Status of Light Dark Sectors - IPPP Conference Management ......Produce states directly at high...
Transcript of Status of Light Dark Sectors - IPPP Conference Management ......Produce states directly at high...
Brian Batell University of Pittsburgh
Status of Light Dark Sectors
Annual Theory Meeting, Durham University 18 -20 December 2017
measσ) / meas - Ofit
(O-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
)2Z
(M(5)hadα∆
tmbmcmb0Rc0RbAcA
0,bFBA
0,cFBA
)FB
(QlepteffΘ2sin
(SLD)lA(LEP)lA
0,lFBAlep0R
0hadσ
ZΓZM
WΓWMHM 0.0 (-1.4)
-1.2 (-0.3)0.2 (0.2)0.2 (0.0)0.0 (0.3)
-1.6 (-1.7)-1.1(-1.0)-0.8 (-0.7)0.2 (0.4)
-2.0 (-1.7)-0.7 (-0.8)0.9 (1.0)2.5 (2.7)0.0 (0.0)0.6 (0.6)0.0 (0.0)
-1.2 (-1.2)0.0 (0.0)0.0 (0.0)0.4 (0.0)-0.1 (0.0)
measurementHwith M measurementHw/o M
Plot inspired by Eberhardt et al. [arXiv:1209.1101]
G fitter SM
Sep 13
The Standard Model works really well!!
102 104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020!0.04
!0.02
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
RGE scale Μ in GeVHiggsquarticcouplingΛ
3Σ bands inMt % 173.1 & 0.6 GeV !gray"Α3!MZ" % 0.1184 & 0.0007!red"Mh % 125.7 & 0.3 GeV !blue"
Mt % 171.3
Αs!MZ" % 0.1163Αs!MZ" % 0.1205Mt % 174.9
FlavorElectroweak
QCD
HiggsVacuumStability
These problems strongly suggest there is particle physics beyond the Standard Model
Conceptual mysteries & hints:
• Naturalness (Higgs Mass & C.C.)
• Fermion Masses and Flavour Puzzle• Strong CP Problem
• Grand Unification
• Inflation• Quantum Gravity
Empirical facts requiring new dynamics:
• Dark Matter• Neutrino Masses
• Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry of the Universe
Possibilities for new physics:
#1. New heavy states states; masses much larger than the weak scale
Search for anomalous phenomena or rare processes with precision measurements
[See talk by J. Mattias]
Possibilities for new physics:
#2. New light charged states; masses near the weak scale ~ 100 GeV
T
T
g
g
t
t†
Produce states directly at high energy colliders like LHC
Possibilities for new physics:
#3. New light gauge singlet states, masses can be below the weak scale
SM
SM
Singlet
Singlet
L � O(p)SMO(q)
singlet
⇤p+q�4
Generic “Portal”
Probe these states directly using high intensity/precision experiments
��-�� ��-� ��-� ��-� �� ���
��-��
��-�
��-�
��-�
Mass of particle (GeV)
Cou
plin
g to
Sta
ndar
d M
odel
SUSYTechnicolor
WIMPs…
Where is the New Physics?
Dark MatterSterile Neutrinos
Axion, ALPs...
Intensity Frontier
Energy Frontier
g2
M2⇠ GF
• Gauge singlets - not charged under SM gauge symmetries
• Set of new particles with following properties:
• May be very light, well below weak scale ~100 GeV
• They may interact weakly with ordinary matter through a “portal”
StandardModel
Portal Dark Sector
The Dark Sector Paradigm
Z V
X
X
κV �
✏
(µS + �S2)H†H
Neutrino portal
Higgs Portal
Vector Portal✏
2Bµ⌫V
µ⌫
yLHNNL
H
H H
S
Portals
9
Motivations for Dark Sectors
• Dark Matter
• Neutrino Mass
• Strong CP (axion)
• Flavor (flavons)
• SUSY (SUSY breaking, gravitino)
• Electroweak naturalness (Neutral Naturalness, Relaxion, NNaturalness)
• Inflation
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Historical precedent
• In 1930s, the “Standard Model” was photon, electron, nucleons
• Beta decay: n ! p+ e�
Continuous spectrum!
