Status Paper on Rice in Punjab.pdf

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RICE IN PUNJAB

Status Paper on Rice in Punjab

Allah Rang*, G. S. Mangat and Rupinder Kaur

*Professor Plant Breeding

Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics

Punjab Agricultural University

Ludhiana- 141 004

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I. Name of the state – Punjab

II. Introduction:

Indian Punjab, which is traditionally not a rice growing region, has made tremendous progress in

rice productivity and production during the past 45 years. Until 1965, rice cultivation was restricted to

North West part of the state and only tall varieties of Basmati and ‘Jhona’ were grown. During 1965, rice

occupied an area of 0.29m ha with production and productivity of 0.29m tones and 1.0 ton/ha

respectively. The advent and adoption of semi dwarf high yielding varieties along with matching

production and protection technologies have made Punjab the ‘rice bowl of India’. Punjab is a major

contributor of rice to the central pool of food grains in the country. During 2008-09, rice occupied an area

of 2.7 million hectares, with a total production of 11.0m tons and productivity of 4.0 t/ha. (Table 1) Thus,

there has been about 38 fold increase in production and four fold increase in productivity. (Fig 1) This

quantum jump in production and productivity is the result of untiring efforts of rice researchers and

technology savvy peasantry of the state.

III. Zonal Information:

Punjab is located in the north west of India surrounded by Pakistan on West, Jammu and Kashmir on

the North, Himachal Pradesh on its North East and Haryana and Rajasthan to its South. It covers a

geographical area of 50,362 sq km which is only 1.54% of the total geographical area of the country.

Punjab State is located between 290 30’N to 32

0 32’N latitude and between 73

0 55’E to 76

0 50’E longitude.

Its average elevation is 300m from sea level. The land of Punjab is an alluvial fertile plain with some part

of South East region being semi arid. A belt of swelling hills extends along the north east at the foot of the

Himalayas. Punjab State is situated between the great systems of the Indus and Ganges rivers. Punjab’s

arid southern border edges on the Thar. The Shivalik Range rises sharply in the North of the state. The

total number of districts in the state is twenty and there are more than 12,500 villages in the state.

About 83% of the total geographical area is the net sown area in the state and the cropping intensity

is 189%. According to the data of 2005-06, more than 97% of the cultivated area is irrigated, of which

about one fourth is irrigated by canals and rest is tubewell irrigated.

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a. Climate:

The climate of Punjab is sub humid to semi arid with extremes of temperature conditions. The

climate of the plains is excessively hot and dry between April and August, with temperatures peaks as

high as 490 C.

b. Soil type:

In Punjab, paddy is grown over wide range of soil with pH varying from 5.0 to 9.5 and texturally

varying from sandy loam to loamy sand to silty loam to clay loams. silty to clayey loam soils with low

permeability, free of water logging and sodicity are considered best for paddy cultivation. In Punjab, the

variation in soil profile characteristics is much pronounced because of the regional climatic differences.

Punjab is divided into three distinct regions on the basis of soil types. The regions are South-Western

Punjab, Central Punjab and Eastern Punjab. The soil of the plain region is generally deep alluvium having

moderate water holding capacity. Majority of the soils are deficient in nitrogen, 52% medium to high, in

available phosphorus and 90% medium to high in available potassium, Micronutrients such as iron, zinc,

sulphur and manganese are becoming critical due to intensive cultivation.

c. Rainfall and its distribution pattern:

In Punjab, the rainy season has a limited duration. The rains of the monsoon season begin at the

end of June and continue till August. More than 70 percent of the annual rainfall occurs during the

monsoon season. Annual average rainfall ranges from 1250 mm in the North to 350 mm in the South

West.

d. Agroclimatic Zones

Punjab state has broadly been divided into 6 agro climatic zones (I to VI) which could further be

grouped into 3 main groups on the basis of rice crop cultivation, management, soil and physiographic

similarities as follows:

1. Sub mountain Region (ACZI and II)

2. Central Plain Region (ACZ III)

3. South Western Region (ACZ IV and V)

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Zone I (Sub Mountainous Undulating Zone)

It extends along the eastern borders of the state and occupies an area of 4800 sq km (9.5 %). The

northern and southern parts of the zone have medium to heavy soil while the central part has light to

medium soils. Average annual rainfall is 900mm and average temperatures are 40-410C (maximum) and

6-70C (minimum). The zone is dissected by innumerable seasonal streams called ‘choes’ and there is

serious problem of soil erosion. Maize, rice, sugarcane and wheat are the main crops.

