STATUS OF THE BIOECONOMY - Regjeringen.no · 1 8 0 - 2 4 0 o C G a s c a t , 9 0 - 1 5 0 o C N 2 +...
Transcript of STATUS OF THE BIOECONOMY - Regjeringen.no · 1 8 0 - 2 4 0 o C G a s c a t , 9 0 - 1 5 0 o C N 2 +...
small scale biorefineries - opportunities and
challenges
STATUS OF THE BIOECONOMY
Oslo, 2-3 September 2015
Johan Sanders, Em professor Biobased Commodity Chemicals, Innovation Manager, Food and Biobased Research Wageningen UR
The new challenges in a biobased Economy:
Biomass production
€Food/feedHealthy, tasty, sufficient1st Agro logistics Food pretreatment Food productionFoodconversion
€
Existing
non- food:•Paper
•Construction wood
• Additives
• Fibres/ clothes
• Wood for cooking.
Biomass sourcesAgro-food productionBy products & waste
Logistics&storageNL productionImports
Existing conversion Existing production
€
Biobased
Products• Biobased
materials
• Bio-based
chemicals
• Bio-fuels
• Bio-energy
New productionPerformance materialsBase&platform chemicalsPerformance chemicalsBio Energy
Many drivers for the Biobased Economy
Shortage of cheap oil
High energy prices
Security of energy supply
Climate change by green house gasses
Rural development
Developing countries
Geo-political conditions
Different countries/groups are confident however that a BbE can contribute to their goals.
Design rules for a sustainable Bio-economy
People, Planet, Profit
● Improve our overall energy efficiency
● Increase field yield but keep components on the field that are required for soil fertility
● Use all biomass components and choose the right raw material
● Use each component at its highest value:
(molecular) structure is much better than caloric
● Reduce capital cost to speed up innovation and to benefit from small scale without the disadvantages
Following these rules, will we have enough resources?
Our daily food needs a 20-fold higher energy input
Dutch Agriculture
475
Net Import
160
Greenhouses/Food
100
Transportion Food
Other Agriculture
60
Household
165
Food Industry
150
2500 kcal/day = 55 PJ
100
BiomassNL 635 PJEU 20.000 PJ
FossilNL 575 PJEU 20.000 PJ
EU 1.800 PJ
20 000PJ is more than 20% of our European energy bill!
Economic carriers in the BioEconomy
High value,
Too low volume
Very high volume, too little value
High value,And high volume!
Proteins
Chemicals
materials
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How biomass can best compete with fossil
feedstocks
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10
20
30
40
50
60
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Pro
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€/
GJ e
nd
pro
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Capital
Oil/gas
Coal
Raw material costs
Value of biomass is 10 times higher as chemical building block than to use it for biogas or bio-electricity
Cost of fossil products
Epichlorohydrin a good example of using biomass functionality
Solvay ‘Epicerol’ process: glycerol to epichlorohydrin
CH2
CHCH3
Cl2
CH2
CHCH2Cl
CH2
CHCH2Cl
Cl OH
CH2
CHCH2Cl
OH Cl
CHCH2ClCH
2
O
HCl
Ca(OH)2
+
+
HOCl
+ Price:
€ 1300 - 1500 per tonne
Volume:
0.5 mln tonnes per annum
• Capital required:
300€/ tonne ?
• Raw material cost:
glycerol, HCl, NaOH
Margin??
Use of plant molecular structures leads to
little heat exchange and valuable product
Diaminobutane
Acrylonitrile
N-Methylpyrrolidone
N-Vinylpyrrolidone
Glutamic acid
H2N COOH
COOH
The route to NEP, new vs conventional NMP
New route
Conventional route
Glutamic acid NEP
N O
CH3
BiomassNH2 COOH
COOH
NH2 COOH+ CH3OH- CO2
hydrolysis,separation
enzyme,
30 oC
cat,
250 oC
O O
CH3NH2
OHHO
- H2OHHO
+ H2
CH2
OCH3OH
+
200-350 oC
100 bar
cat,
180-240 oC
Gascat,
90-150 oC
N2 + 3 H2 NH3
+ CH3OHcat
300-550 oC
150-250 bar
cat
400 oC
N O
CH3
cat,
80 oC
Amino acids contain N and O.