• Pauli proposes a radical solution - the neutrino!
n ! p+ e� + �
• Perfect example of a dark sector• neutrino is electrically neutral (QED gauge singlet)
• very weakly interacting and light
• interacts with “Standard Model” through “portal” - (p�µn)(e�µ⇥)
Dark Matter
• Disparate range of gravitational evidence
• Search for non-gravitational DM interactions top priority
Thermal Dark Matter Window
[Figure from G. Krnjaic]
�
�
SM
SM
�
�
0001001011
0.0001
0.001
0.01
Dark matter production via thermal freeze-out
• At early times, , both DM annihilation and production (inverse annihilation) are efficient
• As temperature drops, , DM production is kinematically disfavored, and DM begins to annihilate away
• However, Hubble expansion causes DM dilution, making DM annihilation more and more rare
• Eventually, DM will freeze-out, once annihilation rate becomes smaller than the Hubble rate
• Relic abundance of DM controlled by the annihilation cross section
T � m�
T . m�
h�vi
�
�
SM
SM
�
�
0001001011
0.0001
0.001
0.01
Thermal freeze-out
⌦� ⇡ 0.1
✓pb
h�vi
◆
� W,Z
� W,Z
WIMP Miracle
h�vi ⇠ ⇡↵2W
m2�
⇠ 1 pb⇥✓
↵W
(1/30)
◆2 ✓TeV
m�
◆2
WIMP Phenomenology
�
�
SM
SM
�
�
Indirect Detection
Direct Detection
Production at Colliders
[See talk by M. Cirelli]
Lee-Weinberg Bound
L ⇠ GF [���][f � f ]
h�vi ⇠G2
Fm2�
⇡⇡ 1 pb⇥
⇣ m�
5GeV
⌘2
m� & O(GeV)
Light DM interacting through weak interactions generically overproduced
�
Z
f
f�
L � g� Z 0µ ��µ �+ gf Z
0µ f �µ f
h�vi ⇠g2� g2f m
2�
m4Z0
⇠ 1 pb⇥⇣ g�0.5
⌘2 ⇣ gf0.001
⌘2 ⇣ m�
100MeV
⌘2✓1GeV
mZ0
◆4
� f
f�
Z 0
Lee-Weinberg bound is evaded if new light mediators are present
[Boehm, Fayet]
Direct vs. Secluded Annihilation
Two characteristic regimes: L � g� Z 0µ ��µ �+ gf Z
0µ f �µ f
� f
f�
Z 0
Z 0
�
�
Z 0
m� < mZ01. Direct annihilation: m� > mZ02. “Secluded annihilation:
[Pospelov, Ritz, Voloshin]
h�vi ⇠g2� g2f m
2�
m4Z0
⇠ 1 pb⇥⇣ g�0.5
⌘2 ⇣ gf0.001
⌘2 ⇣ m�
100MeV
⌘2✓1GeV
mZ0
◆4h�vi ⇠
g4�8⇡m2
�
Requires sizable portal coupling to deplete DM abundance
Requires only minuscule portal coupling to maintain
kinetic equilibrium
[Boehm, Fayet]
Dark sector models
• We can classify models based on the mediator particle.