Zone II (Undulating Plain Zone)

It runs parallel to the sub mountainous zone and is about 15 to 30 km in width. It covers an area of

about 4600 sq km (9%). Soil type is medium to heavy in north-south and light to medium in central

region. Annual rainfall is 800-900mm. Soil erosion is less severe and alkali soils are present in some

blocks. Rice, Maize, Sugarcane and Wheat are the main crops of this region.

Zone III (Central Plain Zone)

It covers an area of about 18,000 sq km (36%) in the state. The northern part of the zone has

medium to heavy soil while the southern part has light to medium soils. The zone is homogenous except

few small pockets of sand bars in some blocks. Mild to severe alkali problems and water logging problems

are there in some districts. The average annual rainfall is 500-800mm and temperature is 41-420C (Max)

and 4-70C (Min). Rice, wheat, maize, rapeseed and mustard, mungbean, potato and tomato are the main

crops of this region.

Zone IV (Western Plain Zone)

It lies between the central flat plain on the east and the western zone in the extreme west. It

covers an area of 9,500 sq km (19%) and has medium to heavy soil. Annual rainfall is about 400-500mm

on an average. Eastern part of the zone has mild to serious alkali problems while the southern part has

water logging problems. Rice wheat, sugarcane and cotton are main crops of this region.

Zone V (Western Zone)

It lies in the extreme south west of the state and covers about 10,000 sq km (19.5%) area. Towards

the north, the soils are medium to heavy and towards south these are light to medium. Rainfall is less

than 400mm annually. Soil moisture in kharif season is deficient for most of the crops. There is problem

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of shifting sand dunes and wind erosion in some parts. Some northern parts have serious alkali and water

logging problems. In this region cotton, rice, wheat and sugarcane are the main crops.

Zone VI (Flood Plain Zone)

It lies along major river courses of the state and cuts across the various agro-climatic zone

boundaries. It covers an area of 3500 sq km (7%). The soil in general is medium to heavy except in the

flood plain of Satluj where it is light to medium. The flood plains are locally known as ‘Bet’ and during

heavy rains; ‘bet’ areas are sometimes turned into swamps. Mild to severe alkali problem is observed in

some districts.

e. Rice and Cultural Heritage in the State

Basmati Rice is the pride of Punjab and is being grown here since time immemorial. Earliest

mention of word Basmati has been made in the epic “Heer and Ranjha” composed by the famous Punjabi

poet Varish Shah in 1766. In a compilation of “Races of Rice in India” Basmati has been described as a

race of rice cultivated throughout the Punjabi and said to be the best. All festive occasions in the state

are complete only with biryani or pulao served tapping the inherent ambrosial properties of basmati.

IV Rice Production Scenario

a. Area: Area under paddy was 0.29 million ha in 1965-66 which continuously increased upto 2004-05

when it touched 2.65 million ha in Punjab. Thereafter, it marginally declined to 2.64 m ha in 2005-06 and

further to 2.61m ha in 2007-08. In 2008-09 it again increased to 2.73m ha (Table 1).

b. Production: Production of rice was 0.29m tons in 1965-66 and increased to 0.69 in the year 1970-

71. The production of rice in state shows a continuously increasing trend. The total production in 2008-09

was 11.00m tons. This increase may be attributed to increase in area, adoption of new high yielding

varieties and corresponding production technology by the farmers of Punjab.

c. Productivity: The rice productivity was 1000 kg/ha in 1965-66 and has now increased by almost four

times and reached at 4022 Kg/ha in the year 2008-09.

Area under basmati rice’s is fluctuating every year and may vary from 5 to 15%. During the year 2008-09,

about 15.06% area was under basmati rice and the remaining was under different non basmati varieties

(Chahal et al 2009).

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d. Yield gaps and its reasons: Although the rice production and productivity has shown a marked

increase over the years, yet there is scope for further improvement and bridging of yield gaps due to

different production constraints. Overall major rice production constraints in the state are:

Pests: Yellow stem borer, leaf folder, white backed plant hopper, brown plant hopper.

