Status of Efforts: East and South-East Europe
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Transcript of Status of Efforts: East and South-East Europe
Nonproliferation and Counterterrorism
Status of Efforts: East and South-East Europe
April 2011
The Fund for Peace is an independent, nonpartisan, 501(c)(3) non-profit research and educational organization that
works to prevent violent conflict and promote sustainable security. We promote sustainable security through
research, training and education, engagement of civil society, building bridges across diverse sectors, and
developing innovative technologies and tools for policy makers. A leader in the conflict assessment and early
warning field, the Fund for Peace focuses on the problems of weak and failing states. Our objective is to create
practical tools and approaches for conflict mitigation that are useful to decision-makers.
Copyright © 2011 The Fund for Peace.
All rights reserved.
This program description is proprietary to The Fund for Peace.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written consent from The Fund for Peace.
The Fund for Peace Transnational Threats
Threat Convergence Status of Efforts Briefing Number 4
Series Editor
Patricia Taft
Report Written by
Jonas Vaicikonis
The Fund for Peace Publication FFP : TTCVR1111 (Version 11E)
Circulation: PUBLIC
The Fund for Peace
1720 I Street NW
7th Floor
Washington, D.C. 20006
T: +1 202 223 7940
F: +1 202 223 7947
www.fundforpeace.org
2 The Fund for Peace www.fundforpeace.org
Introduction & Contents
WMD Nonproliferation Activities 4
Export Control Laws & Projects in Place 5
Counterterrorism Initiatives 6
Antiterrorism Instruments 8
Anti-Money Laundering and
Finance Initiatives 10
U.S. Multilateral Initiatives 11
References 12
About The Fund for Peace 13
3 The Fund for Peace www.fundforpeace.org
East and South-East Europe
Overview
Note This Status of Efforts paper encompasses only those European states that are not NATO member states. For information on NATO, please see the Fund for Peace “Status of International Nonproliferation and Counterterrorism Efforts Within NATO Member States” paper (TTCVR1106), available at: http://www.fundforpeace.org/global/?q=ttcvr1106
East and South-East Europe
WMD Nonproliferation Activities
4 The Fund for Peace www.fundforpeace.org
Belarus
Bosnia & H.
Macedonia
Moldova
Mont.
Russia
Serbia
Biological Toxin Weapons Convention (1972)
State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party
International Atomic Energy Agency CSA/AP CSA CSA/AP CSA/AP CSA/AP CSA/AP CSA/AP
Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (1980)
State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party
Joint Convention on the Safety of State Partyent Fuel Management and on the safety of Radioactive Waste Management (1997)
State Party - - - - State Party -
Convention on Nuclear Safety (1994) - - State Party State Party - State Party -
International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (2005)
- Signatory - Signatory Signatory Signatory -
Southeast Asian Nuclear Weapons Free Zone (Bangkok Treaty, 1995)
State Party - State Party State Party - State Party State Party
UNSCR 1540 Reports submitted 15 Nov 04 9 Nov 05
3 Dec 04 22 Mar 06
3 Dec 04 20 Jan 06
4 Jan 05 5 Dec 05
6 Jan 05 23 Jan 06
2 Nov 04 30 Aug 05
6 Jan 05 23 Jan 06
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (not yet entered into force)
State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party
Chemical Weapons Convention (1993)
State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party
Ukraine
28 Oct 04 10 Oct 05
State Party
State Party
State Party
State Party
CSA/AP
State Party
State Party
State Party
State Party
State Party
Abbreviations: AP: Additional Protocol in Force CSA: Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement in Force
5 The Fund for Peace www.fundforpeace.org
East and South-East Europe
Export Control Laws and Projects in Place
Belarus Belarus is a member of the Nuclear Suppliers Group. It has a number of national trade and export control laws that specifically address weapons of mass destruction and penalize the use, transport, possession, or sale of WMD materials. Belarus has offered to advise states on implementing legal frameworks to support UNSCR 1540. It has ratified all 12 of the universal anti-terrorism conventions.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina does not participate in any multilateral export control regimes. It has a number of national trade and export control laws that address the import and export of dangerous substances. Its criminal code specifically includes “illicit procurement and disposal of nuclear material” and also criminalizes the transport of dual use items across its borders. Bosnia and Herzegovina’s criminal code was recently amended to include a wider range of items.