Less steps (= factories) & energy for the same product!
step 1 step 2
ethanol
CH3
2
36 kton glutamic acid
Biobased NMP, makes an ethanol plant profitable
H2NOH
COOH
O 23 kton NMP
(~2500 € / ton)
=58 M€/y
500 Million liters bioethanol
(~ 400 kton) =200M€
360 kton DDGS (~130 € / ton) =46M€
3D-foamed polylactic structures
(Wageningen UR)
Expandable bead technique
● Good cell structure
● Density <30 g/l
Sheet: Karin Molenveld
rapeseed rapeseed meal maize grass grass
max. area (kha) 60 not applic. 465 70 620
yield (€/ha) 1800 3000 5200 2500
inv. / unit (M€) 0.1 20 3 50 1.2
Protein as economic carrier in BioEconomy in
North Netherlands / Weser Ems area
protein
fibres
grass juice
amino + organic acids
K + P
beet leaves
roadside grass
bermgras
maize
wheat
rapeseed meal
protein
biogas
soil improver
Grassa
HarvestaGG
protein
starch
ethanol
ZeaFuels
maize oil
K + P
protein
amino acids
lactic acid
MIMOSA
K + P
fuel (electricity)
protein
fibre
K + biogas feed
TCE GoFour
10%
50%
40%
10%
50%
20%
5%
5%
15%
50%
15%
10%
5%
35%
10%
30%
5%
20%
35%
20%
10%
rapeseedoil
35%
Biorefining of agricultural residues ..
Protein content 0 5 % 15 % 35 % 50 %
ExamplesWheatsstra
w
cocoahulls
Corncobs
Sugarcane
leaf
Coffee pulp
Rape straw
Beet leaf
Rape meal Soy meal
Cost (€/ton) 50-80 50-110 100-140 150-180 300-350
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0
10
20
30
40
50
€/
ton
€/
GJ
Multiproductbiorefinery
Biorefinery enables power generation at 45€/ton
and high quality 2nd generation fermentation raw
materials for 200€/ ton at reasonable small scale
Woodchips
Straw(field)
Straw(collected)
Straw(washed)
Rapemeal
Animalfeed
Protein
Aminoacids
Ferment.substrates
Ligno-cellulose
Fibres
Phosphorus
Rest
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Small scale biorefinery reduces transport cost and seasonality
Concept Small scale
processing100%
Return flow 70%
30%
Fields Processing
Present
100%
100%
Return flow
10%
Farm
concentration fermentation
• Much lower energy inputs• Lower transport• Equal costs
small scale beet sugar production(2-500ha)
can beat large scale factories !
Less energyLess transportMinerals recycled to field
Kolfschoten et al
Anaerobic
fermentation of
bulkchemicals
5 projects running
Yield: 0.95 g/g or J/J
Little heat produced
Low capital required!
Productivity: up to 5 times
higher
Low capital required
Mobile Cassava starch refinery in Africa,
small scale started > 10 years ago
Source: Duteso
The separated components of grass value 700 – 800 €/ton as compared to 60€/ton raw materials
Protein /Amino acids20 % 1000
Oligo-saccharides 3% 1500
Mono/di- saccharides 150
drysubstance
10-20%
Fresh grass
water 80-90 %
Fibers 30 % 100
Minerals 10 % 500-1000
Polysaccharides 15 % 1500
Lipids 3 % 2000
Organic acids 5% 2000
Mobile grass refinery unit Grassa (the Netherlands)
Green grass proteincompound feed
white grass proteinGrass protein (products)
+ .....
compound feed
Grass juice concentrate
Ethanol
Cattle feed Construction material+ paper
Polymer extrusion products
Grass juice
Protein
Fibers
Just protein is not sufficient to cover the costs
bioraffinery ------- 3 products -------- 8 products
income
costs Norwayincome
income costs
Grass costs 60 60
Process costs 120 440
protein 120 160 120
fibers 30 35 30
Juice components 55 60
minerals 75
Organ. acids 60
Amino acids 75
sugars 12
sugarpolymeren 225
fat 60
totaal 205 180 255 657 500
Grass processing on very small scale (500kg/h)
protein/oil/ethanol/biogas from small scale corn-biorefinery
biogas
heat
Less investment costs/liter
ethanol than American ethanol
production that operate at
200 x larger scale
Electricity
mineralsStem
Maize
Grain
60%
ethanol
Biogas
fermentationCHP
Pretreatment& Ethanol
fermentation
Distillation
Biogas
Filtration
ProteinFeed/food
Corn
oil
Byosis (Lelystad, Netherlands)
• Biorefinery for feed, materials and chemicals will create good income for agriculture and enables even to compete with coal, natural gas and Brasilian feedstocks!
• Small scale processing reduces capital as well as costs for energy and transportation and
• will lead to higher employment
• Biorefining is not easy because we have to collaborate
Earthscan, ISBN 978-1-84407-770-0
Conclusions