Diseases: Till mid-eighties bacterial blight remained the major disease and there was frequent occurrence

of epidemics. As a result of the research efforts of rice scientists at PAU, bacterial blight resistant

varieties were developed and released in the late eighties and since 1987, no epidemic of bacterial blight

has been reported in the state. However, sheath blight, sheath rot, false smut, foot rot and brown spot

are emerging as serious diseases.

Weeds: Echinochloa crusgalli, Ischaemum rogosum, Paspalum disticum, Caesulia axillaries, Sphenoclea

zeylanica, Cyperus iria, Cyperus diiformis asl Ipomoea aquatica. Effective chemical control is available for

all the weeds.

Intensive cultivation of high yielding varieties has caused zinc deficiency in the soils. Underground

water in the South Western districts is brackish.

e. Major contributing factors in different ecologies: Due to ever swelling population of rice consumers

in the country, a steady growth in rice production is required. In future, more rice has to be produced

from less area, with less water and deteriorated soil health conditions. Any increase in production

therefore, must come from increase in productivity. For this research on hybrid rice with desirable

quality, duration and multiple insect and disease resistance, lodging resistance is being pursued. Efforts

are being made to increase total biomass and and/or harvest index of rice.

High yield, suitable growth duration, multiple disease/insect pest resistance, high degree of

lodging tolerance and desirable grain quality are being combined to develop better varieties for future.

Punjab is facing water crisis and efforts are being made to develop low water requiring genotypes

suitable for direct seeded, aerobic conditions. Strategies like delayed sowing, use of leaf colour charts to

rationalize fertilizer use are being adopted to make rice sustainable under low input cost.

f. Contribution to the GDP: Agriculture accounts for 27 percent of the nation’s gross

domestic product and contributes 21 percent to total exports (Kang, 2010). In the state GDP, agriculture

sector contributed Rs. 44,000 crore in 2009 against Rs. 42,000 crore in 2008 against the total worth of

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GDP pegged at 1,37,488 crore. Thus, about 30 percent contribution to the GDP is by the agriculture

sector (Sidhu, 2009).

V. Rice Ecosystem:

Lowland irrigated transplanted Punjab constitutes the so called non traditional rice growing region

of India, where rice is grown totally under artificially irrigated conditions. Crop is exposed to very high

temperature and long sunshine hours. Few cloudy days and rainy days are there from mid July to mid

September.

VI. Rice Production and Economic Analysis

The minimum support price of paddy was Rs. 53 per quintal in 1970-71 which increased to Rs.

105 per quintal in 1980-81 while MSP of grade ‘A’ rice was Rs 113 per quintal. The MSP of paddy has

increased from Rs. 205 in 1990-91 to Rs. 850 in 2008-09 while corresponding figures for grade, ‘A’ were

Rs. 225 and 880 per quintal respectively. The farm income per hectare has come down over the years

because MSP increased on average by one percent while the prices of inputs rose by 3.5 percent (Singh

2009).

Cost of cultivation of paddy vis-à-vis basmati

The over all variable costs and returns over variable costs in the case of paddy were estimated to

be Rs. 9894.66 and Rs. 16001.65 per acre respectively in 2008-09 (Table 2). The respective figures for

2007-08 were estimated to be Rs. 8986.72 and Rs. 12631.14. The gross returns were estimated to be Rs.

21496.59 and Rs. 25901.00 per acre in 2007-08 and 2008-09 respectively.

Table 2: Comparative cost of cultivation of paddy 2007-08 and 2008-09

(Rs. /acre)

Particulars Paddy Basmati

2007-08 2008-09 2007-08 2008-09

Yield (q/acre) 26.55 26.43 17.87 16.40

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Total returns 21496.59 25901.00 28185.40 39589.78

Total variable cost 8986.72 9894.66 7358.15 10244.18

Returns over variable

costs 12631.14 16001.65 20827.25 29345.00

The perusal of Table 2 shows that the productivity of basmati was estimated to be 17.87q and

16.40q per acre in 2007-08 and 2008-09 respectively. The corresponding figures for total returns were

estimated to be Rs. 28185.40 and RS. 39589.78 per acre in above said years. The net returns were found

to be Rs. 20827.25 and Rs. 29345.00 per acre in 2007-08 and 2008-09 respectively. This shows that in

spite of higher cost of cultivation 2008-09 the net returns were also higher due to the realization of

higher prices in 2008-09 as compared to 2007-08. The comparison of cost of cultivation paddy and

basmati revealed that the basmati was more profitable than basmati primarily due to better prices,

improved yield levels and lower cost of cultivation (Chahal et al 2009).