FYR Macedonia The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia does not participate in any multilateral export control regimes. It has a limited number of national trade and export control laws and these are currently under review, with the aim of tailoring them to address WMD transportation concerns. The U.S. has given support to the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia through its Export Control and Related Border Security Program. This program provided x-ray vans to the local border guards and the vans ended up thwarting an illicit shipment of 882 pounds of cocaine in 2007, the largest drug seizure in Macedonian history.
Moldova Moldova does not participate in any multilateral export control regimes, though it has a number of national trade and export control laws which address the problem of nuclear material possession and transport. It is currently evaluating its export control laws and the agencies that administer them, seeking to streamline the bureaucracies involved in enforcing its border control and WMD laws.
Montenegro Montenegro does not participate in any multilateral export control regimes, though it has a number of national trade and export control laws that address hazardous materials transport and weapons import and export. But, it does synchronize its list of controlled and dual use items with EU standards, which are based on the Wassenaar Arrange-ment, Nuclear Suppliers Group, and Australia Group norms. Its national criminal code has detailed descriptions of WMD-related crimes and the sentences that each carries. Montenegro is a state party to all of the relevant WMD proliferation instruments. Both Serbia and Montenegro aspire to join all five multilateral export control regimes.
Russia Russia is a member of all multilateral export control regimes, except for the Australia Group. It is active in fighting WMD proliferation, especially through Russian-led initiatives within the CIS. Russian national trade and export laws are extensive and cover many WMD smuggling contingencies. Russia is prepared to offer assistance to states looking to fulfill their obligations for UNSCR 1540. As a successor state to the Soviet Union, Russia possesses stocks of chemical weapons, which it has been steadily destroying as part of its obligations under the Chemical Weapons Convention.
Serbia Serbia does not participate in any multilateral export control regimes, though it has a number of national trade and export control laws which address WMD possession and transport, especially chemical weapons. Borders that are outside inhabited areas are policed by the Serbian military, though efforts are under way to transfer these responsi-bilities to the police. Serbia has received assistance from the UK on revising its export control laws to meet its obligations under UNSCR 1540. Both Serbia and Montenegro aspire to join all five multilateral export control regimes.
Ukraine Ukraine participates in all five multilateral export control regimes. It has extensive national trade and export control laws that focus on stopping WMD proliferation that pay particular attention to countering terrorism. Ukraine participates in the U.S.-led Proliferation Security Initiative. The U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration has conducted export control training programs in Ukraine since 2004 and are expected to continue.
East and South-East Europe
Counterterrorism Initiatives
6 The Fund for Peace www.fundforpeace.org
Pursuant to U.N. Security Council Resolutions 1373 and 1624
UNSCR 1373 Reports submitted
UNSCR 1624 Reports submitted
UNODC Terrorism Prevention Branch activities
Belarus 27 Dec 2001 Add. 1 20 Jun 2002 Add. 1 21 Mar 2003 29 Mar 2004 19 Ap 2005 10 Mar 2006 Add. 1
10 Mar 2006 • Participated in a workshop on the Implementation of the Universal Instruments against Terrorism. Organized in cooperation with the CIS Executive Committee and co-funded by the OSCE (Minsk, Belarus, January 2008).
• Participated in a workshop for legal experts of CSTO Member States on the criminal law aspects of the implementation of the Universal counter-terrorism Instruments, (Moscow, Russia, October 2007).
• Participated in a workshop on the legislative implementation of universal instruments against terrorism and regional experiences in promoting international cooperation against terrorism for the members of the Commonwealth of Independ-ent States (Moscow, Russia, November 2005).
• Participated in a seminar on legal instruments to prevent terrorism in the Baltic States (Vilnius, Lithuania, November 2003).
Bosnia and Herzegovina
31 Dec 2001 27 Sep 2002 22 Sep 2003 19 Nov 2004 4 Apr 2006
4 Apr 2006 • Participated in a workshop for Central and South-Eastern Europe on Cooperation Against Terrorism and Organized Crime, organized with the OSCE (Budapest, Hungary, November 2008).
• Participated in the second expert workshop on international counter-terrorism, corruption, and the fight against organized crime (Bucharest, Romania, November 2006).
• Participated in the expert workshop on international cooperation on counter-terrorism, corruption, and the fight against transnational crime (Zagreb, Croatia, March 2005).
FYR Macedonia 31 Dec 2001 19 Sep 2002 27 Oct 2003 10 Aug 2005
- • Participated in a workshop for Central and South-Eastern Europe on Cooperation Against Terrorism and Organized Crime, organized with the OSCE (Budapest, Hungary, November 2008).