��
2Bµ�V
µ�
Neutrino portal
Higgs Portal
Vector Portal
yLHN
(AS + �S2)H†H
• There are a few simple models that use one of the renormalizable “portals”
• Beyond this, we can consider gauging certain anomaly free combinations of the SM symmetries, e.g., , etc. B � L,Lµ � L⌧
• In general we can also consider gauging anomalous symmetries, or consider scalar particles coupled through higher dimension operators (e.g., axion portal)
• Finally, we can straightforwardly couple the dark matter to the mediator
Z V
X
X
κV �
✏
(µS + �S2)H†H
Neutrino portal
Higgs Portal
Vector Portal✏
2Bµ⌫V
µ⌫
yLHNNL
H
H H
S
Portals
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Vector Portal Dark Matter
StandardModel
�Mediator
Portal
Vµ
✏
2Bµ⌫V
µ⌫ + gDVµ��µ�
Dark photon model
Vµ mV ,m�, ✏, gD• is the dark photon; is the dark matter; Four parameters �
• We can treat the kinetic mixing as an interaction, e.g.,
• Or we can diagonalize the Lagrangian via
• This gives the interaction: L �X
f
Qf ✏ e Vµ f�µf
✏q2
1
q2
eQf ✏ eQf “Milli-dark charge”
[Holdom][Pospelov, Ritz, Voloshin][Arkani-Hamed, Finkbeiner, Slatyer, Weiner]
• Both direct and secluded annihilation are possible; phenomenology is different in each case
CMB as a probe of the dark sector
• The cosmic microwave background provides a sensitive test of DM annihilation around the epoch of recombination
• If the annihilation products include energetic photons, electrons, this will modify ionization history, leaving imprints on the CMB anisotropies
• Current constraints probe thermal dark matter candidates below about 10 GeV
[see, e.g., Slatyer, Padmanabhan, Finkbeiner]
arXiv:1502.01589
A closer look at the CMB bounds
• The CMB bounds depend on the particle physics model and DM cosmology
• In general, the DM annihilation cross section can be written as
h�vi = a+ bv2 + . . .
• DM was highly non-relativistic during the recombination epoch, and therefore the bounds can be evaded if annihilation proceeds in the p-wave
• In the dark photon model, p wave annihilation to the SM occurs if DM is a scalar
V γ, Z
χ
χ†SM
-Vector mediator has J =1-scalars are spin = 0;-Conservation of J requires L = 1
• Asymmetric DM, Split DM (inelastic) also evade CMB bounds
Vector portal (and cousins) often motivated by anomalies
Example: Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment (~ )
10
10
10
10
m100 MeV10 MeV 500 MeV
Excluded bymuon g-2
|muon g-2|<2σ
Excluded byelectron g-2 vs α
−3
−4
−5
−6
V
κ2
µ
µ
V �
Fayet, Pospelov
3�
✏2
25
[See also talk by C. Davies]
Significant progress has been made in the last decade
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 1010-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
mA' @GeVD
e
Hidden Photon Æ invisible HmA' > 2 mcL
am, 5s
am,±2s favored
ae
10-3 10-2 10-1 1
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
mA' [GeV]
ϵ
APEXTest
A1PHENIX
U70
E141
E774
aμ, 5σ
aμ,±2σ favored
ae
BaBar
KLOE
KLOEHADES
Orsay
NA48/2
2008 Today
Figs. from R. Essig
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mVmV
Z V
X
X
κV �
Dark photon decays
BB, Pospelov, Ritz
1.00.5 2.00.2 5.00.1 10.010 8
10 7
10 6
10 5
10 4
mV GeV
VGeV
1.00.5 2.00.2 5.00.1 10.0
1.00
0.50
0.20
0.10
0.05
0.02
0.01
mV GeV
Br V
e e+ -
µ µ+ -
τ τ + -
hadrons
✏
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Dark Higgs
How is the dark photon mass generated?