VII Rice and rice based cropping systems.

Rice and wheat are the major crops cultivated by the farmers of Punjab. Rice followed by wheat is

the main cropping system in the state. More than 60% of the total cultivated area in the state in the

kharif season is occupied by rice. Other rice based cropping systems prevalent in the state are:

Rice-fallow ; Rice - Berseem/Linseed/Gram/Barley/Winter maize; Rice/Basmati Rice-Wheat–Sathi

Maize/Summer Moong/Green maturing; Rice-Celery ; Rice- Potato/Peas – Celery; Rice-Potato-

Potato/Sathi Maize/Summer Moong/Sunflower/Celery/Wheat/ Cucurbits ; Rice-Toria-sunflower ; Basmati

rice–Mentha ; Bamati rice–Berseem (seed) ; Basmati rice- Berseem (fodder) Anonymous (2009).

VIII Rice growing seasons of different regions:

Rice is grown in the kharif season which is synonymous to summer or wet season and it extends

from May to October’. Non-basmati rice is generally cultivated from May to October and basmati season

extends from June to November.

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IX Recommended Package of Practices

a) Varieties / Hybrids

The traditional tall varieties like basmati and ‘Jhona’ were photoperiod sensitive with a harvest index

of about 0.3 and extremely low yield potential. These varieties were prone to lodging following an

application of nitrogenous fertilizer at rates of more than 50 kg/ha which further resulted in reduced yields.

In 1965, first semi dwarf rice cultivar Taichung Native 1 was released followed by IR8 in 1968 which became

very popular. High yielding cultivar Jaya was released in 1971. However, these cultivars had coarse grains,

thus poor grain quality. Research efforts initiated to improve grain quality led to identification of rice

cultivars with long slender grains eg Palman 579 and Sona in 1972, PR 106 in 1976 and PR 103 in 1978.

These varieties had a mean yield of about 6.5 tons per hectare under Punjab conditions. The area and

production of rice in the state increased with release of PR 106, a very popular variety. It remained popular

among farmers for more than three decades and has also been released in the neighbouring state of

Haryana and even in Venezuala.

Application of high doses of nitrogenous fertilizers, sowing at higher plant densities and availability

of assured irrigation, resulted in emergence of new biotic stresses like bacterial blight (BB) and white

backed plant hopper (WBPH). Research efforts were made to identify donors for BB resistance and

incorporate BB resistance genes into improved lines. As a result, rice cultivars PR 110 (1992), PR

111(1994), PR 113 (1998), PR 114 (1999), PR 115, PR 116 (2000), PR 118 (2003) and PAU 201 (2007) were

released. PAU 201 is a very high yielding variety (7.5 t/ha) and is also moderately resistant to WBPH.

During 2009 another mid early maturing rice variety PR 120 was released. All these cultivars possess high

yield and the ability to resist the attack of different pathotypes of BB pathogen of rice. The mean yield of

these cultivars ranges from 6.7 to 7.5 tons/ha.

b) Improved varieties of Basmati Rice

The basmati rice cultivars, Bas 370 released around 1933 and Bas. 386 released in 1995 are

traditional tall cultivars. These cultivars are photoperiod sensitive and low yielder. But they possess

unmatched grain quality and excellent cooking and eating qualities. Pusa Bas. 1 released in 1990, is a

semi dwarf, high yielding basmati cultivar with extra long slender aromatic grains and good cooking and

eating qualities. Another cultivar Super Basmati was released during 2003 for general cultivation in the

Punjab. In 2008, two new basmati cultivars Punjab Basmati 2 and Pusa 1121 with extra long, slender

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aromatic grains and excellent cooking and eating qualities were recommended for cultivation in the

state. Punjab Mehak 1, an early maturing and bacterial blight resistant variety of aromatic rice was

released during 2009.

