat"o, a# before "t ca e/erc"se the r"&

ome $a! must e/"st coferr"& the po!er upo "t. >he the courts come to #eterm"e the 8uest"o, the% must

$% # (a) that a $a! or author"t% e/"sts for the e/erc"se of the r"&ht of em"et #oma", but (b) a$so that the r

r author"t% "s be"& e/erc"se# " accor#ace !"th the $a!. 4 the preset case there are t!o co#"t"os "mpose#po the author"t% coce#e# to the "t% of a"$aK J"rst, the $a# must be pr"ate a#, seco#, the purpose mu

e pub$"c. 4f the court, upo tr"a$, #s that e"ther of these co#"t"os e/"sts or that e"ther oe of them fa"$s,

erta"$% "t caot be cote#e# that the r"&ht "s be"& e/erc"se# " accor#ace !"th $a!. 4t "s a !e$$ Fo! fact

emeter"es ma% be pub$"c or pr"ate. The former "s a cemeter% use# b% the &eera$ commu"t%, or e"&hborhoo

r church, !h"$e o$% a fam"$%, or a sma$$ port"o of the commu"t% or e"&hborhoo# uses the $atter. >here a

meter% "s ope to the pub$"c, "t "s a pub$"c use a# o part of the &rou# ca be taFe for other pub$"c uses u#

&eera$ author"t%. =# th"s "mmu"t% e/te#s to the u"mproe# a# uoccup"e# parts, !h"ch are he$# " &oo#

"th for future use. 4t "s a$$e&e#, a# ot #e"e#, that the cemeter% " 8uest"o ma% be use# b% the &eera$

ommu"t% of h"ese, !h"ch fact, " the &eera$ acceptat"o of the #e"t"o of a pub$"c cemeter%, !ou$# maF

he cemeter% " 8uest"o pub$"c propert%. 4f that "s true, the, of course, the pet"t"o of the p$a"t"E must be #e

or the reaso that the c"t% of a"$a has o author"t% or r"&ht u#er the $a! to e/propr"ate pub$"c propert%. Dut,hether or ot the cemeter% "s pub$"c or pr"ate propert%, "ts appropr"at"o for the uses of a pub$"c street, espec

ur"& the $"fet"me of those spec"a$$% "tereste# " "ts ma"teace as a cemeter%, shou$# be a 8uest"o of &rea

ocer, a# "ts appropr"at"o shou$# ot be ma#e for such purposes ut"$ "t "s fu$$% estab$"she# that the &reates

ecess"t% e/"sts therefor. 4 th"s case there "s o ecess"t% of taF"& s"ce there are other !a%s b% !h"ch R"a$

eue ma% be e/pa#e# to ease the tra?c s"tuat"o.

he Supreme ourt he$# that there "s o proof of the ecess"t% of ope"& the street throu&h the cemeter% from

ecor#. Dut that a#o""& a# a#acet $a#s hae bee oEere# to the c"t% free of char&e, !h"ch as!ers eer%

urpose of the "t%. The Supreme ourt, thus, a?rme# the u#&met of the $o!er court, !"th costs a&a"st the

ppe$$at.

6illan&eva v. Coelec (Resol&tion)R L-5:I1;, : Becember 19;5

DaF, TeehaFee (p)K 9 cocurr"&, 2 o $eae

acts:A : Hauar% 19;0, the $ast #a% for $"& of cert"cates of ca#"#ac%, oe Narc"so e#oa, Hr. $e# h"s

!or cert"cate of ca#"#ac% as "#epe#et for the o?ce of "ce-ma%or of Bo$ores, ueo " the


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s sa"# cert"cate of ca#"#ac% @for persoa$ reasos.3 "s us!or !"th#ra!a$ ha# bee accepte# b% the e$ec

e&"strar !"thout protest or obect"o. Later o 25 Hauar% 19;0, pet"t"oer r"so$o&o Q"$$auea, upo $ear"&

s compa"o e#oas !"th#ra!a$, $e# h"s o! s!or @ert"cate of a#"#ac% " subst"tut"o3 of e#oa

or the sa"# o?ce of "ce ma%or as a oe-ma "#epe#et t"cFet. The resu$ts sho!e# pet"t"oer to be the c$ear

"er oer respo#et !"th a mar&" of :52 otes. The u"c"pa$ Doar# of aassers, ho!eer, #"sre&ar#e# a

otes cast " faor of pet"t"oer as stra% otes o the bas"s of the 'ro"c"a$ $ect"o A?cers op""o that

et"t"oers ame #oes ot appear " the cert"e# $"st of ca#"#ates. The caassers accor#"&$% proc$a"me#

espo#et Q"ec"o G. L"r"o as the o$% uoppose# ca#"#ate a# as the #u$% e$ecte# "ce ma%or of Bo$ores.

21 Jebruar% 19;0, ome$ec #e"e# the pet"t"o of Q"$$auea, stat"& that e#oas !"th#ra!a$ !as ot u

ath as re8u"re# b% Sect"o 2I of the 19I; $ect"o o#e, a# that h"s !"th#ra!a$ !as ot ma#e after the $ast #or $"& of cert"cate of ca#"#ac%, as cotemp$ate# b% Sect"o 2;, but o the same #a%.

ss&e: >hether the "forma$ !"th#ra!a$ of e#oa "a$"#ates the e$ect"o of Q"$$auea as "ce ma%or.