V
V
hD Production and decay of Dark Higgs through
vector portal
+…
BB, Pospelov, Ritz
h′V
V
e−
e+
γ V
h′
V
BB, Pospelov, Ritz;
e+
e−
V
γ
6 leptons
2 leptons + photon
Essig Schuster, Toro;Reece Wang;
Low-energy e+e- colliders
Dark sector searches at B-factories
BELLE, (2015)BaBAR, (2014) 29
mh0 [GeV]mV
Belle II
e+
e−
V
γ
2 leptons + photon
Belle II projections (Fig. from C. Hearty)
mV
Lifetime
10!2 0.1 110!9
10!8
10!7
10!6
10!5
10!4
10!3
10!210!2 0.1 1
10!9
10!8
10!7
10!6
10!5
10!4
10!3
10!2
mA' !GeV"Ε
A' Decay Length cΤ
Prompt !$10 Μm"Displaced !$1 cm"Displaced !&1 cm"Invisible !&100 cm"Invisible !&100 m"
Essig, Harnik, Kaplan, Toro
Z V
X
X
κV �
mV
✏
• Depending on lifetime, one can search for a bump in the invariant mass distribution or a displaced vertex/long-lived particle
�V ⇠ ✏2↵mV ) c⌧V ⇠ 1
✏2↵mV
Electron beam dump/fixed target experimentsBjorken, Essig, Schuster, Toro;Freytsis, Ovanesyan, Thaler;Andreas, Niebuhr, Ringwald;
e� e�e� e�VV
Z
�
e+
e+
• Current/planned experiments(APEX,HPS,MAMI,DarkLight, VEPP-3, MESA, mu3e, SHiP...) will cover a lot of new ground!
• Look for a e+e- resonance or displaced vertex
32 mV
SHiP experiment (Search for Hidden Particles)
• New fixed target facility proposed at CERN
• 400 GeV protons, ~1020 protons-on-target
http://www.cern.ch/ship
• Powerful capability to search for weakly interacting, long-lived particles that decay visibly
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mV
Dark photons at LHCbIlten, Soreq, Thaler, Williams, Xue
Two proposals:
• Both displaced vertex and resonance searches are possible
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• Exclusive search:
• Inclusive search
see 1710.02867 for first LHCb limits (1.6/fb)
mV
Beam Dump Search for Light Dark Matter
[BB, Pospelov Ritz]
p ��
Target/Dump DetectorDirt
ProtonBeam
e�, n, p, . . .
[deNiverville, Pospelov Ritz][McKeen, deNiverville, Ritz]
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[deNiverville, Chen, Pospelov, Ritz] https://github.com/pgdeniverville/BdNMC/releases
• BdNMC: Publicly available proton beam fixed target DM simulation tool developed by Patrick deNiverville (U. Victoria) and collaborators
Production of the DM beam
Detection of DM via scattering
Elastic NC nucleon or electron scattering
Inelastic NC neutral pion - like scattering
Deep Inelastic scattering
Neutral mesons decays
q
q χ
χ†γ V
�
�
V�q
q
Bremsstrahlung + vector meson mixing
Direct production
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MiniBooNE Dedicated Dark Matter Search
• Dedicated off target / beam dump run mode
• Neutrino flux significantly reduced (~1/30), DM production unaffected
• Ran from Nov. 2013 - Sep. 2014 - collected 1.9E20 POT
37
[arXiv:1702.02688 PRL 118, 221803 (2017)]
MiniBooNE-DM search
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• Ongoing analysis in electron and inelastic neutral pion channel
• Utilize timing to reject neutrino background
• DM-nucleon channel
[arXiv:1702.02688 PRL 118, 221803 (2017)]
Future dark matter searches at Fermilab
Motivation: expand physics drivers of Short and Long Baseline Neutrino programs with dark sector searches
Figs. from R. Van de Water
• Option 1: Upgrade Booster Neutrino Beam Dump
• Reduce neutrino background by up to 3 orders of magnitude
• Option 2: New beam dump target station
• Run concurrently with neutrino experiments
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Many other approaches to search for light dark matter!
• New direct detection techniques for light dark matter
• Electron beam dump experiments
• Fixed target missing momentum experiments
� �
V
e� e�
A′
Z
e−
e−
χ
χ
• Low energy colliders (meson factories)
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Many other new ideas to search for light dark matter!
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Neutrino Portal Dark Matter
StandardModel
�Mediator
Portal
N
yLHN + �N��+ h.c.
Type I Seesaw
m⌫ ⇠ y2v2
M
yLHN +1
2MN2 + h.c.