As a result of concerted efforts by the rice scientists, the Punjab Agricultural University since its

inception has developed 30 varieties of rice. At present the recommendation list of rice varieties for

cultivation in the Punjab State includes 8 of non- basmati and 7 of basmati rice (Table 3).

c) Management inclusive of mechanization

The non basmati cultivars, PR 113, PR 114, PR 116 and PAU 201 are of medium maturity group (140-

145 days seed to seed) while PR 111 and PR 120 are mid early varieties (132-138 days). PR 115 matures

early (125 days) and PR 118 matures late (155-160 days) these cultivars fit well in rice-wheat rotation, the

most predominant cropping system in the Punjab. PR 115 is suitable for multiple cropping systems,

where three crops, including one of rice are grown.

To realize yield potential of semi dwarf varieties, their matching production and protection

technologies have also been developed. Optimum time of sowing of medium maturity rice varieties is the

second fortnight of May. Early maturing rice cultivars can give optimum yield even under late sowing

conditions. One month old nursery is recommended for transplanting. PAU 201 can be transplanted from

25th

June to 5th

July. Among the basmati cultivars, Bas. 370 and Bas. 386 should be sown in the second

fortnight of June while Super Basmati, Pusa Bas 1, Punjab Bas. 2 and Pb Mehak 1 are recommended for

sowing in the first fortnight of June. Seed rate for nursery sowing is 20kg /ha.

Thirty three hills per m2 at a spacing of 20x15cm are recommended for transplanting in well

puddled fields. Under late sown conditions higher plant population of 44 hills/m2

, at a spacing of

15x15cm is recommended. Weeds can be controlled effectively by the recommended application of

herbicides. Optimum fertilizer doses have been recommended for non-basmati and basmati rice

cultivars. Nitrogen fertilizer doses of 120 kg/ha in three splits (1/3 basal, 1/3 at maximum tillering and 1/3

at panicle initiation stage) is recommended for non-basmati cultivars. For tall basmati varieties, 18 kg

urea in two splits and for others basmati cultivars; 36kg urea in two splits (three weeks after

transplanting and six weeks after transplanting) is recommended.

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Integrated pest management (IPM) is being followed for protecting the crop against pests.

Economic threshold level (ETL) is taken into consideration for application of insecticides.

X. Indigenous technical knowledge specific to state.

Basmati rice is a specialty of Punjab State and has been growing here for centuries. Basmati rice

enjoys a privileged treatment and a premium price both in the national and international market.

XI. Byproducts / Extended use of rice specific to the state.

a. Usage and consumption

Usage: Boiled white rice, biryanis, pulaos, Sweet dishes like kheer, various forms

of puffed rice.

b. Market value: Basmati rice fetches a premium in the domestic market and is preferred by the

consumers. Organic basmati rice is picking up fast. Broken rice is a byproduct valued less than half the

price of head rice. Broken by and large are used in the preparation of breakfast dishes. Rice bran oil is

also manufactured in the state.

c. Milling Products: About 80 percent of the paddy produced in Punjab is marketed and processed in

different types of rice mills. There are about 2200 hullers mostly in rural area, 148 shellers and 43 hullers

cum sheller. The major by products of rice milling are two percent germ, five percent bran and 23 percent

husk.

d. Rice Based food products: Rice is not the staple diet of Punjabis but no festive occasion is complete

with out it. Basmati rice is preferred in the state. Rice and other ingredients flavored with spices are

specialty. Rauh di Kheer, rice is cooked for a long time in sugarcane juice is another specialty. Various

forms of puffed rice are also consumed by the people.

Organizational set up of agricultural research in the state

Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana is the only agricultural university in the state. It came

into existence on December 20, 1962. PAU is fully engaged in the discovery, dissemination, synthesis and

application of agricultural knowledge through its constituent colleges and Directorates of Research and

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Directorate of Extension. The University also initiates, guides and coordinates the research programmes

of the state in agriculture and allied fields.

The Director of Research plans, implements, coordinates, monitors and evaluates the research

projects of the main campus as well as at the outlying research stations. The Director of Extension

Education develops programmes for the transfer of agricultural technology to the farmers and farm

women. The primary aims of PAU are:

• Teaching and training students in agriculture and allied fields

• Conducting research and seeking solutions to emerging problems in the fields of Agriculture,

Agricultural Engineering, Basic Sciences and Home Science

• Transfer o technology to the farmers, agricultural organizations through various extension

programmes

• Providing diverse technical services and consultancy in agro- industry

The main rice research programme of PAU is at Ludhiana with sub stations at Gurdaspur, Rauni

(Patiala) and Kapurthala.