el: Sect"o 2; of the 19I; $ect"o o#e pro"#es for such subst"tute ca#"#ates " case of #eath, !"th#ra!a

s8ua$"cat"o up to m"#-#a% of the er% #a% of the e$ect"os. e#oas !"th#ra!a$ !as $e# o the $ast hour

he $ast #a% for re&u$ar $"& of ca#"#ac"es, !h"ch he ha# $e# ear$"er that same #a%. Jor a$$ "tets a# purpos

uch !"th#ra!a$ shou$# therefore be cos"#ere# as ha"& bee ma#e substat"a$$% a# " truth after the $ast #

e &o"& b% the $"tera$ rea#"& of the pro"s"o b% the ome$ec. Jurther, the !"$$ of the e$ectorate shou$# be

especte#, "t shou$# ot be #efeate# throu&h the "ocat"o of forma$ or tech"ca$ #efects. The !"$$ of the peop$e

aot be frustrate# b% a tech"ca$"t% that the cert"cate of ca#"#ac% ha# ot bee proper$% s!or to. Th"s $e&

ro"s"o "s ma#ator% a# o-comp$"ace there!"th before the e$ect"o !ou$# be fata$ to the status of the

a#"#ate before the e$ectorate, but after the peop$e hae e/presse# the"r !"$$, the resu$t of the e$ect"o caot

efeate# b% the fact that the ca#"#ate has ot s!or to h"s cert"cate or ca#"#ac%. The $e&a$ re8u"remet that

"th#ra!a$ be u#er oath !"$$ be he$# to be mere$% #"rector% a# e#oas fa"$ure to obsere the re8u"remet

hou$# be cos"#ere# a harm$ess "rre&u$ar"t%. The boa #es of pet"t"oer Q"$$auea as a subst"tute ca#"#ate

aot be successfu$$% assa"$e#. The otes cast " h"s faor must be coute#.

he Supreme ourt reso$e# to recos"#er a# sets as"#e the 8uest"oe# Reso$ut"os of ome$ec a# au$s th

roc$amat"o of L"r"o as e$ecte# "ce-ma%or of Bo$ores, ueo a# "stea# #ec$ares pet"t"oer as the #u$% e$ect

ce-ma%or of sa"# mu"c"pa$"t% a# et"t$e# forth!"th to assume sa"# o?ce, taFe the oath of o?ce a# #"schar&

s fuct"os. The reso$ut"o "s ma#e "mme#"ate$% e/ecutor%.


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n RE Tapo!: iosaa Al0erastine, petitionerR L-1:


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2ata0&ena v. CervantesR L-2;II1, hether the =rt"c$e 1hateer om"ss"o ma% be apparet " a "terpretat

ure$% $"tera$ of the $a&ua&e use# must be reme#"e# b% a a#herece to "ts ao!e# obect"e. 4t "s a pr"c"p$e

tatutor% costruct"o that !hat "s !"th" the sp"r"t of the $a! "s as much a part of "t as !hat "s !r"tte. Ather!"

he bas"c purpose #"scer"b$e " such co#a$ pro"s"o !ou$# ot be atta"e#.

he Supreme ourt (1) reerse# the 2< Noember 1965 #ec"s"o of the $o!er court (2) #ec$are# the 8uest"oe#

oat"o o"# a# reco&"e# the r"&hts of p$a"t"E a# #efe#at as pro "#""so he"rs to the propert% a# (


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People v. Santa!anaR L-22291, 15 Noember 19I6 (I: 'h"$ 25)

eco# B""s"o, ocepc"o Hr. (p)K : cocur, 1 tooF o part, 1 #es"&ate# to s"t " 2# #""s"o

acts: A 19 Jebruar% 1962, Hesus Sata%aa % scu#ero, !as appo"te# as @Spec"a$ =&et3 b% the o$oe$ Ho

. ar"ste$a, h"ef of the 4S. A 9 arch 1962, o$. ar"ste$a "ssue# a u#ate# cert"cat"o to the eEect that

ccuse# !as a accre#"te# member of the 4S a# the p"sto$ #escr"be# " the sa"# emora#um Rece"pt !as &

o h"m b% "rtue of h"s appo"tmet as spec"a$ a&et a# that he !as author"e# to carr% a# possess the same

he performace of h"s o?c"a$ #ut% a# for h"s persoa$ protect"o. A 29 Actober 1962, the accuse# !as fou#aa "ra#a " possess"o of the rearms a# ammu"t"o !"thout a $"cese to possess them. = "est"&at"o

as co#ucte# a# thereupo, a correspo#"& comp$a"t !as $e# a&a"st the accuse#. The case u#er!et t

fter !h"ch the accuse# !as co"cte# of the cr"me char&e#. ece, the case !as appea$e# to Supreme ourt.

ss&e:>hether Sata%aa, a secret a&et, !as $"ab$e for "$$e&a$ possess"o of rearms

el:The appo"tmet of a c""$"a as @secret a&et to ass"st " the ma"teace of peace a# or#er campa"&

# #etect"o of cr"mes su?c"et$% puts h"m !"th" the cate&or% of a peace o?cer e8u"a$et ee to a membe

he mu"c"pa$ po$"ce e/press$% coere# b% Sect"o ;I9 ('eop$e . acara#a&). 4 the preset case, Sata%aa

as appo"te# as 4S secret a&et !"th the author"t% to carr% a# possess rearms. e !as "ssue# a rearm "

erformace of h"s o?c"a$ #ut"es a# for h"s persoa$ protect"o. =pp$"cat"o of $"cese !as uecessar%, accor

o o$. ar"ste$a, as the rearm "s &oermet propert%. No perm"t !as "ssue#, accor#"& to apt. =#o$fo Dr"&ae !as a$rea#% appo"te# as a 4S a&et. e "f the case of 'eop$e s. apa reoFe# the #octr"e " the

acara#a& case, th"s !as ma#e o$% o


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People v. EstenKoR L-

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