⌫/`
hHi
✓gp2W�
µ `†�µN + h.c.+ . . .U
✓ ⇠ yv
M⇠
rm⌫
M⇠ 10�5 ⇥
⇣ m⌫
0.05 eV
⌘1/2✓GeV
M
◆1/2
U
Minkowski; Yanagida; Mohapatra, Senjanovic; Gell-Mann, Ramond, Slansky; Schechter, Valle
Minimal Neutrino Portal DM (Type I seesaw)
• Mediator is a Majorana sterile neutrino
• Dark sector consists of a Majorana fermion and a real scalar� �
N
• Type I Seesaw mechanism generates small masses for light neutrinos
• For masses in the thermal window, neutrino Yukawa coupling is tiny
• Direct annihilation to light neutrinos is inefficient, and direct detection, accelerator tests of this scenario are challenging
• Secluded annihilation is still viable, and indirect detection offers a probe
⌫/`
hHi
�
�
�
N
NSecluded Annihilation
• Annihilation is efficient �� ! NN
• Indirect detection: gamma-rays, antiprotons from DM annihilation, distortion of CMB anisotropies
[BB, Han, Shams Es Haghi]
χχ→���χ = ��� ���
�� = �� ����� = �� ����� = ��� ���
��-� � �� �����-�
�
��
���
�γ [���]
� ��
γ/��
γ[���
]
γ ������� �������
χχ→���χ = ��� ���
�� = �� ����� = �� ����� = ��� ���
� �� �����-�
�
��
��_ [���]
� �_� ���_/�� �
_[���
]� ������� �������
• Can be probed by Fermi, AMS-02, Planck, …
Spectra display mild dependence on sterile
neutrino masses
m� > mN
[BB, Han, Shams Es Haghi]
Ibarra, Lopez-Gehler, Molinaro, Pato Tang, Zhu
Campos, Queiroz, Yaguna, Weniger
Indirect detection constraints
For related studies, see also
Dirac Neutrino Portal
• Mediator is a (pseudo-)Dirac sterile neutrino
• An approximate lepton number symmetry allows for light SM neutrinos even if the Yukawa coupling (and active sterile mixing) is large�`
• Dark sector consists of a Dirac fermion and a complex scalar� �
• Large mixing allows for a sizable DM - SM neutrino coupling
[BB, Han, McKeen, Shams Es Haghi] [Bertoni, Ipek, Nelson, McKeen]
• Important implications for cosmology and phenomenology
Direct annihilation to light SM neutrinos
• DM can be a thermal relic if mixing is large (due approx. lepton number)
m� > mN
• Thermal target in plane:
����� ����� ����� � �� �����-��
��-��
��-��
��-�
��-�
��-�
��-�
m� [GeV]
h�vi ' Y
32⇡m2�
Y
m� � Y
h�vi =
1 pb
• Note that CMB constraints evaded
τ→νμν
τ→ν�π����νμ→ντ
�→����
�→����
� �� ��� ���� ��� �����-�
�����
�����
�����
�� (���)
|�τ��
π→μν �����
�→μν
τμ /����
��� ���������
�→μν��→����
�→�����→μ
����
��-�
��-�
��-�
|��
π→�ν
τμ/����
�����
π → �νπ → μν
�→�ν��→����
�→�����→�
�→�ν
��-�
��-�
��-�
|����
“Invisible” Sterile Neutrino
�
�
⌫4
[Bertoni, Ipek, DM, & Nelson][BB, Han, McKeen, Shams Es Haghi][De Gouvea,Kobach]
• Fermi constant (muon lifetime); PMNS non-unitarity; EW precision; CKM unitarity
• Muon, tau, Meson decays (peak searches); lepton universality tests;
• Invisible Z, Higgs decays; Drell-Yan (W decays)
• Atmospheric oscillations (relevant for )
Phenomenology
mN > m�,m�
⌫⌧
K+
µ+
χ
φ
χ
ν
ν∗
⌫h
K+
µ+
χ
φ
χ
ν
ν∗
130 140 150 160 170 180 190 2001
5
10
50
100
500
1000
pμ (MeV)
dNK→μ+inv.