• Participated in the second expert workshop on international counter-terrorism, corruption, and the fight against organized crime (Bucharest, Romania, November 2006).
• Participated in the expert workshop on international cooperation on counter-terrorism, corruption, and the fight against transnational crime (Zagreb, Croatia, March 2005).
Moldova 8 Jan 2002 19 Sep 2002 10 Oct 2003 20 Jan 2006
22 Jun 2006 • Participated in a workshop for Central and South-Eastern Europe on Cooperation Against Terrorism and Organized Crime, organized with the OSCE (Budapest, Hungary, November 2008).
• Participated in a workshop on the Implementation of the Universal Instruments against Terrorism. Organized in cooperation with the CIS Executive Committee and co-funded by the OSCE (Minsk, Belarus, January 2008).
• Participated in the second expert workshop on international counter-terrorism, corruption, and the fight against organized crime (Bucharest, Romania, Nov. 2006).
• Participated in a workshop on the legislative implementation of universal instruments against terrorism and regional experiences in promoting international cooperation against terrorism for the members of the Commonwealth of Independ-ent States (Moscow, Russia, November 2005).
UNSCR 1373 & 1624*
7 The Fund for Peace www.fundforpeace.org
Pursuant to U.N. Security Council Resolutions 1373 and 1624
UNSCR 1373 Reports submitted
UNSCR 1624 Reports submitted
UNODC Terrorism Prevention Branch activities
Montenegro 7 Feb 2008 - • Participated in a workshop for Central and South-Eastern Europe on Cooperation Against Terrorism and Organized Crime, organized with the OSCE (Budapest, Hungary, November 2008).
• Participated in the second expert workshop on international counter-terrorism, corruption, and the fight against organized crime (Bucharest, Romania, November 2006).
• Participated in the expert workshop on international cooperation on counter-terrorism, corruption, and the fight against transnational crime (Zagreb, Croatia, March 2005).
Russia 27 Dec 2001 Add. 1 6 Aug 2002 27 Aug 2003 13 Feb 2006
30 Jun 2006
• Participated in a workshop for Central and South-Eastern Europe on Cooperation Against Terrorism and Organized Crime, organized with the OSCE (Budapest, Hungary, November 2008).
• Participated in a subregional workshop for legal experts of CSTO member states on the implementation of universal counter-terrorism instruments (Moscow, Russia, October 2007).
• Participated in a workshop on the legislative implementation of universal instruments against terrorism and regional experiences in promoting international cooperation against terrorism for the members of the Commonwealth of Independ-ent States (Moscow, Russia, November 2005).
• Participated in a regional workshop on the legislative implementation of universal instruments against terrorism for Central Asian and neighboring countries (Tashkent, Uzbekistan, April 2005).
• Participated in a seminar on legal instruments to prevent terrorism in the Baltic States (Vilnius, Lithuania, November 2003).
Serbia 31 Dec 2001 13 Sep 2002 10 Jun 2004 21 Aug 2006
29 Sep 2006 21 Aug 2006
• Participated in a workshop for Central and South-Eastern Europe on Cooperation Against Terrorism and Organized Crime, organized with the OSCE (Budapest, Hungary, November 2008).
• Participated in the second expert workshop on international counter-terrorism, corruption, and the fight against organized crime (Bucharest, Romania, November 2006).
• Participated in the expert workshop on international cooperation on counter-terrorism, corruption, and the fight against transnational crime (Zagreb, Croatia, March 2005).
Ukraine 31 Dec 2001 13 Sep 2002 13 Nov 2003 1 Nov 2004 8 May 2006
See: 8 May 2006
• Participated in a workshop on the legislative implementation of universal instruments against terrorism and regional experiences in promoting international cooperation against terrorism for the members of the Commonwealth of Independ-ent States (Moscow, Russia, November 2005).
• Participated in a seminar on legal instruments to prevent terrorism in the Baltic States (Vilnius, Lithuania, November 2003).
Counterterrorism Initiatives
East and South-East Europe
Antiterrorism Instruments
8 The Fund for Peace www.fundforpeace.org
Belarus
Bosnia & H.
Macedonia
Moldova
Mont.