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References

1. Anonymous (2009) Package of Practice for kharif crops of Punjab. Punjab Agricultural University.

2. Chahal S.S , Singh Ram, Chhina J.S., Singh Mandeep, Romana G.S., Dhaliwal N.S., Sodhi G.K. and

Singh Narinderpal (2009). Paddy cultivation in Punjab: prospects and constraints.

Research Report. Department of Economics and Sociology, Punjab Agricultural University,

Ludhiana Pp 31+IX.

3. Kang M.S. (2010). Threat to India’s food security: Agriculture deserves top priority. Published in

The Tribune, 29 Jan, 2010.

4. Sidhu B.S. (2009). State earns Rs. 3000 crore revenue from Agriculture. Published in The Tribune,

December 17, 2009.

5. Singh P. (2009). Punjab Agriculture in crisis despite optimum production. Published in Punjab

Newspaper, March 24, 2009.

6. Statistical Abstract of Punjab

7. www.ikisan.com

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Table 1: Rice area, production and productivity

Year Area

(000 ha)

Production

(000 tones)

Productivity

(Kg/ha)

1965 292 292 1000

1966 285 338 1189

1967 314 415 1322

1968 345 470 1364

1969 359 535 1490

1970 390 688 1765

1971 450 920 2045

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972 476 955 2007

1973 520 1189 2287

1974 569 1178 2071

1975 567 1447 2553

1976 681 1776 2606

1977 857 2494 2910

1978 1052 3091 2938

1979 1173 3056 2605

1980 1183 3233 2733

1981 1270 3755 2957

1982 1322 4156 3144

1983 1482 4539 3063

1984 1644 5054 3074

1985 1714 5485 3200

1986 1786 5949 3331

1987 1720 5442 3164

1988 1778 4929 2772

1989 1908 6697 3510

1990 2015 6506 3229

1991 2074 6755 3257

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1992 2065 7002 3391

1993 2174 7624 3507

1994 2277 7703 3383

1995 2161 6768 3132

1996 2160 7338 3397

1997 2279 7897 3465

1998 2519 7940 3152

1999 2604 8716 3347

2000 2611 9200 3523

2001 2487 8816 3545

2002 2530 8880 3510

2003 2614 9600 3672

2004 2647 10437 3943

2005 2642 10193 3858

2006 2621 10138 3868

2007 2610 10489 4019

2008 2735 11000 4022

Year Area

(000 ha)

Production

(000 tones)

Productivity

(Kg/ha)

1965 292 292 1000

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1966 285 338 1189

1967 314 415 1322

1968 345 470 1364

1969 359 535 1490

1970 390 688 1765

1971 450 920 2045

1972 476 955 2007

1973 520 1189 2287

1974 569 1178 2071

1975 567 1447 2553

1976 681 1776 2606

1977 857 2494 2910

1978 1052 3091 2938

1979 1173 3056 2605

1980 1183 3233 2733

1981 1270 3755 2957

1982 1322 4156 3144

1983 1482 4539 3063

1984 1644 5054 3074

1985 1714 5485 3200

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1986 1786 5949 3331

1987 1720 5442 3164

1988 1778 4929 2772

1989 1908 6697 3510

1990 2015 6506 3229

1991 2074 6755 3257

1992 2065 7002 3391

1993 2174 7624 3507

1994 2277 7703 3383

1995 2161 6768 3132

1996 2160 7338 3397

1997 2279 7897 3465

1998 2519 7940 3152

1999 2604 8716 3347

2000 2611 9200 3523

2001 2487 8816 3545

2002 2530 8880 3510

2003 2614 9600 3672

2004 2647 10437 3943

2005 2642 10193 3858

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Impact of PAU Released Rice Varieties

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1976

1985

1986

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1997

1998

1999

2000

2003

2005

2006

2007

2008

Year

Pro

du

cti

on

PR 106 PR 108 PR 110 PR 111 PR 113 PR 114 PR 115,PR 116 PR 118 PAU 201

Fig.1: Impact of varieties released by PAU on rice production

2006 2621 10138 3868

2007 2610 10489 4019

2008 2735 11000 4022

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Table 3: Rice varieties recommended by PAU, Ludhiana since inception