dpμ
(MeV
-1)
y2�Uμ 4�2=10-3, m4=10 GeV, mϕ=3mχ
mχ=15MeV
mχ=60 MeV
m4=250 MeV�Uμ 4�2=10-8
E949: kaons1012
NA62 will collect ~ 1 order of magnitude more Kaons
Meson decays
On-shell Off-shell
Small scale structure
• Strong DM - neutrino scattering can delay DM kinetic decoupling
• Pressure due to DM-neutrino coupling resists gravitational collapse (analogous to coupled photon-baryon plasma)
• Formation of structures smaller than horizon size at DM kinetic decoupling are suppressed
[Boehm, Fayet, Schaeffer][Boehm, Riazuelo, Hansen, Schaeffer][Boehm, Mathis, Devriendt, Silk][Bertoni, Ipek, McKeen, Nelson][Olivares-Del Campo Boehm, Palomares-Ruiz,Pascoli]
⌫ ⌫
� �
�
M > Mcuto↵
= 108Msolar
✓Td
keV
◆�3
• Smallest structures observed via gravitational lensing have masses of order 108 solar masses
• Late kinetic decoupling leads to a lower bound on mass of gravitationally bound objects
Direct Detection• DM acquires coupling to the Z boson at one loop; • Leads to spin-independent coherent scattering • Probes DM heavier than few GeV
� ��
⌫ ⌫
Z
• Constraints can be weakened if DM split; other probes are complementary
Naturalness of light scalar
� �
N
��m2
� ⇠ y2
16⇡2m2
N
• Naturalness “constraint” is complementary to invisible neutrino constraints
Thermal target
⟨σ�⟩<� �
�
���� ����
��� � ⊙
��� � ⊙
|�τ� ���� � ��=�π
|�τ� ���� � �� ����
�����=�� -����=����=�� -���� ����
���� ���� � ��
��-��
��-�
��-�
��-�
�χ=�ϕ/� (���)
� τ=� �� ��
��
χ�
�ϕ�
⟨σ�⟩<� �
�
���� ����
��� � ⊙
��� � ⊙
� ���
�→μ+����
|�μ� ���� � ��=�π
|�μ� ���� � �� ����
�����=�� -����=����=�� -���� ����
��-��
��-�
��-�
��-�
� μ=� �� ��
���
χ�
�ϕ�
⟨σ�⟩<� �
�
���� ����
��� � ⊙
��� � ⊙
|��� ���� � ��=�π
|��� ���� � �� ����
�����=�� -����=����=�� -���� ����
��-��
��-�
��-�
��-�
� �=� �� �������
χ�
�ϕ�
��=���χ
⟨σ�⟩<� �
�
���� ����
��� � ⊙
��� � ⊙
|�τ� ���� � ��=�π
|� ���� � �����
�����=��-�� ��=�π
�����=��
-�� ������
���� ���� � ���χ=�ϕ/� (���)
⟨σ�⟩<� �
�
���� ����
��� � ⊙
��� � ⊙
� ���
�→μ+����
|�μ� ���� � ��=�π
|� ����� � �����
�����=��-�� ��=�π
�����=��
-�� ������
⟨σ�⟩<� �
�
���� ����
��� � ⊙
��� � ⊙
|��� ���� � ��=�π
|� �� ����� � �����
�����=��-�� ��=�π
�����=��
-�� ������
��=��� ���
h�vi ' Y
32⇡m2�
• Represent conservative constraints on the thermal hypothesis
• New ideas to probe remaining open parameter space are welcome!
Outlook
• Dark sectors may play a role in addressing a number of outstanding mysteries in particle physics and cosmology
• Thermal dark matter implies coupling between DM and SM; requires new mediators, interactions for masses below ~ GeV
• Vector portal and neutrino portal provide two simple, motivated scenarios, each with its own rich and characteristic phenomenology
• Testing these scenarios requires new, complementary experimental strategies to the ones employed for WIMPs
• The dark sector could be much richer than the scenarios I’ve outlined. We’ve only scratched the surface on this subject!
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