Russia
Serbia
Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed On Board Aircraft (1963)
State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (1970)
State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation (1971)
State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Inter-nationally Protected Persons, includ-ing Diplomatic Agents (1973)
State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party
International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages (1979)
State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party
Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (1980)
State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party
Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, supplementary to the Con-vention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation (1988)
State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (1988)
State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party
Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Conti-nental Shelf (1988)
State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party
Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detec-tion (1991)
State Party State Party State Party State Party - Signatory State Party
International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings (1997)
State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party
Ukraine
State Party
State Party
State Party
State Party
State Party
State Party
State Party
State Party
State Party
State Party
State Party
Antiterrorism Instruments
9 The Fund for Peace www.fundforpeace.org
Belarus
Bosnia & H.
Macedonia
Moldova
Mont.
Russia
Serbia
International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Ter-rorism (1999)
State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party
International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Ter-rorism (2005)
State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party
Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material
State Party Signatory State Party State Party Signatory State Party State Party
Protocol of 2005 to the Convention for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of maritime navigation
- - - - - - -
Protocol of 2005 to the Protocol for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of fixed platforms located on the continental shelf
- - - - - - -
Ukraine
State Party
State Party
State Party
-
-
10 The Fund for Peace www.fundforpeace.org
East and South-East Europe
Anti-Money Laundering and Finance Initiatives
International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Financing
Implementation of FATF 40+9 recommendations
Belarus State Party Belarus is a member of the Eurasian Group on Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism, an FATF-style organization in Central Asia, which it joined in 2004. It has been a member of the Egmont Group since 2007. Its AML/CFT legislation came into force in 2000 and was amended in 2010. Belarus was found to be “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in implementing 22 of the 40 recommendations and in 7 of the 9 special recommendations.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina
State Party Bosnia and Herzegovina is a member of MONEYVAL, an organization under the auspices of the Council of Europe, designed to strengthen European anti-money laundering laws. Bosnia and Herzegovina originally passed its first AML/CFT law in 2004 and passed an updated law in 2009. It has been a member of the Egmont group since 2005. Bosnia and Herzegovina was found to be “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in implementing 30 of the 40 recommendations and in 7 of the 9 special recommendations.2
FYR Macedonia State Party The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is a member of MONEYVAL, an organization under the auspices of the Council of Europe, designed to strengthen European anti-money laundering laws. Its AML/CFT legislation came into force in 2004. It was rated “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in 25 of the 40 recommendations, and in 9 of 9 special recommendations.3
Moldova State Party Moldova is a member of MONEYVAL, an organization under the auspices of the Council of Europe, designed to strengthen European anti-money laundering laws. Its AML legislation has been in force since 2001, and efforts to implement its CFT legislation continue. It was rated “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in 29 of the 40 recommendations, and in 8 of 9 special recommendations.4
Montenegro State Party Montenegro is a member of MONEYVAL, an organization under the auspices of the Council of Europe, designed to strengthen European anti-money laundering laws. Its AML/CFT legislation came into force in 2008. It has been a member of the Egmont group since 2005. Montenegro was rated “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in 13 of the 40 recommen-dations, and in 5 of 9 special recommendations.5
Russia State Party Russia is a member of MONEYVAL, an organization under the auspices of the Council of Europe, designed to strengthen European anti-money laundering laws. It is also a member of FATF, the Eurasian Group, and the Egmont group. Russia was rated “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in 18 of the 40 recommendations, and in 6 of 9 special recommenda-tions.6
Serbia State Party Serbia is a member of MONEYVAL, an organization under the auspices of the Council of Europe, designed to strengthen European anti-money laundering laws. It has been a member of the Egmont group since 2003. Its AML/CFT legislation has been in force since 2009. It was rated “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in 19 of the 40 recommenda-tions, and in 7 of 9 special recommendations.7
Ukraine State Party Ukraine is a member of MONEYVAL, an organization under the auspices of the Council of Europe, designed to strengthen European anti-money laundering laws. It has been a member of the Egmont group since 2004. Ukraine was rated “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in 24 of the 40 recommendations, and in 9 of 9 special recommendations.8
East and South-East Europe
U.S. Multilateral Initiatives
11 The Fund for Peace www.fundforpeace.org
Container Security Initiative
Proliferation Security Initiative
Megaports Initiative (National Nuclear
Security Administration)
Belarus - Participant -
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Participant -
FYR Macedonia - Participant -
Moldova - Participant -
Montenegro - Participant -
Russia - Participant -
Serbia - Participant -
Nuclear Smuggling Outreach Initiative
-
-
-
Moldova’s joint action plan is currently being drafted
-
-
-
Ukraine - Participant Joint action plan signed in 2006 (See NSOI Ukraine fact sheet9)
-
12 The Fund for Peace www.fundforpeace.org
Endnotes
East and South-East Europe
References
• National Reports to the UN Security Council 1540 Committee: http://www.un.org/sc/1540/nationalreports.shtml
• US Container Security Initiative: http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/trade/cargo_security/csi/
• FATF 40 Recommendations on Money Laundering: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/document/28/0,3343,en_32250379_32236930_33658140_1_1_1_1,00.html
• FATF 9 Recommendations on Terrorist Financing: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/document/9/0,3343,en_32250379_32236920_34032073_1_1_1_1,00.html
• FATF Typologies Report on Proliferation Financing: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/dataoecd/14/21/41146580.pdf
• International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism: http://www.un.org/law/cod/finterr.htm
• US Megaports Initiative: http://nnsa.energy.gov/aboutus/ourprograms/nonproliferation/programoffices/internationalmaterialprotectionandcooperation/s-1
• Proliferation Security Initiative: http://www.state.gov/t/isn/c10390.htm
• UN Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee: http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/
• UN Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Terrorism Prevention Branch: http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/terrorism/index.html