Variety Year of

release

Days to

maturity

Avg Paddy

Yield (kg/ha)

Salient features

Long slender grain type

Palman 579* 1972 122 5200 Early maturity, good grain quality, long

slender grains

RP 5-3* 1973 145 6000 Good quality fine grain, high yielding

PR 106* 1976 145 6500 Medium maturity, long slender grains,

high yield

PR 103* 1978 125 5500 Early maturing (125 days) long slender

grains, high yielding variety

PR 4141* 1982 145 6000 Long slender grains with good cooking

quality

PR 108* 1986 145 6600 High yielding tolerant to white backed

plant hopper and sheath blight

PR 109* 1986 135 6500 Resistant to bacterial blight and

tolerant to white backed plant hopper

PR 110* 1992 145 6500 High yielding semi dwarf, bacterial

blight resistant, long slender grains

PR 111 1994 138 6750 Mid maturing, semi dwarf, resistant to

all the 8 pathotypes of BB prevalent in

Punjab state

PR 114 1999 145 6750 Long slender grains, resistant to 4 of

the 8 pathotypes of BB prevalent in

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Punjab state.

PR 115 2000 125 6300 Early maturing, resistant to all the 8

pathotypes of BB prevalent in Punjab

state.

PR 116 2000 144 7000 Long slender grains, resistant to 4 of

the 8 pathotypes of BB prevalent in

Punjab state.

PR 118 2003 158 7250 Medium slender grains, resistant to 4

of the 8 pathotypes of BB prevalent in

Punjab state.

PAU 201 2007 144 7500 Long slender grains, resistant to all the

8 pathotypes of BB prevalent in Punjab

state.

PR 120 2009 132 7100 Long slender grains resistant to all the

pathotypes of bacterial blight

pathogen prevalent in Punjab state.

Coarse grain type

TN1* 1966 4000 First semi-dwarf high yielding variety

Johna 351* 1967 5000 High yielding variety with heavy

panicles.

IR 8* 1968 145 6500 Medium maturity & Long bold grains

Jaya* 1971 145 6500 Medium maturity & Long bold grains

HM 95* 1972 4000 Very early maturing variety

PR 113 1998 142 7000 Coarse grained, resistant to all the 8

pathotypes of BB prevalent in Punjab

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state

Basmati/Aromatic Varieties:

Basmati 370 1933 150 2250 Tall, extra long grain with excellent

cooking quality, photoperiod sensitive

Punjab Basmati 1* 1982 150 3000 Intermediate tall extra long grain with

excellent cooking quality, photoperiod

sensitive

Pusa Basmati 1 1990 140 4000 Semidwarf high yielding basmati rice

variety with good cooking quality and

strong aroma.

Basmati 385* 1992 150 3700 Early maturing, intermediate tall with

very good cooking quality and aroma.

Basmati 386 1994 155 2875 Extra long grains, good cooking quality

with strong aroma

Super Basmati 2003 145 3500 Extra long grains, good cooking quality

with strong aroma

Pusa Sugandh 2* 2003 125 4200 Extra long grains, high yield, good

cooking quality and aroma.

Punjab Basmati 2 2008 140 3150 Extra long grains, excellent cooking and

eating quality characteristics with

strong aroma.

Pusa 1121 2008 137 3400 Extra long grains, good cooking and

eating quality characteristics with

strong aroma.

Punjab Mehak 1 2009 125 4300 Extra long grain good cooking and

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eating quality with strong aroma.

Resistant to all the 8 pathotypes of BB

prevalent in Punjab state

* Varieties not presently under cultivation

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Table 4: Area under high yielding varieties in 2009-10

Varieties Area (000 ha) Percentage

PAU 201 475.23 16.87

PR 111 138.03 4.90

PR 116 132.68 4.71

PR 118 121.41 4.31

PR 120 88.45 3.14

Pusa 1121 471.00 16.72

Bas 386 78.88 2.80

Others (Recommended varieties) 149.87 5.32

Un recommended varieties 1161.45 41.23

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PAU 201

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RICE IN PUNJAB

Punjab Basmati 2

Status Paper on Rice in Punjab.pdf

Documents

Transcript of Status Paper on Rice in Punjab.pdf