Useful URL Links
1. Belarus’s latest evaluation report can be found at http://www.eurasiangroup.org/Belarus.php.
2. Bosnia and Herzegovina’s latest evaluation report can be found at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/moneyval/Evaluations/round3/MONEYVAL%
282009%2942Rep_BIH3_en.pdf.
3. FYR Macedonia’s latest evaluation report can be found at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/moneyval/Evaluations/round3/MONEYVAL%282008%
2921Rep-MK3_en.pdf.
4. Moldova’s latest evaluation report can be found at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/moneyval/Evaluations/round3/MONEYVAL%282007%
2918Rep-MDA3_en.pdf.
5. Montenegro’s latest evaluation report can be found at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/moneyval/Evaluations/round3/MONEYVAL%282009%
2910Rep-MNE_en.pdf.
6. Russia’s latest evaluation report can be found at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/moneyval/Evaluations/round3/MONEYVAL%282008%2923Rep-
RUS3_en.pdf.
7. Serbia’s latest evaluation report can be found at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/moneyval/Evaluations/round3/MONEYVAL%282009%
2929Rep_SER3_en.pdf.
8. Ukraine’s latest evaluation report can be found at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/moneyval/Evaluations/round3/MONEYVAL%282009%294Rep-
UKR3_en.pdf.
9. URL located at http://www.nsoi-state.net/media/pdf/Ukraine%20fact%20sheets.pdf
The Fund for Peace is an
independent, nonpartisan, 501(c)(3) non-
profit research and educational organization
that works to prevent violent conflict and
promote sustainable security.
We promote sustainable security through
research, training and education, engagement
of civil society, building bridges across
diverse sectors, and developing innovative
technologies and tools for policy makers.
A leader in the conflict assessment and early
warning field, the Fund for Peace focuses on
the problems of weak and failing states. Our
objective is to create practical tools and
approaches for conflict mitigation that are
useful to decision-makers.
The Fund for Peace offers a wide range of
initiatives focused on our central objective:
to promote sustainable security and the
ability of a state to solve its own problems
peacefully without an external military or
administrative presence. Our programs fall
into three primary thematic areas:
• Conflict Early Warning and Assessment;
• Transnational Threats; and
• Sustainable Development, Sustainable
Security.
Conflict Early Warning and Assessment
Transnational Threats
Sustainable Development, Sustainable Security
After three years of project work, in January
2009, The Fund for Peace established its
program on Threat Convergence to explore
the linkages among the three biggest threats
to global security: fragile states, the
proliferation of weapons of mass destruction
(WMD), and terrorism. The program aims to:
• raise the profile of the challenges in
vulnerable, fragile and ungoverned regions
on the nonproliferation agenda;
• explore how these regions may serve as
enabling environments for nuclear
terrorism;
• promote more coherent and strategic
policy approaches to nuclear terrorism and
illicit nuclear trafficking; and
• become a hub for threat convergence-
related analysis.
The program encourages innovative and
fresh approaches to the issue by convening
experts, performing extensive field research
in some of the world’s most difficult
environments, and by partnering with
international and regional organizations to
explore how the threat of catastrophic
terrorism emanating from weak and failing
states can be prevented.
About Threat Convergence
www.fundforpeace.org/tc
About
The Fund for Peace
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The Fund for Peace Transnational Threats
FFP : TTCVR1111